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Djuicy DD, Omah IF, Parker E, Tomkins-Tinch CH, Otieno JR, Yifomnjou MHM, Essengue LLM, Ayinla AO, Sijuwola AE, Ahmed MI, Ope-ewe OO, Ogunsanya OA, Olono A, Eromon P, Yonga MGW, Essima GD, Touoyem IP, Mounchili LJM, Eyangoh SI, Esso L, Nguidjol IME, Metomb SF, Chebo C, Agwe SM, Mossi HM, Bilounga CN, Etoundi AGM, Akanbi O, Egwuenu A, Ehiakhamen O, Chukwu C, Suleiman K, Akinpelu A, Ahmad A, Imam KI, Ojedele R, Oripenaye V, Ikeata K, Adelakun S, Olajumoke B, O’Toole Á, Magee A, Zeller M, Gangavarapu K, Varilly P, Park DJ, Mboowa G, Tessema SK, Tebeje YK, Folarin O, Happi A, Lemey P, Suchard MA, Andersen KG, Sabeti P, Rambaut A, Ihekweazu C, Jide I, Adetifa I, Njoum R, Happi CT. Molecular epidemiology of recurrent zoonotic transmission of mpox virus in West Africa. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.06.18.24309115. [PMID: 38947021 PMCID: PMC11213044 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.18.24309115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Nigeria and Cameroon reported their first mpox cases in over three decades in 2017 and 2018 respectively. The outbreak in Nigeria is recognised as an ongoing human epidemic. However, owing to sparse surveillance and genomic data, it is not known whether the increase in cases in Cameroon is driven by zoonotic or sustained human transmission. Notably, the frequency of zoonotic transmission remains unknown in both Cameroon and Nigeria. To address these uncertainties, we investigated the zoonotic transmission dynamics of the mpox virus (MPXV) in Cameroon and Nigeria, with a particular focus on the border regions. We show that in these regions mpox cases are still driven by zoonotic transmission of a newly identified Clade IIb.1. We identify two distinct zoonotic lineages that circulate across the Nigeria-Cameroon border, with evidence of recent and historic cross border dissemination. Our findings support that the complex cross-border forest ecosystems likely hosts shared animal populations that drive cross-border viral spread, which is likely where extant Clade IIb originated. We identify that the closest zoonotic outgroup to the human epidemic circulated in southern Nigeria in October 2013. We also show that the zoonotic precursor lineage circulated in an animal population in southern Nigeria for more than 45 years. This supports findings that southern Nigeria was the origin of the human epidemic. Our study highlights the ongoing MPXV zoonotic transmission in Cameroon and Nigeria, underscoring the continuous risk of MPXV (re)emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Doreen Djuicy
- Virology Service, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, 451 Rue 2005, Yaounde 2, P.O. Box 1274
| | - Ifeanyi F. Omah
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
- Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Edyth Parker
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Akeemat Opeyemi Ayinla
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Ayotunde E. Sijuwola
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Muhammad I. Ahmed
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Oludayo O. Ope-ewe
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Olusola Akinola Ogunsanya
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Alhaji Olono
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Philomena Eromon
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | | | - Gael Dieudonné Essima
- Virology Service, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, 451 Rue 2005, Yaounde 2, P.O. Box 1274
| | | | | | - Sara Irene Eyangoh
- Virology Service, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, 451 Rue 2005, Yaounde 2, P.O. Box 1274
| | - Linda Esso
- Department for the Control of Disease, Epidemics and Pandemics, Ministry of Public Health, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Inès Mandah Emah Nguidjol
- Department for the Control of Disease, Epidemics and Pandemics, Ministry of Public Health, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Steve Franck Metomb
- Department for the Control of Disease, Epidemics and Pandemics, Ministry of Public Health, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Cornelius Chebo
- Department for the Control of Disease, Epidemics and Pandemics, Ministry of Public Health, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Samuel Mbah Agwe
- Department for the Control of Disease, Epidemics and Pandemics, Ministry of Public Health, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Hans Makembe Mossi
- Department for the Control of Disease, Epidemics and Pandemics, Ministry of Public Health, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Chanceline Ndongo Bilounga
- Department for the Control of Disease, Epidemics and Pandemics, Ministry of Public Health, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Olusola Akanbi
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention., Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Abiodun Egwuenu
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention., Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | - Chimaobi Chukwu
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention., Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Kabiru Suleiman
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention., Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Afolabi Akinpelu
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention., Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Adama Ahmad
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention., Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | - Richard Ojedele
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention., Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Victor Oripenaye
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention., Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Kenneth Ikeata
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention., Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Áine O’Toole
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Andrew Magee
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mark Zeller
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Karthik Gangavarapu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Patrick Varilly
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Daniel J Park
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gerald Mboowa
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC),Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Yenew Kebede Tebeje
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC),Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Onikepe Folarin
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Anise Happi
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Philippe Lemey
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc A Suchard
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Biomathematics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kristian G. Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Pardis Sabeti
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrew Rambaut
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Chikwe Ihekweazu
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention., Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Idriss Jide
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention., Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Ifedayo Adetifa
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention., Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Richard Njoum
- Virology Service, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, 451 Rue 2005, Yaounde 2, P.O. Box 1274
| | - Christian T Happi
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Parker E, Omah IF, Varilly P, Magee A, Ayinla AO, Sijuwola AE, Ahmed MI, Ope-Ewe OO, Ogunsanya OA, Olono A, Eromon P, Tomkins-Tinch CH, Otieno JR, Akanbi O, Egwuenu A, Ehiakhamen O, Chukwu C, Suleiman K, Akinpelu A, Ahmad A, Imam KI, Ojedele R, Oripenaye V, Ikeata K, Adelakun S, Olajumoke B, Djuicy DD, Messanga Essengue LL, Moumbeket Yifomnjou MH, Zeller M, Gangavarapu K, O'Toole Á, Park DJ, Mboowa G, Tessema SK, Tebeje YK, Folarin O, Happi A, Lemey P, Suchard MA, Andersen KG, Sabeti P, Rambaut A, Njoum R, Ihekweazu C, Jide I, Adetifa I, Happi CT. Genomic epidemiology uncovers the timing and origin of the emergence of mpox in humans. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.06.18.24309104. [PMID: 38947052 PMCID: PMC11213064 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.18.24309104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Five years before the 2022-2023 global mpox outbreak Nigeria reported its first cases in nearly 40 years, with the ongoing epidemic since driven by sustained human-to-human transmission. However, limited genomic data has left questions about the timing and origin of the mpox virus' (MPXV) emergence. Here we generated 112 MPXV genomes from Nigeria from 2021-2023. We identify the closest zoonotic outgroup to the human epidemic in southern Nigeria, and estimate that the lineage transmitting from human-to-human emerged around July 2014, circulating cryptically until detected in September 2017. The epidemic originated in Southern Nigeria, particularly Rivers State, which also acted as a persistent and dominant source of viral dissemination to other states. We show that APOBEC3 activity increased MPXV's evolutionary rate twenty-fold during human-to-human transmission. We also show how Delphy, a tool for near-real-time Bayesian phylogenetics, can aid rapid outbreak analytics. Our study sheds light on MPXV's establishment in West Africa before the 2022-2023 global outbreak and highlights the need for improved pathogen surveillance and response.
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Brien SC, LeBreton M, Doty JB, Mauldin MR, Morgan CN, Pieracci EG, Ritter JM, Matheny A, Tafon BG, Tamoufe U, Missoup AD, Nwobegahay J, Takuo JM, Nkom F, Mouiche MMM, Feussom JMK, Wilkins K, Wade A, McCollum AM. Clinical Manifestations of an Outbreak of Monkeypox Virus in Captive Chimpanzees in Cameroon, 2016. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:S275-S284. [PMID: 38164967 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a reemerging virus of global concern. An outbreak of clade I MPXV affected 20 captive chimpanzees in Cameroon in 2016. We describe the epidemiology, virology, phylogenetics, and clinical progression of this outbreak. Clinical signs included exanthema, facial swelling, perilaryngeal swelling, and eschar. Mpox can be lethal in captive chimpanzees, with death likely resulting from respiratory complications. We advise avoiding anesthesia in animals with respiratory signs to reduce the likelihood of death. This outbreak presented a risk to animal care staff. There is a need for increased awareness and a One Health approach to preparation for outbreaks in wildlife rescue centers in primate range states where MPXV occurs. Control measures should include quarantining affected animals, limiting human contacts, surveillance of humans and animals, use of personal protective equipment, and regular decontamination of enclosures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Brien
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
- Ape Action Africa, Mefou Park, Cameroon
| | | | - Jeffrey B Doty
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Matthew R Mauldin
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Clint N Morgan
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Emily G Pieracci
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jana M Ritter
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Audrey Matheny
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Alain D Missoup
- Zoology Unit, Laboratory of Biology and Physiology of Animal Organisms, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, Cameroon
| | | | | | | | - Moctar M M Mouiche
- Mosaic, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaounderé, Cameroon
| | - Jean Marc K Feussom
- Cameroon Epidemiological Network for Animal Diseases, Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Animal Industries, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Kimberly Wilkins
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Abel Wade
- National Veterinary Laboratory, Garoua, Cameroon
| | - Andrea M McCollum
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Brooks JT, Reynolds MG, Torrone E, McCollum A, Spicknall IH, Gigante CM, Li Y, Satheshkumar PS, Quilter LAS, Rao AK, O'Shea J, Guagliardo SAJ, Townsend M, Hutson CL. How the Orthodox Features of Orthopoxviruses Led to an Unorthodox Mpox Outbreak: What We've Learned, and What We Still Need to Understand. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:S121-S131. [PMID: 37861379 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthopoxviruses have repeatedly confounded expectations in terms of the clinical illness they cause and their patterns of spread. Monkeypox virus (MPXV), originally characterized in the late 1950s during outbreaks among captive primates, has been recognized since the 1970s to cause human disease (mpox) in West and Central Africa, where interhuman transmission has largely been associated with nonsexual, close physical contact. In May 2022, a focus of MPXV transmission was detected, spreading among international networks of gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men. The outbreak grew in both size and geographic scope, testing the strength of preparedness tools and public health science alike. In this article we consider what was known about mpox before the 2022 outbreak, what we learned about mpox during the outbreak, and what continued research is needed to ensure that the global public health community can detect, and halt further spread of this disease threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Brooks
- Mpox Multinational Response, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mary G Reynolds
- Mpox Multinational Response, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Elizabeth Torrone
- Mpox Multinational Response, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Andrea McCollum
- Mpox Multinational Response, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ian H Spicknall
- Mpox Multinational Response, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Crystal M Gigante
- Mpox Multinational Response, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yu Li
- Mpox Multinational Response, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Laura A S Quilter
- Mpox Multinational Response, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Agam K Rao
- Mpox Multinational Response, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jesse O'Shea
- Mpox Multinational Response, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sarah Anne J Guagliardo
- Mpox Multinational Response, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael Townsend
- Mpox Multinational Response, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christina L Hutson
- Mpox Multinational Response, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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5
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Yu L, Shen Y, Liu M, Ma J, Long J, Zheng D. Evaluation of monkeypox knowledge and attitudes among Chinese medical students. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:745. [PMID: 38459436 PMCID: PMC10921768 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18259-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus and is increasingly recognized as a serious public health concern worldwide. Our aim was to investigate the knowledge and attitudes of Chinese medical students regarding monkeypox. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among 8,897 college students from China. An e-questionnaire was used to collect data on knowledge (17 items), attitudes (12 items), and baseline criteria. The relationships between a range of factors and knowledge and attitudes were studied using univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS A total of 79.33% of the study participants were female, 89.10% were of Han ethnicity, 72.50% were from rural areas, 50.39% were in their first year, and 80.65% were medical majors. A total of 50.88% had good knowledge of monkeypox, and 57.11% had a positive attitude towards monkeypox knowledge. Univariate analysis revealed that origin and major were the factors affecting the knowledge level of monkeypox among participants. Rural students had more knowledge of monkeypox than urban students, and nonmedical students had greater awareness of monkeypox than did medical students. Moreover, sex and grade were the factors influencing participants' attitudes towards monkeypox; men had more positive attitudes than women did, and senior students had more positive attitudes than junior students did. Multivariate analysis revealed that major and the origin of the students independently influenced the monkeypox knowledge of Chinese medical students, while sex, grade and monkeypox knowledge were significantly related to attitudes towards monkeypox. CONCLUSION This study revealed that nearly half of the Chinese medical students had good knowledge and a positive attitude towards monkeypox. Student origin and major independently influenced the knowledge of Chinese medical students of monkeypox, while sex, grade and knowledge were independently related to the attitudes of Chinese medical students towards monkeypox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliang Yu
- Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Shen
- Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Liu
- Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Chongqing, China
| | - Junchun Ma
- Wanzhou District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiang Long
- Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Daikun Zheng
- Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Chongqing, China.
