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Alburkat H, Smura T, Bouilloud M, Pradel J, Anfray G, Berthier K, Dutra L, Loiseau A, Niamsap T, Olander V, Sepulveda D, Venkat V, Charbonnel N, Castel G, Sironen T. Evolution and genetic characterization of Seoul virus in wild rats Rattus norvegicus from an urban park in Lyon, France 2020-2022. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012142. [PMID: 38739651 PMCID: PMC11149884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seoul virus (SEOV) is an orthohantavirus primarily carried by rats. In humans, it may cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). Its incidence is likely underestimated and given the expansion of urban areas, a better knowledge of SEOV circulation in rat populations is called for. Beyond the need to improve human case detection, we need to deepen our comprehension of the ecological, epidemiological, and evolutionary processes involved in the transmission of SEOV. METHODOLOGY / PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We performed a comprehensive serological and molecular characterization of SEOV in Rattus norvegicus in a popular urban park within a large city (Lyon, France) to provide essential information to design surveillance strategies regarding SEOV. We sampled rats within the urban park of 'La Tête d'Or' in Lyon city from 2020 to 2022. We combined rat population genetics, immunofluorescence assays, SEOV high-throughput sequencing (S, M, and L segments), and phylogenetic analyses. We found low structuring of wild rat populations within Lyon city. Only one sampling site within the park (building created in 2021) showed high genetic differentiation and deserves further attention. We confirmed the circulation of SEOV in rats from the park with high seroprevalence (17.2%) and high genetic similarity with the strain previously described in 2011 in Lyon city. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE This study confirms the continuous circulation of SEOV in a popular urban park where the risk for SEOV transmission to humans is present. Implementing a surveillance of this virus could provide an efficient early warning system and help prepare risk-based interventions. As we reveal high gene flow between rat populations from the park and the rest of the city, we advocate for SEOV surveillance to be conducted at the scale of the entire city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Alburkat
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu Smura
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marie Bouilloud
- CBGP, IRD, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Julien Pradel
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Karine Berthier
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Lara Dutra
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Loiseau
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Thanakorn Niamsap
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Viktor Olander
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Vinaya Venkat
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nathalie Charbonnel
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Castel
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Tarja Sironen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Noack D, van den Hout MCGN, Embregts CWE, van IJcken WFJ, Koopmans MPG, Rockx B. Species-specific responses during Seoul orthohantavirus infection in human and rat lung microvascular endothelial cells. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012074. [PMID: 38536871 PMCID: PMC11020687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Seoul orthohantavirus (SEOV) is a rat-borne zoonotic virus that is transmitted via inhalation of aerosolized infectious excreta, and can cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in humans worldwide. In rats, SEOV predominantly exists as a persistent infection in the absence of overt clinical signs. Lack of disease in rats is attributed to downregulation of pro-inflammatory and upregulation of regulatory host responses. As lung microvascular endothelial cells (LMECs) represent a primary target of infection in both human and rats, infections in these cells provide a unique opportunity to study the central role of LMECs in the dichotomy between pathogenicity in both species. In this study, host responses to SEOV infection in primary human and rat LMECs were directly compared on a transcriptional level. As infection of rat LMECs was more efficient than human LMECs, the majority of anti-viral defense responses were observed earlier in rat LMECs. Most prominently, SEOV-induced processes in both species included responses to cytokine stimulus, negative regulation of innate immune responses, responses to type I and II interferons, regulation of pattern recognition receptor signaling and MHC-I signaling. However, over time, in the rat LMECs, responses shifted from an anti-viral state towards a more immunotolerant state displayed by a PD-L1, B2M-, JAK2-focused interaction network aiding in negative regulation of cytotoxic CD8-positive T cell activation. This suggests a novel mechanism by which species-specific orthohantavirus-induced endothelium and T cell crosstalk may play a crucial role in the development of acute disease in humans and persistence in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Noack
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mirjam C. G. N. van den Hout
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Biomics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carmen W. E. Embregts
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wilfred F. J. van IJcken
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Biomics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marion P. G. Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Barry Rockx
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Li J, Huang E, Wu Y, Zhu C, Li W, Ai L, Xie Q, Tian Z, Zhong W, Sun G, Zhang L, Tan W. Population structure, dispersion patterns and genetic diversity of two major invasive and commensal zoonotic disease hosts ( Rattus norvegicus and Rattus tanezumi) from the southeastern coast of China. Front Genet 2024; 14:1174584. [PMID: 38259625 PMCID: PMC10800861 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1174584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The invasive brownrat (Rattus norvegicus) and the Oriental rats (Rattus tanezumi) are common commensal murid that are important hosts for rodent-borne diseases in southeast Asia. Understanding their population structure and genetic diversity is essential to uncover their invasion biology and distribution dynamics that are essential for controlling rodent-borne diseases. Methods: TA total of 103 R. norvegicus and 85 R. tanezumi were collected from 13 to 9 coastal areas of six provincial monitoring sentinel sites, respectivelyto assess patterns in their microsatellite loci and their mitochondrial coxl gene region. Results: Eleven sampled populations of R. norvegicus were divided into two major clusters by region. The observed heterozygosity values of all regional populations were smaller than expected genetic diversity heterozygosity values and deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium Nine sample populations of R. tanezumi were divided into three clusters; two that included sample from Hainan and Fujian provinces, and one that included samples from the other provinces and cities. The genetic diversity of R. tanezumi was highest in samples from Jiangsu and Guangdong provinces. Conclusion: The data in this paper confirm the two invasive rodent species from the southeastern coastal region of China may have relied on maritime transport to spread from the southern region of China to the Yangtze River basin. R. tanezumi may then hanve migrated unidirectionally, along the southeastern provinces of China towards the north, while R. norvegicus spread in a complex and multidirectional manner in Hainan, Fujian, Zhejiang and Jiangsu Provinces of the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqiao Li
- Nanjing Bioengineering (Gene) Technology Center for Medicines, Nanjing, China
- School of Resources and Chemical Engineering, Sanming University, Sanming, China
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Enjiong Huang
- Technology Center of Fuzhou Customs, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yifan Wu
- Nanjing Bioengineering (Gene) Technology Center for Medicines, Nanjing, China
| | - Changqiang Zhu
- Nanjing Bioengineering (Gene) Technology Center for Medicines, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenhao Li
- Nanjing Bioengineering (Gene) Technology Center for Medicines, Nanjing, China
| | - Lele Ai
- Nanjing Bioengineering (Gene) Technology Center for Medicines, Nanjing, China
| | - Qinghua Xie
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhi Tian
- Nanjing Bioengineering (Gene) Technology Center for Medicines, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiwen Zhong
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Longquan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gang Sun
- School of Resources and Chemical Engineering, Sanming University, Sanming, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Weilong Tan
- Nanjing Bioengineering (Gene) Technology Center for Medicines, Nanjing, China
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Hofmann J, Ulrich RG, Mehl C, Drewes S, Esser J, Loyen M, Zeichhardt H, Schoppmeyer K, Essen L, Güthoff W, Krüger DH. Hantavirus Disease Cluster Caused by Seoul Virus, Germany. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:133-135. [PMID: 38147030 PMCID: PMC10756357 DOI: 10.3201/eid3001.230855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A cluster of 3 persons in Germany experienced hantavirus disease with renal insufficiency. Reverse transcription PCR-based genotyping revealed infection by Seoul hantavirus transmitted from pet rats. Seoul virus could be responsible for disease clusters in Europe, and infected pet rats should be considered a health threat.
