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Cantet N, Ibañez M, Muñoz-Mora JC, Quintero LM. Key Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccination Take-Up in Remote Rural Areas: Evidence From Colombia. Int J Public Health 2024; 69:1606689. [PMID: 38939517 PMCID: PMC11208315 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2024.1606689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Objetives The adoption of vaccines was a crucial factor in overcoming the COVID-19 pandemic. However, vaccination rates between rural and urban areas varied greatly. In this paper, our objective is to understand the individual and institutional factors associated with the uptake of vaccines in remote rural areas in Colombia. Methods We interviewed a random sample of 800 households (1,592 individuals) in remote rural areas of Antioquia (Colombia) during February 2022 when vaccinations were available. Then, we use a linear probability model to explain the uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine. Results The results indicate that the probability of having at least the first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine is positively associated with access to information, trust in police and army, and the perceived risk of contracting COVID-19. Trust in the church is negatively related to vaccination. Conclusion Institutions can play a critical role in the management of pandemics. Timely information on the risks associated with the disease and perceived riskiness are key factors that mobilize the population to take the COVID-19 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Cantet
- Darla Moore School of Business, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
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Ndejjo R, Chen N, Kabwama SN, Bamgboye EA, Bosonkie M, Bassoum O, Kiwanuka SN, Salawu MM, Egbende L, Sougou NM, Afolabi RF, Leye MMM, Bello S, Adebowale AS, Dairo MD, Seck I, Fawole OI, Mapatano MA, Tsai LL, Wanyenze RK. Sex and COVID-19 vaccination uptake and intention in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria, Senegal, and Uganda. Front Glob Womens Health 2024; 5:1356609. [PMID: 38939751 PMCID: PMC11210425 DOI: 10.3389/fgwh.2024.1356609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The introduction of vaccines marked a game changer in the fight against COVID-19. In sub-Saharan Africa, studies have documented the intention to vaccinate and the uptake of COVID-19 vaccines. However, little is documented about how sex differences could have impacted COVID-19 vaccination. We conducted a multi-country cross-sectional study to assess the sex differences in COVID-19 vaccine uptake and intention to vaccinate in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Nigeria, Senegal, and Uganda. This study involved analysis of data from mobile surveys conducted between March and June 2022 among nationally constituted samples of adults in each country. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models were run. The self-reported uptake of COVID-19 vaccines was not significantly different between males and females (p = 0.47), while the intention to vaccinate was significantly higher among males (p = 0.008). Among males, obtaining COVID-19 information from health workers, testing for COVID-19, and having high trust in the Ministry of Health were associated with higher vaccination uptake. Among females, having high trust in the government was associated with higher vaccination uptake. For intention to vaccinate, males who resided in semi-urban areas and females who resided in rural areas had significantly higher vaccination intention compared to their counterparts in urban areas. Other factors positively associated with vaccination intention among males were trust in the World Health Organization and perceived truthfulness of institutions, while males from households with a higher socio-economic index and those who had declined a vaccine before had a lower vaccine intention. Overall, the factors differentiating vaccine uptake and intention to vaccinate among males and females were mostly related to trust in government institutions, perceived truthfulness of institutions, and respondent's residence. These factors are key in guiding the tailoring of interventions to increase COVID-19 vaccine uptake in sub-Saharan Africa and similar contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawlance Ndejjo
- Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Nuole Chen
- Department of Political Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Steven N. Kabwama
- Department of Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Eniola A. Bamgboye
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Marc Bosonkie
- Department of Nutrition, Kinshasa School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Oumar Bassoum
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontology, Cheikh Anta Diop, University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Suzanne N. Kiwanuka
- Department of Health Policy, Planning and Management, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mobolaji M. Salawu
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Landry Egbende
- Department of Nutrition, Kinshasa School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Ndeye Mareme Sougou
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontology, Cheikh Anta Diop, University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Rotimi F. Afolabi
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Mamadou Makhtar Mbacké Leye
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontology, Cheikh Anta Diop, University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Segun Bello
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ayo S. Adebowale
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Magbagbeola D. Dairo
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ibrahima Seck
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontology, Cheikh Anta Diop, University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Olufunmilayo I. Fawole
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Mala Ali Mapatano
- Department of Nutrition, Kinshasa School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Lily L. Tsai
- Department of Political Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Rhoda K. Wanyenze
- Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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Collart L, Lunanga E, Stoop N, Verpoorten M. Presidents and vaccines: head of state inoculation as a tool for vaccine promotion. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1364927. [PMID: 38808000 PMCID: PMC11131420 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1364927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Vaccine hesitancy, an important threat to global health, has increased since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. The public vaccination of high-profile figures, such as heads of state, has been touted as a potential tool for increasing vaccine acceptance among the general population. However, systematic information on such role modelling is lacking and existing studies focus on a small number of high-income countries. We take advantage of the COVID-19 pandemic to fill this gap. Methods Through a systematic search of internet sources, we first document that most global leaders supported the vaccination campaign and actively communicated their vaccination status to the public. We then turn to a case study to provide experimental evidence on vaccine role modelling for a country in Africa - the region that is most lagging behind in achieving universal immunization coverage. We rely on a randomized survey experiment with 600 citizens in the Democratic Republic of Congo and take advantage of the fact that the Congolese President publicly received a COVID-19 vaccine during the survey period. Results and discussion Our findings demonstrate that the impact of political leader's role modelling is moderated by trust and depends on media outreach and access. When trust in leaders is lacking, or news on their actions is inaccessible, alternative ambassadors and effective communication methods become crucial in motivating and informing the public. This may be especially relevant in fragile states and remote regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Collart
- Institute of Development Policy, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- FWO – Research Foundation Flanders, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elie Lunanga
- Institute of Development Policy, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Centre d’Expertise en Gestion Minière, Université Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Nik Stoop
- Institute of Development Policy, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- FWO – Research Foundation Flanders, Brussels, Belgium
- Centre for Institutions and Economic Performance, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marijke Verpoorten
