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Ahmed M, Farris E, Swanson RV, Das S, Yang Y, Martin T, Khader SA. Saponin TQL1055 adjuvant-containing vaccine confers protection upon Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge in mice. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2302070. [PMID: 38190806 PMCID: PMC10793695 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2302070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), affects the lungs of infected individuals (pulmonary TB) but can also affect other sites (extrapulmonary TB). The only licensed vaccine Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) protects infants and young children but exhibits variable efficacy in protecting against adult pulmonary TB. Poor compliance and prolonged treatment regimens associated with the use of chemotherapy has contributed to the development of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Mtb. Thus, there is an urgent need for the design of more effective vaccines against TB. The development of safe and novel adjuvants for human use is critical. In this study, we demonstrate that saponin-based TQL1055 adjuvant when formulated with a TLR4 agonist (PHAD) and Mtb specific immunodominant antigens (ESAT-6 and Ag85B) and delivered intramuscularly in mice, the SA-TB vaccine induced potent lung immune responses. Additionally, the SA-TB vaccine conferred significant protection against Mtb infection, comparable with levels induced by BCG. These findings support the development of a SA-TB vaccine comprising TQL1055, as a novel, safe and effective TB vaccine for potential use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mushtaq Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Eric Farris
- Adjuvance Technologies Inc, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Rosemary V. Swanson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shibali Das
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Shabaana A. Khader
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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2
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Quan Y, Liu C, Lu X, Kong X, Yang S, Kong J, Wan W, Wang K, Xu K, Peng L. Comparison of the Immunogenicity of the LZ901 Vaccine and HZ/su Vaccine in a Mouse Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:775. [PMID: 39066412 PMCID: PMC11281325 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12070775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Herpes zoster (HZ) is an infectious disease caused by the reactivation of varicella zoster virus (VZV), with 68% of cases occurring in adults over 50 years of age. HZ/su (Shingrix®) was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2017 for the prevention of HZ in individuals ≥ 50 years of age and showed very good protection from HZ. However, due to the use of the adjuvant AS01B, adverse reactions caused by Shingrix are a concern. Aluminum hydroxide is the most commonly used adjuvant and is widely used in a variety of vaccines. We developed a recombinant zoster vaccine (code: LZ901) consisting of a tetramer of VZV glycoprotein E (gE) and a human Fc fusion protein expressed in CHO cells, an immune complex-like molecule that can be adsorbed with an aluminum hydroxide adjuvant. We compared the immunogenicity of LZ901 with that of HZ/su in BALB/c mice. The results showed that LZ901 induced levels of gE-specific IgG antibodies comparable to those induced by HZ/su, and the results of FAMA titers further demonstrated their similar neutralizing antibody abilities. Most importantly, LZ901 induced higher levels of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) (which plays a decisive role in the efficacy of zoster vaccines) than HZ/su in BALB/c mice. The numbers of cytokine-producing T cells in LZ901-vaccinated mice were significantly greater than those in v-vaccinated mice, and the proportions of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells producing at least two types of cytokines in LZ901-vaccinated mice were significantly greater than those in HZ/su-vaccinated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Quan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China; (Y.Q.)
| | - Chunxia Liu
- Beijing Luzhu Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing 101100, China
| | - Xu Lu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China; (Y.Q.)
| | - Xi Kong
- Beijing Luzhu Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing 101100, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- Beijing Luzhu Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing 101100, China
| | - Jian Kong
- Beijing Luzhu Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing 101100, China
| | - Wenyan Wan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China; (Y.Q.)
| | - Kaiqin Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China; (Y.Q.)
| | - Kangwei Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China; (Y.Q.)
| | - Ling Peng
- Beijing Luzhu Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing 101100, China
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3
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Zou M, Lei C, Huang D, Liu L, Han Y. Application of plant-derived products as adjuvants for immune activation and vaccine development. Vaccine 2024:S0264-410X(24)00756-4. [PMID: 38987109 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Vaccines are one of the most important means to prevent and control the epidemic of infectious diseases. Commercial vaccines not only include corresponding antigens, but also need vaccine adjuvants. Immune adjuvants play an increasingly important role in the research, development and manufacture of vaccines. Adjuvants combined with antigens can improve the stability, safety and immune efficiency of vaccines. Some substances that can enhance the immune response have been found in nature(mainly plants) and used as adjuvants in vaccines to improve the immune effect of vaccines. These plant-derived immune adjuvants often have the advantages of low toxicity, high stability, low price, etc., providing more possibilities for vaccine development. We summarized and analyzed the advantages, application research, particulate delivery systems, existing problems and future research focus of botanical adjuvant. It is hoped to provide new ideas for the research and development of immune adjuvants in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manshu Zou
- Institute of Innovation and Applied Research, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Hunan Province, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Chang Lei
- Institute of Innovation and Applied Research, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Hunan Province, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Dan Huang
- Institute of Innovation and Applied Research, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Hunan Province, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Lan Liu
- Institute of Innovation and Applied Research, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Hunan Province, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Yuanshan Han
- The First Hospital, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Hunan Province, Changsha 410007, China.
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4
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Saleemi MA, Zhang Y, Zhang G. Current Progress in the Science of Novel Adjuvant Nano-Vaccine-Induced Protective Immune Responses. Pathogens 2024; 13:441. [PMID: 38921739 PMCID: PMC11206999 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13060441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccinations are vital as they protect us from various illness-causing agents. Despite all the advancements in vaccine-related research, developing improved and safer vaccines against devastating infectious diseases including Ebola, tuberculosis and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) remains a significant challenge. In addition, some of the current human vaccines can cause adverse reactions in some individuals, which limits their use for massive vaccination program. Therefore, it is necessary to design optimal vaccine candidates that can elicit appropriate immune responses but do not induce side effects. Subunit vaccines are relatively safe for the vaccination of humans, but they are unable to trigger an optimal protective immune response without an adjuvant. Although different types of adjuvants have been used for the formulation of vaccines to fight pathogens that have high antigenic diversity, due to the toxicity and safety issues associated with human-specific adjuvants, there are only a few adjuvants that have been approved for the formulation of human vaccines. Recently, nanoparticles (NPs) have gain specific attention and are commonly used as adjuvants for vaccine development as well as for drug delivery due to their excellent immune modulation properties. This review will focus on the current state of adjuvants in vaccine development, the mechanisms of human-compatible adjuvants and future research directions. We hope this review will provide valuable information to discovery novel adjuvants and drug delivery systems for developing novel vaccines and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guoquan Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, College of Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; (M.A.S.); (Y.Z.)
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5
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Zhou S, Song Y, Nilam A, Luo Y, Huang WC, Long MD, Lovell JF. The predominant Quillaja Saponaria fraction, QS-18, is safe and effective when formulated in a liposomal murine cancer peptide vaccine. J Control Release 2024; 369:687-695. [PMID: 38575073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Extracts of the Chilean soapbark tree, Quillaja Saponaria (QS) are the source of potent immune-stimulatory saponin compounds. This study compared the adjuvanticity and toxicity of QS-18 and QS-21, assessing the potential to substitute QS-18 in place of QS-21 for vaccine development. QS-18, the most abundant QS saponin fraction, has been largely overlooked due to safety concerns. We found that QS-18 spontaneously inserted into liposomes, thereby neutralizing hemolytic activity, and following administration did not induce local reactogenicity in a footpad swelling test in mice. With high-dose intramuscular administration, transient weight loss was minor, and QS-18 did not induce significantly more weight loss compared to a liposome vaccine adjuvant system lacking it. Two days after administration, no elevation of inflammatory cytokines was detected in murine serum. In a formulation including cobalt-porphyrin-phospholipid (CoPoP) for short peptide sequestration, QS-18 did not impact the formation of peptide nanoparticles. With immunization, QS-18 peptide particles induced higher levels of cancer neoepitope-specific and tumor-associated antigen-specific CD8+ T cells compared to QS-21 particles, without indication of greater toxicity based on mouse body weight. T cell receptor sequencing of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells showed that QS-18 induced significantly more T cell transcripts. In two murine cancer models, vaccination with QS-18 peptide particles induced a similar therapeutic effect as QS-21 particles, without indication of increased toxicity. Antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment were found to express the exhaustion marker PD-1, pointing to the rationale for exploring combination therapy. Taken together, these data demonstrate that QS-18, when formulated in liposomes, can be a safe and effective adjuvant to induce tumor-inhibiting cellular responses in murine models with potential to facilitate or diminish costs of production for vaccine adjuvant systems. Further studies are warranted to assess liposomal QS-18 immunogic, reactogenic and toxicological profiles in mice and other animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Yiting Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Anoop Nilam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Yuan Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Wei-Chiao Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Mark D Long
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan F Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
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6
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Cui Y, Ho M, Hu Y, Shi Y. Vaccine adjuvants: current status, research and development, licensing, and future opportunities. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:4118-4137. [PMID: 38591323 PMCID: PMC11180427 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02861e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Vaccines represent one of the most significant inventions in human history and have revolutionized global health. Generally, a vaccine functions by triggering the innate immune response and stimulating antigen-presenting cells, leading to a defensive adaptive immune response against a specific pathogen's antigen. As a key element, adjuvants are chemical materials often employed as additives to increase a vaccine's efficacy and immunogenicity. For over 90 years, adjuvants have been essential components in many human vaccines, improving their efficacy by enhancing, modulating, and prolonging the immune response. Here, we provide a timely and comprehensive review of the historical development and the current status of adjuvants, covering their classification, mechanisms of action, and roles in different vaccines. Additionally, we perform systematic analysis of the current licensing processes and highlights notable examples from clinical trials involving vaccine adjuvants. Looking ahead, we anticipate future trends in the field, including the development of new adjuvant formulations, the creation of innovative adjuvants, and their integration into the broader scope of systems vaccinology and vaccine delivery. The article posits that a deeper understanding of biochemistry, materials science, and vaccine immunology is crucial for advancing vaccine technology. Such advancements are expected to lead to the future development of more effective vaccines, capable of combating emerging infectious diseases and enhancing public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Megan Ho
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yongjie Hu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Yuan Shi
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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7
