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Cohn EF, Clayton BLL, Madhavan M, Lee KA, Yacoub S, Fedorov Y, Scavuzzo MA, Paul Friedman K, Shafer TJ, Tesar PJ. Pervasive environmental chemicals impair oligodendrocyte development. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:836-845. [PMID: 38528201 PMCID: PMC11088982 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-024-01599-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental chemicals can impair neurodevelopment, and oligodendrocytes may be particularly vulnerable, as their development extends from gestation into adulthood. However, few environmental chemicals have been assessed for potential risks to oligodendrocytes. Here, using a high-throughput developmental screen in cultured cells, we identified environmental chemicals in two classes that disrupt oligodendrocyte development through distinct mechanisms. Quaternary compounds, ubiquitous in disinfecting agents and personal care products, were potently and selectively cytotoxic to developing oligodendrocytes, whereas organophosphate flame retardants, commonly found in household items such as furniture and electronics, prematurely arrested oligodendrocyte maturation. Chemicals from each class impaired oligodendrocyte development postnatally in mice and in a human 3D organoid model of prenatal cortical development. Analysis of epidemiological data showed that adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes were associated with childhood exposure to the top organophosphate flame retardant identified by our screen. This work identifies toxicological vulnerabilities for oligodendrocyte development and highlights the need for deeper scrutiny of these compounds' impacts on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin F Cohn
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Benjamin L L Clayton
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mayur Madhavan
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kristin A Lee
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sara Yacoub
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yuriy Fedorov
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Marissa A Scavuzzo
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Katie Paul Friedman
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Timothy J Shafer
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Paul J Tesar
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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2
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Ribeiro de Carvalho G, Kudaka AM, Fares Sampar J, Alvares LE, Delarmelina C, Duarte MCT, Lona LMF. Quaternization of cassava starch and determination of antimicrobial activity against bacteria and coronavirus. Carbohydr Res 2024; 538:109098. [PMID: 38527408 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
This study describes the novel development of quaternized cassava starch (Q-CS) with antimicrobial and antiviral properties, particularly effective against the MHV-3 coronavirus. The preparation of Q-CS involved the reaction of cassava starch (CS) with glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride (GTMAC) in an alkaline solution. Q-CS physicochemical properties were determined by FTIR, NMR, elemental analysis, zeta potential, TGA, and moisture sorption. FTIR and NMR spectra confirmed the introduction of cationic groups in the CS structure. The elemental analysis revealed a degree of substitution (DS) of 0.552 of the cationic reagent on the hydroxyl groups of CS. Furthermore, Q-CS exhibited a positive zeta potential value (+28.6 ± 0.60 mV) attributed to the high positive charge density shown by the quaternary ammonium groups. Q-CS demonstrated lower thermal stability and higher moisture sorption compared to CS. The antimicrobial activity of Q-CS was confirmed against Escherichia coli (MIC = 0.156 mg mL-1) and Staphylococcus aureus (MIC = 0.312 mg mL-1), along with a remarkable ability to inactivate 99% of MHV-3 coronavirus after only 1 min of direct contact. Additionally, Q-CS showed high cell viability (close to 100%) and minimal cytotoxicity effects, guaranteeing its safe use. Therefore, these findings indicate the potential use of Q-CS as a raw material for antiseptic biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Ribeiro de Carvalho
- Department of Bioprocesses and Materials Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Amanda Miki Kudaka
- Department of Bioprocesses and Materials Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Jórdan Fares Sampar
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Lúcia Elvira Alvares
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila Delarmelina
- Chemical, Biological and Agricultural Pluridisciplinary Research Center, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Paulínia, SP, Brazil
| | - Marta Cristina Teixeira Duarte
- Chemical, Biological and Agricultural Pluridisciplinary Research Center, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Paulínia, SP, Brazil
| | - Liliane Maria Ferrareso Lona
- Department of Bioprocesses and Materials Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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3