- Institute of Development Policy, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Centre for Institutions and Economic Performance, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Jafar A, Dollah R, Sakke N, Mapa MT, Atang C, Joko EP, Sarjono F, Zakaria NS, George F, Vun Hung C. Public Perception Toward the Malaysian National COVID-19 Immunisation Programme (PICK) in the State of Sabah, Malaysia: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2024; 18:e43. [PMID: 38450457 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2024.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The Malaysian Government has initiated the National COVID-19 Immunisation Programme, known as PICK, to be a national strategy for addressing the spread of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic across the country. Although the government intensified public awareness to increase program registration, the total number that registered in the state of Sabah, located in East Malaysia, was relatively low during August 2021, accounting for only 42.9% as compared to that of Peninsular Malaysia. Therefore, this paper examines the public perception toward the PICK program in Sabah based on 4 main components: safety, communication, psychology, and milieu. This study is based on the empirical findings drawn from 1024 respondents across Sabah using online Google Form surveys. This study adopts 5 methodologies for data analysis by using K-means clustering, mean score, Mann-Whitney U test, spatial analysis, and frequency analysis. It has been revealed that the percentage of respondents (categorized as Cluster 1) who have a negative perception toward the vaccination program is higher (55.9%) than those who have a positive perception (44.1%). This study further discovered that Cluster 1 has shown high skepticism regarding the vaccination program, which can be explained through the communication component (M = 3.33, SD = 0.588), especially Co2, Co3, Co1, and Co4. Following the communication factor, a chain of negative perceptions also affects other components such as safety, psychology, and milieu among Cluster 1, all of which contribute to poor participation in the PICK program. The study outcomes are extremely useful for informing local authorities to establish policies related to public interests, primarily in the areas of public health. Understanding the community's perspectives and their obstacles in participating in such programs may assist local authorities in developing or implementing public policies and campaigns that ensure such related public programs can be conducted more effectively in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Jafar
- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, 88400, Malaysia
| | - Ramli Dollah
- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, 88400, Malaysia
| | - Nordin Sakke
- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, 88400, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Tahir Mapa
- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, 88400, Malaysia
| | - Colonius Atang
- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, 88400, Malaysia
| | - Eko Prayitno Joko
- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, 88400, Malaysia
| | - Fauzie Sarjono
- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, 88400, Malaysia
| | - Noor Syakirah Zakaria
- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, 88400, Malaysia
| | - Fionna George
- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, 88400, Malaysia
| | - Chong Vun Hung
- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, 88400, Malaysia
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Vepachedu S, Nurzenska A, Lohiniva AL, Hudi AH, Deku S, Birungi J, Greiner K, Sherlock J, Campbell C, Foster L. Understanding COVID-19 vaccination behaviors and intentions in Ghana: A Behavioral Insights (BI) study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0292532. [PMID: 38335165 PMCID: PMC10857727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vaccine uptake is influenced by a variety of factors. Behavioral Insights (BI) can be used to address vaccine hesitancy to understand the factors that influence the decision to take or refuse a vaccine. METHODOLOGY This two-part study consisted of a survey designed to identify the influence of various drivers of people's COVID-19 vaccination status and their intention to take the vaccine in Ghana, as well as an experiment to test which of several behaviorally informed message frames had the greatest effect on vaccine acceptance. Data was collected from a total of 1494 participants; 1089 respondents (73%) reported already being vaccinated and 405 respondents (27%) reported not being vaccinated yet. The mobile phone-based surveys were conducted between December 2021 and January 2022 using Random Digit Dialing (RDD) to recruit study participants. Data analysis included regression models, relative weights analyses, and ANOVAs. RESULTS The findings indicated that vaccine uptake in Ghana is influenced more by social factors (what others think) than by practical factors such as ease of vaccination. Respondents' perceptions of their family's and religious leaders' attitudes towards the vaccine were among the most influential drivers. Unexpectedly, healthcare providers' positive attitudes about the COVID-19 vaccine had a significant negative relationship with respondents' vaccination behavior. Vaccine intention was positively predicted by risk perception, ease of vaccination, and the degree to which respondents considered the vaccine effective. Perceptions of religious leaders' attitudes also significantly and positively predicted respondents' intention to get vaccinated. Although perceptions of religious leaders' views about the vaccine are an important driver of vaccine acceptance, results asking respondents to rank-order who influences them suggest that people may not be consciously aware-or do not want to admit-the degree to which they are affected by what religious leaders think. Message frames that included fear, altruism, social norms were all followed by positive responses toward the vaccine, as were messages with three distinct messengers: Ghana Health Services, a doctor, and religious leaders. CONCLUSIONS What drives COVID-19 vaccine intentions does not necessarily drive behaviors. The results of this study can be used to develop appropriate COVID-19 vaccine uptake strategies targeting the most important drivers of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance, using effective message frames.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swathi Vepachedu
- Center for Advanced Hindsight, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Karen Greiner
- UNICEF Regional Office Central and West Africa, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Joseph Sherlock
- Center for Advanced Hindsight, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Chelsi Campbell
- Center for Advanced Hindsight, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Lori Foster
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
- School of Management Studies, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Yussuph ZH, Alwy Al-Beity FM, August F, Anaeli A. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among pregnant women attending public antenatal clinics in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2269777. [PMID: 37942618 PMCID: PMC10653711 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2269777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has claimed over six million lives and caused significant morbidities globally. The development and use of COVID-19 vaccines is a key strategy in ending this. There is a general public hesitancy on vaccine uptake, including pregnant women who are at high risk of severe forms of the disease and death when infected with the virus. To determine the magnitude of hesitancy toward COVID-19 vaccines and the associated factors among pregnant women attending public antenatal clinics in Dar es Salaam. This was a cross-sectional analytical study conducted among 896 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics at public health facilities in Dar es Salaam. A structured interviewer-based questionnaire, in an electronic form, was used. The analysis was done by a multivariable linear regression model using STATA 16 to obtain factors associated with vaccine hesitancy, and P < .05 was considered significant. The proportion of pregnant women with vaccine hesitancy was 45%. Hesitancy was higher among unemployed pregnant women (AOR 2.16 (95% CI 1.36-3.42) and the self-employed group (AOR 1.62 (95% CI 1.07-2.44). It was also higher among pregnant women with poor attitudes to COVID-19 vaccines (AOR 2.44 (95% CI 1.75-3.39) and women who had low perceived benefits of the vaccines (AOR 2.57 (95% CI 1.83-3.60). COVID-19 vaccine-targeted interventions should aim at the provision of knowledge on COVID-19 and the COVID-19 vaccine and address poor attitudes and perceptions that pregnant women have on these vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Hassan Yussuph