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Dubrulle J, Kauffman K, Soarimalala V, Randriamoria T, Goodman SM, Herrera J, Nunn C, Tortosa P. Effect of habitat degradation on hantavirus infection among introduced and endemic small mammals of Madagascar. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.24.573235. [PMID: 38187621 PMCID: PMC10769451 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.24.573235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Hantaviruses are globally distributed zoonotic pathogens capable of causing fatal disease in humans. Rodents and other small mammals are the typical reservoirs of hantaviruses, though the particular host varies regionally. Addressing the risk of hantavirus spillover from animal reservoirs to humans requires identifying the local mammal reservoirs and the predictors of infection in those animals, such as their population density and habitat characteristics. We screened native and non-native small mammals and bats in northeastern Madagascar for hantavirus infection to investigate the influence of habitat, including effects of human land use on viral prevalence. We trapped 227 bats and 1663 small mammals over 5 successive years in and around Marojejy National Park across a range of habitat types including villages, agricultural fields, regrowth areas, and secondary and semi-intact forests. Animals sampled included endemic tenrecs (Tenrecidae), rodents (Nesomyidae) and bats (6 families), along with non-native rodents (Muridae) and shrews (Soricidae). A hantavirus closely related to the previously described Anjozorobe virus infected 9.5% of Rattus rattus sampled. We did not detect hantaviruses in any other species. Habitat degradation had a complex impact on hantavirus prevalence in our study system: more intensive land use increase the abundance of R. rattus. The average body size of individuals varied between agricultural and nonagricultural land-use types, which in turn affected infection prevalence. Smaller R.rattus had lower probability of infection and were captured more commonly in villages and forests. Thus, infection prevalence was highest in agricultural areas. These findings provide new insights to the gradients of hantavirus exposure risk for humans in areas undergoing rapid land use transformations associated with agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Dubrulle
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (UMR PIMIT). Université de la Réunion, CNRS 9192, INSERM 1187, IRD 249, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, Réunion Island, France
| | - Kayla Kauffman
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- University of California Santa Barbara, Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, 93106-6150, USA
| | | | | | - Steven M Goodman
- Association Vahatra, BP 3972, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
- Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois 60605-2496, USA
| | - James Herrera
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Charles Nunn
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Pablo Tortosa
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (UMR PIMIT). Université de la Réunion, CNRS 9192, INSERM 1187, IRD 249, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, Réunion Island, France
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6
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Mull N, Seifert SN, Forbes KM. A framework for understanding and predicting orthohantavirus functional traits. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:1102-1110. [PMID: 37277284 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Orthohantaviruses present a global public health threat; there are 58 distinct viruses currently recognized and case fatality of pathogenic orthohantaviruses ranges from <0.1% to 50%. An Old World versus New World dichotomy is frequently applied to distinguish human diseases caused by orthohantaviruses. However, this geographic grouping masks the importance of phylogeny and virus-host ecology in shaping orthohantavirus traits, especially since related arvicoline rodents and their orthohantaviruses are found in both regions. We argue that orthohantaviruses can be separated into three phylogenetically based rodent host groups with differences in key functional traits, including human disease, transmission route, and virus-host fidelity. This framework can help understand and predict traits of under-studied and newly discovered orthohantaviruses and guide public health and biosafety policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Mull
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
| | - Stephanie N Seifert
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Kristian M Forbes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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7
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Afzal S, Ali L, Batool A, Afzal M, Kanwal N, Hassan M, Safdar M, Ahmad A, Yang J. Hantavirus: an overview and advancements in therapeutic approaches for infection. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1233433. [PMID: 37901807 PMCID: PMC10601933 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1233433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses are a significant and emerging global public health threat, impacting more than 200,000 individuals worldwide each year. The single-stranded RNA viruses belong to the Hantaviridae family and are responsible for causing two acute febrile diseases in humans: Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). Currently, there are no licensed treatments or vaccines available globally for HTNV infection. Various candidate drugs have shown efficacy in increasing survival rates during the early stages of HTNV infection. Some of these drugs include lactoferrin, ribavirin, ETAR, favipiravir and vandetanib. Immunotherapy utilizing neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) generated from Hantavirus convalescent patients show efficacy against HTNV. Monoclonal antibodies such as MIB22 and JL16 have demonstrated effectiveness in protecting against HTNV infection. The development of vaccines and antivirals, used independently and/or in combination, is critical for elucidating hantaviral infections and the impact on public health. RNA interference (RNAi) arised as an emerging antiviral therapy, is a highly specific degrades RNA, with post-transcriptional mechanism using eukaryotic cells platform. That has demonstrated efficacy against a wide range of viruses, both in vitro and in vivo. Recent antiviral methods involve using small interfering RNA (siRNA) and other, immune-based therapies to target specific gene segments (S, M, or L) of the Hantavirus. This therapeutic approach enhances viral RNA clearance through the RNA interference process in Vero E6 cells or human lung microvascular endothelial cells. However, the use of siRNAs faces challenges due to their low biological stability and limited in vivo targeting ability. Despite their successful inhibition of Hantavirus replication in host cells, their antiviral efficacy may be hindered. In the current review, we focus on advances in therapeutic strategies, as antiviral medications, immune-based therapies and vaccine candidates aimed at enhancing the body's ability to control the progression of Hantavirus infections, with the potential to reduce the risk of severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Afzal
- CEMB, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Liaqat Ali
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Anum Batool
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Momina Afzal
- CEMB, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nida Kanwal
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Atif Ahmad
- CEMB, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Jing Yang
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Vial PA, Ferrés M, Vial C, Klingström J, Ahlm C, López R, Le Corre N, Mertz GJ. Hantavirus in humans: a review of clinical aspects and management. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 23:e371-e382. [PMID: 37105214 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00128-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Hantavirus infections are part of the broad group of viral haemorrhagic fevers. They are also recognised as a distinct model of an emergent zoonotic infection with a global distribution. Many factors influence their epidemiology and transmission, such as climate, environment, social development, ecology of rodent hosts, and human behaviour in endemic regions. Transmission to humans occurs by exposure to infected rodents in endemic areas; however, Andes hantavirus is unique in that it can be transmitted from person to person. As hantaviruses target endothelial cells, they can affect diverse organ systems; increased vascular permeability is central to pathogenesis. The main clinical syndromes associated with hantaviruses are haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), which is endemic in Europe and Asia, and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS), which is endemic in the Americas. HCPS and HFRS are separate clinical entities, but they share several features and have many overlapping symptoms, signs, and pathogenic alterations. For HCPS in particular, clinical outcomes are highly associated with early clinical suspicion, access to rapid diagnostic testing or algorithms for presumptive diagnosis, and prompt transfer to a facility with critical care units. No specific effective antiviral treatment is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A Vial
- Programa Hantavirus y Zoonosis, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Pediatría Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Marcela Ferrés
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease and Immunology, Infectious Disease and Molecular Virology Laboratory, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cecilia Vial
- Programa Hantavirus y Zoonosis, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jonas Klingström
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Clas Ahlm
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - René López
- Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Paciente Crítico Clínica Alemana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicole Le Corre
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease and Immunology, Infectious Disease and Molecular Virology Laboratory, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gregory J Mertz
- Department of Internal Medicine, UNM Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Chen RX, Gong HY, Wang X, Sun MH, Ji YF, Tan SM, Chen JM, Shao JW, Liao M. Zoonotic Hantaviridae with Global Public Health Significance. Viruses 2023; 15:1705. [PMID: 37632047 PMCID: PMC10459939 DOI: 10.3390/v15081705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hantaviridae currently encompasses seven genera and 53 species. Multiple hantaviruses such as Hantaan virus, Seoul virus, Dobrava-Belgrade virus, Puumala virus, Andes virus, and Sin Nombre virus are highly pathogenic to humans. They cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome or hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HCPS/HPS) in many countries. Some hantaviruses infect wild or domestic animals without causing severe symptoms. Rodents, shrews, and bats are reservoirs of various mammalian hantaviruses. Recent years have witnessed significant advancements in the study of hantaviruses including genomics, taxonomy, evolution, replication, transmission, pathogenicity, control, and patient treatment. Additionally, new hantaviruses infecting bats, rodents, shrews, amphibians, and fish have been identified. This review compiles these advancements to aid researchers and the public in better recognizing this zoonotic virus family with global public health significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Xu Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China; (R.-X.C.); (H.-Y.G.); (X.W.); (M.-H.S.); (Y.-F.J.); (S.-M.T.)
| | - Huan-Yu Gong
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China; (R.-X.C.); (H.-Y.G.); (X.W.); (M.-H.S.); (Y.-F.J.); (S.-M.T.)
| | - Xiu Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China; (R.-X.C.); (H.-Y.G.); (X.W.); (M.-H.S.); (Y.-F.J.); (S.-M.T.)
| | - Ming-Hui Sun
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China; (R.-X.C.); (H.-Y.G.); (X.W.); (M.-H.S.); (Y.-F.J.); (S.-M.T.)
| | - Yu-Fei Ji
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China; (R.-X.C.); (H.-Y.G.); (X.W.); (M.-H.S.); (Y.-F.J.); (S.-M.T.)
| | - Su-Mei Tan
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China; (R.-X.C.); (H.-Y.G.); (X.W.); (M.-H.S.); (Y.-F.J.); (S.-M.T.)
| | - Ji-Ming Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China; (R.-X.C.); (H.-Y.G.); (X.W.); (M.-H.S.); (Y.-F.J.); (S.-M.T.)
| | - Jian-Wei Shao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China; (R.-X.C.); (H.-Y.G.); (X.W.); (M.-H.S.); (Y.-F.J.); (S.-M.T.)
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510230, China
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Park K, Noh J, Kim K, Kim J, Cho HK, Kim SG, Yang E, Kim WK, Song JW. A Development of Rapid Whole-Genome Sequencing of Seoul orthohantavirus Using a Portable One-Step Amplicon-Based High Accuracy Nanopore System. Viruses 2023; 15:1542. [PMID: 37515228 PMCID: PMC10386077 DOI: 10.3390/v15071542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole-genome sequencing provides a robust platform for investigating the epidemiology and transmission of emerging viruses. Oxford Nanopore Technologies allows for real-time viral sequencing on a local laptop system for point-of-care testing. Seoul orthohantavirus (Seoul virus, SEOV), harbored by Rattus norvegicus and R. rattus, causes mild hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and poses an important threat to public health worldwide. We evaluated the deployable MinION system to obtain high-fidelity entire-length sequences of SEOV for the genome identification of accurate infectious sources and their genetic diversity. One-step amplicon-based nanopore sequencing was performed from SEOV 80-39 specimens with different viral copy numbers and SEOV-positive wild rats. The KU-ONT-SEOV-consensus module was developed to analyze SEOV genomic sequences generated from the nanopore system. Using amplicon-based nanopore sequencing and the KU-ONT-consensus pipeline, we demonstrated novel molecular diagnostics for acquiring full-length SEOV genome sequences, with sufficient read depth in less than 6 h. The consensus sequence accuracy of the SEOV small, medium, and large genomes showed 99.75-100% (for SEOV 80-39 isolate) and 99.62-99.89% (for SEOV-positive rats) identities. This study provides useful insights into on-site diagnostics based on nanopore technology and the genome epidemiology of orthohantaviruses for a quicker response to hantaviral outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungmin Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyoung Noh
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kijin Kim
- Centre for Infectious Disease Genomics and One Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Jongwoo Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Kyung Cho
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Gyu Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunyoung Yang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Keun Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Medical Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Won Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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11
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Glass GE. Forecasting Outbreaks of Hantaviral Disease: Future Directions in Geospatial Modeling. Viruses 2023; 15:1461. [PMID: 37515149 PMCID: PMC10383283 DOI: 10.3390/v15071461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Hantaviral diseases have been recognized as 'place diseases' from their earliest identification and, epidemiologically, are tied to single host species with transmission occurring from infectious hosts to humans. As such, human populations are most at risk when they are in physical proximity to suitable habitats for reservoir populations, when numbers of infectious hosts are greatest. Because of the lags between improving habitat conditions and increasing infectious host abundance and spillover to humans, it should be possible to anticipate (forecast) where and when outbreaks will most likely occur. Most mammalian hosts are associated with specific habitat requirements, so identifying these habitats and the ecological drivers that impact population growth and the dispersal of viral hosts should be markers of the increased risk for disease outbreaks. These regions could be targeted for public health and medical education. This paper outlines the rationale for forecasting zoonotic outbreaks, and the information that needs to be clarified at various levels of biological organization to make the forecasting of orthohantaviruses successful. Major challenges reflect the transdisciplinary nature of forecasting zoonoses, with needs to better understand the implications of the data collected, how collections are designed, and how chosen methods impact the interpretation of results.