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Tagorti G, Yalçın B, Güneş M, Burgazlı AY, Kuruca T, Cihanoğlu N, Akarsu E, Kaya N, Marcos R, Kaya B. Alcohol-free synthesis, biological assessment, in vivo toxicological evaluation, and in silico analysis of novel silane quaternary ammonium compounds differing in structure and chain length as promising disinfectants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 466:133470. [PMID: 38246053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are commonly used as disinfectants for industrial, medical, and residential applications. However, adverse health outcomes have been reported. Therefore, biocompatible disinfectants must be developed to reduce these adverse effects. In this context, QACs with various alkyl chain lengths (C12-C18) were synthesized by reacting QACs with the counterion silane. The antimicrobial activities of the novel compounds against four strains of microorganisms were assessed. Several in vivo assays were conducted on Drosophila melanogaster to determine the toxicological outcomes of Si-QACs, followed by computational analyses (molecular docking, simulation, and prediction of skin sensitization). The in vivo results were combined using a cheminformatics approach to understand the descriptors responsible for the safety of Si-QAC. Si-QAC-2 was active against all tested bacteria, with minimal inhibitory concentrations ranging from 13.65 to 436.74 ppm. Drosophila exposed to Si-QAC-2 have moderate-to-low toxicological outcomes. The molecular weight, hydrophobicity/lipophilicity, and electron diffraction properties were identified as crucial descriptors for ensuring the safety of the Si-QACs. Furthermore, Si-QAC-2 exhibited good stability and notable antiviral potential with no signs of skin sensitization. Overall, Si-QAC-2 (C14) has the potential to be a novel disinfectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Tagorti
- Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Burçin Yalçın
- Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Merve Güneş
- Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | | | - Tuğçe Kuruca
- Department of Chemistry, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | | | - Esin Akarsu
- Department of Chemistry, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Nuray Kaya
- Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ricard Marcos
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Bülent Kaya
- Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey.
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4
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Kubo M, Eda R, Maehana S, Fuketa H, Shinkai N, Kawamura N, Kitasato H, Hanaki H. Virucidal efficacy of hypochlorous acid water for aqueous phase and atomization against SARS-CoV-2. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2024; 22:601-611. [PMID: 38557574 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2024.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious viral disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that emerged at the end of 2019. SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted through droplets, aerosols, and fomites. Disinfectants such as alcohol, quaternary ammonium salts, and chlorine-releasing agents, including hypochlorous acid, are used to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In the present study, we investigated the efficacy of ionless hypochlorous acid water (HOCl) in suspension and by spraying to inactivate SARS-CoV-2. The virucidal efficacy of HOCl solution in tests against SARS-CoV-2 was evaluated as 50% tissue culture infectious dose. Although the presence of organic compounds influenced the virucidal efficacy, HOCl treatment for 20 s was significantly effective to inactivate Wuhan and Delta strains in the suspension test. HOCl atomization for several hours significantly reduced the SARS-CoV-2 attached to plastic plates. These results indicate that HOCl solution with elimination containing NaCl and other ions may have high virucidal efficacy against SARS-CoV-2. This study provides important information about the virucidal efficacy and use of HOCl solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kubo
- Department of Microbiology, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan; Department of Environmental Microbiology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan; Research Facility of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan E-mail:
| | - Ryotaro Eda
- Department of Microbiology, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan; Department of Environmental Microbiology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan; Research Facility of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Shotaro Maehana
- Department of Microbiology, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan; Department of Environmental Microbiology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan; Research Facility of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fuketa
- NIPRO Corporation, Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, 7-2 Minamisakae-cho Kasukabe, Saitama 344-0057, Japan
| | - Norihiro Shinkai
- NIPRO Corporation, Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, 7-2 Minamisakae-cho Kasukabe, Saitama 344-0057, Japan
| | - Naohisa Kawamura
- NIPRO Corporation, Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, 7-2 Minamisakae-cho Kasukabe, Saitama 344-0057, Japan
| | - Hidero Kitasato
- Department of Microbiology, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hanaki
- Infection Control Research Center, The Omura Satoshi Memorial Institution, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
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5