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Fadhlun M. Alwy Al-Beity
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Furaha August
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Amani Anaeli
- Department of Development Studies, School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Rajshekhar N, Pinchoff J, Boyer CB, Barasa E, Abuya T, Muluve E, Mwanga D, Mbushi F, Austrian K. Exploring COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and uptake in Nairobi's urban informal settlements: an unsupervised machine learning analysis of a longitudinal prospective cohort study from 2021 to 2022. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e071032. [PMID: 37699627 PMCID: PMC10503341 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-071032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To illustrate the utility of unsupervised machine learning compared with traditional methods of analysis by identifying archetypes within the population that may be more or less likely to get the COVID-19 vaccine. DESIGN A longitudinal prospective cohort study (n=2009 households) with recurring phone surveys from 2020 to 2022 to assess COVID-19 knowledge, attitudes and practices. Vaccine questions were added in 2021 (n=1117) and 2022 (n=1121) rounds. SETTING Five informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya. PARTICIPANTS Individuals from 2009 households included. OUTCOME MEASURES AND ANALYSIS Respondents were asked about COVID-19 vaccine acceptance (February 2021) and vaccine uptake (March 2022). Three distinct clusters were estimated using K-Means clustering and analysed against vaccine acceptance and vaccine uptake outcomes using regression forest analysis. RESULTS Despite higher educational attainment and fewer concerns regarding the pandemic, young adults (cluster 3) were less likely to intend to get the vaccine compared with cluster 1 (41.5% vs 55.3%, respectively; p<0.01). Despite believing certain COVID-19 myths, older adults with larger households and more fears regarding economic impacts of the pandemic (cluster 1) were more likely to ultimately to get vaccinated than cluster 3 (78% vs 66.4%; p<0.01), potentially due to employment requirements. Middle-aged women who are married or divorced and reported higher risk of gender-based violence in the home (cluster 2) were more likely than young adults (cluster 3) to report wanting to get the vaccine (50.5% vs 41.5%; p=0.014) but not more likely to have gotten it (69.3% vs 66.4%; p=0.41), indicating potential gaps in access and broader need for social support for this group. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest this methodology can be a useful tool to characterise populations, with utility for improving targeted policy, programmes and behavioural messaging to promote uptake of healthy behaviours and ensure equitable distribution of prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessie Pinchoff
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Research, Population Council, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Edwine Barasa
- Health Economics Research Unit, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Eva Muluve
- Population Council Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
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Ozoh OB, Akinkugbe AO, Olukoya MA, Adetifa IMO. Enablers and barriers to COVID-19 vaccine uptake in an urban slum in Lagos, Nigeria: informing vaccine engagement strategies for the marginalized. Int Health 2023; 15:557-565. [PMID: 36799143 PMCID: PMC10472892 DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihad009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a cost-effective mitigation strategy against the pandemic. As the COVID-19 vaccine becomes more available, low uptake is now a global threat and understanding the underpinnings in local contexts is a priority for intervention development. We aimed to evaluate behavioural determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance that could inform engagement strategies to improve vaccine uptake in Makoko, an urban slum in Lagos, Nigeria. METHODS A population-based case-control study utilized the barrier analysis (BA) approach to evaluate the beliefs and behaviours of 45 'doers' and 45 'non-doers'. The standardized BA tabulation sheet was used to assess differences in the proportions between the two groups to identify significant factors that could be addressed through a behaviour change strategy. RESULTS Perceived social norms (family, friend, healthcare workers) that approve the vaccine and expected vaccine protection against diseases among doers were determinants of behaviour. Perceived poor accessibility, safety concerns, lack of trust, low vaccine efficacy and low susceptibility to the infection were the most important determinants of behaviour among non-doers. CONCLUSIONS Measures to improve COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in Makoko should include improvement in accessibility and exposing myths and misinformation through clear, concise and evidence-based community education delivered by trusted persons such as healthcare workers and religious leaders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obianuju B Ozoh
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Lagos and Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Araba, Lagos
| | - Ayesha O Akinkugbe
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Lagos and Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Araba, Lagos
| | | | - Ifedayo M O Adetifa
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
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9
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Kalam MA, Al Asif CA, Hasan MM, Arif-Ur-Rahman M, Nag DK, Sen PK, Haque Akhanda MA, Davis TP, Talukder A. Understanding the behavioral determinants that predict barriers and enablers of screening and treatment behaviors for diabetic retinopathy among Bangladeshi women: findings from a barrier analysis. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1667. [PMID: 37648981 PMCID: PMC10466885 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16106-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM While early detection and timely treatments can prevent diabetic retinopathy (DR) related blindness, barriers to receiving these DR services may cause permanent sight loss. Despite having similar prevalence to diabetes and DR, women are less likely than men to perform these behaviors due to multi-faced barriers in screening and receiving follow-up treatments for DR. This study, therefore, aimed at identifying the barriers to - and enablers of - screening and follow-up treatments behaviors for DR among women aged more than 40 years with diabetes from the behavioral perspectives in Bangladesh. METHODS This Barrier Analysis study interviewed 360 women (180 "Doers" and 180 "Non-doers") to explore twelve behavioral determinants of four DR behaviors including screening, injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF medication), laser therapy and vitro-retinal surgery. The data analysis was performed to calculate estimated relative risk to identify the degree of association between the determinants and behaviors, and to find statistically significant differences (at p < 0.05) in the responses between the Doers and Non-doers. RESULTS Access to healthcare facilities was the major barrier impeding women from performing DR behaviors. Difficulty in locating DR service centers, the need to travel long distances, the inability to travel alone and during illness, challenges of paying for transportation and managing workload significantly affected women's ability to perform the behaviors. Other determinants included women's perceived self-efficacy, perceived negative consequences (e.g. fear and discomfort associated with injections or laser treatment), and cues for action. Significant perceived enablers included low cost of DR treatments, supportive attitudes by healthcare providers, government policy, and perceived social norms. CONCLUSION The study found a host of determinants related to the barriers to and enablers of DR screening and treatment behaviors. These determinants included perceived self-efficacy (and agency), positive and negative consequences, perceived access, perceived social norms, culture, and perceived risk. Further investments are required to enhance the availability of DR services within primary and secondary health institutions along with health behavior promotion to dispel misconceptions and fears related to DR treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abul Kalam
- Global Health and Development Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Helen Keller International, Bangladesh Country Office, House: 10/E, Road: 82, Gulshan-2, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh.