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Lv X, Martin J, Hoover H, Joshi B, Wilkens M, Ullisch DA, Leibold T, Juchum JS, Revadkar S, Kalinovska B, Keith J, Truby A, Liu G, Sun E, Haserick J, DeGnore J, Conolly J, Hill AV, Baldoni J, Kensil C, Levey D, Spencer AJ, Gorr G, Findeis M, Tanne A. Chemical and biological characterization of vaccine adjuvant QS-21 produced via plant cell culture. iScience 2024; 27:109006. [PMID: 38361610 PMCID: PMC10867646 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Many vaccines, including those using recombinant antigen subunits, rely on adjuvant(s) to enhance the efficacy of the host immune responses. Among the few adjuvants clinically approved, QS-21, a saponin-based immunomodulatory molecule isolated from the tree bark of Quillaja saponaria (QS) is used in complex formulations in approved effective vaccines. High demand of the QS raw material as well as manufacturing scalability limitation has been barriers here. We report for the first-time successful plant cell culture production of QS-21 having structural, chemical, and biologic, properties similar to the bark extracted product. These data ensure QS-21 and related saponins are broadly available and accessible to drug developers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John S. Juchum
- Phyton Biotech LLC, 1503 Cliveden Avenue, Delta, BC V3M 6P7, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Adam Truby
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Adrian V.S. Hill
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | - Alexandra J. Spencer
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine & Wellbeing; Immune Health Program, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
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8
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Fioretto L, Gallo C, Mercogliano M, Ziaco M, Nuzzo G, d'Ippolito G, Follero O, DellaGreca M, Giaccio P, Nittoli V, Ambrosino C, Sordino P, Soluri A, Soluri A, Massari R, D'Amelio M, De Palma R, Fontana A, Manzo E. BODIPY-Based Analogue of the TREM2-Binding Molecular Adjuvant Sulfavant A, a Chemical Tool for Imaging and Tracking Biological Systems. Anal Chem 2024; 96:3362-3372. [PMID: 38348659 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Recently, we described synthetic sulfolipids named Sulfavants as a novel class of molecular adjuvants based on the sulfoquinovosyl-diacylglycerol skeleton. The members of this family, Sulfavant A (1), Sulfavant R (2), and Sulfavant S (3), showed important effects on triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2)-induced differentiation and maturation of human dendritic cells (hDC), through a novel cell mechanism underlying the regulation of the immune response. As these molecules are involved in biological TREM2-mediated processes crucial for cell survival, here, we report the synthesis and application of a fluorescent analogue of Sulfavant A bearing the 4,4-difluoro-1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene moiety (Me4-BODIPY). The fluorescent derivative, named PB-SULF A (4), preserving the biological activity of Sulfavants, opens the way to chemical biology and cell biology experiments to better understand the interactions with cellular and in vivo organ targets and to improve our comprehension of complex molecular mechanisms underlying the not fully understood ligand-induced TREM2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fioretto
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli , Italy
| | - Carmela Gallo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli , Italy
| | - Marcello Mercogliano
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli , Italy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, 80136 Napoli, Italy
| | - Marcello Ziaco
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli , Italy
| | - Genoveffa Nuzzo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli , Italy
| | - Giuliana d'Ippolito
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli , Italy
| | - Olimpia Follero
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli , Italy
| | - Marina DellaGreca
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, 80136 Napoli, Italy
| | - Paolo Giaccio
- Section of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Valeria Nittoli
- Biogem, Istituto di Biologia e Genetica Molecolare, Via Camporeale, 83031 Ariano Irpino, Avellino, Italy
| | - Concetta Ambrosino
- Biogem, Istituto di Biologia e Genetica Molecolare, Via Camporeale, 83031 Ariano Irpino, Avellino, Italy
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
- IEOS-CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Sordino
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Sicily Marine Centre, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, via Consolare Pompea 29, 98167 Messina,Italy
| | - Alessandro Soluri
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR), c/o International Campus "A. Buzzati-Traverso″, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), Via E. Ramarini, 32, Monterotondo Scalo, 00015 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Soluri
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR), c/o International Campus "A. Buzzati-Traverso″, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), Via E. Ramarini, 32, Monterotondo Scalo, 00015 Rome, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Unit of Molecular Neurosciences, University Campus Bio-Medico, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Massari
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR), c/o International Campus "A. Buzzati-Traverso″, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), Via E. Ramarini, 32, Monterotondo Scalo, 00015 Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello D'Amelio
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Unit of Molecular Neurosciences, University Campus Bio-Medico, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Palma
- Clinica di Medicina Interna, Immunologia Clinica e Medicina Traslazionale, Ospedale San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova,Italy
| | - Angelo Fontana
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli , Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II″, via Cinthia, Bldg.7, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Emiliano Manzo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli , Italy
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Song Y, Mehl F, Zeichner SL. Vaccine Strategies to Elicit Mucosal Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:191. [PMID: 38400174 PMCID: PMC10892965 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are essential tools to prevent infection and control transmission of infectious diseases that threaten public health. Most infectious agents enter their hosts across mucosal surfaces, which make up key first lines of host defense against pathogens. Mucosal immune responses play critical roles in host immune defense to provide durable and better recall responses. Substantial attention has been focused on developing effective mucosal vaccines to elicit robust localized and systemic immune responses by administration via mucosal routes. Mucosal vaccines that elicit effective immune responses yield protection superior to parenterally delivered vaccines. Beyond their valuable immunogenicity, mucosal vaccines can be less expensive and easier to administer without a need for injection materials and more highly trained personnel. However, developing effective mucosal vaccines faces many challenges, and much effort has been directed at their development. In this article, we review the history of mucosal vaccine development and present an overview of mucosal compartment biology and the roles that mucosal immunity plays in defending against infection, knowledge that has helped inform mucosal vaccine development. We explore new progress in mucosal vaccine design and optimization and novel approaches created to improve the efficacy and safety of mucosal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Song
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; (Y.S.)
| | - Frances Mehl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; (Y.S.)
| | - Steven L. Zeichner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; (Y.S.)
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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10
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Swart M, Kuipers H, Milder F, Jongeneelen M, Ritschel T, Tolboom J, Muchene L, van der Lubbe J, Izquierdo Gil A, Veldman D, Huizingh J, Verspuij J, Schmit-Tillemans S, Blokland S, de Man M, Roozendaal R, Fox CB, Schuitemaker H, Capelle M, Langedijk JPM, Zahn R, Brandenburg B. Enhancing breadth and durability of humoral immune responses in non-human primates with an adjuvanted group 1 influenza hemagglutinin stem antigen. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:176. [PMID: 37952003 PMCID: PMC10640631 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00772-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Seasonal influenza vaccines must be updated annually and suboptimally protect against strains mismatched to the selected vaccine strains. We previously developed a subunit vaccine antigen consisting of a stabilized trimeric influenza A group 1 hemagglutinin (H1) stem protein that elicits broadly neutralizing antibodies. Here, we further optimized the stability and manufacturability of the H1 stem antigen (H1 stem v2, also known as INFLUENZA G1 mHA) and characterized its formulation and potency with different adjuvants in vitro and in animal models. The recombinant H1 stem antigen (50 µg) was administered to influenza-naïve non-human primates either with aluminum hydroxide [Al(OH)3] + NaCl, AS01B, or SLA-LSQ formulations at week 0, 8 and 34. These SLA-LSQ formulations comprised of varying ratios of the synthetic TLR4 agonist 'second generation synthetic lipid adjuvant' (SLA) with liposomal QS-21 (LSQ). A vaccine formulation with aluminum hydroxide or SLA-LSQ (starting at a 10:25 µg ratio) induced HA-specific antibodies and breadth of neutralization against a panel of influenza A group 1 pseudoviruses, comparable with vaccine formulated with AS01B, four weeks after the second immunization. A formulation with SLA-LSQ in a 5:2 μg ratio contained larger fused or aggregated liposomes and induced significantly lower humoral responses. Broadly HA stem-binding antibodies were detectable for the entire period after the second vaccine dose up to week 34, after which they were boosted by a third vaccine dose. These findings inform about potential adjuvant formulations in clinical trials with an H1 stem-based vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Swart
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Fin Milder
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tina Ritschel
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sven Blokland
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Roland Zahn
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention, Leiden, The Netherlands
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11
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Kim HW, Ko MK, Park SH, Shin S, Kim SM, Park JH, Lee MJ. Bestatin, A Pluripotent Immunomodulatory Small Molecule, Drives Robust and Long-Lasting Immune Responses as an Adjuvant in Viral Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1690. [PMID: 38006022 PMCID: PMC10675184 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11111690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
An inactivated whole-virus vaccine is currently used to prevent foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Although this vaccine is effective, it offers short-term immunity that requires regular booster immunizations and has several side effects, including local reactions at the vaccination site. To address these limitations, herein, we evaluated the efficacy of bestatin as a novel small molecule adjuvant for inactivated FMD vaccines. Our findings showed that the FMD vaccine formulated with bestatin enhanced early, intermediate-, and particularly long-term immunity in experimental animals (mice) and target animals (pigs). Furthermore, cytokines (interferon (IFN)α, IFNβ, IFNγ, and interleukin (IL)-29), retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I, and T-cell and B-cell core receptors (cluster of differentiation (CD)28, CD19, CD21, and CD81) markedly increased in the group that received the FMD vaccine adjuvanted with bestatin in pigs compared with the control. These results indicate the significant potential of bestatin to improve the efficacy of inactivated FMD vaccines in terms of immunomodulatory function for the simultaneous induction of potent cellular and humoral immune response and a long-lasting memory response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Min Ja Lee
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (H.W.K.); (M.-K.K.); (S.H.P.); (S.S.); (S.-M.K.); (J.-H.P.)
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12
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Chen X, Hudson GA, Mineo C, Amer B, Baidoo EEK, Crowe SA, Liu Y, Keasling JD, Scheller HV. Deciphering triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis by leveraging transcriptome response to methyl jasmonate elicitation in Saponaria vaccaria. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7101. [PMID: 37925486 PMCID: PMC10625584 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42877-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is a known elicitor of plant specialized metabolism, including triterpenoid saponins. Saponaria vaccaria is an annual herb used in traditional Chinese medicine, containing large quantities of oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins with anticancer properties and structural similarities to the vaccine adjuvant QS-21. Leveraging the MeJA-elicited saponin biosynthesis, we identify multiple enzymes catalyzing the oxidation and glycosylation of triterpenoids in S. vaccaria. This exploration is aided by Pacbio full-length transcriptome sequencing and gene expression analysis. A cellulose synthase-like enzyme can not only glucuronidate triterpenoid aglycones but also alter the product profile of a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase via preference for the aldehyde intermediate. Furthermore, the discovery of a UDP-glucose 4,6-dehydratase and a UDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-glucose reductase reveals the biosynthetic pathway for the rare nucleotide sugar UDP-D-fucose, a likely sugar donor for fucosylation of plant natural products. Our work enables the production and optimization of high-value saponins in microorganisms and plants through synthetic biology approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Chen
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Graham A Hudson
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- California Institute of Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Charlotte Mineo
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - Bashar Amer
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Edward E K Baidoo
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Samantha A Crowe
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- California Institute of Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yuzhong Liu
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- California Institute of Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jay D Keasling
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- California Institute of Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Center for Synthetic Biochemistry, Shenzhen Institutes for Advanced Technologies, Shenzhen, China
| | - Henrik V Scheller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA.