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Masirika LM, Udahemuka JC, Schuele L, Ndishimye P, Otani S, Mbiribindi JB, Marekani JM, Mambo LM, Bubala NM, Boter M, Nieuwenhuijse DF, Lang T, Kalalizi EB, Musabyimana JP, Aarestrup FM, Koopmans M, Oude Munnink BB, Siangoli FB. Ongoing mpox outbreak in Kamituga, South Kivu province, associated with monkeypox virus of a novel Clade I sub-lineage, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2024. Euro Surveill 2024; 29:2400106. [PMID: 38487886 PMCID: PMC10941309 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2024.29.11.2400106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the beginning of 2023, the number of people with suspected monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection have sharply increased in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). We report near-to-complete MPXV genome sequences derived from six cases from the South Kivu province. Phylogenetic analyses reveal that the MPXV affecting the cases belongs to a novel Clade I sub-lineage. The outbreak strain genome lacks the target sequence of the probe and primers of a commonly used Clade I-specific real-time PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandre Murhula Masirika
- Centre de Recherche en Sciences Naturelles de Lwiro, DS Bukavu, South Kivu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- SaBio Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha & CSIC), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Jean Claude Udahemuka
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, Nyagatare, Rwanda
- Stansile Research Organization, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Leonard Schuele
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pacifique Ndishimye
- Stansile Research Organization, Kigali, Rwanda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Research and Innovation Centre, African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Saria Otani
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Jean M Marekani
- Unit of Animal Production and Health, Nature Conservation and Development, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Léandre Mutimbwa Mambo
- Zone de Santé de Kamituga, Kamituga, South Kivu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Marjan Boter
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David F Nieuwenhuijse
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Trudie Lang
- The Global Health Network, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ernest Balyahamwabo Kalalizi
- SaBio Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha & CSIC), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Jean Pierre Musabyimana
- Research, innovation and data science division, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Kigali, Rwanda
- Stansile Research Organization, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Frank M Aarestrup
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marion Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas B Oude Munnink
- These authors contributed equally
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Freddy Belesi Siangoli
- These authors contributed equally
- Division Provinciale de la Santé, South Kivu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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7
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Djuicy DD, Sadeuh-Mba SA, Bilounga CN, Yonga MG, Tchatchueng-Mbougua JB, Essima GD, Esso L, Nguidjol IME, Metomb SF, Chebo C, Agwe SM, Ankone PA, Ngonla FNN, Mossi HM, Etoundi AGM, Eyangoh SI, Kazanji M, Njouom R. Concurrent Clade I and Clade II Monkeypox Virus Circulation, Cameroon, 1979-2022. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:432-443. [PMID: 38325363 PMCID: PMC10902553 DOI: 10.3201/eid3003.230861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
During 1979-2022, Cameroon recorded 32 laboratory-confirmed mpox cases among 137 suspected mpox cases identified by the national surveillance network. The highest positivity rate occurred in 2022, indicating potential mpox re-emergence in Cameroon. Both clade I (n = 12) and clade II (n = 18) monkeypox virus (MPXV) were reported, a unique feature of mpox in Cameroon. The overall case-fatality ratio of 2.2% was associated with clade II. We found mpox occurred only in the forested southern part of the country, and MPXV phylogeographic structure revealed a clear geographic separation among concurrent circulating clades. Clade I originated from eastern regions close to neighboring mpox-endemic countries in Central Africa; clade II was prevalent in western regions close to West Africa. Our findings suggest that MPXV re-emerged after a 30-year lapse and might arise from different viral reservoirs unique to ecosystems in eastern and western rainforests of Cameroon.
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8
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Obermeier PE, Buder SC, Hillen U. Pockenvirusinfektionen in der Dermatologie: Poxvirus infections in dermatology - the neglected, the notable, and the notorious. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2024; 22:56-96. [PMID: 38212918 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.15257_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungDie Familie Poxviridae umfasst derzeit 22 Gattungen, die Wirbeltiere infizieren können. Humanpathogene Pockenviren gehören den Gattungen Ortho‐, Para‐, Mollusci‐ und Yatapoxvirus an. Bis zur Eradikation der Variola vera im Jahr 1979 waren die Pocken, im Volksmund auch Blattern genannt, eine schwerwiegende Gesundheitsbedrohung für die Bevölkerung. Noch heute sind Dermatologen mit zahlreichen Pockenvirusinfektionen konfrontiert, wie den Bauernhofpocken, die als Zoonosen nach Tierkontakten in ländlichen Gebieten oder nach Massenversammlungen auftreten können. In den Tropen können Erkrankungen durch Tanapox‐ oder Vaccinia‐Viren zu den Differenzialdiagnosen gehören. Dellwarzen sind weltweit verbreitet und werden in bestimmten Fällen als sexuell übertragbare Pockenvirusinfektion angesehen. In jüngster Zeit hatten sich Mpox (Affenpocken) zu einer gesundheitlichen Notlage von internationaler Tragweite entwickelt, die eine rasche Identifizierung und angemessene Behandlung durch Dermatologen und Infektiologen erfordert. Fortschritte und neue Erkenntnisse über Epidemiologie, Diagnose, klinische Manifestationen und Komplikationen sowie Behandlung und Prävention von Pockenvirusinfektionen erfordern ein hohes Maß an Fachwissen und interdisziplinärer Zusammenarbeit in den Bereichen Virologie, Infektiologie und Dermatologie. Dieser CME‐Artikel bietet einen aktualisierten systematischen Überblick, um praktizierende Dermatologen bei der Identifizierung, Differenzialdiagnose und Behandlung klinisch relevanter Pockenvirusinfektionen zu unterstützen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E Obermeier
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Deutschland
- Abteilung für Infektionskrankheiten, Vaccine Safety Initiative, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Susanne C Buder
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Deutschland
- Konsiliarlabor für Gonokokken, Fachgebiet Sexuell übertragbare bakterielle Krankheitserreger, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Uwe Hillen
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Deutschland
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9
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Obermeier PE, Buder SC, Hillen U. Poxvirus infections in dermatology - the neglected, the notable, and the notorious. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2024; 22:56-93. [PMID: 38085140 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.15257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
The family Poxviridae currently comprises 22 genera that infect vertebrates. Of these, members of the Ortho-, Para-, Mollusci- and Yatapoxvirus genera have been associated with human diseases of high clinical relevance in dermatology. Historically, smallpox had been a notorious health threat until it was declared eradicated by the World Health Organization in 1979. Today, dermatologists are confronted with a variety of poxviral infections, such as farmyard pox, which occurs as a zoonotic infection after contact with animals. In the tropics, tanapox or vaccinia may be in the differential diagnosis as neglected tropical dermatoses. Molluscum contagiosum virus infection accounts for significant disease burden worldwide and is classified as a sexually transmitted infection in certain scenarios. Recently, mpox (monkeypox) has emerged as a public health emergency of international concern, requiring rapid recognition and appropriate management by dermatologists and infectious disease specialists. Advances and new insights into the epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical manifestations and complications, treatment, and prevention of poxviral infections require a high level of expertise and interdisciplinary skills from healthcare professionals linking virology, infectious diseases, and dermatology. This CME article provides a systematic overview and update to assist the practicing dermatologist in the identification, differential diagnosis, and management of poxviral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E Obermeier
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Vivantes Hospital Neukölln, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Vaccine Safety Initiative, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne C Buder
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Vivantes Hospital Neukölln, Berlin, Germany
- German Reference Laboratory for Gonococci, Unit Sexually Transmitted Bacterial Pathogens, Department for Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Hillen
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Vivantes Hospital Neukölln, Berlin, Germany
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10
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Islam MM, Dutta P, Rashid R, Jaffery SS, Islam A, Farag E, Zughaier SM, Bansal D, Hassan MM. Pathogenicity and virulence of monkeypox at the human-animal-ecology interface. Virulence 2023; 14:2186357. [PMID: 36864002 PMCID: PMC10012937 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2186357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox (Mpox) was mostly limited to Central and Western Africa, but recently it has been reported globally. The current review presents an update on the virus, including ecology and evolution, possible drivers of transmission, clinical features and management, knowledge gaps, and research priorities to reduce the disease transmission. The origin, reservoir(s) and the sylvatic cycle of the virus in the natural ecosystem are yet to be confirmed. Humans acquire the infection through contact with infected animals, humans, and natural hosts. The major drivers of disease transmission include trapping, hunting, bushmeat consumption, animal trade, and travel to endemic countries. However, in the 2022 epidemic, the majority of the infected humans in non-endemic countries had a history of direct contact with clinical or asymptomatic persons through sexual activity. The prevention and control strategies should include deterring misinformation and stigma, promoting appropriate social and behavioural changes, including healthy life practices, instituting contact tracing and management, and using the smallpox vaccine for high-risk people. Additionally, longer-term preparedness should be emphasized using the One Health approach, such as systems strengthening, surveillance and detection of the virus across regions, early case detection, and integrating measures to mitigate the socio-economic effects of outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mazharul Islam
- Department of Animal Resources, Ministry of Municipality, Doha, Qatar
| | - Pronesh Dutta
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Rijwana Rashid
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Syed Shariq Jaffery
- Department of Health Protection and Communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Elmoubashar Farag
- Department of Health Protection and Communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Doha, Qatar
| | - Susu M Zughaier
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Devendra Bansal
- Department of Health Protection and Communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh.,Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
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11
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Song K, Brochu HN, Zhang Q, Williams JD, Iyer LK. An In Silico Analysis of PCR-Based Monkeypox Virus Detection Assays: A Case Study for Ongoing Clinical Surveillance. Viruses 2023; 15:2327. [PMID: 38140568 PMCID: PMC10747849 DOI: 10.3390/v15122327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2022 global Mpox outbreak swiftly introduced unforeseen diversity in the monkeypox virus (MPXV) population, resulting in numerous Clade IIb sublineages. This propagation of new MPXV mutations warrants the thorough re-investigation of previously recommended or validated primers designed to target MPXV genomes. In this study, we explored 18 PCR primer sets and examined their binding specificity against 5210 MPXV genomes, representing all the established MPXV lineages. Our results indicated that only five primer sets resulted in almost all perfect matches against the targeted MPXV lineages, and the remaining primer sets all contained 1-2 mismatches against almost all the MPXV lineages. We further investigated the mismatched primer-genome pairs and discovered that some of the primers overlapped with poorly sequenced and assembled regions of the MPXV genomes, which are consistent across multiple lineages. However, we identified 173 99% genome-wide conserved regions across all 5210 MPXV genomes, representing 30 lineages/clades with at least 80% lineage-specific consensus for future primer development and primer binding evaluation. This exercise is crucial to ensure that the current detection schemes are robust and serve as a framework for primer evaluation in clinical testing development for other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuncheng Song
- Center of Excellence for Bioinformatics, Data Science and AI, Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings (Labcorp), Burlington, NC 27215, USA; (K.S.); (H.N.B.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Hayden N. Brochu
- Center of Excellence for Bioinformatics, Data Science and AI, Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings (Labcorp), Burlington, NC 27215, USA; (K.S.); (H.N.B.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Qimin Zhang
- Center of Excellence for Bioinformatics, Data Science and AI, Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings (Labcorp), Burlington, NC 27215, USA; (K.S.); (H.N.B.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Jonathan D. Williams
- Labcorp Research and Development, Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings (Labcorp), Burlington, NC 27215, USA;
| | - Lakshmanan K. Iyer
- Center of Excellence for Bioinformatics, Data Science and AI, Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings (Labcorp), Burlington, NC 27215, USA; (K.S.); (H.N.B.); (Q.Z.)