| | - Chowdhury Abdullah Al Asif
- Helen Keller International, Bangladesh Country Office, House: 10/E, Road: 82, Gulshan-2, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
- Save the Children International, Bangladesh Country Office, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mehedi Hasan
- Helen Keller International, Bangladesh Country Office, House: 10/E, Road: 82, Gulshan-2, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Arif-Ur-Rahman
- Helen Keller International, Bangladesh Country Office, House: 10/E, Road: 82, Gulshan-2, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Dipak Kumar Nag
- National Institute of Ophthalmology and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Pallab Kumar Sen
- Shaheed Ziaur Rahman Medical College (SZMC), Silimpur, Bogura, 5800, Bangladesh
| | - Md Aminul Haque Akhanda
- Mymensingh Medical College and Hospital, Chorpara Mymensingh, 2200, Bangladesh
- Community Based Medical College Bangladesh (CBMCB), Winnerpar, Mymensingh, 2200, Bangladesh
| | - Thomas P Davis
- Global Alliance for Vaccine and Immunization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aminuzzaman Talukder
- Helen Keller International, Bangladesh Country Office, House: 10/E, Road: 82, Gulshan-2, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
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Sammut F, Suda D, Caruana MA, Bogolyubova O. COVID-19 vaccination attitudes across the European continent. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18903. [PMID: 37588607 PMCID: PMC10425897 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the predictors of COVID-19 vaccination attitudes across multiple waves in seven countries geographically spread across the European continent, using data from a COVID-19 survey provided by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology COVID-19. Facebook users from across the globe participated in this survey which collected information on their knowledge of COVID-19, attitudes towards risk and available information, and their willingness or lack thereof to take the vaccine. In this secondary data analysis study, neural networks were used with special attention given to the importance of the predictors of COVID-19 vaccination attitudes. Perception of social norms regarding COVID-19 vaccination was found to be the most important predictor of vaccine acceptance. Country of residence and wave of data collection were among the important predictors, with different patterns for each country emerging across different waves. Other strong predictors included attitudes towards masks and mask wearing; attitudes towards the influenza vaccine; distrust in government health authorities and scientists; and level of knowledge of existing treatments for COVID-19. The results of this study can inform effective public health prevention and intervention efforts against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Sammut
- Department of Statistics & Operations Research, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - David Suda
- Department of Statistics & Operations Research, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Mark Anthony Caruana
- Department of Statistics & Operations Research, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Olga Bogolyubova
- Department of Psychology, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
- Institute of Security and Global Affairs, Leiden University, the Netherlands
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11
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Ayieko S, Baker K, Messiah SE, Lewis B, Markham C. Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccination Decision-Making Behaviors among Pregnant Women in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Scoping Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1233. [PMID: 37515048 PMCID: PMC10384512 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination, uptake among pregnant women in Sub-Saharan Africa has been low. This scoping review aimed to identify and characterize determinants influencing COVID-19 vaccination decision-making behaviors among pregnant women in Sub-Saharan Africa. We searched five online databases for articles on COVID-19 vaccination among pregnant women in Sub-Saharan Africa. We identified studies published in English between March 2020 and April 2023 that assessed vaccine-specific issues, psychosocial constructs, and contextual factors associated with COVID-19 vaccination decision-making behaviors. Of the fourteen studies identified, over half (57.1%) were cross-sectional; three used qualitative research methods; and three involved multi-country participants. Most studies assessed COVID-19 vaccination acceptability and willingness. Overall, 85.7% of the publications examined knowledge, attitudes, or both as critical factors associated with COVID-19 vaccination. The prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine uptake during pregnancy was low in Sub-Saharan Africa (14.4-28%). While most current studies assess COVID-19 vaccination knowledge, research on maternal vaccination in Sub-Saharan Africa would benefit from the inclusion of theory-informed and driven studies that measure additional psychosocial factors and contextual constructs. Future studies should also employ study designs that can determine causal pathways of vaccination determinants and vaccination uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Ayieko
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kimberly Baker
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sarah E Messiah
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Dallas, TX 75207, USA
- Center for Pediatric Population Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Dallas, TX 75207, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Brianna Lewis
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Christine Markham
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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12
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de Figueiredo A, Temfack E, Tajudeen R, Larson HJ. Declining trends in vaccine confidence across sub-Saharan Africa: A large-scale cross-sectional modeling study. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023:2213117. [PMID: 37290478 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2213117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Current WHO/UNICEF estimates of routine childhood immunization coverage reveal the largest sustained decline in uptake in three decades with pronounced setbacks across Africa. Although the COVID-19 pandemic has induced significant supply and delivery disruptions, the impact of the pandemic on vaccine is less understood. We here examine trends in vaccine confidence across eight sub-Saharan countries between 2020 and 2022 via a total of 17,187 individual interviews, conducted via a multi-stage probability sampling approach and cross-sectional design and evaluated using Bayesian methods. Multilevel regression combined with poststratification weighting using local demographic information yields national and sub-national estimates of vaccine confidence in 2020 and 2022 as well as its socio-demographic associations. We identify declines in perceptions toward the importance of vaccines for children across all eight countries, with mixed trends in perceptions toward vaccine safety and effectiveness. We find that COVID-19 vaccines are perceived to be less important and safe in 2022 than in 2020 in six of the eight countries, with the only increases in COVID-19 vaccine confidence detected in Ivory Coast. There are substantial declines in vaccine confidence in the Democratic Republic of Congo and South Africa, notably in Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, and Northern Cape (South Africa) and Bandundu, Maniema, Kasaï-Oriental, Kongo-Central, and Sud-Kivu (DRC). While over 60-year-olds in 2022 have higher vaccine confidence in vaccines generally than younger age groups, we do not detect other individual-level socio-demographic associations with vaccine confidence at the sample sizes studied, including sex, age, education, employment status, and religious affiliation. Understanding the role of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated policies on wider vaccine confidence can inform post-COVID vaccination strategies and help rebuild immunization system resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- A de Figueiredo
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - E Temfack
- Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, African Union Commission, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - R Tajudeen
- Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, African Union Commission, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - H J Larson