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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13
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Wilkinson B, Patel KS, Smith K, Walker R, Wang C, Greene AM, Smith G, Smith ER, Gurwith M, Chen RT. A Brighton Collaboration standardized template with key considerations for a benefit/risk assessment for the Novavax COVID-19 Vaccine (NVX-CoV2373), a recombinant spike protein vaccine with Matrix-M adjuvant to prevent disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 viruses. Vaccine 2023; 41:6762-6773. [PMID: 37739888 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Novavax, a global vaccine company, began evaluating NVX-CoV2373 in human studies in May 2020 and the pivotal placebo-controlled phase 3 studies started in November 2020; five clinical studies provided adult and adolescent clinical data for over 31,000 participants who were administered NVX-CoV2373. This extensive data has demonstrated a well-tolerated response to NVX-CoV2373 and high vaccine efficacy against mild, moderate, or severe COVID-19 using a two-dose series (Dunkle et al., 2022) [1], (Heath et al., 2021) [2], (Keech et al., 2020) [3], (Mallory et al., 2022) [4]. The most common adverse events seen after administration with NVX-CoV2373 were injection site tenderness, injection site pain, fatigue, myalgia, headache, malaise, arthralgia, nausea, or vomiting. In addition, immunogenicity against variants of interest (VOI) and variants of concern (VOC) was established with high titers of ACE2 receptor-inhibiting and neutralizing antibodies in these studies (EMA, 2022) [5], (FDA, 2023) [6]. Further studies on correlates of protection determined that titers of anti-Spike IgG and neutralizing antibodies correlated with efficacy against symptomatic COVID-19 established in clinical trials (p < 0.001 for recombinant protein vaccine and p = 0.005 for mRNA vaccines for IgG levels) (Fong et al., 2022) [7]. Administration of a booster dose of the recombinant protein vaccine approximately 6 months following the primary two-dose series resulted in substantial increases in humoral antibodies against both the prototype strain and all evaluated variants, similar to or higher than the antibody levels observed in phase 3 studies that were associated with high vaccine efficacy (Dunkle et al., 2022) [1], (Mallory et al., 2022) [4]. These findings, together with the well tolerated safety profile, support use of the recombinant protein vaccine as primary series and booster regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Emily R Smith
- Brighton Collaboration, a program of the Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, USA.
| | - Marc Gurwith
- Brighton Collaboration, a program of the Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Robert T Chen
- Brighton Collaboration, a program of the Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, USA
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14
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Du J, Meng X, Ni T, Xiong B, Han Z, Zhu Y, Tu J, Sun H. Mechanism of Innate Immune Response Induced by Albizia julibrissin Saponin Active Fraction Using C2C12 Myoblasts. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1576. [PMID: 37896979 PMCID: PMC10610972 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11101576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Albizia julibrissin saponin active fraction (AJSAF), is a prospective adjuvant with dual Th1/Th2 and Tc1/Tc2 potentiating activity. Its adjuvant activity has previously been proven to be strictly dependent on its spatial co-localization with antigens, highlighting the role of local innate immunity in its mechanisms. However, its potential targets and pathways remain unclear. Here, its intracellular molecular mechanisms of innate immune response were explored using mouse C2C12 myoblast by integrative analysis of the in vivo and in vitro transcriptome in combination with experimental validations. AJSAF elicited a temporary cytotoxicity and inflammation towards C2C12 cells. Gene set enrichment analysis demonstrated that AJSAF regulated similar cell death- and inflammatory response-related genes in vitro and in vivo through activating second messenger-MAPK-CREB pathways. AJSAF markedly enhanced the Ca2+, cAMP, and reactive oxygen species levels and accelerated MAPK and CREB phosphorylation in C2C12 cells. Furthermore, Ca2+ chelator, CREB inhibitor, and MAPK inhibitors dramatically blocked the up-regulation of IL-6, CXCL1, and COX2 in AJSAF-treated C2C12 cells. Collectively, these results demonstrated that AJSAF induced innate immunity via Ca2+-MAPK-CREB pathways. This study is beneficial for insights into the molecular mechanisms of saponin adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Du
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.D.); (X.M.); (T.N.); (B.X.); (Z.H.); (J.T.)
| | - Xiang Meng
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.D.); (X.M.); (T.N.); (B.X.); (Z.H.); (J.T.)
| | - Tiantian Ni
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.D.); (X.M.); (T.N.); (B.X.); (Z.H.); (J.T.)
| | - Beibei Xiong
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.D.); (X.M.); (T.N.); (B.X.); (Z.H.); (J.T.)
| | - Ziyi Han
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.D.); (X.M.); (T.N.); (B.X.); (Z.H.); (J.T.)
| | - Yongliang Zhu
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China;
| | - Jue Tu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.D.); (X.M.); (T.N.); (B.X.); (Z.H.); (J.T.)
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Hongxiang Sun
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.D.); (X.M.); (T.N.); (B.X.); (Z.H.); (J.T.)
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15
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Oztunc O, Sumer Okkali G, Zeinali S, Nalbantsoy A, Boke Sarikahya N. Four new triterpene saponins from Cephalaria speciosa and their potent cytotoxic and immunomodulatory activities. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16964. [PMID: 37807002 PMCID: PMC10560666 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44114-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Four new triterpene saponins, namely speciosides A-D (1-4) along with six known saponins were isolated from the n-butanol extract of Cephalaria speciosa. In addition to these, three new prosapogenins (2a-4a) were obtained after alkaline hydrolysis. Elucidation of the structures of the isolated compounds was carried out by 1D, 2D NMR, HR-ESI/MS and GC-MS analyses. Cytotoxic activity was investigated on A549, CCD34-Lu, MDA-MB-231, PC-3, U-87MG, HeLa, HepG-2 cells by MTT method. Additionally, the immunomodulatory effect of compounds was evaluated for macrophage polarization with/without inactivated IBV D274 antigen treatment on THP-1 cells originated macrophage cells in terms of M1 or M2. According to the cytotoxicity results, compound 1 and prosapogenin 2a exhibit significant cytotoxicity than doxorubicin by comparison. The results demonstrated that saponin molecules treated THP-1 originated macrophages were induced M1 and/or M2 polarization. Additionally, macrophage cells treated with/without IBV D274 antigen contained saponin compounds were triggered significantly M2 polarization relative to M1. Notably, monodesmosidic saponins (1 and 2a-4a) in comparison with bisdesmosidic ones (2-4) demonstrated the most effect on M2 polarization. In conclusion, the results showed that all the isolated new saponins and their prosapogenins have immunomodulatory potential on macrophage cells increasing immune response without significant cytotoxic effect on THP-1 originated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozan Oztunc
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Gaye Sumer Okkali
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Sevda Zeinali
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Ayse Nalbantsoy
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Nazli Boke Sarikahya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Türkiye.
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16
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da Silva BB, da Silva Junior AB, Araújo LDS, Santos ENFN, da Silva ACM, Florean EOPT, van Tilburg MF, Guedes MIF. Subcutaneous, Oral, and Intranasal Immunization of BALB/c Mice with Leishmania infantum K39 Antigen Induces Non-Protective Humoral Immune Response. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:444. [PMID: 37755905 PMCID: PMC10534909 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8090444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a high-burden disease caused by parasites of the Leishmania genus. The K39 kinesin is a highly antigenic protein of Leishmania infantum, but little is known about the immune response elicited by this antigen. We evaluated the humoral immune response of female BALB/c mice (n = 6) immunized with the rK39-HFBI construct, formed by the fusion of the K39 antigen to a hydrophobin partner. The rK39-HFBI construct was administered through subcutaneous, oral, and intranasal routes using saponin as an adjuvant. We analyzed the kinetics of IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a production. The groups were then challenged by an intravenous infection with L. infantum promastigote cells. The rK39-HFBI antigen-induced high levels of total IgG (p < 0.05) in all groups, but only the subcutaneous route was associated with increased production of IgG1 and IgG2a 42 days after immunization (p < 0.05), suggesting a potential secondary immune response following the booster dose. There was no reduction in the splenic parasite load; thus, the rK39-HFBI failed to protect the mice against infection under the tested conditions. The results presented here demonstrate that the high antigenicity of the K39 antigen does not contribute to a protective immune response against visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria Izabel Florindo Guedes
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), State University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60714903, Brazil
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17
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Lai YH, Chou YT, Lin YY, Wang YC, Cao JX, Liang PH. Toward an Improved Triterpene 3- O-Glucuronidation: The Systematic Determination of the Relative Reactivities of Glucuronyl Donors and Acceptors. J Org Chem 2023; 88:9946-9958. [PMID: 37410072 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
3-O-β-Glucuronide triterpenes are plant-derived compounds. Some of them have been used as herbal medicine and in pharmaceuticals, such as chikusetsu saponins and Quillaja saponins. However, the demand for these materials has remained largely a challenge owing to their natural scarcity and low-yielding purification process. Therefore, a chemical triterpene 3-O-glucuronidation was conducted in this study to alleviate the surging demand on natural source. Various glucuronyl imidate donors and oleanane-type triterpene acceptors were synthesized, and the relative reactivity values (RRV) and acceptor nucleophilic constants (Aka) were systematically measured to study their influence on glucuronidation yield. As a result, applying donors in higher RRV value generally improved the production of 3-O-glucuronide triterpenes. Meanwhile, a bulky pivaloyl group was an ideal 2-O-protection to provide β-selectivity and prevented side reactions, including orthoester formation and acyl-transfer reaction. Collectively, a positive correlation was observed between reactive donors/acceptors and improved glucuronidation yields. These findings offered insights on the influence of donors' and acceptors' reactivities on 3-O-β-glucuronide triterpenes synthesis, and this knowledge would help to access saponins of interest to address future needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Hsun Lai
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Chou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - You-Yu Lin
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Xiu Cao
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Hui Liang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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18
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Lykins WR, Fox CB. Practical Considerations for Next-Generation Adjuvant Development and Translation. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1850. [PMID: 37514037 PMCID: PMC10385070 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last several years, there has been increased interest from academia and the pharmaceutical/biotech industry in the development of vaccine adjuvants for new and emerging vaccine modalities. Despite this, vaccine adjuvant development still has some of the longest timelines in the pharmaceutical space, from discovery to clinical approval. The reasons for this are manyfold and range from complexities in translation from animal to human models, concerns about safety or reactogenicity, to challenges in sourcing the necessary raw materials at scale. In this review, we will describe the current state of the art for many adjuvant technologies and how they should be approached or applied in the development of new vaccine products. We postulate that there are many factors to be considered and tools to be applied earlier on in the vaccine development pipeline to improve the likelihood of clinical success. These recommendations may require a modified approach to some of the common practices in new product development but would result in more accessible and practical adjuvant-containing products.