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Bromberg L, Magariños B, Torres BS, Santos Y, Concheiro A, Hatton TA, Alvarez-Lorenzo C. Multifunctional polymeric guanidine and hydantoin halamines with broad biocidal activity. Int J Pharm 2024; 651:123779. [PMID: 38181993 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Prolonged and excessive use of biocides during the coronavirus disease era calls for incorporating new antiviral polymers that enhance the surface design and functionality for existing and potential future pandemics. Herein, we investigated previously unexplored polyamines with nucleophilic biguanide, guanidine, and hydantoin groups that all can be halogenated leading to high contents of oxidizing halogen that enables enhancement of the biocidal activity. Primary amino groups can be used to attach poly(N-vinylguanidine) (PVG) and poly(allylamine-co-4-aminopyridine-co-5-(4-hydroxybenzylidene)hydantoin) (PAH) as well as a broad-spectrum commercial biocide poly(hexamethylene biguanide) (PHMB) onto a solid support. Halogenation of polymer suspensions was conducted through in situ generation of excess hypobromous acid (HBrO) from bromine and sodium hydroxide or by sodium hypochlorite in aqueous solutions, resulting in N-halamines with high contents of active > N-Br or > N-Cl groups. The virucidal activity of the polymers against human respiratory coronavirus HCoV-229E increased dramatically with their halogenation. Brominated PHMB-Br showed activation activity value > 5 even at 1 mg/L, and complete virus inhibition was observed with either PHMB-Br or PAH-Br at 10 mg/mL. Brominated PVG-Br and PAH-Br possessed fungicidal activity against C. albicans, while PHMB was fungistatic. PHMB, PHMB-Br and PAH polymers demonstrated excellent bactericidal activity against the methicillin-resistant S. aureus and vancomycin-resistant E. faecium. Brominated polymers (PHMB-Br, PVG-Br, PAH-Br) were not toxic to the HeLa monolayers, indicating acceptable biocompatibility to cultured human cells. With these features, the N-halamine polymers of the present study are a worthwhile addition to the arsenal of biocides and are promising candidates for development of non-leaching coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lev Bromberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Beatriz Magariños
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Facultad de Biología, CIBUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Beatriz S Torres
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Facultad de Biología, CIBUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ysabel Santos
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Angel Concheiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, I+D Farma Group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto de Materiales (iMATUS), and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - T Alan Hatton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, I+D Farma Group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto de Materiales (iMATUS), and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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6
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Nederlof RA, de la Garza MA, Bakker J. Perspectives on SARS-CoV-2 Cases in Zoological Institutions. Vet Sci 2024; 11:78. [PMID: 38393096 PMCID: PMC10893009 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in a zoological institution were initially reported in March 2020. Since then, at least 94 peer-reviewed cases have been reported in zoos worldwide. Among the affected animals, nonhuman primates, carnivores, and artiodactyls appear to be most susceptible to infection, with the Felidae family accounting for the largest number of reported cases. Clinical symptoms tend to be mild across taxa; although, certain species exhibit increased susceptibility to disease. A variety of diagnostic tools are available, allowing for initial diagnostics and for the monitoring of infectious risk. Whilst supportive therapy proves sufficient in most cases, monoclonal antibody therapy has emerged as a promising additional treatment option. Effective transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in some species raises concerns over potential spillover and the formation of reservoirs. The occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 in a variety of animal species may contribute to the emergence of variants of concern due to altered viral evolutionary constraints. Consequently, this review emphasizes the need for effective biosecurity measures and surveillance strategies to prevent and control SARS-CoV-2 infections in zoological institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa A. de la Garza
- Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX 78602, USA
| | - Jaco Bakker
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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Styles CT, Zhou J, Flight KE, Brown JC, Lewis C, Wang X, Vanden Oever M, Peacock TP, Wang Z, Millns R, O'Neill JS, Borodavka A, Grove J, Barclay WS, Tregoning JS, Edgar RS. Propylene glycol inactivates respiratory viruses and prevents airborne transmission. EMBO Mol Med 2023; 15:e17932. [PMID: 37970627 PMCID: PMC10701621 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202317932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are vulnerable as they transmit between hosts, and we aimed to exploit this critical window. We found that the ubiquitous, safe, inexpensive and biodegradable small molecule propylene glycol (PG) has robust virucidal activity. Propylene glycol rapidly inactivates a broad range of viruses including influenza A, SARS-CoV-2 and rotavirus and reduces disease burden in mice when administered intranasally at concentrations commonly found in nasal sprays. Most critically, vaporised PG efficiently abolishes influenza A virus and SARS-CoV-2 infectivity within airborne droplets, potently preventing infection at levels well below those tolerated by mammals. We present PG vapour as a first-in-class non-toxic airborne virucide that can prevent transmission of existing and emergent viral pathogens, with clear and immediate implications for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Infectious DiseaseImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Katie E Flight