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12
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Zhuang Z, Qian L, Lu J, Zhang X, Mahmood A, Cui L, Wang H, Wang X, Yang S, Ji L, Shan T, Shen Q, Zhang W. Comparison of viral communities in the blood, feces and various tissues of wild brown rats ( Rattus norvegicus). Heliyon 2023; 9:e17222. [PMID: 37389044 PMCID: PMC10300334 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral diseases caused by new outbreaks of viral infections pose a serious threat to human health. Wild brown rats (Rattus norvegicus), considered one of the world's largest and most widely distributed rodents, are host to various zoonotic pathogens. To further understand the composition of the virus community in wild brown rats and explore new types of potentially pathogenic viruses, viral metagenomics was conducted to investigate blood, feces, and various tissues of wild brown rats captured from Zhenjiang, China. Results indicated that the composition of the virus community in different samples showed significant differences. In blood and tissue samples, members of the Parvoviridae and Anelloviridae form the main body of the virus community. Picornaviridae, Picobirnaviridae, and Astroviridae made up a large proportion of fecal samples. Several novel genome sequences from members of different families, including Anelloviridae, Parvoviridae, and CRESS DNA viruses, were detected in both blood and other samples, suggesting that they have the potential to spread across organs to cause viremia. These viruses included not only strains closely related to human viruses, but also a potential recombinant virus. Multiple dual-segment picornaviruses were obtained from fecal samples, as well as virus sequences from the Astroviridae and Picornaviridae. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these viruses belonged to different genera, with multiple viruses clustered with other animal viruses. Whether they have pathogenicity and the ability to spread across species needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Zhuang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Lingling Qian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Juan Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Xiaodan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhenjiang Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Zhenjiang, 212002, China
| | - Asif Mahmood
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Lei Cui
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Huiying Wang
- Department of Swine Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Shixing Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Likai Ji
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Tongling Shan
- Department of Swine Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Quan Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
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13
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Le Duc JW. The Power of We. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040921. [PMID: 37112901 PMCID: PMC10143051 DOI: 10.3390/v15040921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
“The Power of We” is a personal tribute to the individuals and organizations that collaborated in the discovery and advancement of knowledge of the hantaviruses following the original isolation of Hantaan virus by Ho Wang Lee. It focuses on the work done primarily at the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases during the decade of the 1980s under the leadership of Joel Dalrymple, who worked in close partnership with Ho Wang Lee. These early studies helped define the global distribution of Seoul virus and provided seminal information on its maintenance and transmission among urban rats. Other collaborations involved partners in Europe, Asia, and Latin America and resulted in the isolation of novel hantaviruses, a better understanding of their global distribution, and validation of diagnostics and therapeutic interventions for treatment of human diseases. By working in partnership, scientists from around the world made critical discoveries that led to a better understanding of the hantaviruses. “The Power of We” demonstrates that we all benefit when we work together with a shared vision, a common commitment to excellence, and mutual respect.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W. Le Duc
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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14
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Pet Rats as the Likely Reservoir for Human Seoul Orthohantavirus Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020467. [PMID: 36851681 PMCID: PMC9962845 DOI: 10.3390/v15020467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Seoul orthohantavirus (SEOV) is a rat-associated zoonotic pathogen with an almost worldwide distribution. In 2019, the first autochthonous human case of SEOV-induced hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome was reported in Germany, and a pet rat was identified as the source of the zoonotic infection. To further investigate the SEOV reservoir, additional rats from the patient and another owner, all of which were purchased from the same vendor, were tested. SEOV RNA and anti-SEOV antibodies were found in both of the patient's rats and in two of the three rats belonging to the other owner. The complete coding sequences of the small (S), medium (M), and large (L) segments obtained from one rat per owner exhibited a high sequence similarity to SEOV strains of breeder rat or human origin from the Netherlands, France, the USA, and Great Britain. Serological screening of 490 rats from breeding facilities and 563 wild rats from Germany (2007-2020) as well as 594 wild rats from the Netherlands (2013-2021) revealed 1 and 6 seropositive individuals, respectively. However, SEOV RNA was not detected in any of these animals. Increased surveillance of pet, breeder, and wild rats is needed to identify the origin of the SEOV strain in Europe and to develop measures to prevent transmission to the human population.
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15
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Castel G, Filippone C, Tatard C, Vigan J, Dobigny G. Role of Seaports and Imported Rats in Seoul Hantavirus Circulation, Africa. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:20-25. [PMID: 36573519 PMCID: PMC9796207 DOI: 10.3201/eid2901.221092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Seoul orthohantavirus (SEOV) is not considered a major public health threat on the continent of Africa. However, Africa is exposed to rodentborne SEOV introduction events through maritime traffic after exponential growth of trade with the rest of the world. Serologic studies have already detected hantavirus antibodies in human populations, and recent investigations have confirmed circulation of hantavirus, including SEOV, in rat populations. Thus, SEOV is a possible emerging zoonotic risk in Africa. Moreover, the range of SEOV could rapidly expand, and transmission to humans could increase because of host switching from the usual brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) species, which is currently invading Africa, to the more widely installed black rat (R. rattus) species. Because of rapid economic development, environmental and climatic changes, and increased international trade, strengthened surveillance is urgently needed to prevent SEOV dissemination among humans in Africa.
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16
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Tazerji SS, Nardini R, Safdar M, Shehata AA, Duarte PM. An Overview of Anthropogenic Actions as Drivers for Emerging and Re-Emerging Zoonotic Diseases. Pathogens 2022; 11:1376. [PMID: 36422627 PMCID: PMC9692567 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Population growth and industrialization have led to a race for greater food and supply productivity. As a result, the occupation and population of forest areas, contact with wildlife and their respective parasites and vectors, the trafficking and consumption of wildlife, the pollution of water sources, and the accumulation of waste occur more frequently. Concurrently, the agricultural and livestock production for human consumption has accelerated, often in a disorderly way, leading to the deforestation of areas that are essential for the planet's climatic and ecological balance. The effects of human actions on other ecosystems such as the marine ecosystem cause equally serious damage, such as the pollution of this habitat, and the reduction of the supply of fish and other animals, causing the coastal population to move to the continent. The sum of these factors leads to an increase in the demands such as housing, basic sanitation, and medical assistance, making these populations underserved and vulnerable to the effects of global warming and to the emergence of emerging and re-emerging diseases. In this article, we discuss the anthropic actions such as climate changes, urbanization, deforestation, the trafficking and eating of wild animals, as well as unsustainable agricultural intensification which are drivers for emerging and re-emerging of zoonotic pathogens such as viral (Ebola virus, hantaviruses, Hendravirus, Nipah virus, rabies, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease-2), bacterial (leptospirosis, Lyme borreliosis, and tuberculosis), parasitic (leishmaniasis) and fungal pathogens, which pose a substantial threat to the global community. Finally, we shed light on the urgent demand for the implementation of the One Health concept as a collaborative global approach to raise awareness and educate people about the science behind and the battle against zoonotic pathogens to mitigate the threat for both humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Salajegheh Tazerji
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran P.O. Box. 1477893855, Iran
- Young Researchers and Elites Club Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University; Tehran P.O. Box. 1477893855, Iran
| | - Roberto Nardini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - Muhammad Safdar
- Department of Breeding and Genetics, Cholistan University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Awad A. Shehata
- Avian and Rabbit Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt
- Research and Development Section, PerNaturam GmbH, 56290 Gödenroth, Germany
- Prophy-Institute for Applied Prophylaxis, 59159 Bönen, Germany
| | - Phelipe Magalhães Duarte
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Bioscience, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, Pernambuco 52171-900, Brazil
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17
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Wang N, Yin JX, Zhang Y, Wu L, Li WH, Luo YY, Li R, Li ZW, Liu SQ. Genetic Evolution Analysis and Host Characteristics of Hantavirus in Yunnan Province, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13433. [PMID: 36294012 PMCID: PMC9603364 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
For a long time, the epidemic situation of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) caused by hantavirus (HV) in Yunnan Province of China has been relatively severe. The molecular epidemiology and host characteristics of HV in Yunnan Province are still not completely clear, and the systematic and long-term investigation of the epidemic area is very limited. In this study, a total of 488 murine-shaped animals were captured in the three regions of Mile City, Mangshi City and Lianghe County in Yunnan Province, and then the type of HV was identified by multiplex real-time RT-PCR and sequenced. The results indicate that 2.46% of the murine-shaped animal specimens were infected with HV. A new subtype of Seoul virus (SEOV) was found in the rare rat species Rattus nitidus in Lianghe County, and the two strains of this new subtype were named YNLH-K40 and YNLH-K53. Through the phylogenetic analysis of this new subtype, it is shown that this new subtype is very similar to the type S5 of SEOV, which is previously described as the main cause for the high incidence of HFRS in Longquan City, Zhejiang Province, China. This new subtype is highly likely to cause human infection and disease. Therefore, in addition to further promoting the improvement of the HV gene database and strengthening the discovery and monitoring of the host animals in Yunnan Province, more attention should be paid to the pathogenic potential of the newly discovered HV type.