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19
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Kim JY, Rosenberger MG, Rutledge NS, Esser-Kahn AP. Next-Generation Adjuvants: Applying Engineering Methods to Create and Evaluate Novel Immunological Responses. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1687. [PMID: 37376133 PMCID: PMC10300703 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants are a critical component of vaccines. Adjuvants typically target receptors that activate innate immune signaling pathways. Historically, adjuvant development has been laborious and slow, but has begun to accelerate over the past decade. Current adjuvant development consists of screening for an activating molecule, formulating lead molecules with an antigen, and testing this combination in an animal model. There are very few adjuvants approved for use in vaccines, however, as new candidates often fail due to poor clinical efficacy, intolerable side effects, or formulation limitations. Here, we consider new approaches using tools from engineering to improve next-generation adjuvant discovery and development. These approaches will create new immunological outcomes that will be evaluated with novel diagnostic tools. Potential improved immunological outcomes include reduced vaccine reactogenicity, tunable adaptive responses, and enhanced adjuvant delivery. Evaluations of these outcomes can leverage computational approaches to interpret "big data" obtained from experimentation. Applying engineering concepts and solutions will provide alternative perspectives, further accelerating the field of adjuvant discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Aaron P. Esser-Kahn
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (J.Y.K.); (M.G.R.); (N.S.R.)
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20
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Gamboa Marin OJ, Heis F, Gauthier C. Synthesis of immunostimulatory saponins: A sweet challenge for carbohydrate chemists. Carbohydr Res 2023; 530:108851. [PMID: 37257206 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Saponins are a large family of natural glycosides showing a wide range of biological activities. Current research efforts on saponins as vaccine adjuvants have been mainly focused on the development of synthetic analogs. By mimicking the immunomodulatory saponins from Quillaja saponaria (QS), less complex and readily accessible analogs have been synthesized to improve the industrial applicability and efficacy of saponins as vaccine adjuvants. Through the exploration of several structural modifications on the skeleton of QS saponins, including changes in the sugar and aglycone compositions as well as in the nature and configuration of the glycosidic bonds, structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies developed by Pr. Gin in the early 2010s were taken as a starting point for the development of a new generation of immunomodulatory candidates. In this review, the recent synthetic strategies and SAR studies of mono- and bidesmosidic QS saponins are discussed. Original concepts of vaccination including self-adjuvanticity and the development of saponin-based glycoconjugates are described. The synthesis and semi-synthesis of saponin alternatives to QS, such as Momordica saponin and onjisaponin derivatives, are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Javier Gamboa Marin
- Unité mixte de recherche (UMR) INRS-UQAC, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Laval and Chicoutimi, Canada
| | - Floriane Heis
- Unité mixte de recherche (UMR) INRS-UQAC, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Laval and Chicoutimi, Canada
| | - Charles Gauthier
- Unité mixte de recherche (UMR) INRS-UQAC, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Laval and Chicoutimi, Canada.
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21
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Pires IS, Ni K, Melo MB, Li N, Ben-Akiva E, Maiorino L, Dye J, Rodrigues KA, Yun D, Kim B, Hosn RR, Hammond PT, Irvine DJ. Controlled Lipid Self-Assembly for Scalable Manufacturing of Next-Generation Immune Stimulating Complexes. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND : 1996) 2023; 464:142664. [PMID: 38737525 PMCID: PMC11081102 DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2023.142664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Immune stimulating complexes (ISCOMs) are safe and effective saponin-based adjuvants formed by the self-assembly of saponin, cholesterol, and phospholipids in water to form cage-like 30-40 nm diameter particles. Inclusion of the Toll-like receptor 4 agonist monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) in ISCOM particles yields a promising next-generation adjuvant termed Saponin-MPLA NanoParticles (SMNP). In this work, we detail protocols to produce ISCOMs or SMNP via a tangential flow filtration (TFF) process suitable for scalable synthesis and Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) production of clinical-grade adjuvants. SMNP or ISCOM components were solubilized in micelles of the surfactant MEGA-10, then diluted below the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the surfactant to drive ISCOM self-assembly. Assembly of ISCOM/SMNP particles using the purified saponin QS-21 used in clinical-grade saponin adjuvants was found to require controlled stepwise dilution of the initial micellar solution, to prevent formation of undesirable kinetically-trapped aggregate species. An optimized protocol gave yields of ~77% based on the initial feed of QS-21 and the final SMNP particle composition mirrored the feed ratios of the components. Further, samples were highly homogeneous with comparable quality to that of material prepared at lab scale by dialysis and purified via size-exclusion chromatography. This protocol may be useful for clinical preparation of ISCOM-based vaccine adjuvants and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan S Pires
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 25 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Kaiyuan Ni
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Mariane Bandeira Melo
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Na Li
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Elana Ben-Akiva
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Laura Maiorino
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Jonathan Dye
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Kristen A Rodrigues
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MA, MA 02139, United States
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology Program, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - DongSoo Yun
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Byungji Kim
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Ryan R Hosn
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Paula T Hammond
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 25 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Darrell J Irvine
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
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22
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Feng M, Dai X, Yang C, Zhang Y, Tian Y, Qu Q, Sheng M, Li Z, Peng X, Cen S, Shi X. Unification of medicines and excipients: The roles of natural excipients for promoting drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:597-620. [PMID: 37150753 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2210835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drug delivery systems (DDSs) formed by natural active compounds be instrumental in developing new green excipients and novel DDS from natural active compounds (NACs). 'Unification of medicines and excipients'(UME), the special inherent nature of the natural active compounds, provides the inspiration and conduction to achieve this goal. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the typical types of NACs from herbal medicine, such as saponins, flavonoids, polysaccharides, etc. that act as excipients and their main application in DDS. The comparison of the drug delivery systems formed by NACs and common materials and the primary formation mechanisms of these NACs are also introduced to provide a deepened understanding of their performance in DDS. EXPERT OPINION Many natural bioactive compounds, such as saponins, polysaccharides, etc. have been used in DDS. Diversity of structure and pharmacological effects of NACs turn out the unique advantages in improving the performance of DDSs like targeting ability, adhesion, encapsulation efficiency(EE), etc. and enhancing the bioavailability of loaded drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minfang Feng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xingxing Dai
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Production Process Control and Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Cuiting Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuting Tian
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qingsong Qu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Mengke Sheng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixun Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xinhui Peng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Cen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyuan Shi
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Production Process Control and Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission, Beijing, China
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23
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Koczurkiewicz-Adamczyk P, Grabowska K, Karnas E, Piska K, Wnuk D, Klaś K, Galanty A, Wójcik-Pszczoła K, Michalik M, Pękala E, Fuchs H, Podolak I. Saponin Fraction CIL1 from Lysimachia ciliata L. Enhances the Effect of a Targeted Toxin on Cancer Cells. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051350. [PMID: 37242592 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Saponins are plant metabolites that possess multidirectional biological activities, among these is antitumor potential. The mechanisms of anticancer activity of saponins are very complex and depend on various factors, including the chemical structure of saponins and the type of cell they target. The ability of saponins to enhance the efficacy of various chemotherapeutics has opened new perspectives for using them in combined anticancer chemotherapy. Co-administration of saponins with targeted toxins makes it possible to reduce the dose of the toxin and thus limit the side effects of overall therapy by mediating endosomal escape. Our study indicates that the saponin fraction CIL1 of Lysimachia ciliata L. can improve the efficacy of the EGFR-targeted toxin dianthin (DE). We investigated the effect of cotreatment with CIL1 + DE on cell viability in a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, on proliferation in a crystal violet assay (CV) and on pro-apoptotic activity using Annexin V/7 Actinomycin D (7-AAD) staining and luminescence detection of caspase levels. Cotreatment with CIL1 + DE enhanced the target cell-specific cytotoxicity, as well as the antiproliferative and proapoptotic properties. We found a 2200-fold increase in both the cytotoxic and antiproliferative efficacy of CIL1 + DE against HER14-targeted cells, while the effect on control NIH3T3 off-target cells was less profound (6.9- or 5.4-fold, respectively). Furthermore, we demonstrated that the CIL1 saponin fraction has a satisfactory in vitro safety profile with a lack of cytotoxic and mutagenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Koczurkiewicz-Adamczyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
- Institute of Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karolina Grabowska
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Karnas
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Kamil Piska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Dawid Wnuk
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Klaś
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Galanty
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Wójcik-Pszczoła
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marta Michalik
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Pękala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Hendrik Fuchs
- Institute of Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Irma Podolak
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
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24
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Kassardjian A, Sun E, Sookhoo J, Muthuraman K, Boligan KF, Kucharska I, Rujas E, Jetha A, Branch DR, Babiuk S, Barber B, Julien JP. Modular adjuvant-free pan-HLA-DR-immunotargeting subunit vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 elicits broad sarbecovirus-neutralizing antibody responses. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112391. [PMID: 37053069 PMCID: PMC10067452 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Subunit vaccines typically require co-administration with an adjuvant to elicit protective immunity, adding development hurdles that can impede rapid pandemic responses. To circumvent the need for adjuvant in a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) subunit vaccine, we engineer a thermostable immunotargeting vaccine (ITV) that leverages the pan-HLA-DR monoclonal antibody 44H10 to deliver the viral spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) to antigen-presenting cells. X-ray crystallography shows that 44H10 binds to a conserved epitope on HLA-DR, providing the basis for its broad HLA-DR reactivity. Adjuvant-free ITV immunization in rabbits and ferrets induces robust anti-RBD antibody responses that neutralize SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and protect recipients from SARS-CoV-2 challenge. We demonstrate that the modular nature of the ITV scaffold with respect to helper T cell epitopes and diverse RBD antigens facilitates broad sarbecovirus neutralization. Our findings support anti-HLA-DR immunotargeting as an effective means to induce strong antibody responses to subunit antigens without requiring an adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Kassardjian
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Eric Sun
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jamie Sookhoo
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Krithika Muthuraman
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | | | - Iga Kucharska
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Edurne Rujas
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain; Pharmacokinetic, Nanotechnology and Gene Therapy Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 01006 Vitoria, Spain; Bioaraba, Microbiology, Infectious Disease, Antimicrobial Agents, and Gene Therapy, 01006 Vitoria, Spain
| | - Arif Jetha
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Donald R Branch
- Canadian Blood Services, Keenan Research Centre, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada; University of Toronto, Departments of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Shawn Babiuk
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Brian Barber
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Julien
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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25
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Wang W, Cao XW, Wang FJ, Zhao J. Cytotoxic effects of recombinant proteins enhanced by momordin Ic are dependent on cholesterol and ganglioside GM1. Toxicon 2023; 229:107129. [PMID: 37086901 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Plant-derived triterpenoid saponins have been shown to play a powerful role in enhancing the cytotoxic activity of protein therapeutics. However, the mechanism of how saponins are acting is not clearly understood. In this study, momordin Ic (MIC), a triterpenoid saponin derived from Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad., specifically enhance the antiproliferative effect of recombinant MAP30 (a type I ribosome inactivating protein, RIP) in breast cancer cells. Subsequently, the possible mechanism of how MIC enhanced the cytotoxicity of MAP30 was analyzed in detail. We observed the level of intracellular labeled MAP30 using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. And a reporter protein, GAL9, was used to monitor the role of MIC in promoting endosomal escape. We found endosomal escape does not play a role for the enhancer effect of MIC while the effect of MIC on MAP30 is cholesterol dependent and that ganglioside GM1, a lipid raft marker, can competitively inhibit cytotoxicity of MAP30 enhanced by MIC. Finally, we provided some insights into the correlation between the sugar side chain of MIC and its role in enhancing of RIP cytotoxicity and altering of drug cell tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xue-Wei Cao
- Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China; ECUST-FONOW Joint Research Center for Innovative Medicines, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Fu-Jun Wang
- ECUST-FONOW Joint Research Center for Innovative Medicines, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China; New Drug R&D Center, Zhejiang Fonow Medicine Co., Ltd. 209 West Hulian Road, Dongyang, 322100, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Jian Zhao
- Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China; ECUST-FONOW Joint Research Center for Innovative Medicines, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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26
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Majnooni MB, Fakhri S, Ghanadian SM, Bahrami G, Mansouri K, Iranpanah A, Farzaei MH, Mojarrab M. Inhibiting Angiogenesis by Anti-Cancer Saponins: From Phytochemistry to Cellular Signaling Pathways. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030323. [PMID: 36984763 PMCID: PMC10052344 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Saponins are one of the broadest classes of high-molecular-weight natural compounds, consisting mainly of a non-polar moiety with 27 to 30 carbons and a polar moiety containing sugars attached to the sapogenin structure. Saponins are found in more than 100 plant families as well as found in marine organisms. Saponins have several therapeutic effects, including their administration in the treatment of various cancers. These compounds also reveal noteworthy anti-angiogenesis effects as one of the critical strategies for inhibiting cancer growth and metastasis. In this study, a comprehensive review is performed on electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and ProQuest. Accordingly, the structural characteristics of triterpenoid/steroid saponins and their anti-cancer effects were highlighted, focusing on their anti-angiogenic effects and related mechanisms. Consequently, the anti-angiogenic effects of saponins, inhibiting the expression of genes related to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α (HIF-1α) are two main anti-angiogenic mechanisms of triterpenoid and steroidal saponins. The inhibition of inflammatory signaling pathways that stimulate angiogenesis, such as pro-inflammatory cytokines, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs), and phosphoinositide 3-kinases/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), are other anti-angiogenic mechanisms of saponins. Furthermore, the anti-angiogenic and anti-cancer activity of saponins was closely related to the binding site of the sugar moiety, the type and number of their monosaccharide units, as well as the presence of some functional groups in their aglycone structure. Therefore, saponins are suitable candidates for cancer treatment by inhibiting angiogenesis, for which extensive pre-clinical and comprehensive clinical trial studies are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Bagher Majnooni
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6714415153, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
| | - Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
| | - Syed Mustafa Ghanadian
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 8174673461, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Bahrami
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
| | - Kamran Mansouri
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6714415185, Iran
| | - Amin Iranpanah
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
- Correspondence: or (M.H.F.); (M.M.); Tel.: +98-08334266780 (M.M.)