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12
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Weber DJ, Rutala WA, Sickbert-Bennett E. Emerging infectious diseases, focus on infection prevention, environmental survival and germicide susceptibility: SARS-CoV-2, Mpox, and Candida auris. Am J Infect Control 2023; 51:A22-A34. [PMID: 37890950 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New and emerging infectious diseases continue to represent a public health threat. Emerging infectious disease threats include pathogens increasing in range (eg, Mpox), zoonotic microbes jumping species lines to cause sustained infections in humans via person-to-person transmission (SARS-CoV-2) and multidrug-resistant pathogens (eg, Candida auris). MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched the published English literature and reviewed the selected articles on SARS-CoV-2, Mpox, and Candida auris with a focus on environmental survival, contamination of the patient's hospital environment, susceptibility of the pathogen to antiseptics and disinfectants and infection prevention recommendations. RESULTS All three pathogens (ie, SARS-CoV-2, Mpox, and Candida auris) can survive on surfaces for minutes to hours and for Mpox and C auris for days. Currently available antiseptics (eg, 70%-90% alcohol hand hygiene products) are active against SARS-CoV-2, Mpox and C auris. The U.S Environmental Protection Agency provides separate lists of surface disinfectants active against SARS-CoV-2, Mpox, and C auris. DISCUSSION The risk of environment-to-patient transmission of SARS-CoV-2, Mpox and Candida auris, is very low, low-moderate and high, respectively. In the absence of appropriate patient isolation and use of personal protection equipment, the risk of patient-to-health care provider transmission of SARS-CoV-2, Mpox, and C auris is high, moderate and low, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Appropriate patient isolation, use of personal protective equipment by health care personnel, hand hygiene, and surface disinfection can protect patients and health care personnel from acquiring SARS-CoV-2, Mpox, and C auris from infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Weber
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Infection Prevention, UNC Medical Center, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.
| | - William A Rutala
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Emily Sickbert-Bennett
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Infection Prevention, UNC Medical Center, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
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13
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Alkalash SH, Marzouk MM, Farag NA, Elesrigy FA, Barakat AM, Ahmed FA, Mohamed RA, Almowafy AA. Evaluation of human monkeypox knowledge and beliefs regarding emerging viral infections among healthcare workers. Int J Emerg Med 2023; 16:75. [PMID: 37853310 PMCID: PMC10583353 DOI: 10.1186/s12245-023-00547-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate possible factors that might be accompanied by high level of human monkey pox (HMPX) knowledge and to explain the relationship between HMPX knowledge and Beliefs regarding emerging viral infections. STUDY DESIGN A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted for the implementation of this study. METHODS Study was conducted at two general hospitals in Mansoura City (Old General Hospital and International Hospital) El Dakahlia Governorate among 620 healthcare workers (HCWs) using a self-managed questionnaire for 1 week (1 to 7 January 2023). The questionnaire has items adapted from the previously published literature to assess HMPX knowledge and Beliefs regarding emerging viral infections. RESULTS The mean age of the study sample was 27.97 years and most of them were female (86.1%). Physicians and other HCWs (nurses, laboratory technicians, radiographer technicians, and pharmacists) had significantly different levels of knowledge of monkeypox for the majority of the questions. A higher belief was found among two items: viruses are biological weapons manufactured by the superpowers to take global control and the government is misleading the public about the cause of the virus. CONCLUSION This study discovered lower levels of knowledge of HMPX among HCWs in Egypt. Beliefs about emerging viral infections were widespread, and future research should look into their potential negative impact on health behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safa H Alkalash
- Department of Community Medicine and Healthcare, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-Qunfudah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Family Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Marzouk M Marzouk
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Damietta Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Nagwa A Farag
- Family Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Fatma A Elesrigy
- Family Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Ayah M Barakat
- Family Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Faransa A Ahmed
- College of Applied Medical Sciences in Alnamas, University of Bisha, Bisha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Rasha A Mohamed
- Community Health Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, Bisha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer A Almowafy
- International Islamic Center for Population Studies and Research, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
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14
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Clark AE, Furst A, Sejane K, Stellwagen L, Proost M, Pride D, Smith DM, Carlin AF, Bode L. Validating Tools to Detect and Inactivate Monkeypox Virus in Human Milk. Breastfeed Med 2023; 18:785-789. [PMID: 37733262 PMCID: PMC10616931 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2023.0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: Breastfeeding and human milk (HM) improve maternal and infant morbidities and mortality. Therefore, monitoring the safety of breastfeeding and access to HM is of critical importance. In this study, we assessed tools to monitor the presence of monkeypox virus (MPXV) in HM and whether standard Holder pasteurization inactivates MPXV. Materials and Methods: Heat-inactivated MPXV was added to HM or viral transport media (VTM) and analyzed using both research and clinical MPXV quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) tests. Infectious MPXV was added to HM and was exposed to 1 cycle of freeze-thaw, incubation for 1 hour at room temperature, or conditions of Holder pasteurization (62.5°C for 30 minutes) followed by infectious unit quantification by plaque assay. Results: Research and clinical nucleic acid tests detect MPXV that was added to HM but with reduced sensitivity compared with equivalent samples in VTM at low virus inoculum. MPXV added to HM to achieve a starting concentration of 225,000 plaque forming units (pfu)/mL remains infectious after freeze-thaw or 1 hour storage at room temperature. However, Holder pasteurization reduced infectious virus below the limit of detection, >2,000-fold reduction in viral titer. Conclusion: MPXV can be detected when added to HM using a clinical laboratory-developed qPCR test without modification, but the detection limit is reduced compared with equivalent samples in VTM. MPXV remains viable in HM should the virus ever gain access to HM, but Holder pasteurization reduces infectious MPXV to below detection limits and can be used to reduce the risk of MPXV transmission to infants who receive pasteurized (donor) HM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex E. Clark
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Annalee Furst
- Department of Pediatrics, and University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kristija Sejane
- Department of Pediatrics, and University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lisa Stellwagen
- UC Health Milk Bank, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Human Milk Institute (HMI), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Marissa Proost
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - David Pride
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Davey M. Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Aaron F. Carlin
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lars Bode
- Department of Pediatrics, and University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Human Milk Institute (HMI), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of research Excellence (MOMI CORE), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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15
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Sahoo AK, Augusthian PD, Muralitharan I, Vivek-Ananth RP, Kumar K, Kumar G, Ranganathan G, Samal A. In silico identification of potential inhibitors of vital monkeypox virus proteins from FDA approved drugs. Mol Divers 2023; 27:2169-2184. [PMID: 36331784 PMCID: PMC9638297 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10550-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) recently declared the monkeypox outbreak 'A public health emergency of international concern'. The monkeypox virus belongs to the same Orthopoxvirus genus as smallpox. Although smallpox drugs are recommended for use against monkeypox, monkeypox-specific drugs are not yet available. Drug repurposing is a viable and efficient approach in the face of such an outbreak. Therefore, we present a computational drug repurposing study to identify the existing approved drugs which can be potential inhibitors of vital monkeypox virus proteins, thymidylate kinase and D9 decapping enzyme. The target protein structures of the monkeypox virus were modelled using the corresponding protein structures in the vaccinia virus. We identified four potential inhibitors namely, Tipranavir, Cefiderocol, Doxorubicin, and Dolutegravir as candidates for repurposing against monkeypox virus from a library of US FDA approved antiviral and antibiotic drugs using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. The main goal of this in silico study is to identify potential inhibitors against monkeypox virus proteins that can be further experimentally validated for the discovery of novel therapeutic agents against monkeypox disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaya Kumar Sahoo
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai, 600113, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, 400094, India
| | | | | | - R P Vivek-Ananth
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai, 600113, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Kishan Kumar
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai, 600113, India
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai, 600113, India
| | | | - Areejit Samal
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai, 600113, India.
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, 400094, India.
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Ndodo N, Ashcroft J, Lewandowski K, Yinka-Ogunleye A, Chukwu C, Ahmad A, King D, Akinpelu A, Maluquer de Motes C, Ribeca P, Sumner RP, Rambaut A, Chester M, Maishman T, Bamidele O, Mba N, Babatunde O, Aruna O, Pullan ST, Gannon B, Brown CS, Ihekweazu C, Adetifa I, Ulaeto DO. Distinct monkeypox virus lineages co-circulating in humans before 2022. Nat Med 2023; 29:2317-2324. [PMID: 37710003 PMCID: PMC10504077 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02456-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The 2022 global mpox outbreak raises questions about how this zoonotic disease established effective human-to-human transmission and its potential for further adaptation. The 2022 outbreak virus is related to an ongoing outbreak in Nigeria originally reported in 2017, but the evolutionary path linking the two remains unclear due to a lack of genomic data between 2018, when virus exportations from Nigeria were first recorded, and 2022, when the global mpox outbreak began. Here, 18 viral genomes obtained from patients across southern Nigeria in 2019-2020 reveal multiple lineages of monkeypox virus (MPXV) co-circulated in humans for several years before 2022, with progressive accumulation of mutations consistent with APOBEC3 activity over time. We identify Nigerian A.2 lineage isolates, confirming the lineage that has been multiply exported to North America independently of the 2022 outbreak originated in Nigeria, and that it has persisted by human-to-human transmission in Nigeria for more than 2 years before its latest exportation. Finally, we identify a lineage-defining APOBEC3-style mutation in all A.2 isolates that disrupts gene A46R, encoding a viral innate immune modulator. Collectively, our data demonstrate MPXV capacity for sustained diversification within humans, including mutations that may be consistent with established mechanisms of poxvirus adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan Ashcroft
- UK Public Health Rapid Support Team, UK Health Security Agency/London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Kuiama Lewandowski
- UK Health Security Agency, Research & Evaluation Services, Porton Down, UK
| | | | | | - Adama Ahmad
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - David King
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury, UK
| | | | - Carlos Maluquer de Motes
- Department of Microbial Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Paolo Ribeca
- UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rebecca P Sumner
- Department of Microbial Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Andrew Rambaut
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michael Chester
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury, UK
| | - Tom Maishman
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury, UK
| | | | - Nwando Mba
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | - Olusola Aruna
- UK Health Security Agency, International Health Regulations (IHR) Strengthening Project, British High Commission, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Steven T Pullan
- UK Health Security Agency, Research & Evaluation Services, Porton Down, UK
| | - Benedict Gannon
- UK Public Health Rapid Support Team, UK Health Security Agency/London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - David O Ulaeto
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury, UK.