- Department of Infectious DiseaseImperial College LondonLondonUK
- Present address:
University College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Charlotte Lewis
- MRC‐University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUK
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Michael Vanden Oever
- Department of Infectious DiseaseImperial College LondonLondonUK
- Present address:
Life Edit TherapeuticsMorrisvilleNCUSA
| | | | - Ziyin Wang
- Department of Infectious DiseaseImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Rosie Millns
- Department of Infectious DiseaseImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | | | | | - Joe Grove
- MRC‐University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUK
| | - Wendy S Barclay
- Department of Infectious DiseaseImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Rachel S Edgar
- Department of Infectious DiseaseImperial College LondonLondonUK
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Xie T, Yang J, Fang C, Zhang J, Lin H, Zhu Y, Tang T, Wang C. The survival of murine hepatitis virus (a surrogate of SARS-CoV-2) on conventional packaging materials under cold chain conditions. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1319828. [PMID: 38115844 PMCID: PMC10728718 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1319828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The cold chain conditions have been suggested to facilitate long-distance transmission of SARS-CoV-2, but it is unclear how viable the virus is on cold chain packaging materials. Methods This study used the MHV-JHM strain of murine hepatitis virus as a model organism to investigate the viability of SARS-CoV-2 on foam, plastic, cardboard, and wood sheets at different temperatures (-40°C, -20°C, and 4°C). In addition, the ability of peracetic acid and sodium hypochlorite to eliminate the MHV-JHM on plastic and cardboard sheets were also evaluated. Results The results indicate that MHV-JHM can survive on foam, plastic, or cardboard sheets for up to 28 days at -40°C and -20°C, and up to 14 days on foam and plastic surfaces at 4°C. Although viral nucleic acids were still detectable after storing at 4°C for 28 days, the corresponding virus titer was below the limit of quantification (LOQ). Discussion The study highlights that a positive nucleic acid test result may not indicate that the virus is still viable, and confirms that peracetic acid and sodium hypochlorite can effectively eliminate MHV-JHM on packaging materials under cold chain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiancheng Xie
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaxue Yang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chubin Fang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Technology Center of Chengdu Customs, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Lin
- Technology Center of Chengdu Customs, Chengdu, China
| | - Yalan Zhu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tian Tang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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9
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Weber DJ, Rutala WA, Sickbert-Bennett E. Emerging infectious diseases, focus on infection prevention, environmental survival and germicide susceptibility: SARS-CoV-2, Mpox, and Candida auris. Am J Infect Control 2023; 51:A22-A34. [PMID: 37890950 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New and emerging infectious diseases continue to represent a public health threat. Emerging infectious disease threats include pathogens increasing in range (eg, Mpox), zoonotic microbes jumping species lines to cause sustained infections in humans via person-to-person transmission (SARS-CoV-2) and multidrug-resistant pathogens (eg, Candida auris). MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched the published English literature and reviewed the selected articles on SARS-CoV-2, Mpox, and Candida auris with a focus on environmental survival, contamination of the patient's hospital environment, susceptibility of the pathogen to antiseptics and disinfectants and infection prevention recommendations. RESULTS All three pathogens (ie, SARS-CoV-2, Mpox, and Candida auris) can survive on surfaces for minutes to hours and for Mpox and C auris for days. Currently available antiseptics (eg, 70%-90% alcohol hand hygiene products) are active against SARS-CoV-2, Mpox and C auris. The U.S Environmental Protection Agency provides separate lists of surface disinfectants active against SARS-CoV-2, Mpox, and C auris. DISCUSSION The risk of environment-to-patient transmission of SARS-CoV-2, Mpox and Candida auris, is very low, low-moderate and high, respectively. In the absence of appropriate patient isolation and use of personal protection equipment, the risk of patient-to-health care provider transmission of SARS-CoV-2, Mpox, and C auris is high, moderate and low, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Appropriate patient isolation, use of personal protective equipment by health care personnel, hand hygiene, and surface disinfection can protect patients and health care personnel from acquiring SARS-CoV-2, Mpox, and C auris from infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Weber
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Infection Prevention, UNC Medical Center, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.