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18
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Wei X, Meng B, Peng H, Li Y, Liu M, Si H, Wu R, Chen H, Bai Y, Li Y, Feng Q, Wang C, Zhao X. Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome caused by destruction of residential area of rodent in a construction site: epidemiological investigation. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:761. [PMID: 36175847 PMCID: PMC9521858 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07744-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An outbreak of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), caused by a Hantavirus, affected nine adult males in the southwest area of Xi'an in November 2020 was analyzed in this study. METHODS Clinical and epidemiological data of HFRS patients in this outbreak were retrospectively analyzed. The whole genome of a hantavirus named 201120HV03xa (hv03xa for short) isolated from Apodemus agrarius captured in the construction site was sequenced and analyzed. In addition, nine HFRS patients were monitored for the IgG antibody against the HV N protein at 6 and 12 months, respectively. RESULTS In this study, inhalation of aerosolized excreta and contaminated food may be the main source of infection. Genome analysis and phylogenetic analysis showed that hv03xa is a reassortment strain of HTNV, having an S segment related to A16 of HTN 4, an M segment related to Q37 and Q10 of HTN 4, and an L segment related to prototype strain 76-118 of HTN 7. Potential recombination was detected in the S segment of hv03xa strain. The anti-HV-IgG level of all the patients persist for at least one year after infection. CONCLUSIONS This report documented an HFRS outbreak in Xi'an, China, which provided the basic data for epidemiological surveillance of endemic HTNV infection and facilitated to predict disease risk and implement prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wei
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Biao Meng
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, Beijing, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hong Peng
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Min Liu
- PLA 63750 Military Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hairui Si
- PLA 63750 Military Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hailong Chen
- Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Bai
- PLA 63750 Military Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Li
- PLA 63750 Military Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qunling Feng
- PLA 63750 Military Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Changjun Wang
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, Beijing, China. .,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| | - Xiangna Zhao
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, Beijing, China. .,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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19
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A Portable Diagnostic Assay, Genetic Diversity, and Isolation of Seoul Virus from Rattus norvegicus Collected in Gangwon Province, Republic of Korea. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11091047. [PMID: 36145479 PMCID: PMC9503505 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11091047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Seoul virus (SEOV), an etiological agent for hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, poses a significant public health threat worldwide. This study evaluated the feasibility of a mobile Biomeme platform for facilitating rapid decision making of SEOV infection. A total of 27 Rattus norvegicus were collected from Seoul Metropolitan City and Gangwon Province in Republic of Korea (ROK), during 2016–2020. The serological and molecular prevalence of SEOV was 5/27 (18.5%) and 2/27 (7.4%), respectively. SEOV RNA was detected in multiple tissues of rodents using the Biomeme device, with differences in Ct values ranging from 0.6 to 2.1 cycles compared to a laboratory benchtop system. Using amplicon-based next-generation sequencing, whole-genome sequences of SEOV were acquired from lung tissues of Rn18-1 and Rn19-5 collected in Gangwon Province. Phylogenetic analysis showed a phylogeographical diversity of rat-borne orthohantavirus collected in Gangwon Province. We report a novel isolate of SEOV Rn19-5 from Gangwon Province. Our findings demonstrated that the Biomeme system can be applied for the molecular diagnosis of SEOV comparably to the laboratory-based platform. Whole-genome sequencing of SEOV revealed the phylogeographical diversity of orthohantavirus in the ROK. This study provides important insights into the field-deployable diagnostic assays and genetic diversity of orthohantaviruses for the rapid response to hantaviral outbreaks in the ROK.
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20
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Ren D, Fu S, Yan T, Ni T, Zhang Z, Zhang M, Zhou J, Yang N, Yang Y, He Y, Chen T, Zhao Y, Liu J. The Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Hemorrhagic Fever With Renal Syndrome in Pregnancy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:839224. [PMID: 35265645 PMCID: PMC8899103 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.839224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnant women with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) are a significant challenge for clinicians. The clinical characteristics of HFRS in pregnant women and its influence on both the pregnant women and fetus have yet to be clarified clearly. To highlight the specific clinical features of HFRS in pregnant women and the outcomes of pregnant women with HFRS and their fetuses, we screened pregnant women with HFRS from inception to May 1st 2021. We also conducted a comparison with non-pregnant women complicated with HFRS. Twenty-seven pregnant women and 87 non-pregnant women with complete electronic medical records were enrolled for final analyses; 55.6% (15/27) and 21.8% (19/87) were diagnosed as critical type in pregnant women and non-pregnant women, respectively. Compared with non-pregnant patients, there was a significantly higher likelihood of critical status in pregnant patients; the risk was significantly higher in late trimester (p <0.001). In addition, hypoalbuminemia and anemia were also evident in pregnant patients (p = 0.04, p <0.001, respectively). Leukocyte count, especially when higher than 15 × 109/L, was significantly correlated with disease severity (p = 0.009). After comprehensive therapy, 26 pregnant patients recovered without sequelae. Five fetal adverse events were reported during hospitalization. All adverse events were observed in mothers with critical types (p = 0.047, X2 = 4.909) and occurred in the later trimester. Collectively, our data show that pregnant woman with HFRS during the third trimester presents a more severe condition, especially those with leukocytosis. However, the majority of those pregnant patients could recover with comprehensive treatment and undergo normal labor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Ren
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Clinical Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an, China
| | - Shan Fu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Clinical Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an, China
| | - Taotao Yan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Clinical Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an, China
| | - Tianzhi Ni
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Clinical Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an, China
| | - Ze Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Clinical Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Clinical Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Clinical Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an, China
| | - Nan Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Clinical Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Clinical Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an, China
| | - Yingli He
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Clinical Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an, China
| | - Tianyan Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Clinical Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an, China
| | - Yingren Zhao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Clinical Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an, China
| | - Jinfeng Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Clinical Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an, China
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21
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Burgos EF, Vadell MV, Bellomo CM, Martinez VP, Salomon OD, Gómez Villafañe IE. First Evidence of Akodon-Borne Orthohantavirus in Northeastern Argentina. ECOHEALTH 2021; 18:429-439. [PMID: 34724118 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-021-01564-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Orthohantaviruses (genus Orthohantavirus, family Hantaviridae) are the etiologic agents of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome in the Americas. In South America, orthohantaviruses are highly diverse and are hosted by sigmodontine rodents (subfamiliy Sigmodontinae, family Cricetidae), an also diverse group of rodents. The aims of this work were to (1) identify orthohantavirus hosts and (2) to study the spatial and temporal variations in the prevalence of infection and their associations with community, environmental and individual characteristics, in different environments of Misiones province, northeastern Argentina. Live-capture sessions were carried out during two years in different land uses, with a trapping effort of 31,653 trap nights. We captured 719 individuals from the species Akodon montensis, Rattus rattus, Mus musculus, Calomys tener, Thaptomys nigrita, Oligoryzomys nigripes, Euryoryzomys russatus, Oligoryzomys flavescens, Brucepattersonius sp., and Juliomys pictipes. Antibodies against orthohantavirus were detected in Akodon montensis in one natural protected and one periurban areas, and it was the most abundant species in almost every study sites. We observed the presence of spatial focality of orthohantavirus infection and a positive association with host abundance suggesting the existence of a threshold density. At the individual level, large, reproductively active, and male individuals were more likely to have antibodies against orthohantavirus. This is the first record of orthohantavirus infection in A. montensis in Argentina, which shows the importance of investigations about emerging diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Burgos
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán". Ambar s/n, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Godoy Cruz 2290, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M V Vadell
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán". Ambar s/n, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Godoy Cruz 2290, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C M Bellomo
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas Administración Nacional de Laboratorios E Institutos de Salud Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - V P Martinez
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas Administración Nacional de Laboratorios E Institutos de Salud Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - O D Salomon
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán". Ambar s/n, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Godoy Cruz 2290, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - I E Gómez Villafañe
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (CONICET-UBA). Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160 - Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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22
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Castel G, Kant R, Badou S, Etougbétché J, Dossou HJ, Gauthier P, Houéménou G, Smura T, Sironen T, Dobigny G. Genetic Characterization of Seoul Virus in the Seaport of Cotonou, Benin. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:2704-2706. [PMID: 34545795 PMCID: PMC8462318 DOI: 10.3201/eid2710.210268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Seoul virus is a zoonotic pathogen carried by the brown rat Rattus norvegicus. Information on its circulation in Africa is limited. In this study, the virus was detected in 37.5% of brown rats captured in the Autonomous Port of Cotonou, Benin. Phylogenetic analyses place this virus in Seoul virus lineage 7.