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Hans Rosling Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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13
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Hotez PJ, Gilbert S, Saville M, Privor-Dumm L, Abdool-Karim S, Thompson D, Excler JL, Kim JH. COVID-19 vaccines and the pandemic: lessons learnt for other neglected diseases and future threats. BMJ Glob Health 2023; 8:bmjgh-2023-011883. [PMID: 37277196 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2023-011883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Through the experiences gained by accelerating new vaccines for both Ebola virus infection and COVID-19 in a public health emergency, vaccine development has benefited from a 'multiple shots on goal' approach to new vaccine targets. This approach embraces simultaneous development of candidates with differing technologies, including, when feasible, vesicular stomatitis virus or adenovirus vectors, messenger RNA (mRNA), whole inactivated virus, nanoparticle and recombinant protein technologies, which led to multiple effective COVID-19 vaccines. The challenge of COVID-19 vaccine inequity, as COVID-19 spread globally, created a situation where cutting-edge mRNA technologies were preferentially supplied by multinational pharmaceutical companies to high-income countries while low and middle-income countries (LMICs) were pushed to the back of the queue and relied more heavily on adenoviral vector, inactivated virus and recombinant protein vaccines. To prevent this from occurring in future pandemics, it is essential to expand the scale-up capacity for both traditional and new vaccine technologies at individual or simultaneous hubs in LMICs. In parallel, a process of tech transfer of new technologies to LMIC producers needs to be facilitated and funded, while building LMIC national regulatory capacity, with the aim of several reaching 'stringent regulator' status. Access to doses is an essential start but is not sufficient, as healthcare infrastructure for vaccination and combating dangerous antivaccine programmes both require support. Finally, there is urgency to establish an international framework through a United Nations Pandemic Treaty to promote, support and harmonise a more robust, coordinated and effective global response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Hotez
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sarah Gilbert
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Lois Privor-Dumm
- International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Salim Abdool-Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA) and Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Jerome H Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea
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14
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Garbern SC, Perera SM, Mbong EN, Kulkarni S, Fleming MK, Ombeni AB, Muhayangabo RF, Tchoualeu DD, Kallay R, Song E, Powell J, Gainey M, Glenn B, Gao H, Mutumwa RM, Mustafa SHB, Abad N, Soke GN, Prybylski D, Doshi RH, Fukunaga R, Levine AC. COVID-19 Vaccine Perceptions among Ebola-Affected Communities in North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2021. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:973. [PMID: 37243077 PMCID: PMC10223943 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11050973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Populations affected by humanitarian crises and emerging infectious disease outbreaks may have unique concerns and experiences that influence their perceptions toward vaccines. In March 2021, we conducted a survey to examine the perceptions toward COVID-19 vaccines and identify the factors associated with vaccine intention among 631 community members (CMs) and 438 healthcare workers (HCWs) affected by the 2018-2020 Ebola Virus Disease outbreak in North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. A multivariable logistic regression was used to identify correlates of vaccine intention. Most HCWs (81.7%) and 53.6% of CMs felt at risk of contracting COVID-19; however, vaccine intention was low (27.6% CMs; 39.7% HCWs). In both groups, the perceived risk of contracting COVID-19, general vaccine confidence, and male sex were associated with the intention to get vaccinated, with security concerns preventing vaccine access being negatively associated. Among CMs, getting the Ebola vaccine was associated with the intention to get vaccinated (RR 1.43, 95% CI 1.05-1.94). Among HCWs, concerns about new vaccines' safety and side effects (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.57-0.91), religion's influence on health decisions (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.34-0.61), security concerns (OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.37-0.74), and governmental distrust (OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.35-0.70) were negatively associated with vaccine perceptions. Enhanced community engagement and communication that address this population's concerns could help improve vaccine perceptions and vaccination decisions. These findings could facilitate the success of vaccine campaigns in North Kivu and similar settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Chow Garbern
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | | | - Eta Ngole Mbong
- International Medical Corps, Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Shibani Kulkarni
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Monica K. Fleming
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ruth Kallay
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | | | | | | | - Bailey Glenn
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
- James A. Ferguson Infectious Disease Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Hongjiang Gao
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | | | | | - Neetu Abad
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Gnakub Norbert Soke
- Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Dimitri Prybylski
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Reena H. Doshi
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Rena Fukunaga
- Division of Global HIV and TB, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Adam C. Levine
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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15
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Forbes B, Fosuah C, Tidwell B, Nitkin T, Davis T. Effects of a Nurturing Care Group behavior change program on child protection outcomes in Ghana: A controlled before and after trial. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 139:106067. [PMID: 36827866 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As part of an effort to rigorously apply behavioral science to child protection efforts, a behavior change model called Nurturing Care Groups (NCGs) was tested for effectiveness in changing child abuse and corporal punishment behaviors. OBJECTIVE The primary research question was to what degree NCGs could change child protection knowledge, attitudes, and practices among caregivers in a low-cost program with broad reach, which could feasibly be scaled. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The NCG project was implemented in two distinct ecological zones in Ghana, reaching 73,959 caregivers of children under 5 across 41 communities; while 20 communities were control sites with no NCG intervention. METHODS Stratified random sampling was used to select intervention area respondents. Cluster sampling was utilized in control areas, using the Probability Proportional to Size method. Standard measures were used to assess changes in practices of violence and abuse, stress experience and management, parenting techniques, and the household environment. Difference-in-difference linear regression was used to compare intervention and control results. RESULTS Intervention areas demonstrated statistically-significant and substantial changes in reported knowledge, attitudes and behaviors related to physical abuse and corporal punishment. Knowledge of negative impacts of stress on parenting, as well as stress reduction techniques increased in intervention areas, as did positive discipline and parenting practices. CONCLUSIONS The NCG model demonstrated important promising results for changing child protection behaviors in this descriptive study. Statistically-significant decreases in reported physical and psychological punishment and corresponding increases in reported positive discipline indicate that this may be an effective and low-cost intervention for child protection behavior change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill Forbes
- World Vision International, 800 West Chestnut Avenue, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA.