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Li X, Habibipour S, Chou T, Yang OO. The role of APOBEC3-induced mutations in the differential evolution of monkeypox virus. ARXIV 2023:arXiv:2308.03714v1. [PMID: 37608930 PMCID: PMC10441442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies show that newly sampled monkeypox virus (MPXV) genomes exhibit mutations consistent with Apolipoprotein B mRNA Editing Catalytic Polypeptide-like3 (APOBEC3)-mediated editing, compared to MPXV genomes collected earlier. It is unclear whether these single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) result from APOBEC3-induced editing or are a consequence of genetic drift within one or more MPXV animal reservoirs. We develop a simple method based on a generalization of the General-Time-Reversible (GTR) model to show that the observed SNPs are likely the result of APOBEC3-induced editing. The statistical features allow us to extract lineage information and estimate evolutionary events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangting Li
- Department of Computational Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sara Habibipour
- Depts. of Medicine and Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Tom Chou
- Department of Computational Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Mathematics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Otto O Yang
- Depts. of Medicine and Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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18
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Zahmatyar M, Fazlollahi A, Motamedi A, Zolfi M, Seyedi F, Nejadghaderi SA, Sullman MJM, Mohammadinasab R, Kolahi AA, Arshi S, Safiri S. Human monkeypox: history, presentations, transmission, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1157670. [PMID: 37547598 PMCID: PMC10397518 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1157670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human monkeypox is a zoonotic infection that is similar to the diseases caused by other poxviruses. It is endemic among wild rodents in the rainforests of Central and Western Africa, and can be transmitted via direct skin contact or mucosal exposure to infected animals. The initial symptoms include fever, headache, myalgia, fatigue, and lymphadenopathy, the last of which is the main symptom that distinguishes it from smallpox. In order to prevent and manage the disease, those who are infected must be rapidly diagnosed and isolated. Several vaccines have already been developed (e.g., JYNNEOS, ACAM2000 and ACAM3000) and antiviral drugs (e.g., cidofovir and tecovirimat) can also be used to treat the disease. In the present study, we reviewed the history, morphology, clinical presentations, transmission routes, diagnosis, prevention, and potential treatment strategies for monkeypox, in order to enable health authorities and physicians to better deal with this emerging crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Zahmatyar
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Neurosciences Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Asra Fazlollahi
- Neurosciences Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Motamedi
- Neurosciences Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maedeh Zolfi
- Neurosciences Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Seyedi
- Neurosciences Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi
- Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mark J. M. Sullman
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Reza Mohammadinasab
- Department of History of Medicine, School of Traditional Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali-Asghar Kolahi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahnam Arshi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Safiri
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Tabriz Valiasr Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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19
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Rabaan AA, Al-Shwaikh SA, Alfouzan WA, Al-Bahar AM, Garout M, Halwani MA, Albayat H, Almutairi NB, Alsaeed M, Alestad JH, Al-Mozaini MA, Ashgar TMA, Alotaibi S, Abuzaid AA, Aldawood Y, Alsaleh AA, Al-Afghani HM, Altowaileb JA, Alshukairi AN, Arteaga-Livias K, Singh KKB, Imran M. A Comprehensive Review on Monkeypox Viral Disease with Potential Diagnostics and Therapeutic Options. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1826. [PMID: 37509466 PMCID: PMC10376530 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to give an up-to-date, thorough, and timely overview of monkeypox (Mpox), a severe infectious viral disease. Furthermore, this review provides an up-to-date treatment option for Mpox. The monkeypox virus (MPXV) has remained the most virulent poxvirus for humans since the elimination of smallpox approximately 41 years ago, with distribution mainly in central and west Africa. Mpox in humans is a zoonotically transferred disease that results in symptoms like those of smallpox. It had spread throughout west and central Africa when it was first diagnosed in the Republic of Congo in 1970. Mpox has become a major threat to global health security, necessitating a quick response by virologists, veterinarians, public health professionals, doctors, and researchers to create high-efficiency diagnostic tests, vaccinations, antivirals, and other infection control techniques. The emergence of epidemics outside of Africa emphasizes the disease's global significance. A better understanding of Mpox's dynamic epidemiology may be attained by increased surveillance and identification of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan
| | - Seham A Al-Shwaikh
- Department of Commitment Management, Directorate of Health Affairs in the Eastern Province, Dammam 31176, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wadha A Alfouzan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Laboratories, Farwania Hospital, Farwania 85000, Kuwait
| | - Ali M Al-Bahar
- Department of Laboratory, Dhahran Long Term Care Hospital, Dhahran 34257, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Garout
- Department of Community Medicine and Health Care for Pilgrims, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad A Halwani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al Baha University, Al Baha 4781, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hawra Albayat
- Infectious Disease Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh 7790, Saudi Arabia
| | - Norah B Almutairi
- Infectious Disease Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh 7790, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alsaeed
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh 11159, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jeehan H Alestad
- Immunology and Infectious Microbiology Department, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK
- Microbiology Department, Collage of Medicine, Jabriya 46300, Kuwait
| | - Maha A Al-Mozaini
- Immunocompromsised Host Research Section, Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal, Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tala M Al Ashgar
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alotaibi
- Molecular Microbiology Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmonem A Abuzaid
- Medical Microbiology Department, Security Forces Hospital Programme, Dammam 32314, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yahya Aldawood
- Clinical Laboratory Science Department, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam 34222, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmonem A Alsaleh
- Clinical Laboratory Science Department, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam 34222, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani M Al-Afghani
- Laboratory Department, Security Forces Hospital, Makkah 24269, Saudi Arabia
- iGene Center for Research and Training, Jeddah 2022, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jaffar A Altowaileb
- Microbiology Laboratory, Laboratory Department, Qatif Central Hospital, Qatif 32654, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer N Alshukairi
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah 22233, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kovy Arteaga-Livias
- Escuela de Medicina-Filial Ica, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Ica 11000, Peru
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Hermilio Valdizán, Huanuco 10000, Peru
| | - Kirnpal Kaur Banga Singh
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Imran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia
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20
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Rabaan AA, Alasiri NA, Aljeldah M, Alshukairiis AN, AlMusa Z, Alfouzan WA, Abuzaid AA, Alamri AA, Al-Afghani HM, Al-Baghli N, Alqahtani N, Al-Baghli N, Almoutawa MY, Mahmoud Alawi M, Alabdullah M, Bati NAA, Alsaleh AA, Tombuloglu H, Arteaga-Livias K, Al-Ahdal T, Garout M, Imran M. An Updated Review on Monkeypox Viral Disease: Emphasis on Genomic Diversity. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1832. [PMID: 37509470 PMCID: PMC10376458 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox virus has remained the most virulent poxvirus since the elimination of smallpox approximately 41 years ago, with distribution mostly in Central and West Africa. Monkeypox (Mpox) in humans is a zoonotically transferred disease that results in a smallpox-like disease. It was first diagnosed in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), and the disease has spread over West and Central Africa. The purpose of this review was to give an up-to-date, thorough, and timely overview on the genomic diversity and evolution of a re-emerging infectious disease. The genetic profile of Mpox may also be helpful in targeting new therapeutic options based on genes, mutations, and phylogeny. Mpox has become a major threat to global health security, necessitating a quick response by virologists, veterinarians, public health professionals, doctors, and researchers to create high-efficiency diagnostic tests, vaccinations, antivirals, and other infection control techniques. The emergence of epidemics outside of Africa emphasizes the disease's global significance. Increased monitoring and identification of Mpox cases are critical tools for obtaining a better knowledge of the ever-changing epidemiology of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan
| | - Nada A Alasiri
- Monitoring and Risk Assessment Department, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh 13513, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Aljeldah
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin 39831, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer N Alshukairiis
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah 21499, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zainab AlMusa
- Infectious Disease Section, Internal Medicine Department, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam 32253, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wadha A Alfouzan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Laboratories, Farwania Hospital, Farwania 85000, Kuwait
| | - Abdulmonem A Abuzaid
- Medical Microbiology Department, Security Forces Hospital Programme, Dammam 32314, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aref A Alamri
- Molecular Microbiology and Cytogenetics Department, Riyadh Regional Laboratory, Riyadh 11425, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani M Al-Afghani
- Laboratory Department, Security Forces Hospital, Makkah 24269, Saudi Arabia
- iGene Center for Research and Training, Jeddah 2022, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadira Al-Baghli
- Directorate of Public Health, Dammam Network, Eastern Health Cluster, Dammam 31444, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawal Alqahtani
- Directorate of Public Health, Dammam Network, Eastern Health Cluster, Dammam 31444, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadia Al-Baghli
- Directorate of Health Affairs, Al-Ahsa Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashahed Y Almoutawa
- Primary Healthcare, Qatif Health Network, Eastern Health Cluster, Safwa 32833, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Mahmoud Alawi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
- Infection Control and Environmental Health Unit, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alabdullah
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Almoosa Specialist Hospital, Al Mubarraz 36342, Saudi Arabia
| | - Neda A Al Bati
- Medical and Clinical Affairs, Rural Health Network, Eastern Health Cluster, Dammam 31444, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmonem A Alsaleh
- Clinical Laboratory Science Department, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam 34222, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huseyin Tombuloglu
- Department of Genetics Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34221, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kovy Arteaga-Livias
- Escuela de Medicina-Filial Ica, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Ica 11000, Peru
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Hermilio Valdizán, Huanuco 10000, Peru
| | - Tareq Al-Ahdal
- Research Associate, Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Neuenheimerfeld130/3, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mohammed Garout
- Department of Community Medicine and Health Care for Pilgrims, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Imran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia
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21
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Banuet-Martinez M, Yang Y, Jafari B, Kaur A, Butt ZA, Chen HH, Yanushkevich S, Moyles IR, Heffernan JM, Korosec CS. Monkeypox: a review of epidemiological modelling studies and how modelling has led to mechanistic insight. Epidemiol Infect 2023; 151:e121. [PMID: 37218612 PMCID: PMC10468816 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268823000791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Human monkeypox (mpox) virus is a viral zoonosis that belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family, which presents with similar symptoms as those seen in human smallpox patients. Mpox is an increasing concern globally, with over 80,000 cases in non-endemic countries as of December 2022. In this review, we provide a brief history and ecology of mpox, its basic virology, and the key differences in mpox viral fitness traits before and after 2022. We summarize and critique current knowledge from epidemiological mathematical models, within-host models, and between-host transmission models using the One Health approach, where we distinguish between models that focus on immunity from vaccination, geography, climatic variables, as well as animal models. We report various epidemiological parameters, such as the reproduction number, R0, in a condensed format to facilitate comparison between studies. We focus on how mathematical modelling studies have led to novel mechanistic insight into mpox transmission and pathogenesis. As mpox is predicted to lead to further infection peaks in many historically non-endemic countries, mathematical modelling studies of mpox can provide rapid actionable insights into viral dynamics to guide public health measures and mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Banuet-Martinez
- Climate Change and Global Health Research Group, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Behnaz Jafari
- Mathematics and Statistics Department, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Avneet Kaur
- Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Computer Science, Mathematics, Physics and Statistics, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Zahid A. Butt
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Helen H. Chen
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Svetlana Yanushkevich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Iain R. Moyles
- Modelling Infection and Immunity Lab, Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Disease Modelling, Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jane M. Heffernan
- Modelling Infection and Immunity Lab, Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Disease Modelling, Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chapin S. Korosec
- Modelling Infection and Immunity Lab, Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Disease Modelling, Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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22
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Peruzzu D, Fecchi K, Venturi G, Gagliardi MC. Repurposing Amphotericin B and Its Liposomal Formulation for the Treatment of Human Mpox. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108896. [PMID: 37240241 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mpox (monkeypox) is a zoonotic viral disease caused by the mpox virus (MPXV). Recently in 2022, a multi-country Mpox outbreak has determined great concern as the disease rapidly spreads. The majority of cases are being noticed in European regions and are unrelated to endemic travel or known contact with infected individuals. In this outbreak, close sexual contact appears to be important for MPXV transmission, and an increasing prevalence in people with multiple sexual partners and in men who have sex with men has been observed. Although Vaccinia virus (VACV)-based vaccines have been shown to induce a cross-reactive and protective immune response against MPXV, limited data support their efficacy against the 2022 Mpox outbreak. Furthermore, there are no specific antiviral drugs for Mpox. Host-cell lipid rafts are small, highly dynamic plasma-membrane microdomains enriched in cholesterol, glycosphingolipids and phospholipids that have emerged as crucial surface-entry platforms for several viruses. We previously demonstrated that the antifungal drug Amphotericin B (AmphB) inhibits fungal, bacterial and viral infection of host cells through its capacity to sequester host-cell cholesterol and disrupt lipid raft architecture. In this context, we discuss the hypothesis that AmphB could inhibit MPXV infection of host cells through disruption of lipid rafts and eventually through redistribution of receptors/co-receptors mediating virus entry, thus representing an alternative or additional therapeutic tool for human Mpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Peruzzu
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Katia Fecchi
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulietta Venturi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Gagliardi
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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23
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Wang Y, Leng P, Zhou H. Global transmission of monkeypox virus-a potential threat under the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1174223. [PMID: 37215147 PMCID: PMC10198437 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1174223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) cases have increased dramatically worldwide since May 2022. The Atlanta Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Atlanta CDC) had reported a total of 85,922 cases as of February 20th, 2023. During the COVID-19 pandemic, MPXV has emerged as a potential public threat. MPXV transmission and prevalence must be closely monitored. In this comprehensive review, we explained the basic characteristics and transmission routes of MPXV, individuals susceptible to it, as well as highlight the impact of the behavior of men who have sex with men (MSM) and airline traveling on recent outbreaks of MPXV. We also describe the clinical implications, the prevention of MPXV, and clinical measures of viral detection.