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23
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Pankovics P, Boros Á, László Z, Szekeres S, Földvári G, Altan E, Delwart E, Reuter G. Genome characterization, prevalence and tissue distribution of astrovirus, hepevirus and norovirus among wild and laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus) and mice (Mus musculus) in Hungary. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021; 93:104942. [PMID: 34044191 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rodents including rats are reservoir of several pathogens capable of affecting human health. In this study, faecal and different organ specimens from free-living Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) (N = 18) and faecal samples from laboratory rodents (rats N = 21 and mice N = 20) collected from different geographic areas in Hungary between 2017 and 2020 were investigated by viral metagenomics and conventional RT-PCR methods. The complete genome of three different RNA viruses, rat astrovirus, rat norovirus and rat hepevirus were characterized and analysed in detail. Rat norovirus was detected in faecal (17.6%, 3/17) and kidney (7.1%, 1/14) samples; rat astrovirus in faecal (23.5%, 4/17) and spleen (13.3%, 2/15) samples, and rat hepevirus in 43% to 67% the faecal, liver, kidney, lung, heart, muscle, brain and blood samples from Norway rats, respectively. Rat norovirus was also identifiable in 5% (1/21) of laboratory rats and rat astrovirus in 40% (8/20) of faecal samples from laboratory mice. Co-infections were found in 28% (5/18) wild Norway rats. The highest RNA viral load of astrovirus (1.81 × 108 copy/g) and norovirus (3.49 × 107 copy/g) were measured in faecal samples; while the highest RNA viral load of hepevirus (1.16 × 109 copy/g) was found in liver samples of Norway rats, respectively. This study confirms the wide geographic distribution and high prevalence of astrovirus, norovirus and hepevirus among wild rats in Hungary with confirmation of different organ involvement of as well as the detection of norovirus and astrovirus in laboratory rats and mice, respectively. This finding further strengthens the role of rodents in the spread of viral pathogens especially infecting human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Pankovics
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Ákos Boros
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zoltán László
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Sándor Szekeres
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Földvári
- Institute of Evolution, Centre for Ecological Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eda Altan
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eric Delwart
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA; University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gábor Reuter
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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24
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Clement J, Groen J, van der Groen G, Van Ranst M, Maes P, Osterhaus ADME. Commentary: Development of a Comparative European Orthohantavirus Microneutralization Assay With Multi-Species Validation and Evaluation in a Human Diagnostic Cohort. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:702709. [PMID: 34422682 PMCID: PMC8371550 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.702709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Clement
- KULeuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
- National Reference Center for Hantavirus, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Groen
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | | | - Marc Van Ranst
- KULeuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
- National Reference Center for Hantavirus, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Maes
- KULeuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
- National Reference Center for Hantavirus, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Albertus D. M. E. Osterhaus
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection, Bilthoven, Netherlands
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25
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Yang B, Yang KD. Immunopathogenesis of Different Emerging Viral Infections: Evasion, Fatal Mechanism, and Prevention. Front Immunol 2021; 12:690976. [PMID: 34335596 PMCID: PMC8320726 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.690976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Different emerging viral infections may emerge in different regions of the world and pose a global pandemic threat with high fatality. Clarification of the immunopathogenesis of different emerging viral infections can provide a plan for the crisis management and prevention of emerging infections. This perspective article describes how an emerging viral infection evolves from microbial mutation, zoonotic and/or vector-borne transmission that progresses to a fatal infection due to overt viremia, tissue-specific cytotropic damage or/and immunopathology. We classified immunopathogenesis of common emerging viral infections into 4 categories: 1) deficient immunity with disseminated viremia (e.g., Ebola); 2) pneumocytotropism with/without later hyperinflammation (e.g., COVID-19); 3) augmented immunopathology (e.g., Hanta); and 4) antibody-dependent enhancement of infection with altered immunity (e.g., Dengue). A practical guide to early blocking of viral evasion, limiting viral load and identifying the fatal mechanism of an emerging viral infection is provided to prevent and reduce the transmission, and to do rapid diagnoses followed by the early treatment of virus neutralization for reduction of morbidity and mortality of an emerging viral infection such as COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betsy Yang
- Department of Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Oakland Medical Center, Oakland, CA, United States
| | - Kuender D. Yang
- DIvision of Medical Research, Mackay Children’s Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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26
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Hofmann J, Heuser E, Weiss S, Tenner B, Schoppmeyer K, Esser J, Klier C, Drewes S, Ulrich RG, Kruger DH. Autochthonous Ratborne Seoul Virus Infection in Woman with Acute Kidney Injury. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 26:3096-3099. [PMID: 33219808 PMCID: PMC7706977 DOI: 10.3201/eid2612.200708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Outside Asia, Seoul virus (SEOV) is an underestimated pathogen. In Germany, autochthonous SEOV-associated hantavirus disease has not been unequivocally diagnosed. We found clinical and molecular evidence for SEOV infection in a young woman; her pet rat was the source of infection.
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Bayesian Binary Mixture Models as a Flexible Alternative to Cut-Off Analysis of ELISA Results, a Case Study of Seoul Orthohantavirus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061155. [PMID: 34208752 PMCID: PMC8234822 DOI: 10.3390/v13061155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Serological assays, such as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), are popular tools for establishing the seroprevalence of various infectious diseases in humans and animals. In the ELISA, the optical density is measured and gives an indication of the antibody level. However, there is variability in optical density values for individuals that have been exposed to the pathogen of interest, as well as individuals that have not been exposed. In general, the distribution of values that can be expected for these two categories partly overlap. Often, a cut-off value is determined to decide which individuals should be considered seropositive or seronegative. However, the classical cut-off approach based on a putative threshold ignores heterogeneity in immune response in the population and is thus not the optimal solution for the analysis of serological data. A binary mixture model does include this heterogeneity, offers measures of uncertainty and the direct estimation of seroprevalence without the need for correction based on sensitivity and specificity. Furthermore, the probability of being seropositive can be estimated for individual samples, and both continuous and categorical covariates (risk-factors) can be included in the analysis. Using ELISA results from rats tested for the Seoul orthohantavirus, we compared the classical cut-off method with a binary mixture model set in a Bayesian framework. We show that it performs similarly or better than cut-off methods, by comparing with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) results. We therefore recommend binary mixture models as an analysis tool over classical cut-off methods. An example code is included to facilitate the practical use of binary mixture models in everyday practice.
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28
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Meheretu Y, Granberg Å, Berhane G, Khalil H, Lwande OW, Mitiku M, Welegerima K, de Bellocq JG, Bryja J, Abreha H, Leirs H, Ecke F, Evander M. Prevalence of Orthohantavirus-Reactive Antibodies in Humans and Peri-Domestic Rodents in Northern Ethiopia. Viruses 2021; 13:1054. [PMID: 34199600 PMCID: PMC8226976 DOI: 10.3390/v13061054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2012, Tigray orthohantavirus was discovered in Ethiopia, but its seasonal infection in small mammals, and whether it poses a risk to humans was unknown. The occurrence of small mammals, rodents and shrews, in human inhabitations in northern Ethiopia is affected by season and presence of stone bunds. We sampled small mammals in two seasons from low- and high-density stone bund fields adjacent to houses and community-protected semi-natural habitats in Atsbi and Hagere Selam, where Tigray orthohantavirus was first discovered. We collected blood samples from both small mammals and residents using filter paper. The presence of orthohantavirus-reactive antibodies in blood was then analyzed using immunofluorescence assay (human samples) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (small mammal samples) with Puumala orthohantavirus as antigen. Viral RNA was detected by RT-PCR using small mammal blood samples. Total orthohantavirus prevalence (antibodies or virus RNA) in the small mammals was 3.37%. The positive animals were three Stenocephalemys albipes rats (prevalence in this species = 13.04%). The low prevalence made it impossible to determine whether season and stone bunds were associated with orthohantavirus prevalence in the small mammals. In humans, we report the first detection of orthohantavirus-reactive IgG antibodies in Ethiopia (seroprevalence = 5.26%). S. albipes lives in close proximity to humans, likely increasing the risk of zoonotic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonas Meheretu
- Department of Biology, Mekelle University, Mekelle P.O. Box 3102, Ethiopia; (G.B.); (K.W.)
- Institute of Mountain Research & Development, Mekelle University, Mekelle P.O. Box 231, Ethiopia
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.G.d.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Åsa Granberg
- Department of Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, 901 85 Umeå, Sweden;
| | - Gebregiorgis Berhane
- Department of Biology, Mekelle University, Mekelle P.O. Box 3102, Ethiopia; (G.B.); (K.W.)
| | - Hussein Khalil
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden; (H.K.); (F.E.)
| | - Olivia Wesula Lwande
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, 901 85 Umeå, Sweden; (O.W.L.); (M.E.)
| | - Mengistu Mitiku
- College Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle P.O. Box 231, Ethiopia; (M.M.); (H.A.)
| | - Kiros Welegerima
- Department of Biology, Mekelle University, Mekelle P.O. Box 3102, Ethiopia; (G.B.); (K.W.)
| | - Joëlle Goüy de Bellocq
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.G.d.B.); (J.B.)
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Bryja
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.G.d.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Hagos Abreha
- College Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle P.O. Box 231, Ethiopia; (M.M.); (H.A.)
| | - Herwig Leirs
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium;
| | - Frauke Ecke
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden; (H.K.); (F.E.)
| | - Magnus Evander
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, 901 85 Umeå, Sweden; (O.W.L.); (M.E.)
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Serological Evidence of Multiple Zoonotic Viral Infections among Wild Rodents in Barbados. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060663. [PMID: 34071689 PMCID: PMC8229225 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Rodents are reservoirs for several zoonotic pathogens that can cause human infectious diseases, including orthohantaviruses, mammarenaviruses and orthopoxviruses. Evidence exists for these viruses circulating among rodents and causing human infections in the Americas, but much less evidence exists for their presence in wild rodents in the Caribbean. Methods: Here, we conducted serological and molecular investigations of wild rodents in Barbados to determine the prevalence of orthohantavirus, mammarenavirus and orthopoxvirus infections, and the possible role of these rodent species as reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens. Using immunofluorescent assays (IFA), rodent sera were screened for the presence of antibodies to orthohantavirus, mammarenavirus (Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus—LCMV) and orthopoxvirus (Cowpox virus—CPXV) infections. RT-PCR was then conducted on orthohantavirus and mammarenavirus-seropositive rodent sera and tissues, to detect the presence of viral RNA. Results: We identified antibodies against orthohantavirus, mammarenavirus, and orthopoxvirus among wild mice and rats (3.8%, 2.5% and 7.5% seropositivity rates respectively) in Barbados. No orthohantavirus or mammarenavirus viral RNA was detected from seropositive rodent sera or tissues using RT–PCR. Conclusions: Key findings of this study are the first serological evidence of orthohantavirus infections in Mus musculus and the first serological evidence of mammarenavirus and orthopoxvirus infections in Rattus norvegicus and M. musculus in the English-speaking Caribbean. Rodents may present a potential zoonotic and biosecurity risk for transmission of three human pathogens, namely orthohantaviruses, mammarenaviruses and orthopoxviruses in Barbados.