| | - William A Rutala
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Emily Sickbert-Bennett
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Infection Prevention, UNC Medical Center, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
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10
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Sun Y, Chen YL, Xu CP, Gao J, Feng Y, Wu QF. Disinfection of influenza a viruses by Hypocrellin a-mediated photodynamic inactivation. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 43:103674. [PMID: 37364664 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza A viruses can be transmitted indirectly by surviving on the surface of an object. Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a promising approach for disinfection of pathogens. METHODS PDI was generated using Hypocrellin A (HA) and red light emitting diode (625-635 nm, 280 W/m2). Effects of the HA-mediated PDI on influenza viruses H1N1 and H3N2 were evaluated by the reduction of viral titers compared to virus control. After selection of the HA concentrations and illumination times, the applicability of PDI was assessed on surgical masks. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined using a 2'-7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate fluorescence probe. RESULTS In solution, 10 μM HA inactivated up to 5.11 ± 0.19 log10 TCID50 of H1N1 and 4.89 ± 0.38 log10 TCID50 of H3N2 by illumination for 5 and 30 min, respectively. When surgical masks were contaminated by virus before HA addition, PDI inactivated 99.99% (4.33 ± 0.34 log reduction) of H1N1 and 99.40% (2.22 ± 0.39 log reduction) of H3N2 under the selected condition. When the masks were pretreated with HA before virus addition, PDI decontaminated 99.92% (3.11 ± 0.19 log reduction) of H1N1 and 98.71% (1.89 ± 0.20 log reduction) of H3N2 virus. The fluorescence intensity of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein in photoactivated HA was significantly higher than the cell control (P > 0.05), indicating that HA efficiently generated ROS. CONCLUSIONS HA-mediated PDI is effective for the disinfection of influenza viruses H1N1 and H3N2. The approach could be an alternative to decontaminating influenza A viruses on the surfaces of objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu-Lu Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chang-Ping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Detection and Etiological Research of Zhejiang Province, Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Detection and Etiological Research of Zhejiang Province, Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Detection and Etiological Research of Zhejiang Province, Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Qiao-Feng Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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11
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Maaroufi I, Jamsransuren D, Hashida K, Matsuda S, Ogawa H, Takeda Y. An Abies Extract Containing Nonvolatile Polyphenols Shows Virucidal Activity against SARS-CoV-2 That Is Enhanced in Increased pH Conditions. Pathogens 2023; 12:1093. [PMID: 37764901 PMCID: PMC10534523 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Researching the beneficial health properties of wood byproducts can prevent wastage by turning them into valuable resources. In this study, the virucidal activity of two extracts from Abies sachalinensis byproducts, ASE1, and ASE2, against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was investigated. ASE1 is rich in monoterpenoid volatile compounds, whereas ASE2 contains nonvolatile polyphenols. SARS-CoV-2 solutions were mixed with ASE1 or ASE2, and viral titer reduction was evaluated. At their original acidic pH, ASE2 showed stronger virucidal activity than ASE1. The virucidal activity of ASE2 was also significantly enhanced when pH was increased to neutral or basic, which was not the case for ASE1. At a neutral pH, ASE2 induced statistically significant viral titer reduction in 1 min. HCl and NaOH solutions, which had a pH close to that of acidic and basic ASE2 test mixtures, respectively, exhibited no virucidal activity against SARS-CoV-2. Among the SARS-CoV-2 variants, Omicron showed the highest vulnerability to ASE2. Western blotting, RT-PCR, and electron microscopic analysis revealed that neutral ASE2 interacts with SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins and moderately disrupts the SARS-CoV-2 genome and viral envelope. These findings reveal the virucidal potential of ASE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane Maaroufi
- Graduate School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences and Agriculture, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan;
| | - Dulamjav Jamsransuren
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan; (D.J.); (S.M.)
| | - Koh Hashida
- Department of Forest Resources Chemistry, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan;
| | - Sachiko Matsuda
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan; (D.J.); (S.M.)