| | - Mahdi Mojarrab
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
- Correspondence: or (M.H.F.); (M.M.); Tel.: +98-08334266780 (M.M.)
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27
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Han Z, Jin J, Chen X, He Y, Sun H. Adjuvant activity of tubeimosides by mediating the local immune microenvironment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1108244. [PMID: 36845089 PMCID: PMC9950507 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1108244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhizoma Bolbostemmatis, the dry tuber of Bolbostemma paniculatum, has being used for the treatment of acute mastitis and tumors in traditional Chinese medicine. In this study, tubeimoside (TBM) I, II, and III from this drug were investigated for the adjuvant activities, structure-activity relationships (SAR), and mechanisms of action. Three TBMs significantly boosted the antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses and elicited both Th1/Th2 and Tc1/Tc2 responses towards ovalbumin (OVA) in mice. TBM I also remarkably facilitated mRNA and protein expression of various chemokines and cytokines in the local muscle tissues. Flow cytometry revealed that TBM I promoted the recruitment and antigen uptake of immune cells in the injected muscles, and augmented the migration and antigen transport of immune cells to the draining lymph nodes. Gene expression microarray analysis manifested that TBM I modulated immune, chemotaxis, and inflammation-related genes. The integrated analysis of network pharmacology, transcriptomics, and molecular docking predicted that TBM I exerted adjuvant activity by interaction with SYK and LYN. Further investigation verified that SYK-STAT3 signaling axis was involved in the TBM I-induced inflammatory response in the C2C12 cells. Our results for the first time demonstrated that TBMs might be promising vaccine adjuvant candidates and exert the adjuvant activity through mediating the local immune microenvironment. SAR information contributes to developing the semisynthetic saponin derivatives with adjuvant activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Han
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junjie Jin
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,College of Animal Sciences, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangfeng Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanfei He
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongxiang Sun
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,*Correspondence: Hongxiang Sun,
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28
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Mieres-Castro D, Mora-Poblete F. Saponins: Research Progress and Their Potential Role in the Post-COVID-19 Pandemic Era. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020348. [PMID: 36839670 PMCID: PMC9964560 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In the post-COVID-19 pandemic era, the new global situation and the limited therapeutic management of the disease make it necessary to take urgent measures in more effective therapies and drug development in order to counteract the negative global impacts caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its new infectious variants. In this context, plant-derived saponins-glycoside-type compounds constituted from a triterpene or steroidal aglycone and one or more sugar residues-may offer fewer side effects and promising beneficial pharmacological activities. This can then be used for the development of potential therapeutic agents against COVID-19, either as a therapy or as a complement to conventional pharmacological strategies for the treatment of the disease and its prevention. The main objective of this review was to examine the primary and current evidence in regard to the therapeutic potential of plant-derived saponins against the COVID-19 disease. Further, the aim was to also focus on those studies that highlight the potential use of saponins as a treatment against SARS-CoV-2. Saponins are antiviral agents that inhibit different pharmacological targets of the virus, as well as exhibit anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic activity in relieving symptoms and clinical complications related to the disease. In addition, saponins also possess immunostimulatory effects, which improve the efficacy and safety of vaccines for prolonging immunogenicity against SARS-CoV-2 and its infectious variants.
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29
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Carnet F, Perrin-Cocon L, Paillot R, Lotteau V, Pronost S, Vidalain PO. An inventory of adjuvants used for vaccination in horses: the past, the present and the future. Vet Res 2023; 54:18. [PMID: 36864517 PMCID: PMC9983233 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01151-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the most widely used strategies to protect horses against pathogens. However, available equine vaccines often have limitations, as they do not always provide effective, long-term protection and booster injections are often required. In addition, research efforts are needed to develop effective vaccines against emerging equine pathogens. In this review, we provide an inventory of approved adjuvants for equine vaccines worldwide, and discuss their composition and mode of action when available. A wide range of adjuvants are used in marketed vaccines for horses, the main families being aluminium salts, emulsions, polymers, saponins and ISCOMs. We also present veterinary adjuvants that are already used for vaccination in other species and are currently evaluated in horses to improve equine vaccination and to meet the expected level of protection against pathogens in the equine industry. Finally, we discuss new adjuvants such as liposomes, polylactic acid polymers, inulin, poly-ε-caprolactone nanoparticles and co-polymers that are in development. Our objective is to help professionals in the horse industry understand the composition of marketed equine vaccines in a context of mistrust towards vaccines. Besides, this review provides researchers with a list of adjuvants, either approved or at least evaluated in horses, that could be used either alone or in combination to develop new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Carnet
- grid.508204.bLABÉO, 14280 Saint-Contest, France ,grid.412043.00000 0001 2186 4076BIOTARGEN, Normandie University, UNICAEN, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | - Laure Perrin-Cocon
- grid.462394.e0000 0004 0450 6033CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Romain Paillot
- grid.451003.30000 0004 0387 5232School of Equine and Veterinary Physiotherapy, Writtle University College, Lordship Road, Writtle, Chelmsford, CM1 3RR UK
| | - Vincent Lotteau
- grid.462394.e0000 0004 0450 6033CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Stéphane Pronost
- LABÉO, 14280, Saint-Contest, France. .,BIOTARGEN, Normandie University, UNICAEN, 14280, Saint-Contest, France.
| | - Pierre-Olivier Vidalain
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007, Lyon, France.