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24
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Adetifa I, Muyembe JJ, Bausch DG, Heymann DL. Mpox neglect and the smallpox niche: a problem for Africa, a problem for the world. Lancet 2023; 401:1822-1824. [PMID: 37146622 PMCID: PMC10154003 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(23)00588-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) is a zoonotic viral disease endemic in parts of Africa. In May, 2022, the world was alerted to circulation of monkeypox virus in many high-income countries outside of Africa. Continued spread resulted in a WHO declaration of a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. Although there has been much attention on the global outbreak, most of the focus has been on high-income countries outside of Africa, despite the fact that monkeypox virus has been causing disease in parts of Africa for at least 50 years. Furthermore, the long-term consequences of this event, especially the risk that mpox fills the niche vacated through smallpox eradication, have not been sufficiently considered. The heart of the problem is the historical neglect of mpox in Africa where the disease is endemic, and the actual and potential consequences if this neglect is left uncorrected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-Jacques Muyembe
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Daniel G Bausch
- FIND, Geneva, Switzerland; Global Health Security Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - David L Heymann
- Global Health Security Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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25
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Chauhan RP, Fogel R, Limson J. Overview of Diagnostic Methods, Disease Prevalence and Transmission of Mpox (Formerly Monkeypox) in Humans and Animal Reservoirs. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1186. [PMID: 37317160 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mpox-formerly monkeypox-is a re-emerging zoonotic virus disease, with large numbers of human cases reported during multi-country outbreaks in 2022. The close similarities in clinical symptoms that Mpox shares with many orthopoxvirus (OPXV) diseases make its diagnosis challenging, requiring laboratory testing for confirmation. This review focuses on the diagnostic methods used for Mpox detection in naturally infected humans and animal reservoirs, disease prevalence and transmission, clinical symptoms and signs, and currently known host ranges. Using specific search terms, up to 2 September 2022, we identified 104 relevant original research articles and case reports from NCBI-PubMed and Google Scholar databases for inclusion in the study. Our analyses observed that molecular identification techniques are overwhelmingly being used in current diagnoses, especially real-time PCR (3982/7059 cases; n = 41 studies) and conventional PCR (430/1830 cases; n = 30 studies) approaches being most-frequently-used to diagnose Mpox cases in humans. Additionally, detection of Mpox genomes, using qPCR and/or conventional PCR coupled to genome sequencing methods, offered both reliable detection and epidemiological analyses of evolving Mpox strains; identified the emergence and transmission of a novel clade 'hMPXV-1A' lineage B.1 during 2022 outbreaks globally. While a few current serologic assays, such as ELISA, reported on the detection of OPXV- and Mpox-specific IgG (891/2801 cases; n = 17 studies) and IgM antibodies (241/2688 cases; n = 11 studies), hemagglutination inhibition (HI) detected Mpox antibodies in human samples (88/430 cases; n = 6 studies), most other serologic and immunographic assays used were OPXV-specific. Interestingly, virus isolation (228/1259 cases; n = 24 studies), electron microscopy (216/1226 cases; n = 18 studies), and immunohistochemistry (28/40; n = 7 studies) remain useful methods of Mpox detection in humans in select instances using clinical and tissue samples. In animals, OPXV- and Mpox-DNA and antibodies were detected in various species of nonhuman primates, rodents, shrews, opossums, a dog, and a pig. With evolving transmission dynamics of Mpox, information on reliable and rapid detection methods and clinical symptoms of disease is critical for disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravendra P Chauhan
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6139, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Ronen Fogel
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6139, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Janice Limson
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6139, Eastern Cape, South Africa
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26
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Kumar P, Chaudhary B, Yadav N, Devi S, Pareek A, Alla S, Kajal F, Nowrouzi-Kia B, Chattu VK, Gupta MM. Recent Advances in Research and Management of Human Monkeypox Virus: An Emerging Global Health Threat. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040937. [PMID: 37112916 PMCID: PMC10146223 DOI: 10.3390/v15040937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2003, the United States saw an epidemic of monkeypox that was later traced back to rodents of West Africa infected with the monkeypox virus (MPXV). Disease in the United States seemed less severe than the smallpox-like disease in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). In this study, researchers analyzed data from Central Africa: two distinct MPXV clades were confirmed by sequencing the genomes of MPXV isolates from Western Africa, the United States, and Central Africa. By comparing open reading frames across MPXV clades, scientists can infer which virus proteins might account for the observed variation in pathogenicity in humans. Monkeypox can be prevented and controlled with a better understanding of MPXV's molecular etiology and epidemiological and clinical features. In light of the current outbreaks worldwide, we provide updated information on monkeypox for medical professionals in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Kumar
- Shri Ram College of Pharmacy, Karnal 132116, Haryana, India
| | - Benu Chaudhary
- Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Yamunanagar 135001, Haryana, India
| | - Nishant Yadav
- B.S. Anangpuria Institute of Pharmacy, Faridabad 121004, Haryana, India
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India
| | - Sushma Devi
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India
| | - Ashutosh Pareek
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sujatha Alla
- Department of Engineering Management & Systems Engineering, Frank Batten College of Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
- Center for Technology and Innovations, Global Health Research and Innovations Canada, Toronto, ON M1J 2W8, Canada
| | - Fnu Kajal
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Behdin Nowrouzi-Kia
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1V7, Canada
| | - Vijay Kumar Chattu
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1V7, Canada
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha 442107, Maharashtra, India
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Madan Mohan Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine 3303, Trinidad and Tobago
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Chen Y, Wu C, A R, Zhao L, Zhang Z, Tan W. Perspective on the application of genome sequencing for monkeypox virus surveillance. Virol Sin 2023; 38:327-333. [PMID: 36972867 PMCID: PMC10039704 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
•Whole genome sequencing of MPXV is crucial for monitoring emerging variants and assessing their potential pathogenicity. •The critical steps of mNGS, encompassing nucleic acid extraction, library preparation, sequencing, and data analysis, are concisely explained. •Optimization strategies for sample pre-processing, virus enrichment, and sequencing platform selection are deliberated. •Conducting next-generation sequencing and third-generation sequencing concurrently is highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuda Chen
- School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, 014040, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100052, China
| | - Changcheng Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100052, China
| | - Ruhan A
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100052, China
| | - Li Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100052, China
| | - Zhongxian Zhang
- School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, 014040, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100052, China
| | - Wenjie Tan
- School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, 014040, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100052, China.
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Falendysz EA, Lopera JG, Rocke TE, Osorio JE. Monkeypox Virus in Animals: Current Knowledge of Viral Transmission and Pathogenesis in Wild Animal Reservoirs and Captive Animal Models. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040905. [PMID: 37112885 PMCID: PMC10142277 DOI: 10.3390/v15040905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mpox, formerly called monkeypox, is now the most serious orthopoxvirus (OPXV) infection in humans. This zoonotic disease has been gradually re-emerging in humans with an increasing frequency of cases found in endemic areas, as well as an escalating frequency and size of epidemics outside of endemic areas in Africa. Currently, the largest known mpox epidemic is spreading throughout the world, with over 85,650 cases to date, mostly in Europe and North America. These increased endemic cases and epidemics are likely driven primarily by decreasing global immunity to OPXVs, along with other possible causes. The current unprecedented global outbreak of mpox has demonstrated higher numbers of human cases and greater human-to-human transmission than previously documented, necessitating an urgent need to better understand this disease in humans and animals. Monkeypox virus (MPXV) infections in animals, both naturally occurring and experimental, have provided critical information about the routes of transmission; the viral pathogenicity factors; the methods of control, such as vaccination and antivirals; the disease ecology in reservoir host species; and the conservation impacts on wildlife species. This review briefly described the epidemiology and transmission of MPXV between animals and humans and summarizes past studies on the ecology of MPXV in wild animals and experimental studies in captive animal models, with a focus on how animal infections have informed knowledge concerning various aspects of this pathogen. Knowledge gaps were highlighted in areas where future research, both in captive and free-ranging animals, could inform efforts to understand and control this disease in both humans and animals.
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Forni D, Molteni C, Cagliani R, Sironi M. Geographic Structuring and Divergence Time Frame of Monkeypox Virus in the Endemic Region. J Infect Dis 2023; 227:742-751. [PMID: 35831941 PMCID: PMC10044091 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monkeypox is an emerging zoonosis endemic to Central and West Africa. Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is genetically structured in 2 major clades (clades 1 and 2/3), but its evolution is poorly explored. METHODS We retrieved MPXV genomes from public repositories and we analyzed geographic patterns using STRUCTURE. Molecular dating was performed using a using a Bayesian approach. RESULTS We show that the population transmitted in West Africa (clades 2/3) experienced limited drift. Conversely, clade 1 (transmitted in the Congo Basin) possibly underwent a bottleneck or founder effect. Depending on the model used, we estimated that the 2 clades separated ∼560-860 (highest posterior density: 450-960) years ago, a period characterized by expansions and contractions of rainforest areas, possibly creating the ecological conditions for the MPXV reservoir(s) to migrate. In the Congo Basin, MPXV diversity is characterized by 4 subpopulations that show no geographic structuring. Conversely, clades 2/3 are spatially structured with 2 populations located West and East of the Dahomey Gap. CONCLUSIONS The distinct histories of the 2 clades may derive from differences in MPXV ecology in West and Central Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Forni
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Cristian Molteni
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Rachele Cagliani
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Manuela Sironi
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bosisio Parini, Italy
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Identifying the Most Probable Mammal Reservoir Hosts for Monkeypox Virus Based on Ecological Niche Comparisons. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030727. [PMID: 36992436 PMCID: PMC10057484 DOI: 10.3390/v15030727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous human cases or epidemics have suggested that Monkeypox virus (MPXV) can be transmitted through contact with animals of African rainforests. Although MPXV has been identified in many mammal species, most are likely secondary hosts, and the reservoir host has yet to be discovered. In this study, we provide the full list of African mammal genera (and species) in which MPXV was previously detected, and predict the geographic distributions of all species of these genera based on museum specimens and an ecological niche modelling (ENM) method. Then, we reconstruct the ecological niche of MPXV using georeferenced data on animal MPXV sequences and human index cases, and conduct overlap analyses with the ecological niches inferred for 99 mammal species, in order to identify the most probable animal reservoir. Our results show that the MPXV niche covers three African rainforests: the Congo Basin, and Upper and Lower Guinean forests. The four mammal species showing the best niche overlap with MPXV are all arboreal rodents, including three squirrels: Funisciurus anerythrus, Funisciurus pyrropus, Heliosciurus rufobrachium, and Graphiurus lorraineus. We conclude that the most probable MPXV reservoir is F. anerythrus based on two niche overlap metrics, the areas of higher probabilities of occurrence, and available data on MPXV detection.
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Rampogu S, Kim Y, Kim SW, Lee KW. An overview on monkeypox virus: Pathogenesis, transmission, host interaction and therapeutics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1076251. [PMID: 36844409 PMCID: PMC9950268 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1076251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthopoxvirus is one of the most notorious genus amongst the Poxviridae family. Monkeypox (MP) is a zoonotic disease that has been spreading throughout Africa. The spread is global, and incidence rates are increasing daily. The spread of the virus is rapid due to human-to-human and animals-to-human transmission. World Health Organization (WHO) has declared monkeypox virus (MPV) as a global health emergency. Since treatment options are limited, it is essential to know the modes of transmission and symptoms to stop disease spread. The information from host-virus interactions revealed significantly expressed genes that are important for the progression of the MP infection. In this review, we highlighted the MP virus structure, transmission modes, and available therapeutic options. Furthermore, this review provides insights for the scientific community to extend their research work in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailima Rampogu
- Department of Bio & Medical Big Data (BK4 Program), Division of Life Sciences, Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongseong Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Kyungnam University, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Won Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), ABC-RLRC, PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Woo Lee
- Department of Bio & Medical Big Data (BK4 Program), Division of Life Sciences, Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Jinju, Republic of Korea
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Chakraborty C, Bhattacharya M, Dhama K, Lee SS. Evaluation of differentially expressed genes during replication using gene expression landscape of monkeypox-infected MK2 cells: A bioinformatics and systems biology approach to understanding the genomic pattern of viral replication. J Infect Public Health 2023; 16:399-409. [PMID: 36724696 PMCID: PMC9874307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The current outbreak of monkeypox (MPX) has created colossal concerns. However, immense research gaps have been noted in our understanding of the replication process, machinery, and genomic landscape during host cell infection. To fill this gap, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were comprehensively analyzed during viral replication in host (MK2) cells. METHODS We used a microarray GEO dataset which was divided into three groups: control, MPXV-infected MK2 cells at 3 h, and MPXV-infected MK2 cells at 7 h. Using the dataset, DEG analysis, PPI network analysis, co-expression, and pathway analysis were conducted using bioinformatics, systems biology, and statistical approaches. RESULTS We identified 250 DEGs and 24 top-ranked genes. During the DEG analysis, we identified eight up-regulated genes (LOC695323, TMEM107, LOC695427, HIST1H2AD, LOC705469, PMAIP1, HIST1H2BJ, and HIST1H3D) and 16 down-regulated genes (HOXA9, BAMBI, LMO4, PAX6, AJUBA, CREBRF, CD24, JADE1, SLC7A11, EID2, SOX4, B4GALT5, PPARGC1A, BUB3, SOS2, and CDK19). We also developed PPI networks and performed co-expression analyses using the top-ranked genes. Furthermore, five genes were listed for co-expression pattern analysis. CONCLUSIONS This study will help in better understanding the replication process, machinery, and genomic landscape of the virus. This will further aid the discovery and development of therapeutics against viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjib Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, West Bengal 700126, India.
| | - Manojit Bhattacharya
- Department of Zoology, Fakir Mohan University, Vyasa Vihar, Balasore 756020, Odisha, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sang-Soo Lee
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon 24252, Gangwon-Do, Republic of Korea.