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30
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Presence and Diversity of Different Enteric Viruses in Wild Norway Rats ( Rattus norvegicus). Viruses 2021; 13:v13060992. [PMID: 34073462 PMCID: PMC8227696 DOI: 10.3390/v13060992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rodents are common reservoirs for numerous zoonotic pathogens, but knowledge about diversity of pathogens in rodents is still limited. Here, we investigated the occurrence and genetic diversity of enteric viruses in 51 Norway rats collected in three different countries in Europe. RNA of at least one virus was detected in the intestine of 49 of 51 animals. Astrovirus RNA was detected in 46 animals, mostly of rat astroviruses. Human astrovirus (HAstV-8) RNA was detected in one, rotavirus group A (RVA) RNA was identified in eleven animals. One RVA RNA could be typed as rat G3 type. Rat hepatitis E virus (HEV) RNA was detected in five animals. Two entire genome sequences of ratHEV were determined. Human norovirus RNA was detected in four animals with the genotypes GI.P4-GI.4, GII.P33-GII.1, and GII.P21. In one animal, a replication competent coxsackievirus A20 strain was detected. Additionally, RNA of an enterovirus species A strain was detected in the same animal, albeit in a different tissue. The results show a high detection rate and diversity of enteric viruses in Norway rats in Europe and indicate their significance as vectors for zoonotic transmission of enteric viruses. The detailed role of Norway rats and transmission pathways of enteric viruses needs to be investigated in further studies.
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31
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Buchheister S, Bleich A. Health Monitoring of Laboratory Rodent Colonies-Talking about (R)evolution. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1410. [PMID: 34069175 PMCID: PMC8155880 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The health monitoring of laboratory rodents is essential for ensuring animal health and standardization in biomedical research. Progress in housing, gnotobiotic derivation, and hygienic monitoring programs led to enormous improvement of the microbiological quality of laboratory animals. While traditional health monitoring and pathogen detection methods still serve as powerful tools for the diagnostics of common animal diseases, molecular methods develop rapidly and not only improve test sensitivities but also allow high throughput analyses of various sample types. Concurrently, to the progress in pathogen detection and elimination, the research community becomes increasingly aware of the striking influence of microbiome compositions in laboratory animals, affecting disease phenotypes and the scientific value of research data. As repeated re-derivation cycles and strict barrier husbandry of laboratory rodents resulted in a limited diversity of the animals' gut microbiome, future monitoring approaches will have to reform-aiming at enhancing the validity of animal experiments. This review will recapitulate common health monitoring concepts and, moreover, outline strategies and measures on coping with microbiome variation in order to increase reproducibility, replicability and generalizability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - André Bleich
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
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Douglas KO, Samuels TA, Iheozor-Ejiofor R, Vapalahti O, Sironen T, Gittens-St. Hilaire M. Serological Evidence of Human Orthohantavirus Infections in Barbados, 2008 to 2016. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050571. [PMID: 34066699 PMCID: PMC8151097 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is well-known in South and North America; however, not enough data exist for the Caribbean. The first report of clinical orthohantavirus infection was obtained in Barbados, but no other evidence of clinical orthohantavirus infections among adults in the Caribbean has been documented. Methods: Using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests followed by confirmatory testing with immunofluorescent assays (IFA), immunochromatographic (ICG) tests, and pseudotype focus reduction neutralization tests (pFRNT), we retrospectively and prospectively detected orthohantavirus-specific antibodies among patients with febrile illness in Barbados. Results: The orthohantavirus prevalence rate varied from 5.8 to 102.6 cases per 100,000 persons among febrile patients who sought medical attention annually between 2008 and 2016. Two major orthohantavirus epidemics occurred in Barbados during 2010 and 2016. Peak orthohantavis infections were observed observed during the rainy season (August) and prevalence rates were significantly higher in females than males and in patients from urban parishes than rural parishes. Conclusions: Orthohantavirus infections are still occurring in Barbados and in some patients along with multiple pathogen infections (CHIKV, ZIKV, DENV and Leptospira). Orthohantavirus infections are more prevalent during periods of high rainfall (rainy season) with peak transmission in August; females are more likely to be infected than males and infections are more likely among patients from urban rather than rural parishes in Barbados.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk Osmond Douglas
- Centre for Biosecurity Studies, University of the West Indies, Cave Hill, St. Michael BB11000, Barbados
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(246)-417-7468
| | - Thelma Alafia Samuels
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Caribbean Institute for Health Research (CAIHR), The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica;
| | - Rommel Iheozor-Ejiofor
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (R.I.-E.); (O.V.); (T.S.)
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (R.I.-E.); (O.V.); (T.S.)
| | - Tarja Sironen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (R.I.-E.); (O.V.); (T.S.)
| | - Marquita Gittens-St. Hilaire
- Best-dos Santos Public Health Laboratory, Enmore #6, Lower Collymore Rock, St. Michael BB11155, Barbados;
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Cave Hill, St. Michael BB11000, Barbados
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Cuperus T, de Vries A, Hoornweg TE, Fonville M, Jaarsma RI, Opsteegh M, Maas M. Seoul Virus in Pet and Feeder Rats in The Netherlands. Viruses 2021; 13:443. [PMID: 33801789 PMCID: PMC8002128 DOI: 10.3390/v13030443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Seoul virus (SEOV) is a zoonotic orthohantavirus carried by rats. In humans, SEOV can cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Recent human SEOV cases described in the USA, United Kingdom, France and the Netherlands were associated with contact with pet or feeder rats. The prevalence of SEOV in these types of rats is unknown. We collected 175 pet and feeder rats (Rattus norvegicus) from private owners, ratteries and commercial breeders/traders in the Netherlands. Lung tissue of the rats was tested using a SEOV real-time RT-qPCR and heart fluid was tested for the presence of antibodies against SEOV. In all three investigated groups, RT-qPCR-positive rats were found: in 1/29 rats from private owners (3.6%), 2/56 rats from ratteries (3.4%) and 11/90 rats from commercial breeders (12.2%). The seroprevalence was largely similar to the prevalence calculated from RT-qPCR-positive rats. The SEOV sequences found were highly similar to sequences previously found in domesticated rats in Europe. In conclusion, SEOV is spread throughout different populations of domesticated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Miriam Maas
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Postbus 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (T.C.); (A.d.V.); (T.E.H.); (M.F.); (R.I.J.); (M.O.)
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34
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Kang C, Kim JI, Lee J, Bae S, Kim MJ, Song KJ, Song JW, Kim SH, Park MS. Human infection with Seoul orthohantavirus in Korea, 2019. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009168. [PMID: 33617577 PMCID: PMC7932522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Of various rodent-borne hantaviruses, Seoul orthohantavirus (SEOV) causes haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), as does Hantaan orthohantavirus (HTNV). Given global-scale of cases of human infection with SEOV, it is of great clinical importance to distinguish SEOV from other HFRS-causing hantaviruses. In May 2019, a middle-aged patient who had lived in a suburban area of Chungcheong Province, Republic of Korea and enjoyed outdoor activities was transferred to Asan Medical Center in Seoul, Republic of Korea with HFRS; his symptoms included high fever and generalized myalgia. The rapid diagnostic test performed immediately after his transfer detected HTNV-specific antibodies, and the patient was treated accordingly. However, two consecutive IFAs performed at ten-day intervals showed no HTNV-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) G. During continuous supportive care, next-generation sequencing successfully identified viral genomic sequences in the patient’s serum, which were SEOV and not HTNV. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the L, M, and S genes of this SEOV strain together with those of rat- or human-isolated Korean strains reported previously. Given global outbreaks and public health threats of zoonotic hantaviruses, a causative pathogen of hantavirus HFRS should be identified correctly at the time of diagnosis and by point-of-care testing. Rodent-borne Seoul orthohantavirus (SEOV) has provoked human cases from Asia to the Americas and Europe whereas most orthohantaviruses cause regional cases. Despite this, SEOV gets less attention than other orthohantaviruses. In Korea, 2019, a middle-aged man was initially diagnosed with Hantaan orthohantavirus (HTNV) and treated accordingly. However, next-generation sequencing identified SEOV, not HTNV, in the patient’s serum. Given its global outbreaks and public health threats, zoonotic SEOV should be diagnosed correctly on point of care to reduce unnecessary medical costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changmin Kang
- Department of Microbiology, the Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Il Kim
- Department of Microbiology, the Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Biosafety Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungmin Lee
- Department of Microbiology, the Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongman Bae
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jae Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Joon Song
- Department of Microbiology, the Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Won Song
- Department of Microbiology, the Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Han Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (S-HK); (M-SP)
| | - Man-Seong Park
- Department of Microbiology, the Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Biosafety Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (S-HK); (M-SP)
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Karim AJ, Abbas ZM. Histopathology of the kidney and seroprevalence of leptospirosis in wild rats in Baghdad Province, Iraq. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONE HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.14202/ijoh.2021.19-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Leptospirosis, caused by pathogenic leptospires, is a globally emerging infectious disease affecting both humans and animals, which act as reservoirs, with large outbreaks worldwide. The role of rats in dispersing leptospirosis was never investigated in Iraq. Because of the seriousness of the disease and the scarce data regarding this disease in Iraq, this study determines the incidence of leptospirosis in rats and its renal histopathological profile.
Materials and Methods: Of 211 captured rats, 82 apparently healthy rats were included in this study. After euthanatizing, 3-5-ml blood was collected by cardiac puncture. Approximately 0.5 cm3 of the kidney was collected for routine histopathology and stained using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Warthin–Starry (WS) stains. Blood smears were prepared and stained with the WS stain.