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30
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Zhao D, Chen X, Wang L, Zhang J, Lv R, Tan L, Chen Y, Tao R, Li X, Chen Y, He W, He J. Improvement influenza vaccine immune responses with traditional Chinese medicine and its active ingredients. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1111886. [PMID: 36960292 PMCID: PMC10027775 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1111886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The current influenza vaccines are unable to provide effective protection in many cases, like influenza viruses strain antigenic drift or shift, and the influenza continues to cause significant annual morbidity and mortality. Improving the immune response to influenza vaccination is an unmet need. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and its active ingredients are commonly known to have immunomodulatory properties. We therefore compared influenza vaccination alone or formulated with Astragali Radix (Huangqi in Chinese), and several representative ingredients of TCM, including lentinan (polysaccharide), panax notoginseng saponins (saponin), breviscapine (flavone), andrographolide (terpenoid), and a Chinese herbal compound (kangai) for their potential to enhance immune responses to influenza vaccine in mice. We found that all these TCM-adjuvants were able to increase hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) antibody titers, splenocyte proliferation, splenic T cell differentiation, bone marrow dendritic cell maturity, and both Th1 and Th2 cytokine secretion of influenza vaccine to varying degrees, and that had the characteristics of no excessive inflammatory responses and bidirectional regulation simultaneously. Taken together, our findings show that Astragali Radix exerts a more comprehensive effect on vaccine immunity, on both innate and adaptive immunity. The effects of lentinan and andrographolide on adaptive immunity were more significant, while the effects of breviscapine on innate immunity were stronger, and the other two TCM adjuvants were weaker. As the first report of a comprehensive evaluation of TCM adjuvants in influenza vaccines, the results suggest that TCM and their active ingredients are good candidates for enhancing the immune response of influenza vaccines, and that suitable TCMs can be selected based on the adjuvant requirements of different vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danping Zhao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuhong Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Linyuan Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Linyuan Wang, ; Jianjun Zhang,
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Linyuan Wang, ; Jianjun Zhang,
| | - Ruilin Lv
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lingyun Tan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yawen Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Tao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jing He
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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31
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Zhou S, Luo Y, Lovell JF. Vaccine approaches for antigen capture by liposomes. Expert Rev Vaccines 2023; 22:1022-1040. [PMID: 37878481 PMCID: PMC10872528 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2274479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Liposomes have been used as carriers for vaccine adjuvants and antigens due to their inherent biocompatibility and versatility as delivery vehicles. Two vial admixture of protein antigens with liposome-formulated immunostimulatory adjuvants has become a broadly used clinical vaccine preparation approach. Compared to freely soluble antigens, liposome-associated forms can enhance antigen delivery to antigen-presenting cells and co-deliver antigens with adjuvants, leading to improved vaccine efficacy. AREAS COVERED Several antigen-capture strategies for liposomal vaccines have been developed for proteins, peptides, and nucleic acids. Specific antigen delivery methodologies are discussed, including electrostatic adsorption, encapsulation inside the liposome aqueous core, and covalent and non-covalent antigen capture. EXPERT OPINION Several commercial vaccines include active lipid components, highlighting an increasingly prominent role of liposomes and lipid nanoparticles in vaccine development. Utilizing liposomes to associate antigens offers potential advantages, including antigen and adjuvant dose-sparing, co-delivery of antigen and adjuvant to immune cells, and enhanced immunogenicity. Antigen capture by liposomes has demonstrated feasibility in clinical testing. New antigen-capture techniques have been developed and appear to be of interest for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Yuan Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan F Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Balasubramaniyam A, Ryan E, Brown D, Hamza T, Harrison W, Gan M, Sankhala RS, Chen WH, Martinez EJ, Jensen JL, Dussupt V, Mendez-Rivera L, Mayer S, King J, Michael NL, Regules J, Krebs S, Rao M, Matyas GR, Joyce MG, Batchelor AH, Gromowski GD, Dutta S. Unglycosylated Soluble SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) Produced in E. coli Combined with the Army Liposomal Formulation Containing QS21 (ALFQ) Elicits Neutralizing Antibodies against Mismatched Variants. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 11:vaccines11010042. [PMID: 36679887 PMCID: PMC9864931 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of novel potentially pandemic pathogens necessitates the rapid manufacture and deployment of effective, stable, and locally manufacturable vaccines on a global scale. In this study, the ability of the Escherichia coli expression system to produce the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was evaluated. The RBD of the original Wuhan-Hu1 variant and of the Alpha and Beta variants of concern (VoC) were expressed in E. coli, and their biochemical and immunological profiles were compared to RBD produced in mammalian cells. The E. coli-produced RBD variants recapitulated the structural character of mammalian-expressed RBD and bound to human angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE2) receptor and a panel of neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies. A pilot vaccination in mice with bacterial RBDs formulated with a novel liposomal adjuvant, Army Liposomal Formulation containing QS21 (ALFQ), induced polyclonal antibodies that inhibited RBD association to ACE2 in vitro and potently neutralized homologous and heterologous SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses. Although all vaccines induced neutralization of the non-vaccine Delta variant, only the Beta RBD vaccine produced in E. coli and mammalian cells effectively neutralized the Omicron BA.1 pseudovirus. These outcomes warrant further exploration of E. coli as an expression platform for non-glycosylated, soluble immunogens for future rapid response to emerging pandemic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arasu Balasubramaniyam
- Biologics Research and Development Branch, Structural Vaccinology Laboratory, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Emma Ryan
- Biologics Research and Development Branch, Structural Vaccinology Laboratory, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Dallas Brown
- Biologics Research and Development Branch, Structural Vaccinology Laboratory, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Therwa Hamza
- Biologics Research and Development Branch, Structural Vaccinology Laboratory, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - William Harrison
- Biologics Research and Development Branch, Structural Vaccinology Laboratory, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Michael Gan
- Biologics Research and Development Branch, Structural Vaccinology Laboratory, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Rajeshwer S. Sankhala
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Wei-Hung Chen
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Elizabeth J. Martinez
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Jaime L. Jensen
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Vincent Dussupt
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, B-cell Biology Laboratory, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Letzibeth Mendez-Rivera
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, B-cell Biology Laboratory, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Sandra Mayer
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Jocelyn King
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Jason Regules
- Biologics Research and Development Branch, Structural Vaccinology Laboratory, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Shelly Krebs
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, B-cell Biology Laboratory, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Mangala Rao
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Gary R. Matyas
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - M. Gordon Joyce
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Adrian H. Batchelor
- Biologics Research and Development Branch, Structural Vaccinology Laboratory, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Gregory D. Gromowski
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Sheetij Dutta
- Biologics Research and Development Branch, Structural Vaccinology Laboratory, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-301-319-9154
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33
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Du Y, Hu X, Miao L, Chen J. Current status and development prospects of aquatic vaccines. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1040336. [PMID: 36439092 PMCID: PMC9684733 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1040336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases are a significant impediment to aquaculture's sustainable and healthy growth. The aquaculture industry is suffering significant financial losses as a result of the worsening water quality and increasing frequency of aquatic disease outbreaks caused by the expansion of aquaculture. Drug control, immunoprophylaxis, ecologically integrated control, etc. are the principal control strategies for fish infections. For a long time, the prevention and control of aquatic diseases have mainly relied on the use of various antibiotics and chemical drugs. However, long-term use of chemical inputs not only increases pathogenic bacteria resistance but also damages the fish and aquaculture environments, resulting in drug residues in aquatic products, severely impeding the development of the aquaculture industry. The development and use of aquatic vaccines are the safest and most effective ways to prevent aquatic animal diseases and preserve the health and sustainability of aquaculture. To give references for the development and implementation of aquatic vaccines, this study reviews the development history, types, inoculation techniques, mechanisms of action, development prospects, and challenges encountered with aquatic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Du
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoman Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Liang Miao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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34
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Faria-Silva C, de Sousa M, Carvalheiro MC, Simões P, Simões S. Alpha-tomatine and the two sides of the same coin: An anti-nutritional glycoalkaloid with potential in human health. Food Chem 2022; 391:133261. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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35
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Development and Evaluation of a Novel Diammonium Glycyrrhizinate Phytosome for Nasal Vaccination. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102000. [PMID: 36297436 PMCID: PMC9612344 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present research was to formulate diammonium glycyrrhizinate (DG) into phytosomes (DG-P) to induce nasal immune responses and enhance absorption. Plackett- Burman design was used for process optimization, incorporating specific formulation and process variables to obtain the optimal parameters. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray power diffraction (P-XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used for characterization. The adjuvant activity of the DG-P was evaluated by using bone marrow dendritic cells. In vitro nasal mucosal permeation and in situ nasal perfusion were also investigated to evaluate nasal absorption. The DG phytosomes were in the size range of 20~30 nm and zeta-potential range of −30~−40 mV. DG-P demonstrated 4.2-fold increased solubility in n-octanol. Coculturing bone marrow dendritic cells with DG-P led to enhanced dendritic cell maturation. Apparent permeability coefficient of the phytosomal formulation was almost four times higher than that of free DG determined by ex vivo permeation studies on excised porcine mucosa. In situ nasal perfusion studies in rats demonstrated that the nasal absorption of DG-P was significantly higher than that of free DG. Conclusively, the results confirmed that DG-P have potential for use as an adjuvant for nasal vaccine.
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36
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Hutter JN, Robben PM, Lee C, Hamer M, Moon JE, Merino K, Zhu L, Galli H, Quinn X, Brown DR, Duncan E, Bolton J, Zou X, Angov E, Lanar DE, Rao M, Matyas GR, Beck Z, Bergmann-Leitner E, Soisson LA, Waters NC, Ngauy V, Regules J, Dutta S. First-in-human assessment of safety and immunogenicity of low and high doses of Plasmodium falciparum malaria protein 013 (FMP013) administered intramuscularly with ALFQ adjuvant in healthy malaria-naïve adults. Vaccine 2022; 40:5781-5790. [PMID: 36055874 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The global burden of malaria remains substantial. Circumsporozoite protein (CSP) has been demonstrated to be an effective target antigen, however, improvements that offer more efficacious and more durable protection are still needed. In support of research and development of next-generation malaria vaccines, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR) has developed a CSP-based antigen (FMP013) and a novel adjuvant ALFQ (Army Liposome Formulation containing QS-21). We present a single center, open-label, dose-escalation Phase 1 clinical trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the FMP013/ALFQ malaria vaccine candidate. In this first-in-human evaluation of both the antigen and adjuvant, we enrolled ten subjects; five received 20 μg FMP013 / 0.5 mL ALFQ (Low dose group), and five received 40 μg FMP013 / 1.0 mL ALFQ (High dose group) on study days 1, 29, and 57. Adverse events and immune responses were assessed during the study period. The clinical safety profile was acceptable and there were no serious adverse events. Both groups exhibited robust humoral and cellular immunological responses, and compared favorably with historical responses reported for RTS,S/AS01. Based on a lower reactogenicity profile, the 20 μg FMP013 / 0.5 mL ALFQ (Low dose) was selected for follow-on efficacy testing by controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) with a separate cohort. Trial Registration:Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier NCT04268420 (Registered February 13, 2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack N Hutter
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States.
| | - Paul M Robben
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Christine Lee
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Melinda Hamer
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - James E Moon
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Kristen Merino
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States; Current Affiliation: Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center Covington, LA, United States
| | - Lei Zhu
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Heather Galli
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Xiaofei Quinn
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Dallas R Brown
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Elizabeth Duncan
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Jessica Bolton
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Xiaoyan Zou
- Navy Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, United States
| | - Evelina Angov
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - David E Lanar
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Mangala Rao
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Gary R Matyas
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Zoltan Beck
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States; Henry Jackson Foundation for Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD. Present Address: Pfizer, Inc., 401 N Middletown Rd, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | | | - Lorraine A Soisson
- United States Agency for International Development Malaria Vaccine Development Program, Washington DC, United States
| | - Norman C Waters
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Viseth Ngauy
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Jason Regules
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Sheetij Dutta
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States.
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37
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Advances in Infectious Disease Vaccine Adjuvants. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071120. [PMID: 35891284 PMCID: PMC9316175 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are one of the most significant medical interventions in the fight against infectious diseases. Since their discovery by Edward Jenner in 1796, vaccines have reduced the worldwide transmission to eradication levels of infectious diseases, including smallpox, diphtheria, hepatitis, malaria, and influenza. However, the complexity of developing safe and effective vaccines remains a barrier for combating many more infectious diseases. Immune stimulants (or adjuvants) are an indispensable factor in vaccine development, especially for inactivated and subunit-based vaccines due to their decreased immunogenicity compared to whole pathogen vaccines. Adjuvants are widely diverse in structure; however, their overall function in vaccine constructs is the same: to enhance and/or prolong an immunological response. The potential for adverse effects as a result of adjuvant use, though, must be acknowledged and carefully managed. Understanding the specific mechanisms of adjuvant efficacy and safety is a key prerequisite for adjuvant use in vaccination. Therefore, rigorous pre-clinical and clinical research into adjuvant development is essential. Overall, the incorporation of adjuvants allows for greater opportunities in advancing vaccine development and the importance of immune stimulants drives the emergence of novel and more effective adjuvants. This article highlights recent advances in vaccine adjuvant development and provides detailed data from pre-clinical and clinical studies specific to infectious diseases. Future perspectives into vaccine adjuvant development are also highlighted.