| | - Cynthia Fosuah
- World Vision Ghana, No. 3 Kotei Robertson Road, North Industrial Area, North, Kaneshie, PMB, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Ben Tidwell
- World Vision United States, 300 I St NE, Washington, DC 20002, USA.
| | - Todd Nitkin
- World Vision International, 1 Roundwood Avenue Stockley Park Uxbridge, Middlesex UB11 1FG, UK.
| | - Tom Davis
- World Vision International, 1 Roundwood Avenue Stockley Park Uxbridge, Middlesex UB11 1FG, UK.
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16
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COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake and Associated Factors in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from a Community-Based Survey in Tanzania. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020465. [PMID: 36851342 PMCID: PMC9961769 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a major public health threat associated with the increased global burden of infectious diseases, mortality, and enormous economic loss to countries and communities. Safe and efficacious COVID-19 vaccines are crucial in halting the pandemic. We assessed the COVID-19 vaccine uptake and associated factors among community members from eight regions in Tanzania. The interviewer-administered questionnaire collected data. Multiple logistic regression models determined the factors associated with vaccine uptake. The median age of 3470 respondents was 37 years (interquartile range of 29-50 years) and 66% of them were females. Only 18% of them had received the COVID-19 vaccine, ranging from 8% in Dar es Salaam to 37% in Simiyu regions. A third (34%) of those vaccinated people did not know which vaccine they were given. Significantly higher rates of COVID-19 vaccine uptake were among the respondents aged 30+ years, males, and with a history of COVID-19 infection. Unfavorable perceptions about vaccine safety and efficacy lowered the rates of vaccine uptake. Setting-specific interventions and innovations are critical to improving vaccine uptake, given the observed differences between regions. Efforts are needed to increase vaccine uptake among women and younger people aged less than 30 years. Knowledge-based interventions should enhance the understanding of the available vaccines, benefits, target groups, and availability.
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17
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Lessons from COVID'S Vaccination: External-Internal Frictions and Efficiency. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020248. [PMID: 36851126 PMCID: PMC9967920 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper explores some economic variables that determine the emerging of new COVID-19 variants and the determinants of vaccination advances in 108 countries during a quarterly period from March 2020 to March 2022. We found that more people being fully vaccinated and more education (measured as schooling years) decrease the probability of the emergence of new COVID-19 variants, but more crowded cities and higher percentages of urban population increase that probability. Furthermore, we found that the percentage of fully vaccinated people depends positively on the country's preparation to respond to a health crisis, educational levels, and the index of economic complexity (which measures how diverse in the production of goods and services a country is and the level of its infrastructure), and it depends negatively on the percentage of rural populations (which makes vaccination more difficult).
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18
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Herry AM, Greaves D, Smith P, Toledo NA, Wildman A, Wildman T, Browne R, Chen M, Jones M, Aymat S. Facilitators of and barriers to COVID-19 vaccination in Grenada: a qualitative study. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2023; 47:e44. [PMID: 36945250 PMCID: PMC10022831 DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2023.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To identify the factors contributing to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine hesitancy in Grenada. Methods A phenomenological study was conducted using semi-structured interviews at vaccination and pop-up testing clinics during a spike in COVID-19 cases on the island. Interview questions were developed using the health belief model related to perceived threat of COVID-19, perceived benefits of and barriers to COVID-19 vaccination, and cues to action. Data were analyzed using a deductive approach to identify themes, categories, and subcategories. Results Twenty-five interviews were transcribed and coded. In all, 68% of participants were unvaccinated, 12% were partially vaccinated, and 20% were fully vaccinated. Data analysis revealed two main themes: facilitators and barriers. Factors more likely to encourage vaccination (facilitators) included trust in medical advice and vaccine efficacy, social responsibility, and vaccine mandates for travel, employment, and social activities. Factors hindering vaccination (barriers) included: perceived low threat of COVID-19; preference for natural remedies; concerns about contraindications because of underlying health conditions; fear; mistrust of vaccines and related messaging; vaccine accessibility; and the many different information sources. Conclusions Overcoming vaccine hesitancy is key to combating the detrimental effects of COVID-19 in Grenada. Public health interventions and policies that address barriers and capitalize on facilitators can increase vaccine uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlette M. Herry
- St George’s UniversitySt GeorgeGrenadaSt George’s University, St George, Grenada.