Results: All rats (100%) with different age groups were immunoglobulin G (IgG)-positive, and 90.24% of them had the IgG against leptospiral antigens in kidney tissues. The juvenile age group had higher IgG levels than other age groups. Considering sex, no significant differences in the overall results were observed. Serum concentrations of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine showed significant increments in the sub-adult and adult IgG- positive groups compared with the IgG-negative groups. No significant alterations were observed in the juvenile group. Using WS stains, 13 and 1 blood smears and 0 and 8 kidney tissues were positive for leptospires in the sub-adult and adult groups, respectively. Microscopical findings of the renal cortex and medulla in the sub-adult IgG-positive group showed hemorrhage, glomerular deterioration, tubular cell degeneration and necrosis with cast formation, periarterial edema, and focal hemorrhage with congestion of peritubular arteries. The adult IgG-positive group revealed deterioration similar to that in the sub-adult group and tended to be chronic. No leptospires were observed using H&E staining.
Conclusion: IgG-positive carrier rats refer to previously exposed or infected rats. Understanding the risk of transmitting the disease to human and animals through a carrier rat's urine is highly predicted and possible mitigation of zoonotic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulkarim Jafar Karim
- Unit of Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Zainab Majid Abbas
- Department of Pathological Analysis, Babylon Technical Institute, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Babylon, Iraq
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Yashina LN, Hay J, Smetannikova NA, Kushnareva TV, Iunikhina OV, Kompanets GG. Hemorrhagic Fever With Renal Syndrome in Vladivostok City, Russia. Front Public Health 2021; 9:620279. [PMID: 33614585 PMCID: PMC7892620 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.620279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is a public health problem in Vladivostok city, Russia. From 1997 to 2019, a study of hantaviruses in Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus), a natural reservoir of Seoul virus (SEOV), and in HFRS patients was conducted. We demonstrated the presence of SEOV in the local population of Norway rats and detected SEOV in 10, Amur virus (AMRV) in 4 and Hantaan virus (HTNV) in 1 out of 15 HFRS patients. Genetic analysis based on partial S, M and L segment sequences revealed that the Russian SEOV strains were related most closely to strains from Cambodia and Vietnam. We postulate that the SEOV strains found in the port city of Vladivostok have been spread from South-East Asia as a result of distribution of rats during standard shipping trade activities. Moreover, we suggest that city residents may have acquired AMRV and HTNV infection during visits to rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila N Yashina
- Department of Genomic Research, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Koltsovo, Russia
| | - John Hay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Natalia A Smetannikova
- Department of Genomic Research, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Kushnareva
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Pacific State Medical University, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Olga V Iunikhina
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Galina G Kompanets
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Vladivostok, Russia
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Shepherd JG, Blunsum AE, Carmichael S, Smollett K, Maxwell-Scott H, Farmer ECW, Osborne J, MacLean A, Ashraf S, Shah R, Gunson R, da Silva Filipe A, Aarons EJ, Thomson EC. Seoul Virus Associated with Pet Rats, Scotland, UK, 2019. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:2677-2680. [PMID: 34545785 PMCID: PMC8462346 DOI: 10.3201/eid2710.211298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a case of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome caused by Seoul virus in a woman in Scotland, UK. Whole-genome sequencing showed the virus belonged to a lineage characterized by recent international expansion, probably driven by trade in pet rats.
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Hoornweg TE, Zutt I, de Vries A, Maas M, Hoogerwerf MN, Avšič-Županc T, Korva M, Reimerink JHJ, Reusken CBEM. Development of a Comparative European Orthohantavirus Microneutralization Assay With Multi- Species Validation and Evaluation in a Human Diagnostic Cohort. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:580478. [PMID: 33415084 PMCID: PMC7783042 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.580478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthohantaviruses (family Hantaviridae, order Bunyavirales) can cause two serious syndromes in humans: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), associated with the Old World orthohantaviruses, and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS), associated with orthohantaviruses in the Americas. In Europe, four different orthohantaviruses (DOBV, PUUV, SEOV, and TULV) are associated with human disease. As disease severity and zoonotic source differ between orthohantavirus species, conclusive determination of the infecting species by either RT-PCR or comparative virus neutralization test (VNT) is of importance. Currently, the focus reduction neutralization test (FRNT) is considered the ‘Gold Standard’ for orthohantavirus VNTs, however this test is laborious and time-consuming. Consequently, more high-throughput alternatives are needed. In this study, we developed a comparative orthohantavirus microneutralization test (MNT) including all four human pathogenic orthohantavirus species circulating in Europe. The assay was validated using RT-PCR-confirmed rodent (n=17) and human sera (n=17), DOBV-suspected human sera (n=3) and cohorts of orthohantavirus-negative rodent (n=3) and human sera (n=85). 16/17 RT-PCR-confirmed rodent sera and 18/20 of the RT-PCR-confirmed and DOBV-suspected human sera were serotyped successfully, while for the remaining rodent (n=1) and human sera (n=2) no neutralizing titers could be detected. All negative control sera tested negative in the MNT. The assay was subsequently evaluated using a clinical cohort of 50 orthohantavirus patients. Orthohantavirus infection was confirmed in all 50 patients, and 47/50 (94%) sera were serotyped successfully, confirming PUUV as the major cause of orthohantavirus infections in Netherlands. Notably, two previously unrecognized SEOV cases from 2013 were diagnosed using the MNT, underlining the added value of the MNT in a diagnostic setting. In conclusion, we demonstrate the successful development and clinical implementation of a comparative European orthohantavirus MNT to determine the infecting virus species in European HFRS patients. Identification of the causative species is needed for an adequate Public Health response and can support individual patient care. For many labs, the implementation of orthohantavirus neutralization tests has not been a straightforward procedure. This issue will be addressed by the rollout of the comparative MNT to multiple European laboratories to support patient diagnostics, surveillance and Public Health responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabitha E Hoornweg
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Ilse Zutt
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Ankje de Vries
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Miriam Maas
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Marieke N Hoogerwerf
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Tatjana Avšič-Županc
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miša Korva
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Johan H J Reimerink
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Chantal B E M Reusken
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
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Qiu FQ, Li CC, Zhou JY. Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome complicated with aortic dissection: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2020; 8:5795-5801. [PMID: 33344576 PMCID: PMC7716303 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i22.5795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome is caused by hantaviruses presenting with high fever, hemorrhage, and acute kidney injury. Microvascular injury and hemorrhage in mucus were often observed in patients with hantavirus infection. Infection with bacterial and virus related aortic aneurysm or dissection occurs sporadically. Here, we report a previously unreported case of hemorrhagic fever with concurrent aortic dissection.
CASE SUMMARY A 56-year-old man complained of high fever and generalized body ache, with decreased platelet counts of 10 × 109/L and acute kidney injury. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays test for immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G hantavirus-specific antibodies were both positive. During the convalescent period, he complained sudden onset acute chest pain radiating to the back, and the computed tomography angiography revealed an aortic dissection of the descending aorta extending to iliac artery. He was diagnosed with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and Stanford B aortic dissection. The patient recovered completely after surgery with other support treatments.
CONCLUSION Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome complicated with aortic dissection is rare and a difficult clinical condition. Hantavirus infection not only causes microvascular damage presenting with hemorrhage but may be risk factor for acute macrovascular detriment. A causal relationship has yet to be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Qi Qiu
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Thoracic Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Cong-Cong Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jian-Ya Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Thoracic Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
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Epidemiologic Characteristics of Domestic Patients with Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome in Taiwan: A 19-Year Retrospective Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17155291. [PMID: 32708017 PMCID: PMC7432905 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17155291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background: Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is an illness caused by hantaviruses. Numerous factors modify the risk of hantavirus transmission. This study explored the epidemiological characteristics, differences, and trends in terms of gender, age, season, and living areas of those diagnosed with domestically acquired HFRS in Taiwan from 2001 to 2019. Methods: We examined publicly available annual summary data on the domestic cases with HFRS from 2001 to 2019; these data were obtained from the web database of Taiwan’s Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Results: This study analyzed 21 domestic cases with HFRS from Taiwan’s CDC databases. In this study of the cases of HFRS in Taiwan, a gradual increase in the cases of those aged ≥40 years acquiring the disease was noted, and a distinct pattern of seasonal variation (spring) was observed. Furthermore, more men had domestically acquired HFRS, and living in Taipei metropolitan area (6 cases [28.6%]) and the rural areas (Gao-Ping region, 9 cases [42.9%]) was identified as a potential risk factor. This study represents the first report of confirmed cases of domestically acquired HFRS from surveillance data from Taiwan’s CDC, 2001–2019. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of longitudinal studies covering a wide geographical area, particularly for highly fluctuating pathogens, to understanding the implications of the transmission of zoonotic diseases in human populations. Important data were identified to inform future surveillance and research efforts in Taiwan.
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Meeting report: Eleventh International Conference on Hantaviruses. Antiviral Res 2020; 176:104733. [PMID: 32068071 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The 2019 11th International Conference on Hantaviruses (ICH 2019) was organized by the International Society for Hantaviruses (ISH), and held on September 1-4, 2019, at the Irish College, in Leuven, Belgium. These ICHs have been held every three years since 1989. ICH 2019 was attended by 158 participants from 33 countries. The current report summarizes research presented on all aspects of hantavirology: ecology; pathogenesis and immune responses; virus phylogeny, replication and morphogenesis; epidemiology; vaccines, therapeutics and prevention; and clinical aspects and diagnosis.