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38
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Schreiner T, Dias MM, Barreiro MF, Pinho SP. Saponins as Natural Emulsifiers for Nanoemulsions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:6573-6590. [PMID: 35621387 PMCID: PMC9776534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The awareness of sustainability approaches has focused attention on replacing synthetic emulsifiers with natural alternatives when formulating nanoemulsions. In this context, a comprehensive review of the different types of saponins being successfully used to form and stabilize nanoemulsions is presented, highlighting the most common natural sources and biosynthetic routes. Processes for their extraction and purification are also reviewed altogether with the recent advances for their characterization. Concerning the preparation of the nanoemulsions containing saponins, the focus has been initially given to screening methods, lipid phase used, and production procedures, but their characterization and delivery systems explored are also discussed. Most experimental outcomes showed that the saponins present high performance, but the challenges associated with the saponins' broader application, mainly the standardization for industrial use, are identified. Future perspectives report, among others, the emerging biotechnological processes and the use of byproducts in a circular economy context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana
B. Schreiner
- Centro
de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa
Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- LSRE-LCM
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering – Laboratory
of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Madalena M. Dias
- LSRE-LCM
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering – Laboratory
of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Filomena Barreiro
- Centro
de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa
Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Simão P. Pinho
- Centro
de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa
Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
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Luan N, Cao H, Wang Y, Cunbao Liu KL. LNP-CpG ODN-adjuvanted varicella-zoster virus glycoprotein E induced comparable levels of immunity with Shingrix TM in VZV-primed mice. Virol Sin 2022; 37:731-739. [PMID: 35671982 PMCID: PMC9167804 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent varicella-zoster virus (VZV) may be reactivated to cause herpes zoster, which affects one in three people during their lifetime. The currently available subunit vaccine ShingrixTM is superior to the attenuated vaccine Zostavax® in terms of both safety and efficacy, but the supply of its key adjuvant component QS21 is limited. With Ionizable lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) that were recently approved by the FDA for COVID-19 mRNA vaccines as carriers, and oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motifs (CpG ODNs) approved by the FDA for a subunit hepatitis B vaccine as immunostimulators, we developed a LNP vaccine encapsulating VZV-glycoprotein E (gE) and CpG ODN, and compared its immunogenicity with ShingrixTM in C57BL/6J mice. The results showed that the LNP vaccine induced comparable levels of gE-specific IgG antibodies to ShingrixTM as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Most importantly, the LNP vaccine induced comparable levels of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) that plays decisive roles in the efficacy of zoster vaccines to ShingrixTM in a VZV-primed mouse model that was adopted for preclinical studies of ShingrixTM. Number of IL-2 and IFN-γ secreting splenocytes and proportion of T helper 1 (Th1) cytokine-expressing CD4+ T cells in LNP-CpG-adjuvanted VZV-gE vaccinated mice were similar to that of ShingrixTM boosted mice. All of the components in this LNP vaccine can be artificially and economically synthesized in large quantities, indicating the potential of LNP-CpG-adjuvanted VZV-gE as a more cost-effective zoster vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Luan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Han Cao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Yunfei Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Kangyang Lin Cunbao Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China.
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40
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Fuentes R, Aguinagalde L, Pifferi C, Plata A, Sacristán N, Castellana D, Anguita J, Fernández-Tejada A. Novel Oxime-Derivatized Synthetic Triterpene Glycosides as Potent Saponin Vaccine Adjuvants. Front Immunol 2022; 13:865507. [PMID: 35603193 PMCID: PMC9121768 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.865507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine adjuvants are key for optimal vaccine efficacy, increasing the immunogenicity of the antigen and potentiating the immune response. Saponin adjuvants such as the carbohydrate-based QS-21 natural product are among the most promising candidates in vaccine formulations, but suffer from inherent drawbacks that have hampered their use and approval as stand-alone adjuvants. Despite the recent development of synthetic derivatives with improved properties, their full potential has not yet been reached, allowing the prospect of discovering further optimized saponin variants with higher potency. Herein, we have designed, chemically synthesized, and immunologically evaluated novel oxime-derivatized saponin adjuvants with targeted structural modifications at key triterpene functionalities. The resulting analogues have revealed important findings into saponin structure-activity relationships, including adjuvant mechanistic insights, and have shown superior adjuvant activity in terms of significantly increased antibody response augmentation compared to our previous saponin leads. These newly identified saponin oximes emerge as highly promising synthetic adjuvants for further preclinical development towards potential next generation immunotherapeutics for future vaccine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Fuentes
- Chemical Immunology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance BRTA, Derio, Spain
| | - Leire Aguinagalde
- Chemical Immunology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance BRTA, Derio, Spain
| | - Carlo Pifferi
- Chemical Immunology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance BRTA, Derio, Spain
| | - Adrián Plata
- Chemical Immunology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance BRTA, Derio, Spain
| | - Nagore Sacristán
- Chemical Immunology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance BRTA, Derio, Spain
| | - Donatello Castellana
- Research and Development, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance BRTA, Derio, Spain
| | - Juan Anguita
- Inflammation and Macrophage Plasticity Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance BRTA, Derio, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Alberto Fernández-Tejada
- Chemical Immunology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance BRTA, Derio, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
- *Correspondence: Alberto Fernández-Tejada,
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Ionizable Lipid Nanoparticles Enhanced the Synergistic Adjuvant Effect of CpG ODNs and QS21 in a Varicella Zoster Virus Glycoprotein E Subunit Vaccine. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14050973. [PMID: 35631559 PMCID: PMC9143440 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14050973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) causes two diseases: varicella upon primary infection and herpes zoster when latent viruses in the sensory ganglia reactivate. While varicella vaccines depend on humoral immunity to prevent VZV infection, cell-mediated immunity (CMI), which plays a therapeutic role in the control or elimination of reactivated VZV in infected cells, is decisive for zoster vaccine efficacy. As one of the most abundant glycoproteins of VZV, conserved glycoprotein E (gE) is essential for viral replication and transmission between ganglion cells, thus making it an ideal target subunit vaccine antigen; gE has been successfully used in the herpes zoster vaccine ShingrixTM on the market. In this report, we found that ionizable lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as vectors for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mRNA vaccines could enhance the synergistic adjuvant effect of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs) and QS21 on VZV-gE, affecting both humoral immunity and CMI. Vaccines made with these LNPs showed promise as varicella vaccines without a potential risk of herpes zoster, which identifies them as a novel type of herpes zoster vaccine similar to ShingrixTM. All of the components in this LNP-CpG-QS21 adjuvant system were proven to be safe after mass vaccination, and the high proportion of cholesterol contained in the LNPs was helpful for limiting the cytotoxicity induced by QS21, which may lead to the development of a novel herpes zoster subunit vaccine for clinical application.
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Luan N, Li T, Wang Y, Cao H, Yin X, Lin K, Liu C. Th2-Oriented Immune Serum After SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Does Not Enhance Infection In Vitro. Front Immunol 2022; 13:882856. [PMID: 35464483 PMCID: PMC9024142 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.882856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The relatively lower protection rate of the alum-adjuvanted inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines reminds us of the antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) phenomenon observed in preclinical studies during the development of vaccines for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1). In this study, using the S1 segment of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or inactivated whole SARS-CoV-2 virus as an antigen and aluminum as an adjuvant, the risk of ADE of infection with T helper 2 (Th2)-oriented immune serum from mice (N=6) and humans (N=5) was examined in immune cell lines, which show different expression patterns of Fc receptors. Neither the immune serum from alum-adjuvanted S1 subunit vaccines nor inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccination enhanced SARS-CoV-2 S pseudotyped virus infection in any of the tested cell lines in vitro. Because both of these Th2-oriented immune sera could block SARS-CoV-2 infection without ADE of infection, we speculate that the lower protection rate of the inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine may be attributed to the lower neutralizing antibody titers induced or the pulmonary eosinophilic immunopathology accompanied by eosinophilic infiltration in the lungs upon virus exposure. Adjustment of the immunization schedule to elevate the neutralizing antibody levels and skew adjuvants toward Th1-oriented responses may be considered to increase the efficacies of both inactivated and spike protein-based subunit SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Luan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Tao Li
- Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfei Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Han Cao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Xingxiao Yin
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Kangyang Lin
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Cunbao Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
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43
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Structure Elucidation of Triterpenoid Saponins Found in an Immunoadjuvant Preparation of Quillaja brasiliensis Using Mass Spectrometry and 1H and 13C NMR Spectroscopy. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27082402. [PMID: 35458600 PMCID: PMC9024837 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
An immunoadjuvant preparation (named Fraction B) was obtained from the aqueous extract of Quillaja brasiliensis leaves, and further fractionated by consecutive separations with silica flash MPLC and reverse phase HPLC. Two compounds were isolated, and their structures elucidated using a combination of NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. One of these compounds is a previously undescribed triterpene saponin (Qb1), which is an isomer of QS-21, the unique adjuvant saponin employed in human vaccines. The other compound is a triterpene saponin previously isolated from Quillaja saponaria bark, known as S13. The structure of Qb1 consists of a quillaic acid residue substituted with a β-d-Galp-(1→2)-[β-d-Xylp-(1→3)]-β-d-GlcpA trisaccharide at C3, and a β-d-Xylp-(1→4)-α-l-Rhap-(1→2)-[α-l-Arap-(1→3)]-β-d-Fucp moiety at C28. The oligosaccharide at C28 was further substituted at O4 of the fucosyl residue with an acyl group capped with a β-d-Xylp residue.
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Yang JX, Tseng JC, Yu GY, Luo Y, Huang CYF, Hong YR, Chuang TH. Recent Advances in the Development of Toll-like Receptor Agonist-Based Vaccine Adjuvants for Infectious Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020423. [PMID: 35214155 PMCID: PMC8878135 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are powerful tools for controlling microbial infections and preventing epidemic diseases. Efficient inactive, subunit, or viral-like particle vaccines usually rely on a safe and potent adjuvant to boost the immune response to the antigen. After a slow start, over the last decade there has been increased developments on adjuvants for human vaccines. The development of adjuvants has paralleled our increased understanding of the molecular mechanisms for the pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-mediated activation of immune responses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a group of PRRs that recognize microbial pathogens to initiate a host’s response to infection. Activation of TLRs triggers potent and immediate innate immune responses, which leads to subsequent adaptive immune responses. Therefore, these TLRs are ideal targets for the development of effective adjuvants. To date, TLR agonists such as monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and CpG-1018 have been formulated in licensed vaccines for their adjuvant activity, and other TLR agonists are being developed for this purpose. The COVID-19 pandemic has also accelerated clinical research of vaccines containing TLR agonist-based adjuvants. In this paper, we reviewed the agonists for TLR activation and the molecular mechanisms associated with the adjuvants’ effects on TLR activation, emphasizing recent advances in the development of TLR agonist-based vaccine adjuvants for infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Xing Yang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; (J.-X.Y.); (J.-C.T.)
| | - Jen-Chih Tseng
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; (J.-X.Y.); (J.-C.T.)
| | - Guann-Yi Yu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan;
| | - Yunping Luo
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China;
| | - Chi-Ying F. Huang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Ren Hong
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chuang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; (J.-X.Y.); (J.-C.T.)