- Arlette M. Herry,
| | - Damian Greaves
- St George’s UniversitySt GeorgeGrenadaSt George’s University, St George, Grenada.
| | - Pauline Smith
- St George’s UniversitySt GeorgeGrenadaSt George’s University, St George, Grenada.
| | - Nilo A. Toledo
- St George’s UniversitySt GeorgeGrenadaSt George’s University, St George, Grenada.
| | - Ariel Wildman
- St George’s UniversitySt GeorgeGrenadaSt George’s University, St George, Grenada.
| | - Trent Wildman
- St George’s UniversitySt GeorgeGrenadaSt George’s University, St George, Grenada.
| | - Rosheem Browne
- McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonTexasUnited States of AmericaMcGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, United States of America.
| | - Madison Chen
- St George’s UniversitySt GeorgeGrenadaSt George’s University, St George, Grenada.
| | - Matthew Jones
- St George’s UniversitySt GeorgeGrenadaSt George’s University, St George, Grenada.
| | - Sebastian Aymat
- St George’s UniversitySt GeorgeGrenadaSt George’s University, St George, Grenada.
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19
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Hotez PJ. COVID-19 vaccines: the imperfect instruments of vaccine diplomacy. J Travel Med 2022; 29:6591167. [PMID: 35608393 PMCID: PMC9384152 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taac063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Although true vaccine diplomacy in the form of sharing vaccine development technologies and scientific cooperation with low- and middle-income countries has not been a dominant theme in the COVID-19 pandemic, this aspect is now taking off and generating some exciting new possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Hotez
- Texas Children's Center for Vaccine Development, Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.,Hagler Institute of Advanced Study and Scowcroft Institute of International Affairs, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,James A Baker III Institute of Public Policy, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
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20
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Morstead T, Zheng J, Sin NL, DeLongis A. Perceived threat and coping responses during the COVID-19 pandemic: Prospective associations with vaccine hesitancy. Vaccine 2022; 40:7586-7592. [PMID: 36369099 PMCID: PMC9633616 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.10.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has brought to light the importance of identifying factors associated with vaccine hesitancy. Disease threat and coping responses are central to health behavior engagement and present potential alterable targets for intervention. PURPOSE To examine the roles of perceived threat of COVID-19 and coping in vaccine hesitancy, we examined how coping strategies involving approach and avoidance interact with perceived threat of COVID-19 to predict vaccine hesitancy. METHODS We used data from 1570 North American participants who reported their vaccine hesitancy as part of a longitudinal study assessing psychosocial responses to the pandemic. We used logistic regression models and mean scores of perceived threat of COVID-19, approach coping, and avoidance coping from prior timepoints to predict vaccine hesitancy in December 2020, when COVID-19 vaccines were first being approved for use in North America. RESULTS Low perceived threat of COVID-19 was associated with greater likelihood of being vaccine hesitant. However, approach coping moderated this association, such that people who engaged in more approach coping were less likely to be vaccine hesitant even when they did not feel personally threatened by COVID-19. In contrast, avoidance coping was associated with greater likelihood of vaccine hesitancy regardless of perceived threat of COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS Our results illustrate the contributions of approach and avoidance coping to vaccine hesitancy and in doing so, provide preliminary evidence for coping behavior to serve as a target for intervention to reduce vaccine hesitancy.
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21
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify, describe and map the research tools used to measure COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, refusal, acceptance and access in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). DESIGN Scoping review. METHODS In March 2022, we searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, Academic Search Premier, MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Health Source Nursing, Africa Wide and APA PsychInfo for peer-reviewed literature in English related to COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, refusal, acceptance and access in SSA. We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews to guide evidence gathering and as a template to present the evidence retrieval process. RESULTS In the studies selected for review (n=72), several measurement tools were used to measure COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, acceptance and refusal. These measurements were willingness and intent to vaccinate from the perspectives of the general population, special population groups such as mothers, students and staff in academic institutions and healthcare workers and uptake as a proxy for measuring assumed COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. Measurements of access to COVID-19 vaccination were cost and affordability, convenience, distance and time to travel or time waiting for a vaccine and (dis)comfort. Although all studies measured COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, acceptance and refusal, relatively few studies (n=16, 22.2%) included explicit measurements of access to COVID-19 vaccination. CONCLUSIONS Based on the gaps identified in the scoping review, we propose that future research on determinants of COVID-19 vaccination in SSA should further prioritise the inclusion of access-related variables. We recommend the development and use of standardised research tools that can operationalise, measure and disentangle the complex determinants of vaccine uptake in future studies throughout SSA and other low- and middle-income country (LMIC) settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Deml
- Institute of Sociological Research, Department of Sociology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jennifer Nyawira Githaiga
- Division of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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22
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Oyekale AS. Career Aspiration Fulfillment and COVID-19 Vaccination Intention among Nigerian Youth: An Instrumental Variable Approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:9813. [PMID: 36011464 PMCID: PMC9408653 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19169813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a pandemic of economic significance in the world. Vaccination has been identified as one of the veritable means to address the problem. Few studies have focused on youths’ vaccination intentions and the role of career aspiration fulfillment. This study therefore analyzed the effect engagement with dream jobs has on the willingness to get vaccinated for COVID-19. The data were from the 12th wave of the Nigeria COVID-19 National Longitudinal Phone Survey (NLPS) collected from 974 youths 15−25 years old. Instrumental Variable Probit regression was used for data analysis. The results showed that 86.57% and 80.34% of the rural and urban youths were willing to take the vaccines, respectively. Moreover, 31.18% and 25.94% of urban and rural youths, respectively, were engaged in their dream jobs. The Probit regression results showed that engagement with dream jobs was positively and significantly influenced (p < 0.01) by knowing someone who has a dream job, age and residence in the Southwest zone, while having a formal education reduced it. Instrumental Variable Probit regression results showed that willingness to take COVID-19 vaccine was positively influenced (p < 0.05) by having a dream job and intending to migrate to rural areas, while urban residence, age and residence in southern geopolitical zones decreased it. It was concluded that having a dream job promotes acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines among the youths, and there is a need for interventions to address hesitancy among urban youths and those in the southern geopolitical zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abayomi Samuel Oyekale
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, North-West University Mafikeng Campus, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
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23
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Ackah BBB, Woo M, Stallwood L, Fazal ZA, Okpani A, Ukah UV, Adu PA. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Africa: a scoping review. Glob Health Res Policy 2022; 7:21. [PMID: 35850783 PMCID: PMC9294808 DOI: 10.1186/s41256-022-00255-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vaccination against the novel coronavirus is one of the most effective strategies for combating the global Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. However, vaccine hesitancy has emerged as a major obstacle in several regions of the world, including Africa. The objective of this rapid review was to summarize the literature on COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Africa.