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Wolf JM, Wolf LM, Fagundes PP, Tomm DMS, Petek H, Brenner A, Maccari JG, Nasi LA. Molecular evolution of the human monkeypox virus. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28533. [PMID: 36708096 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Recently, in 2022, new cases of human monkeypox virus (hMPXV) occurred in Europe and North America. The first case was reported in Europe in May 2022, and subsequently, more than 50 000 new cases were confirmed in 100 countries. Currently, the classification of hMPXV according to the nextstrain occurs in five big clades (1A, A.1, A.2, A.1.1, and B.1). According to the resurgence of smallpox-like disease caused by hMPXV and the spread of the virus to the European and American continents, in the present study, we review and summarize the molecular evolution of the hMPXV, determining the molecular evolution of the main clades. A total of 442 hMPXV whole-genome sequences with available information from the country and sampling date (between October 2017 and 2022), were obtained and evaluated using the Bayesian method. The clade B.1 which is currently circulating was the most frequent (n = 415; 93.9%). The other clades presented the following frequencies: 1A (n = 13; 2.9%), A.1 (n = 10; 2.3%), A.2 (n = 3; 0.7%) and A.1.1 (n = 1; 0.2%) The overall nucleotide divergence of hMPXV was 5.590e-5. The 1A clade was detected between 2017 and 2020. A.1 was observed, and between 2019 and 2022 some A.2 sequences were detected. In 2022, the great predominance of B.1 was observed. The common ancestor of the hMPXV belongs to the clade 1A and the time to the Most Recent Common Ancestor (tMRCA) was 2017-04-04 (Highest Posterior Density 95% (HPD95%): 2017-03-09; 2017-08-04) on the West African continent. The tMRCA of A.1 was 2018-05-21 (HPD95%: 2018-05-20; 2018-07-04) with divergence of 6.885e-5 substitutions per site per year. This clade was of West African origin but was eventually detected in European countries. Also, A.2 was detected with sequences of North America and showed tMRCA of 2019-07-15 (HPD95%: 2018-11-18; 2020-02-24). A.1.1 showed tMRCA from 2021 to 06-05 (HPD95%: 2021-06-05; 2021-11-26) and this clade was detected in North America and was the precursor for the globally spreading B.1 which tMRCA was 2022-04-26 (HPD95%: 2022-02-27; 2022-04-26). hMPXV has been spread from West Africa to the United Kingdom, Israel, Singapore, the USA, Canada, Portugal, Spain, Ireland, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Germany, Italy, Slovenia, Austria, the Republic Czech, Sweden, and Finland. hMPXV also reached countries such as Brazil, Mexico, Australia, and Taiwan. The common ancestor of the hMPXV belongs to the clade 1A with origin in the West African continent. Clade B.1 was responsible for the recent widespread worldwide. Immunization to prevent the spread of hMPXV is not yet available to the public, future studies should focus on the development of effective vaccines to contain the spread of this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Michel Wolf
- Clinical Practice Management and Health Value Office, Medical Manager at Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Lucas Michel Wolf
- UFRGS, (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Pamela Pereira Fagundes
- PUCRS (Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | | | - Helena Petek
- Clinical Practice Management and Health Value Office, Medical Manager at Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Aline Brenner
- Clinical Practice Management and Health Value Office, Medical Manager at Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Juçara Gasparetto Maccari
- Clinical Practice Management and Health Value Office, Medical Manager at Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luiz Antonio Nasi
- Clinical Practice Management and Health Value Office, Medical Manager at Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Hernaez B, Muñoz-Gómez A, Sanchiz A, Orviz E, Valls-Carbo A, Sagastagoitia I, Ayerdi O, Martín R, Puerta T, Vera M, Cabello N, Vergas J, Prieto C, Pardo-Figuerez M, Negredo A, Lagarón JM, del Romero J, Estrada V, Alcamí A. Monitoring monkeypox virus in saliva and air samples in Spain: a cross-sectional study. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2023; 4:e21-e28. [PMID: 36436538 PMCID: PMC9691259 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(22)00291-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transmission of monkeypox virus occurs through direct contact, but transmission through saliva or exhaled droplets and aerosols has not yet been investigated. We aimed to assess the presence of monkeypox virus DNA and infectious virus in saliva samples and droplets and aerosols exhaled from patients infected with monkeypox virus. METHODS We did a cross-sectional study in patients with monkeypox confirmed by PCR who attended two health centres in Madrid, Spain. For each patient, we collected samples of saliva, exhaled droplets within a mask, and aerosols captured by air filtration through newly developed nanofiber filters. We evaluated the presence of monkeypox virus in the samples by viral DNA detection by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and isolation of infectious viruses in cell cultures. FINDINGS Between May 18 and July 15, 2022, 44 patients with symptomatic monkeypox attended two health centres in Madrid and were included in the study. All were cisgender men, with a median age of 35·0 years (IQR 11·3). We identified high loads of monkeypox virus DNA by qPCR in 35 (85%) of 41 saliva samples. Infectious monkeypox virus was recovered from 22 (67%) of 33 saliva samples positive for monkeypox virus DNA. We also found a significant association between the number of affected cutaneous areas or general symptoms and the viral load present in saliva samples. Droplets exhaled from patients with monkeypox, detected inside a mask, contained monkeypox virus DNA in 32 (71%) of 45 samples, with two of the 32 positive samples showing the presence of the infectious virus. Monkeypox virus DNA in aerosols, collected from the medical consultation room, were detected in 27 (64%) of 42 samples, despite patients wearing an FFP2 mask during the visit. Infectious virus was not recovered from aerosol samples. High levels of monkeypox virus DNA were identified in aerosols collected from a hospital isolation room housing a patient with monkeypox. INTERPRETATION The identification of high viable monkeypox virus loads in saliva in most patients with monkeypox and the finding of monkeypox virus DNA in droplets and aerosols warrants further epidemiological studies to evaluate the potential relevance of the respiratory route of infection in the 2022 monkeypox virus outbreak. FUNDING EU, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, and Ciberinfec.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Hernaez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Muñoz-Gómez
- Centro Sandoval and Hospital Universitario Clínico de San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Africa Sanchiz
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Orviz
- Centro Sandoval and Hospital Universitario Clínico de San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Iñigo Sagastagoitia
- Centro Sandoval and Hospital Universitario Clínico de San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain,Ciber de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oskar Ayerdi
- Centro Sandoval and Hospital Universitario Clínico de San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Martín
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Puerta
- Centro Sandoval and Hospital Universitario Clínico de San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Vera
- Centro Sandoval and Hospital Universitario Clínico de San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemi Cabello
- Centro Sandoval and Hospital Universitario Clínico de San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain,Ciber de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Vergas
- Centro Sandoval and Hospital Universitario Clínico de San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Prieto
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Anabel Negredo
- Ciber de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain,Laboratorio de Arbovirus y Enfermedades Víricas Importadas, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jorge del Romero
- Centro Sandoval and Hospital Universitario Clínico de San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Estrada
- Centro Sandoval and Hospital Universitario Clínico de San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain; Ciber de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Antonio Alcamí
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain.
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Niu L, Liang D, Ling Q, Zhang J, Li Z, Zhang D, Xia P, Zhu Z, Lin J, Shi A, Ma J, Yu P, Liu X. Insights into monkeypox pathophysiology, global prevalence, clinical manifestation and treatments. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1132250. [PMID: 37026012 PMCID: PMC10070694 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1132250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
On 23rd July 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO) recognized the ongoing monkeypox outbreak as a public medical crisis. Monkeypox virus (MPV), the etiological agent of monkeypox, is a zoonotic, linear, double-stranded DNA virus. In 1970, the Democratic Republic of the Congo reported the first case of MPV infection. Human-to-human transmission can happen through sexual contact, inhaled droplets, or skin-to-skin contact. Once inoculated, the viruses multiply rapidly and spread into the bloodstream to cause viremia, which then affect multiple organs, including the skin, gastrointestinal tract, genitals, lungs, and liver. By September 9, 2022, more than 57,000 cases had been reported in 103 locations, especially in Europe and the United States. Infected patients are characterized by physical symptoms such as red rash, fatigue, backache, muscle aches, headache, and fever. A variety of medical strategies are available for orthopoxviruses, including monkeypox. Monkeypox prevention following the smallpox vaccine has shown up to 85% efficacy, and several antiviral drugs, such as Cidofovir and Brincidofovir, may slow the viral spread. In this article, we review the origin, pathophysiology, global epidemiology, clinical manifestation, and possible treatments of MPV to prevent the propagation of the virus and provide cues to generate specific drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Niu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Huan Kui College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Dingfa Liang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Queen Mary College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qin Ling
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Queen Mary College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ziwen Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Deju Zhang
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Dexing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dexing, Jiangxi, China
| | - Panpan Xia
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Dexing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dexing, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zicheng Zhu
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Dexing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dexing, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jitao Lin
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Dexing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dexing, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ao Shi
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- School of Medicine, St. George University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jianyong Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Peng Yu
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Dexing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dexing, Jiangxi, China
- *Correspondence: Xiao Liu, ; Peng Yu,
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Xiao Liu, ; Peng Yu,
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Bragazzi NL, Kong JD, Mahroum N, Tsigalou C, Khamisy-Farah R, Converti M, Wu J. Epidemiological trends and clinical features of the ongoing monkeypox epidemic: A preliminary pooled data analysis and literature review. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e27931. [PMID: 35692117 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 132.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
An emerging outbreak of monkeypox infection is quickly spreading worldwide, being currently reported in more than 30 countries, with slightly less than 1000 cases. In the present preliminary report, we collected and synthesized early data concerning epidemiological trends and clinical features of the ongoing outbreak and we compared them with those of previous outbreaks. Data were pooled from six clusters in Italy, Australia, the Czech Republic, Portugal, and the United Kingdom, totaling 124 cases (for 35 of which it was possible to retrieve detailed information). The ongoing epidemic differs from previous outbreaks in terms of age (54.29% of individuals in their thirties), sex/gender (most cases being males), risk factors, and transmission route, with sexual transmission being highly likely. Also, the clinical presentation is atypical and unusual, being characterized by anogenital lesions and rashes that relatively spare the face and extremities. The most prevalent sign/symptom reported was fever (in 54.29% of cases) followed by inguinal lymphadenopathy (45.71%) and exanthema (40.00%). Asthenia, fatigue, and headache were described in 22.86% and 25.71% of the subjects, respectively. Myalgia was present in 17.14% of the cases. Both genital and anal lesions (ulcers and vesicles) were reported in 31.43% of the cases. Finally, cervical lymphadenopathy was described in 11.43% of the sample, while the least commonly reported symptoms were diarrhea and axillary lymphadenopathy (5.71% of the case series for both symptoms). Some preliminary risk factors can be identified (being a young male, having sex with other men, engaging in risky behaviors and activities, including condomless sex, human immunodeficiency virus positivity (54.29% of the sample analyzed), and a story of previous sexually transmitted infections, including syphilis). On the other hand, being fully virally suppressed and undetectable may protect against a more severe infectious course. However, further research in the field is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola L Bragazzi