| | - Haruko Ogawa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan;
| | - Yohei Takeda
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan; (D.J.); (S.M.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan;
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12
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Morris JN, Esseili MA. The Effect of Water Hardness and pH on the Efficacy of Peracetic Acid and Sodium Hypochlorite against SARS-CoV-2 on Food-Contact Surfaces. Foods 2023; 12:2981. [PMID: 37627980 PMCID: PMC10453873 DOI: 10.3390/foods12162981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and peracetic acid (PAA) are commonly used disinfectants with a maximum recommended concentration of 200 ppm for food-contact surfaces. The objectives of this study were to assess the effect of pH and water hardness on NaOCl and PAA efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 on stainless steel (SS). The two disinfectants were prepared at 200 ppm in water of hardness 150 or 300 ppm with the final pH adjusted to 5, 6, 7, or 8. Disinfectants were applied to virus-contaminated SS for one minute at room temperature following the ASTM E2197 standard assay. SARS-CoV-2 infectivity was quantified using TCID50 assay on Vero-E6 cells. In general, increasingly hard water decreased the efficacy of NaOCl while increasing the efficacy of PAA. Hard water at 300 ppm significantly increased virus log reduction with PAA at pH 8 by ~1.5 log. The maximum virus log reductions were observed at pH 5 for both NaOCl (~1.2 log) and PAA (~2 log) at 150 and 300 ppm hard water, respectively. In conclusion, PAA performed significantly better than NaOCl with harder water. However, both disinfectants at 200 ppm and one minute were not effective (≤3 log) against SARS-CoV-2 on contaminated food-contact surfaces, which may facilitate the role of these surfaces in virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Malak A. Esseili
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223, USA;
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13
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Rhee CH, Lee HS, Yun HJ, Lee GH, Kim SJ, Song S, Lee MH, Her M, Jeong W. Chemical stability of active ingredients in diluted veterinary disinfectant solutions under simulated storage conditions. Front Chem 2023; 11:1204477. [PMID: 37398983 PMCID: PMC10311561 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1204477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The product labels of veterinary disinfectants specify their expiration dates to prevent the use of outdated products, as these may result in disinfection and biosecurity failures during outbreak situations. However, a clear standard for the storage conditions of diluted disinfectant solutions has not yet been established, and the effects of storage conditions have scarcely been investigated. To fill this research gap, our study examined the stability of the active ingredients of diluted veterinary disinfectants based on their change in concentrations when stored at various temperatures for various time periods. Methods: Twenty veterinary disinfectants effective against either foot-and-mouth disease or avian influenza viruses were selected. The disinfectants were diluted to effective concentrations following the manufacturer's instructions. Using selective analytical techniques, the concentrations of the active ingredients of the samples that had been stored for varying intervals at different temperatures (4, 20, 30, and 45°C) were determined. These samples included soaps and detergents, acids, oxidizing agents, aldehydes, and copper compounds. The active ingredient concentrations of two of the samples were determined following freezing/thawing cycle, to establish their stability when exposed to simulated winter conditions. Results: Our results showed that most of the active ingredients had concentrations of 90% or greater of their initial concentrations, indicating ≥90% stability over a 21-day period under the experimental storage conditions. However, there were some exceptions. Glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde, and malic acid are over 90% stable at ≤ 30°C for 21 days, but their concentrations decreased to below 90% of their initial concentrations at 45°C, indicating a decline in stability when stored at 45°C for 21 days. The concentrations of potassium peroxymonosulfate and peracetic acid rapidly declined with increasing time and temperature to less than 90% of their initial concentrations. Discussion: Based on our findings, we propose that diluted disinfectant solutions should preferably be prepared daily. However, if the daily preparation of a diluted disinfectant solution is not feasible, then our results can be used as a reference, providing basic scientific data on the chemical stability of diluted disinfectant solutions commonly used in the veterinary field, thus indicating suitable storage conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae Hong Rhee
- Veterinary Drugs and Biologics Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-sook Lee
- Korea Animal Health Products Association, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong-jun Yun
- Korea Animal Health Products Association, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga-Hee Lee
- Korea Animal Health Products Association, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jeong Kim
- Veterinary Drugs and Biologics Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sok Song
- Veterinary Drugs and Biologics Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Heon Lee
- Veterinary Drugs and Biologics Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Her
- Veterinary Drugs and Biologics Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooseog Jeong
- Veterinary Drugs and Biologics Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
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14
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de Carvalho GR, Kudaka AM, Netto RA, Delarmelina C, Duarte MCT, Lona LMF. Antiviral and antibacterial activity of sodium alginate/poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) polyelectrolyte film for packaging applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125388. [PMID: 37330082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen agents, such as bacteria and virus, can contaminate plastic surfaces, particularly those used in food packaging. This study proposed to prepare a polyelectrolyte film with antiviral and antibacterial activity based on sodium alginate (SA) and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC), a cationic polymer with sanitizing properties. In addition, the physicochemical properties of the polyelectrolyte films were also evaluated. The polyelectrolyte films showed continuous, compact, and crack-free structures. The FTIR analysis confirmed the ionic interaction between SA and PDADMAC. Adding PDADMAC significantly affected the mechanical properties of the films (p < 0.05), increasing the maximum tensile strength (from 8.66 ± 1.55 MPa to 18.1 ± 1.77 MPa). However, polyelectrolyte films showed higher water vapor permeability values due to the strong hydrophilicity of PDADMAC, representing a 43 % average increase compared with the control film. Also, thermal stability improved with the incorporation of PDADMAC. The selected polyelectrolyte film inactivated 99.8 % of SARS-CoV-2 after 1 min in direct contact with the virus, in addition to having an inhibitory effect against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. Therefore, this study demonstrated the efficacy of using PDADMAC in the preparation of polyelectrolyte sodium alginate-based films with improvements in physicochemical properties and especially with antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Ribeiro de Carvalho
- Department of Bioprocesses and Materials Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Amanda Miki Kudaka
- Department of Bioprocesses and Materials Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Affonso Netto
- Department of Bioprocesses and Materials Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Delarmelina
- Chemical, Biological and Agricultural Pluridisciplinary Research Center (CPQBA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marta Cristina Teixeira Duarte
- Chemical, Biological and Agricultural Pluridisciplinary Research Center (CPQBA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Liliane Maria Ferrareso Lona
- Department of Bioprocesses and Materials Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil.