Methods We searched Scopus, Web of Science, African Index Medicus, and OVID Medline for studies published from January 1, 2020, to March 8, 2022, examining acceptance or hesitancy towards the COVID-19 vaccine in Africa. Study characteristics and reasons for COVID-19 vaccine acceptance were extracted from the included articles.
Results A total of 71 articles met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. Majority (n = 25, 35%) of the studies were conducted in Ethiopia. Studies conducted in Botswana, Cameroun, Cote D’Ivoire, DR Congo, Ghana, Kenya, Morocco, Mozambique, Nigeria, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe were also included in the review. The vaccine acceptance rate ranged from 6.9 to 97.9%. The major reasons for vaccine hesitancy were concerns with vaccine safety and side effects, lack of trust for pharmaceutical industries and misinformation or conflicting information from the media. Factors associated with positive attitudes towards the vaccine included being male, having a higher level of education, and fear of contracting the virus. Conclusions Our review demonstrated the contextualized and multifaceted reasons inhibiting or encouraging vaccine uptake in African countries. This evidence is key to operationalizing interventions based on facts as opposed to assumptions. Our paper provided important considerations for addressing the challenge of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and blunting the impact of the pandemic in Africa. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41256-022-00255-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty B B Ackah
- School of Communication, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Michael Woo
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, 2206 E Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Lisa Stallwood
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, 2206 E Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Zahra A Fazal
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, 2206 E Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Arnold Okpani
- National Primary Health Care Development Agency, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Ugochinyere Vivian Ukah
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Prince A Adu
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, 2206 E Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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24
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Bauler S, Hege A, Davis T, Schluth E, Pruitt C, Moreno V, Verhaeghe M, Bouldin ED. Behavioral determinants for COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among students, faculty, and staff at a rural public university. Health Psychol Behav Med 2022; 10:467-479. [PMID: 35600086 PMCID: PMC9116233 DOI: 10.1080/21642850.2022.2074007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vaccine hesitancy for COVID-19 is a major obstacle to achieving high vaccine coverage. Low vaccine confidence among college students is one factor fueling the COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S. Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and barriers to vaccine uptake among students, faculty, and staff at a rural public university. Method We used the Barrier Analysis (BA) mixed-methods approach, which explores determinants of the desired behavior using the Health Belief Model and Theory of Reasoned Action. We developed a BA questionnaire and distributed it through Qualtrics to 4,600 randomly selected students (n = 4,000), faculty (n = 300), and staff (n = 300) from March 11 to April 1, 2021. We defined Acceptors as those who were willing to be vaccinated and Non-acceptors as those who were not. Results Our analysis found that among Non-acceptors, perceived social norms, perceived negative consequences, and trust had the highest association with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among students, faculty, and staff. Conclusion These findings illustrate the need to develop effective behavior change strategies for COVID-19 vaccines uptake that identify sources of trusted information among vaccine-hesitant college students, faculty, and staff, while leveraging enablers to increase COVID-19 vaccination coverage on university campuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bauler
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
- World Vision International, Geneva, Switzerland
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Adam Hege
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
| | - Tom Davis
- World Vision International, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emilee Schluth
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
| | - Caroline Pruitt
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
| | - Victoria Moreno
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
| | - Monica Verhaeghe
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
| | - Erin D. Bouldin
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
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25
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Ao Q, Egolet RO, Yin H, Cui F. Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccines among Adults in Lilongwe, Malawi: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on the Health Belief Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10050760. [PMID: 35632516 PMCID: PMC9144805 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10050760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant economic and social impact on Malawi. Promoting vaccination is a key protection measure against COVID-19. Employing the health beliefs model (HBM), this study explores various factors that influence COVID-19 vaccination acceptance (intentions and behavior) among adult residents of Malawi. A semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection. A field-based survey was conducted among adult residents in Lilongwe, Malawi. Descriptive statistics, linear regression, the Chi-square test, and Pearson’s correlation statistics were used for data analysis. A total of 758 questionnaires were involved. Respondents aged 18–24 (OR = 5.079, 95% CI 2.303–11.202), 25–34 (OR = 2.723, 95% CI 1.363–5.438), urban residents (OR = 1.915, 95% CI 1.151–3.187), graduates/professionals (OR = 1.193, 95% CI 0.857–1.651), health workers (OR = 4.080, 95% CI 1.387–12.000), perceived susceptibility (OR = 1.787, 95% CI 1.226–2.605), perceived benefit (OR = 2.992, 95% CI 1.851–4.834), and action cues (OR = 2.001, 95% CI 1.285–3.115) were predictors for “acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine”. The health belief model structure can be used as a good predictor of vaccine acceptance, especially “perceived susceptibility,” “perceived benefit,” and “action cues”. Strengthening COVID-19 vaccine education in these areas will be an important future intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Ao
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (Q.A.); (F.C.)
| | - Robert Okia Egolet
- Global Health Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Health Sciences, Peking University, P.O. Box 166, Lilongwe 265, Malawi;
| | - Hui Yin
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (Q.A.); (F.C.)
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Fuqiang Cui
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (Q.A.); (F.C.)
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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