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jude D Kong
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Naim Mahroum
- Department of Internal Medicine, International School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Christina Tsigalou
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Rola Khamisy-Farah
- Clalit Health Services, Akko, Israel
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | | | - Jianhong Wu
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Shen-Gunther J, Cai H, Wang Y. A Customized Monkeypox Virus Genomic Database (MPXV DB v1.0) for Rapid Sequence Analysis and Phylogenomic Discoveries in CLC Microbial Genomics. Viruses 2022; 15:40. [PMID: 36680080 PMCID: PMC9861985 DOI: 10.3390/v15010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox has been a neglected, zoonotic tropical disease for over 50 years. Since the 2022 global outbreak, hundreds of human clinical samples have been subjected to next-generation sequencing (NGS) worldwide with raw data deposited in public repositories. However, sequence analysis for in-depth investigation of viral evolution remains hindered by the lack of a curated, whole genome Monkeypox virus (MPXV) database (DB) and efficient bioinformatics pipelines. To address this, we developed a customized MPXV DB for integration with "ready-to-use" workflows in the CLC Microbial Genomics Module for whole genomic and metagenomic analysis. After database construction (218 MPXV genomes), whole genome alignment, pairwise comparison, and evolutionary analysis of all genomes were analyzed to autogenerate tabular outputs and visual displays (collective runtime: 16 min). The clinical utility of the MPXV DB was demonstrated by using a Chimpanzee fecal, hybrid-capture NGS dataset (publicly available) for metagenomic, phylogenomic, and viral/host integration analysis. The clinically relevant MPXV DB embedded in CLC workflows proved to be a rapid method of sequence analysis useful for phylogenomic exploration and a wide range of applications in translational science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Shen-Gunther
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Gynecologic Oncology & Clinical Investigation, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA
| | - Hong Cai
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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Movahedi Nia Z, Bragazzi N, Asgary A, Orbinski J, Wu J, Kong J. Mpox panic, infodemic, and stigmatization of the 2SLGBTQIAP+ community: geospatial analysis, topic modeling, and sentiment analysis of a large, multilingual social media database (Preprint). J Med Internet Res 2022; 25:e45108. [PMID: 37126377 DOI: 10.2196/45108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global Mpox (formerly, Monkeypox) outbreak is disproportionately affecting the gay and bisexual men having sex with men community. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to use social media to study country-level variations in topics and sentiments toward Mpox and Two-Spirit, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer or Questioning, Intersex, Asexual (2SLGBTQIAP+)-related topics. Previous infectious outbreaks have shown that stigma intensifies an outbreak. This work helps health officials control fear and stop discrimination. METHODS In total, 125,424 Twitter and Facebook posts related to Mpox and the 2SLGBTQIAP+ community were extracted from May 1 to December 25, 2022, using Twitter application programming interface academic accounts and Facebook-scraper tools. The tweets' main topics were discovered using Latent Dirichlet Allocation in the sklearn library. The pysentimiento package was used to find the sentiments of English and Spanish posts, and the CamemBERT package was used to recognize the sentiments of French posts. The tweets' and Facebook posts' languages were understood using the Twitter application programming interface platform and pycld3 library, respectively. Using ArcGis Online, the hot spots of the geotagged tweets were identified. Mann-Whitney U, ANOVA, and Dunn tests were used to compare the sentiment polarity of different topics and countries. RESULTS The number of Mpox posts and the number of posts with Mpox and 2SLGBTQIAP+ keywords were 85% correlated (P<.001). Interestingly, the number of posts with Mpox and 2SLGBTQIAP+ keywords had a higher correlation with the number of Mpox cases (correlation=0.36, P<.001) than the number of posts on Mpox (correlation=0.24, P<.001). Of the 10 topics, 8 were aimed at stigmatizing the 2SLGBTQIAP+ community, 3 of which had a significantly lower sentiment score than other topics (ANOVA P<.001). The Mann-Whitney U test shows that negative sentiments have a lower intensity than neutral and positive sentiments (P<.001) and neutral sentiments have a lower intensity than positive sentiments (P<.001). In addition, English sentiments have a higher negative and lower neutral and positive intensities than Spanish and French sentiments (P<.001), and Spanish sentiments have a higher negative and lower positive intensities than French sentiments (P<.001). The hot spots of the tweets with Mpox and 2SLGBTQIAP+ keywords were recognized as the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Spain, Portugal, India, Ireland, and Italy. Canada was identified as having more tweets with negative polarity and a lower sentiment score (P<.04). CONCLUSIONS The 2SLGBTQIAP+ community is being widely stigmatized for spreading the Mpox virus on social media. This turns the community into a highly vulnerable population, widens the disparities, increases discrimination, and accelerates the spread of the virus. By identifying the hot spots and key topics of the related tweets, this work helps decision makers and health officials inform more targeted policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Movahedi Nia
- Africa-Canada Artificial Intelligence and Data Innovation Consortium, York University, North York, ON, Canada
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, York University, North York, ON, Canada
| | - Nicola Bragazzi
- Africa-Canada Artificial Intelligence and Data Innovation Consortium, York University, North York, ON, Canada
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, York University, North York, ON, Canada
| | - Ali Asgary
- Africa-Canada Artificial Intelligence and Data Innovation Consortium, York University, North York, ON, Canada
- Advanced Disaster, Emergency and Rapid-response Simulation, York University, North York, ON, Canada
| | - James Orbinski
- Africa-Canada Artificial Intelligence and Data Innovation Consortium, York University, North York, ON, Canada
- Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University, North York, ON, Canada
| | - Jianhong Wu
- Africa-Canada Artificial Intelligence and Data Innovation Consortium, York University, North York, ON, Canada
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, York University, North York, ON, Canada
| | - Jude Kong
- Africa-Canada Artificial Intelligence and Data Innovation Consortium, York University, North York, ON, Canada
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, York University, North York, ON, Canada
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Wassenaar TM, Wanchai V, Ussery DW. Comparison of Monkeypox virus genomes from the 2017 Nigeria outbreak and the 2022 outbreak. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:3690-3698. [PMID: 36074056 PMCID: PMC9828465 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The current Monkeypox virus (MPX) outbreak is not only the largest known outbreak to date caused by a strain belonging to the West-African clade, but also results in remarkably different clinical and epidemiological features compared to previous outbreaks of this virus. Here, we consider the possibility that mutations in the viral genome may be responsible for its changed characteristics. METHODS AND RESULTS Six genome sequences of isolates from the current outbreak were compared to five genomes of isolates from the 2017 outbreak in Nigeria and to two historic genomes, all belonging to the West-African clade. We report differences that are consistently present in the 2022 isolates but not in the others. Although some variation in repeat units was observed, only two were consistently found in the 2022 genomes only, and these were located in intergenic regions. A total of 55 single nucleotide polymorphisms were consistently present in the 2022 isolates compared to the 2017 isolates. Of these, 25 caused an amino acid substitution in a predicted protein. CONCLUSIONS The nature of the substitution and the annotation of the affected protein identified potential candidates that might affect the virulence of the virus. These included the viral DNA helicase and transcription factors. SIGNIFICANCE This bioinformatic analysis provides guidance for wet-lab research to identify changed properties of the MPX.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Visanu Wanchai
- Department of Biomedical InformaticsUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockArkansasUSA
| | - David W. Ussery
- Department of Biomedical InformaticsUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockArkansasUSA
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Huo S, Chen Y, Lu R, Zhang Z, Zhang G, Zhao L, Deng Y, Wu C, Tan W. Development of two multiplex real-time PCR assays for simultaneous detection and differentiation of monkeypox virus IIa, IIb, and I clades and the B.1 lineage. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2022; 4:392-398. [PMID: 36406059 PMCID: PMC9633113 DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
An ongoing multi-country outbreak of monkeypox was reported in May 2022 with several deaths, affecting 107 countries of all six World Health Organization (WHO) regions. The WHO has declared the current monkeypox outbreak to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. It is, thus, necessary to rapidly and accurately detect and distinguish different monkeypox virus (MPXV) clades. We designed primers and probes based on the alignment of 138 complete genomes of poxviruses. In Panel 1, we mixed one pair of primers and three probes to detect and differentiate the MPXV Western Africa (IIa, IIb clade) and Congo Basin (I clade) and other orthopoxviruses. In Panel 2, we mixed one pair of primers and two probes to detect the 2022 MPXV (B.1 lineage and its descendant lineages). In addition, we tested the specificity and sensitivity of the assay using real-time PCR. In Panel 1, the assay reproducibly identified various concentrations of two plasmids of the monkeypox virus, whereas other orthopoxviruses did not cross-react. In Panel 2, the probe annealed well to MPXV B.1 and showed the expected linearity. These two multiple real-time assays are inclusive and highly specific for identifying different clades of MPXV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Huo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Yuda Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China,School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014030, China
| | - Roujian Lu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Zhongxian Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China,School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014030, China
| | - Gaoqian Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China,Department of Microbiology, Basic Medical College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Li Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Yao Deng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Changcheng Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Wenjie Tan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China,School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014030, China,Department of Microbiology, Basic Medical College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010010, China,Corresponding author: NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
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Chakraborty C, Bhattacharya M, Sharma AR, Dhama K. Evolution, epidemiology, geographical distribution, and mutational landscape of newly emerging monkeypox virus. GeroScience 2022; 44:2895-2911. [PMID: 36094771 PMCID: PMC9466330 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00659-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent monkeypox (MPX) outbreaks are major ones in non-endemic countries. The present study analyzed molecular phylogenetics, divergence, epidemiology, the geographical distribution, entropy diversity of genome, mutational landscape, and evolution of the monkeypox virus (MPXV) genome and the current MPXV is entitled "hMPXV1." We used different in-silico and statistical methods to study our objectives. The developed phylogram from molecular phylogenetics describes the origin and evolution of hMPXV1 of A, A.1, A.1.1, A.2, and B.1 lineages. The microevolution of B.1 lineage shows its evolution from May to August 2022. B.1 lineage is further adapting and showing more mutation and sub-lineages. The scatter plot of all lineages shows the clustering pattern of lineages and the divergence. We also developed two statistical models of confirmed cases and a diagram of the age-related pattern of infected cases to illustrate the epidemiology of the MPX outbreaks. The entropy diversity and mutational landscape of the hMPXV1 genome were analyzed in nucleotide and codon contexts. Our study has shown the in-depth evolution pattern of different lineages of the hMPXV1. We found B.1 lineage is associated with the current outbreaks. The mutational landscape informs about the slow mutation of the virus. Finally, the study might assists the new therapeutic development considering all the above points and would help the researcher to set up their future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjib Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700126, India.