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15
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Ali F, Lestari DL, Putri MD, Azmi KN. The effectiveness of chlorine dioxide gas in portable personal disinfectants to inhibit bacterial growth. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2023; 21:537-546. [PMID: 37254903 PMCID: wh_2023_191 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2023.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Disinfectants, especially air disinfectants, are necessary to prevent the potential spread of pathogens (bacteria and viruses) in the pandemic era and minimize the spread of pathogens. Some of the commercial disinfectant products that are often used generally contain chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas. This study tested the effectiveness of two different commercial disinfectants, a liquid stick disinfectant and a powder disinfection card, to carry out the disinfection of pathogenic bacteria in the environment. These two disinfectants were used as a medium for releasing chlorine dioxide gas which has a much stronger bactericidal effect. In the form of liquid stick, ClO2 is more effective in the disinfection process rather than in the form of powder. The effectiveness of the liquid disinfectant in inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria is influenced by the temperature and the area of the open space covered. Considering that the release from both disinfectants used is very small (0.002 ppmv/h), it takes a small area to ensure that the disinfection process runs effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firdaus Ali
- Environmental Engineering Study Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok 16424, Depok City, Indonesia E-mail:
| | - Dwi Lintang Lestari
- Indonesia Water Institute, Rukan Tanjung Barat Indah No. F02, South Jakarta 12530, Indonesia
| | - Marsya Dyasthi Putri
- Indonesia Water Institute, Rukan Tanjung Barat Indah No. F02, South Jakarta 12530, Indonesia
| | - Khalidah Nurul Azmi
- Indonesia Water Institute, Rukan Tanjung Barat Indah No. F02, South Jakarta 12530, Indonesia
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16
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Rouers A, Tay MZ, Ng LFP, Renia L. B-cell ELISpot assay to analyze human memory B cell and plasmablast responses specific to SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102130. [PMID: 36853725 PMCID: PMC9910018 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
B-cell ELISpot is an extremely sensitive assay based on the secretion of antibodies by B cells that requires the differentiation of B cells into antibody-secreting cells. Here, we describe the procedure to analyze both plasmablast (PB) and memory B cell (MBC) responses specific to SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) in the context of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. We detail steps for MBC stimulation, MBC and PB plating, detection, and counting of total IgG and RBD-specific spots. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Tay et al. (2022).1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeline Rouers
- A∗STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A∗STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos #05-13, Singapore 138648, Singapore.