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42
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Binns C, Low WY. The Year of the Rat and Public Health. Asia Pac J Public Health 2020; 32:6-7. [DOI: 10.1177/1010539520903550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Colin Binns
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Wah Yun Low
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Conte FDP, Tinoco BC, Santos Chaves T, de Oliveira RC, Figueira Mansur J, Mohana-Borges R, de Lemos ERS, Neves PCDC, Rodrigues-da-Silva RN. Identification and validation of specific B-cell epitopes of hantaviruses associated to hemorrhagic fever and renal syndrome. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007915. [PMID: 31841521 PMCID: PMC6913923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Orthohantavirus infection is a neglected global health problem affecting approximately 200,000 people/year, spread by rodent hosts and associated to fatal human diseases, such as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and orthohantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS). Circulation of HFRS-associated orthohantaviruses, such as Seoul, Gou, Amur, Dobrava and Hantaan, are supposed to be restricted to Eurasian countries even though their hosts can be a worldwide distribution. Few confirmed HFRS orthohantavirus infections in humans have been reported in American countries, but due to lower medical awareness of the symptoms of this zoonosis, it could be associated to viral underreporting or to misdiagnosis with several tropical hemorrhagic diseases. Serological evidence of orthohantavirus infections, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the presence of immunoglobulin M and G against recombinant nucleoprotein protein, remains as an essential assay for viral surveillance. In this study, we aimed to identify in silico immunogenic B-cell linear epitopes present on orthohantavirus nucleoprotein that are exclusive to HFRS-related species. Methodology/Principal findings In silico analysis were performed using Seoul orthohantavirus nucleoprotein (SHNP) sequence as a model. Linear B-cell-epitopes on SHNP and its immunogenicity were predicted by BepiPred-2.0 and Vaxijen algorithms, respectively. The conservancy of predicted epitopes was compared with the most clinically relevant HFRS or HCPS-associated orthohantavirus, aiming to identify specific sequences from HFRS-orthohantavirus. Peptide validation was carried out by ELISA using Balb/c mice sera immunized with purified recombinant rSHNP. Peptides cross-reactivity against HCPS orthohantavirus were evaluated using immunized sera from mice injected with recombinant Juquitiba orthohantavirus nucleoprotein (rJHNP). Conclusion/Significance In silico analysis revealed nine potential immunogenic linear B-cell epitopes from SHNP; among them, SHNP(G72-D110) and SHNP(P251-D264) showed a high degree of sequence conservation among HFRS-related orthohantavirus and were experimentally validated against rSHNP-IMS and negatively validated against rJHNP-IMS. Taken together, we identified and validated two potential antigenic B-cell epitopes on SHNP, which were conserved among HFRS-associated orthohantavirus and could be applied to the development of novel immunodiagnostic tools for orthohantavirus surveillance. Orthohantaviruses are the etiological agents of serious rodent-borne neglected human diseases named as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and orthohantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS). These distinct clinical manifestations of disease are related to specific orthohantavirus species and it is believed that HFRS-associated orthohantavirus mainly circulate into Old World (Asia and Europe) whereas HCPS-associated orthohantaviruses are predominant into New World countries (Americas). However, since Seoul orthohantavirus, associated with HFRS, was isolated in America and its natural host (Rattus norvegicus) are widely distributed around the world, it raised the question if the viral underreporting is associated to lower medical awareness of the symptoms or if it is associated to misdiagnosis with other tropical hemorrhagic diseases (leptospirosis, yellow fever). In this context, considering that the HFRS are clinically indistinguishable from order hemorrhagic diseases, and that serological tests are predominantly based on serology tests against nucleoprotein, a highly conserved protein among different orthohantavirus, we hypothesize that current available tests do not detect all HFRS-associated orthohantavirus. In this sense; we aimed to identify B-cell linear epitopes exclusively conserved on HFRS-associated orthohantavirus nucleoprotein, using a combination of in silico and experimental approaches, to identify targets that could be applied in the development of novel immunodiagnostic tools able to identify different HFRS orthohantavirus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando de Paiva Conte
- Laboratory of Monoclonal Antibodies Technology, Immunobiological Technology Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bianca Corrêa Tinoco
- Laboratory of Monoclonal Antibodies Technology, Immunobiological Technology Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thiago Santos Chaves
- Laboratory of Monoclonal Antibodies Technology, Immunobiological Technology Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Janaina Figueira Mansur
- Laboratório Genômica Estrutural, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Mohana-Borges
- Laboratório Genômica Estrutural, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Su Q, Chen Y, Li M, Ma J, Wang B, Luo J, He H. Genetic Characterization and Molecular Evolution of Urban Seoul Virus in Southern China. Viruses 2019; 11:v11121137. [PMID: 31835357 PMCID: PMC6950471 DOI: 10.3390/v11121137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Seoul virus (SEOV), which causes hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in humans, has spread all over the world, especially in mainland China. Understanding basic mechanisms of SEOV evolution is essential to better combat and prevent viral diseases. Here, we examined SEOV prevalence and evolution in the residential area of four districts in Guangzhou city, China. The carriage of SEOV was observed in 33.33% of the sampled rodents, with 35.96% of the sampled Rattus norvegicus and 13.33% of R. tanezumi. Based on the comprehensive analyses of large (L), medium (M), and small (S) segments, our study first demonstrated that the genetic characterization of urban SEOV was shaped by high nucleotide substitution rates, purifying selection, and recombination. Additionally, we detected mutational saturation in the S segment of SEOV, which may lead to the biases of genetic divergence and substitution rates in our study. Importantly, we have filled the gap of SEOV evolution in the urban area. The genetic variation of SEOV may highlight the risk of HFRS, which merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Su
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (Q.S.); (M.L.); (J.M.); (B.W.); (J.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
| | - Yi Chen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Meng Li
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (Q.S.); (M.L.); (J.M.); (B.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Jiajun Ma
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (Q.S.); (M.L.); (J.M.); (B.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Bo Wang
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (Q.S.); (M.L.); (J.M.); (B.W.); (J.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
| | - Jing Luo
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (Q.S.); (M.L.); (J.M.); (B.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Hongxuan He
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (Q.S.); (M.L.); (J.M.); (B.W.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Qi R, Sun XF, Qin XR, Wang LJ, Zhao M, Jiang F, Wang L, Lei XY, Liu JW, Yu XJ. Suggestive Serological Evidence of Infection with Shrew-Borne Imjin Virus ( Hantaviridae) in Humans. Viruses 2019; 11:v11121128. [PMID: 31817575 PMCID: PMC6949945 DOI: 10.3390/v11121128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenicity of the shrew-borne Imjin virus (MJNV) is unknown. The objective of our study was to find serological evidence of MJNV infection in humans. Partial MJNV nucleocapsid protein (NP) was cloned and expressed as an antigen for double-antigen sandwich ELISA, IgM capture ELISA, and dot blot to detect MJNV specific antibodies in hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) patients’ and healthy persons’ sera from endemic areas in China. The purified recombinant NP reacted with neither the 90 healthy individuals’ sera from non-endemic areas of MJNV nor the 100 antisera to HFRS-causing virus, indicating that the MJNV NP had no cross-reaction with normal human sera and HFRS-causing viral antibodies. As determined by screening ELISA and dot blot analysis, IgG antibodies against MJNV NP were detected in sera from two of 385 healthy individuals from MJNV-endemic areas, suggesting infection with MJNV or MJNV-like thottimvirus. Based on the suggestive evidence, healthcare workers should be alert to febrile diseases occurring among individuals with exposure to shrew-infested habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China (J.-W.L.)
| | - Xi-Feng Sun
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China (J.-W.L.)
| | - Li-Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China (J.-W.L.)
| | - Min Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China (J.-W.L.)
| | - Fachun Jiang
- Qingdao Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao 266033, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Zibo Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zibo 255026, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Lei
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Jian-Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China (J.-W.L.)
| | - Xue-Jie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China (J.-W.L.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +86-27-6875-8782
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Li Y, Cazelles B, Yang G, Laine M, Huang ZXY, Cai J, Tan H, Stenseth NC, Tian H. Intrinsic and extrinsic drivers of transmission dynamics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome caused by Seoul hantavirus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007757. [PMID: 31545808 PMCID: PMC6776365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Seoul hantavirus (SEOV) has recently raised concern by causing geographic range expansion of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). SEOV infections in humans are significantly underestimated worldwide and epidemic dynamics of SEOV-related HFRS are poorly understood because of a lack of field data and empirically validated models. Here, we use mathematical models to examine both intrinsic and extrinsic drivers of disease transmission from animal (the Norway rat) to humans in a SEOV-endemic area in China. We found that rat eradication schemes and vaccination campaigns, but below the local elimination threshold, could diminish the amplitude of the HFRS epidemic but did not modify its seasonality. Models demonstrate population dynamics of the rodent host were insensitive to climate variations in urban settings, while relative humidity had a negative effect on the seasonality in transmission. Our study contributes to a better understanding of the epidemiology of SEOV-related HFRS, demonstrates asynchronies between rodent population dynamics and transmission rate, and identifies potential drivers of the SEOV seasonality. Seoul hantavirus (SEOV) infections are common in Europe and Asia where a considerably high seroprevalence among the population is found. However, only relatively few hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) cases are reported. Comprehensive epidemiological data is necessary to study the patterns and drivers of this underestimated disease. Here, we analyzed rodent host surveillance and seroprevalence data from 1998 to 2015 for disease outbreaks in Huludao City, one of the typical SEOV-endemic areas for HFRS in China. Our mathematical models quantified the drivers on HFRS transmission and estimated the epidemiological parameters. Our study provides an understanding of its ecological process between intrinsic and extrinsic factors, human-rodent interface and disease dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Bernard Cazelles
- IBENS, UMR 8197 CNRS-ENS Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
- International Center for Mathematical and Computational Modeling of Complex Systems (UMMISCO), IRD-Sorbonne Université, Bondy, France
| | - Guoqing Yang
- Huludao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huludao, Liaoning, China
| | - Marko Laine
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Jun Cai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Tan
- School of Biomedical Informatics, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nils Chr. Stenseth
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (NCS); (HT)
| | - Huaiyu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (NCS); (HT)
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