| | - Manojit Bhattacharya
- Department of Zoology, Fakir Mohan University, Vyasa Vihar, Balasore, 756020, Odisha, India
| | - Ashish Ranjan Sharma
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si, 24252, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, Bareilly, India
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Bhattacharya M, Dhama K, Chakraborty C. A call for a novel and next-generation vaccine against monkeypox disease. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 84:104968. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Jaiswal V, Nain P, Mukherjee D, Joshi A, Savaliya M, Ishak A, Batra N, Maroo D, Verma D. Symptomatology, prognosis, and clinical findings of Monkeypox infected patients during COVID-19 era: A systematic-review. Immun Inflamm Dis 2022; 10:e722. [PMID: 36301040 PMCID: PMC9552975 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent outbreak of Human Monkeypox (MPXV) in nonendemic regions of the world is of great concern. OBJECTIVE We aimed to systematically analyze the current epidemiology, clinical presentation, and outcomes of the Monkeypox virus. METHOD Systematic literature was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, and Scopus using predefined MESH terms by using "AND" and "OR." The following search terms were used: Monkeypox [MeSH] OR "Monkeypox virus" [MeSH] OR "POX" OR "Monkeypox" AND "Outbreak" AND "Outcomes" from December 2019 till 14th June 2022 without restrictions of language. RESULTS A total of 1074 (99.90%) patients tested positive for Monkeypox virus through RT-PCR while 1 (0.09) patient was suspected. There was a gender difference with male predominance (54.23% vs. 45.48%) compared with female patients. Mean age (±SD) of patients was 20.66 ± 16.45 years. The major symptoms were rash (100%), fever (96%), and other important symptoms were upper respiratory symptoms (97%), headache (95%), vomiting (95%), oral ulcers (96%), conjunctivitis (96%) and lymphadenopathy (85%). The average mean duration of treatment was 5 days, while the mean hospitalization duration was 13.3 ± 6.37 days. The outcome of 20 patients was available, 19 of 20 patients recovered fully from monkeypox, however, 1 patient was not able to survive resulting in death. CONCLUSION The recent monkeypox virus outbreak has shown that the virus could transmit in ways that were not previously expected. Further research is needed to understand the possible outcomes and association with humans and their different organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Jaiswal
- Department of ResearchLarkin Community HospitalSouth MiamiFloridaUSA
| | - Priyanshu Nain
- Department of MedicineMaulana Azad Medical CollegeNew DelhiIndia
| | - Dattatreya Mukherjee
- Department of MedicineRaiganj Government Medical College and HospitalRaiganjWest BengalIndia
| | - Amey Joshi
- Department of ResearchLarkin Community HospitalSouth MiamiFloridaUSA
| | - Mittal Savaliya
- Department of MedicineGMERS Medical CollegeJunagadhGujaratIndia
| | - Angela Ishak
- Department of ResearchLarkin Community HospitalSouth MiamiFlUSA
| | - Nitya Batra
- Department of MedicineMaulana Azad Medical CollegeNew DelhiIndia
| | - Dipansha Maroo
- Department of MedicineMaulana Azad Medical CollegeNew DelhiIndia
| | - Deepak Verma
- Department of MedicineJanaki Medical CollegeDhanushaNepal
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Ejaz H, Junaid K, Younas S, Abdalla AE, Bukhari SNA, Abosalif KOA, Ahmad N, Ahmed Z, Hamza MA, Anwar N. Emergence and dissemination of monkeypox, an intimidating global public health problem. J Infect Public Health 2022; 15:1156-1165. [PMID: 36174285 PMCID: PMC9534090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The monkeypox virus (MPXV) is the cause of a zoonotic infection similar to smallpox. Although it is endemic to Africa, it has recently begun to circulate in other parts of the world. In July 2022, the World Health Organization declared monkeypox an international public health emergency. This review aims to provide an overview of this neglected zoonotic pathogen. MPXV circulates as two distinct clades, the Central African and West African, with case fatality rates of 10.6% and 3.6%, respectively. The risk of infection is greater for those who work with animals or infected individuals. The virus' entry into the human body provokes both natural and acquired immunity. Although natural killer cells, CD4 + T cells, and CD8 + T cells play an essential role in eradicating MPXV, there is still a gap in the understanding of the host immune response to the virus. Currently, there are no specific therapeutic guidelines for treating monkeypox; however, some antiviral drugs such as tecovirimat and cidofovir may help to abate the severity of the disease. The use of nonpharmaceutical interventions and immunization can reduce the risk of infection. Increased surveillance and identification of monkeypox cases are crucial to understand the constantly shifting epidemiology of this resurging and intimidating disease. The present review provides a detailed perspective on the emergence and circulation of MPXV in human populations, infection risks, human immune response, disease diagnosis and prevention strategies, and future implications, and highlights the importance of the research community engaging more with this disease for an effective global response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Ejaz
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Al Jouf 72388, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Kashaf Junaid
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, E1 4NS London, United Kingdom
| | - Sonia Younas
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Abualgasim E Abdalla
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Al Jouf 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al Jouf 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid O A Abosalif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Al Jouf 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naveed Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al Jouf 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeeshan Ahmed
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore 5400, Pakistan
| | - Manhal Ahmed Hamza
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman 14415, Sudan
| | - Naeem Anwar
- Allied Health Department, College of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Bahrain, 32038, Kingdom of Bahrain
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Harvala H, Simmonds P. Evaluating the risk of transfusion and transplant-transmitted monkeypox infections. Transfus Med 2022; 32:460-466. [PMID: 36134432 PMCID: PMC10087182 DOI: 10.1111/tme.12918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The recent emergence of monkeypox virus (MPXV) in the UK and elsewhere is of urgent public health concern. Several aspects of MPXV epidemiology and pathogenesis, including its systemic spread and viraemia during acute infection, furthermore represent an important potential threat to the safety of blood transfusion and organ transplantation. Reported infections in the UK have been exponentially increasing over the last 2 months, with 1552 reported cases in the UK by 7th July 2022. This is likely to be considerable underestimate given current limitations in diagnostic capacity and clinical diagnoses hampered by its similar disease presentations to other causes of rash and genitourinary disease. While MPXV infections are currently most widespread in gay, bisexual or other men who have sex with men, wider spread of MPXV outside defined risk groups for infection may prevent identification of infection risk in donors. While typically mild disease outcomes have been reported in UK cases, case fatality rates ranging from 1% to over 10% are reported for different MPXV strains in its source area in sub-Saharan Africa. Recipients of blood components and organs transplant, especially those who are immunosuppressed, may reproduce the greater systemic spread and morbidity of those infected through percutaneous routes. There is a potential risk of MPXV transmission and severe disease outcomes in blood and transplant recipients. In addition to current risk assessments performed in the UK and exclusion of donors with recent MPXV exposure, determining viraemia frequencies in donors and directly evaluating transmission risk would be of considerable value in assessing whether MPXV nucleic acid screening should be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Harvala
- Microbiology Services, NHS Blood and Transplant, London, UK
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Monkeypox virus genome sequence from an imported human case in Colombia. BIOMÉDICA 2022; 42:541-545. [PMID: 36122293 PMCID: PMC9553302 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.6647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus with a genome of approximately 197.209 bp. The current classification divides MPXV into three clades: Clade I (Central African or Congo Basin clade) and clades IIa and IIb (West African clades). Objective: To report the complete genome and phylogenetic analysis of a human monkeypox case detected in Colombia. Materials and methods: Exudate from vesicular lesions was obtained from a male patient with recent travel history to Spain. A direct genomic approach was implemented in which total DNA from the sample was purified through a column-based method, followed by sequencing on the Nanopore GridION. Reads were aligned against the MPXV reference genome using minimap2 v.2.24 and phylogenetic inference was performed using maximum likelihood estimation. Results: A total of 11.951 reads mapped directly to a reference genome with 96.8% of coverage (190.898 bp). Conclusion: Phylogenetic analysis of the MPXV circulating in Colombia demonstrated its close relationship to clade IIb responsible for the multi-country outbreak in 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Clifford Lane
- From the Division of Clinical Research (H.C.L.) and Office of the Director (A.S.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Anthony S Fauci
- From the Division of Clinical Research (H.C.L.) and Office of the Director (A.S.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Abstract
Background Since the eradication of smallpox in 1980, monkeypox has been the most prevalent zoonosis caused by orthopoxviruses. The virus has been largely endemic to the rainforests of Central and West Africa with occasional exportation to other countries. The disease typically runs a self-limited course with case fatality rates ranging from 4 to 11%. Currently, the world is faced with a multi-country outbreak of monkeypox, whose extent and impact remains to be seen. Objective The objective of this article is to discuss the changing epidemiology of the monkeypox virus, with special reference to the current outbreak. Content Since the beginning of this outbreak which started on May 7th, till 14th of June 2022, a total of 1879 cases of monkeypox have been reported worldwide, spanning across 35 non-endemic, and commonly involving men who have sex with men. The magnitude of this unprecedented outbreak has highlighted the lacunae in our understanding of the viral epidemiology and ecology. What was earlier a rare sporadic zoonotic disease is now an emergent pathogen with documented human-to-human transmission potential, both in household as well as nosocomial settings. Waning immunity due to cessation of smallpox vaccination, wide host range of the virus, undetected circulation in wildlife in pan-geographic areas, emergence of better adapted strains of the virus due to unchecked replication in the HIV positive immunocompromised population along with deforestation and human encroachment of reservoir areas are some of the plausible reasons for an increased incidence of the disease. Unflinching government commitment, healthcare worker training, education of the masses, stockpiling of the available vaccine and drug, intersectoral co-ordination in lines of the One Health approach are simultaneously needed to avert the current spread of monkeypox. There is also a compelling need to strengthen surveillance systems to curb future outbreaks.
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Chadha J, Khullar L, Gulati P, Chhibber S, Harjai K. Insights into the Monkeypox virus: making of another pandemic within the pandemic? Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:4547-4560. [PMID: 35974453 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Just when the world started to adapt to the 'new normal' amid the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic, the world is witnessing the wrath of another viral disease, the monkeypox virus (MPXV). The virus is endemic to African countries, where several outbreaks have been reported in the past. However, the present cases have been reported in non-endemic countries worldwide. Although MPX is considered to be a self-limiting disease, recent reports on its incidence have proved otherwise. The 2022 multi-country MPX outbreak has drawn the attention of global surveillance organizations and epidemiologists to trace its origin, however, there are existing gaps regarding the animal reservoirs, biological implications, and management of MPX. In view of the recent events, the World Health Organization (WHO) has also declared the ongoing MPX outbreak a global health emergency. Hence, the geographically expanding MPXV poses a significant threat to human health and public safety. In this review, the latest insights into the biology of MPXV have been provided by discussing its biological implications on human health, changing epidemiological footprint, and presently available intervention strategies. This review also sheds light on the existing lacunas and possible reasons that may have been responsible for the ongoing MPX outbreak. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatin Chadha
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Lavanya Khullar
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pallavi Gulati
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjay Chhibber
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kusum Harjai
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Benites-Zapata VA, Ulloque-Badaracco JR, Alarcon-Braga EA, Hernandez-Bustamante EA, Mosquera-Rojas MD, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Clinical features, hospitalisation and deaths associated with monkeypox: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2022; 21:36. [PMID: 35948973 PMCID: PMC9364300 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-022-00527-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction A multicountry monkeypox disease (MPX) outbreak began in May 2022 in Europe, leading to the assessment as a potential Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on June 23, 2022. Some observational studies have partially characterised clinical features, hospitalisations, and deaths. However, no systematic reviews of this MPX outbreak have been published. Methods We performed a systematic review with meta-analysis, using five databases to assess clinical features, hospitalisations, complications and deaths of MPX confirmed or probable cases. Observational studies, case reports and case series, were included. We performed a random-effects model meta-analysis to calculate the pooled prevalence and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). In addition, we carried out a subgroup analysis according to the continents and a sensitivity analysis excluding studies classified as having a high risk of bias. Results A total of 19 articles were included, using only 12 articles in the quantitative synthesis (meta-analysis). For 1958 patients, rash (93%, 95% CI 80–100%), fever (72%, 95% CI 30–99%), pruritus (65%, 95% CI 47–81%), and lymphadenopathy (62%, 47–76%), were the most prevalent manifestations. Among the patients, 35% (95% CI 14–59%) were hospitalised. Some 4% (95% CI 1–9%) of hospitalised patients had fatal outcomes (case fatality rate, CFR). Conclusion MPX is spreading rapidly, with a third of hospitalised patients, but less than 5% with fatal outcomes. As this zoonotic virus spreads globally, countries must urgently prepare human resources, infrastructure and facilities to treat patients according to the emerging guidelines and the most reliable clinical information. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12941-022-00527-1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Esteban A Alarcon-Braga
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Perú.,Sociedad Científica de Estudiantes de Medicina de la Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Perú
| | - Enrique A Hernandez-Bustamante
- Sociedad Científica de Estudiantes de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Trujillo, Perú.,Grupo Peruano de Investigación Epidemiológica, Unidad Para la Generación y Síntesis de Evidencias en Salud, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Perú
| | - Melany D Mosquera-Rojas
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Perú.,Sociedad Científica de Estudiantes de Medicina de la Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Perú
| | - D Katterine Bonilla-Aldana
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia.,Latin American Network of MOnkeypox VIrus Research (LAMOVI), Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. .,Latin American Network of MOnkeypox VIrus Research (LAMOVI), Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. .,Master of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú. .,Faculty of Medicine, Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia.
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