| | - Matthew Zirui Tay
- A∗STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A∗STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos #05-13, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Lisa F P Ng
- A∗STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A∗STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos #05-13, Singapore 138648, Singapore; National Institute of Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Laurent Renia
- A∗STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A∗STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos #05-13, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
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17
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Volmajer Valh J, Pušić T, Čurlin M, Knežević A. Extending the Protection Ability and Life Cycle of Medical Masks through the Washing Process. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1247. [PMID: 36770253 PMCID: PMC9920989 DOI: 10.3390/ma16031247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The reuse of decontaminated disposable medical face masks can contribute to reducing the environmental burden of discarded masks. This research is focused on the effect of household and laboratory washing at 50 °C on the quality and functionality of the nonwoven structure of polypropylene medical masks by varying the washing procedure, bath composition, disinfectant agent, and number of washing cycles as a basis for reusability. The barrier properties of the medical mask were analyzed before and after the first and fifth washing cycle indirectly by measuring the contact angle of the liquid droplets with the front and back surface of the mask, further by measuring air permeability and determining antimicrobial resistance. Additional analysis included FTIR, pH of the material surface and aqueous extract, as well as the determination of residual substances-surfactants-in the aqueous extract of washed versus unwashed medical masks, while their aesthetic aspect was examined by measuring their spectral characteristics. The results showed that household washing had a stronger impact on the change of some functional properties, primarily air permeability, than laboratory washing. The addition of the disinfectant agent, didecyldimethylammonium chloride, contributes to the protective ability and supports the idea that washing of medical masks under controlled conditions can preserve barrier properties and enable reusability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julija Volmajer Valh
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Tanja Pušić
- Faculty of Textile Technology, University of Zagreb, Prilaz Baruna Filipovića 28a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mirjana Čurlin
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Knežević
- Faculty of Textile Technology, University of Zagreb, Prilaz Baruna Filipovića 28a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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18
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Chinabut P, Sawangkla N, Wattano S, Thavorasak T, Bootsongkorn W, Tungtrongchitr A, Ruenchit P. Formalin Inactivation of Virus for Safe Downstream Processing of Routine Stool Parasite Examination during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13030466. [PMID: 36766571 PMCID: PMC9914773 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13030466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the parasitology laboratories dealing with fecal samples for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal parasitic infections are confronting the unsaved virus-containing samples. To allow for safe downstream processing of the fecal samples, a protocol for preparing a fecal smear is urgently needed. Formalin was tested with or without isotonic forms for virus inactivation using porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) as a representative, as it belongs to the Coronaviridae family. The results revealed complete inactivation activity of 10% formalin and 10% isotonic formalin on coronavirus after 5 min of treatment at room temperature. Both also inhibited Naegleria fowleri growth after 5 min of treatment at 37 °C without disruption of the structure. In addition to these key findings, it was also found that isotonic formalin could stabilize both red and white blood cells when used as a solution to prepare fecal smears comparable to the standard method, highlighting its value for use instead of 0.9% normal saline solution for the quantification of blood cells without active virus. The 10% isotonic formalin is useful to safely prepare a fecal smear for the diagnosis of parasites and other infections of the gastrointestinal tract during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pisith Chinabut
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Nuntiya Sawangkla
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Suphaluck Wattano
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Techit Thavorasak
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Weluga Bootsongkorn
- Siriraj Integrative Center for Neglected Parasitic Diseases, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Tungtrongchitr
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Pichet Ruenchit
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Siriraj Integrative Center for Neglected Parasitic Diseases, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-24196484
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19
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Shim J, Lee JM. The Role of Interventional Radiology and Management of an Angiography Suite in the Treatment of COVID-19 Patients: Single-Center, 2-Year Experience. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:medicina59020188. [PMID: 36837390 PMCID: PMC9960077 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59020188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Hospital angiography suites with negative-pressure ventilation facilities are challenging to equip. During the COVID-19 pandemic, we aimed to introduce interventional radiology procedures performed on COVID-19 patients and understand management of the angiography suite without a negative-pressure ventilation facility before and after the procedures to prevent the spread of infection. Materials and Methods: Between December 2020 and November 2022, 52 COVID-19 patients underwent interventional radiology procedures in an angiography suite, where no negative-pressure ventilation facility was installed. During the procedure, all staff members wore full personal protection equipment, and after the procedure for the COVID-19-positive patient was completed, the angiography suite was disinfected and entry to the angiography suite was prohibited for 1-3 h. In this angiography suite, procedures for COVID-19 patients and non-COVID-19 patients were performed. Results: A total of 61 interventional radiology procedures were performed in 52 patients with COVID-19. Of 52 patients, 21 underwent procedures under intubation and mechanical ventilation. All procedures were performed according to the guidelines set by the Infection Control Committee of our hospital. No major or minor complications were associated with the procedures. There were no cases of infection among staff members or other non-COVID-19 patients related to procedures on COVID-19 patients. Conclusions: Interventional radiology can play an important role in solving the complications of COVID-19 and the problems caused by patients' underlying diseases. In addition, if accurate guidelines are followed, both COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients can undergo procedures in an angiography room without negative-pressure ventilation while preventing infection.
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