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan
- Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-37-246166 (ext. 37611)
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Zhu L, Han Z, He Y, Sun H. Caspase-1-Dependent Pyroptosis Mediates Adjuvant Activity of Platycodin D as an Adjuvant for Intramuscular Vaccines. Cells 2022; 11:cells11010134. [PMID: 35011696 PMCID: PMC8750424 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Platycodin D (PD) is a potent adjuvant with dual Th1 and Th2 potentiating activity, but its mechanisms of action remain unclear. Here, the C2C12 myoblast cell line and mice were used as in vitro and in vivo models to identify potential signaling pathways involved in the adjuvant activity of PD. PD induced a transient cytotoxicity and inflammatory response in the C2C12 cells and in mouse quadricep muscles. A comparative analysis of microarray data revealed that PD induced similar gene expression profiles in the C2C12 cells and in the quadricep muscles, and triggered rapid regulation of death, immune, and inflammation-related genes, both in vivo and in vitro. It was further demonstrated that caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis was involved in the PD-induced cytotoxicity and inflammatory response in the C2C12 cells via the Ca2+–c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)–NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome signaling pathway. Consistently, the in vivo analysis revealed that a local blockage of NLRP3 and caspase-1 inhibited PD-induced cytokine production and immune cell recruitment at the injection site, and impaired the adjuvant activity of PD on antigen-specific immune responses to model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) in mice. These findings identified the caspase-1-dependent adjuvanticity of PD and expanded the current knowledge on the mechanisms of action of saponin-based adjuvants.
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Barral TD, Kalil MA, Mariutti RB, Arni RK, Gismene C, Sousa FS, Collares T, Seixas FK, Borsuk S, Estrela-Lima A, Azevedo V, Meyer R, Portela RW. Immunoprophylactic properties of the Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis-derived MBP:PLD:CP40 fusion protein. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:8035-8051. [PMID: 36374330 PMCID: PMC9660185 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12279-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) is a disease that affects small ruminants, and the best way to prevent its spread on a herd is through immunoprophylaxis. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the MBP:PLD:CP40 fusion protein as a new CLA immunogen. The fusion protein was constructed by combining Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis PLD and CP40 proteins with maltose-binding protein (MBP) as an intrinsic adjuvant. The antigenicity, allergenic potential, prediction of B epitopes, binding to MHC receptors, and docking on the Toll-Like 2 receptor were evaluated in silico. MBP:PLD:CP40 was expressed and purified. 40 BALB/c were divided into four groups (G1 - control, G2 - Saponin, G3 - MBP:PLD:CP40, and G4 - rPLD + rCP40). Total IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a were quantified, and the expressions of cytokines after splenocyte in vitro stimulation were assessed. Mice were challenged 42 days after the first immunization. The in silico analysis showed that MBP:PLD:CP40 has immunogenic potential, does not have allergic properties, and can dock on the TRL2 receptor. MBP:PLD:CP40 stimulated the production of IgG1 antibodies in a fivefold proportion to IgG2a, and TNF and IL-17 were significantly expressed in response to the antigenic stimuli. When rPLD and rCP40 were used together for immunization, they could induce IFN-γ and IL-12, but with no detectable antibody production. The G3 and G4 groups presented a survival of 57.14% and 42.86%, respectively, while the G1 and G2 mice were all dead 15 days after the challenge. MBP:PLD:CP40 partially protected the mice against C. pseudotuberculosis infection and can be considered a potential new CLA immunogen. KEY POINTS: • The fusion protein induced more IgG1 than IgG2a antibodies; • The fusion protein also induced the expression of the TNF and IL-17 cytokines; • Mice inoculated with MBP:PLD:CP40 presented a 57.14% survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Doria Barral
- grid.8399.b0000 0004 0372 8259Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Avenida Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Salvador, Bahia State 40110-100 Brazil
| | - Mauricio Alcantara Kalil
- grid.8399.b0000 0004 0372 8259Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Avenida Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Salvador, Bahia State 40110-100 Brazil
| | - Ricardo Barros Mariutti
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XMultiuser Center for Biomolecular Innovation, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo State 15054-000 Brazil
| | - Raghuvir Krishnaswamy Arni
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XMultiuser Center for Biomolecular Innovation, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo State 15054-000 Brazil
| | - Carolina Gismene
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XMultiuser Center for Biomolecular Innovation, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo State 15054-000 Brazil
| | - Fernanda Severo Sousa
- grid.411221.50000 0001 2134 6519Center for Technological Development, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State 96010-900 Brazil
| | - Tiago Collares
- grid.411221.50000 0001 2134 6519Center for Technological Development, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State 96010-900 Brazil
| | - Fabiana Kommling Seixas
- grid.411221.50000 0001 2134 6519Center for Technological Development, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State 96010-900 Brazil
| | - Sibele Borsuk
- grid.411221.50000 0001 2134 6519Center for Technological Development, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State 96010-900 Brazil
| | - Alessandra Estrela-Lima
- grid.8399.b0000 0004 0372 8259Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia State 40110-100 Brazil
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Genetics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State 31270-901 Brazil
| | - Roberto Meyer
- grid.8399.b0000 0004 0372 8259Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Avenida Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Salvador, Bahia State 40110-100 Brazil
| | - Ricardo Wagner Portela
- grid.8399.b0000 0004 0372 8259Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Avenida Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Salvador, Bahia State 40110-100 Brazil
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Yates PS, Roberson J, Ramsue LK, Song BH. Bridging the Gaps between Plant and Human Health: A Systematic Review of Soyasaponins. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:14387-14401. [PMID: 34843230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Saponins, prominent secondary plant metabolites, are recognized for their roles in plant defense and medicinal benefits. Soyasaponins, commonly derived from legumes, are a class of triterpenoid saponins that demonstrate significant potential for plant and human health applications. Previous research and reviews largely emphasize human health effects of soyasaponins. However, the biological effects of soyasaponins and their implications for plants in the context of human health have not been well-discussed. This review provides comprehensive discussions on the biological roles of soyasaponins in plant defense and rhizosphere microbial interactions; biosynthetic regulation and compound production; immunological effects and potential for therapeutics; and soyasaponin acquisition attributed to processing effects, bioavailability, and biotransformation processes based on recent soyasaponin research. Given the multifaceted biological effects elicited by soyasaponins, further research warrants an integrated approach to understand molecular mechanisms of regulations in their production as well as their applications in plant and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping S Yates
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28262, United States
| | - Julia Roberson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28262, United States
| | - Lyric K Ramsue
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28262, United States
| | - Bao-Hua Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28262, United States
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48
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Cao H, Wang Y, Luan N, Lin K, Liu C. Effects of Varicella-Zoster Virus Glycoprotein E Carboxyl-Terminal Mutation on mRNA Vaccine Efficacy. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9121440. [PMID: 34960186 PMCID: PMC8704662 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoprotein E (gE) is one of the most abundant glycoproteins in varicella-zoster virus and plays pivotal roles in virus replication and transmission between ganglia cells. Its extracellular domain has been successfully used as an antigen in subunit zoster vaccines. The intracellular C-terminal domain was reported to be decisive for gE trafficking between the endoplasmic reticulum, trans-Golgi network and endosomes and could influence virus spread and virus titers. Considering that the trafficking and distribution of mRNA vaccine-translated gE may be different from those of gE translated against the background of the viral genome (e.g., most gE in virus-infected cells exists as heterodimers with another glycoprotein, gI,), which may influence the immunogenicity of gE-based mRNA vaccines, we compared the humoral and cellular immunity induced by LNP-encapsulated mRNA sequences encoding the whole length of gE, the extracellular domain of gE and a C-terminal double mutant of gE (mutant Y569A with original motif AYRV, which targets gE to TGN, and mutants S593A, S595A, T596A and T598A with the original motif SSTT) that were reported to enhance virus spread and elevate virus titers. The results showed that while the humoral and cellular immunity induced by all of the mRNA vaccines was comparable to or better than that induced by the AS01B-adjuvanted subunit vaccines, the C-terminal double mutant of gE showed stable advantages in all of the indicators tested, including gE-specific IgG titers and T cell responses, and could be adopted as a candidate for both safer varicella vaccines and effective zoster vaccines.
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Losada Méndez J, Palomares F, Gómez F, Ramírez-López P, Ramos-Soriano J, Torres MJ, Mayorga C, Rojo J. Immunomodulatory Response of Toll-like Receptor Ligand-Peptide Conjugates in Food Allergy. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:2651-2664. [PMID: 34761908 PMCID: PMC8609526 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Covalent conjugation
of allergens to toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists
appears to be a powerful strategy for the development of safety compounds
for allergen-specific immunomodulatory response toward tolerance in
allergy. In this work, we have synthesized two family of ligands,
an 8-oxoadenine derivative as a ligand for TLR7 and a pyrimido[5,4-b]indole as a ligand for TLR4, both conjugated with a T-cell
peptide of Pru p 3 allergen, the lipid transfer protein (LTP) responsible
for LTP-dependent food allergy. These conjugates interact with dendritic
cells, inducing their specific maturation, T-cell proliferation, and
cytokine production in peach allergic patients. Moreover, they increased
the Treg-cell frequencies in these patients and could induce the IL-10
production. These outcomes were remarkable in the case of the TLR7
ligand conjugated with Pru p 3, opening the door for the potential
application of these allergen–adjuvant systems in food allergy
immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Losada Méndez
- Glycosystems Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), CSIC─Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Francisca Palomares
- Allergy Unit, IBIMA, Regional University Hospital of Malaga, UMA, 29009 Malaga, Spain
| | - Francisca Gómez
- Allergy Clinical Unit, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29009 Málaga, Spain
| | - Pedro Ramírez-López
- Glycosystems Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), CSIC─Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Javier Ramos-Soriano
- Glycosystems Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), CSIC─Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Maria Jose Torres
- Allergy Clinical Unit, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29009 Málaga, Spain
- Nanostructures for Diagnosing and Treatment of Allergic Diseases Laboratory, Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología-BIONAND, 29590 Málaga, Spain
- Allergy Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, 29009 Málaga, Spain
- Medicine Department, Universidad de Málaga-UMA, 29009 Málaga, Spain
| | - Cristobalina Mayorga
- Allergy Unit, IBIMA, Regional University Hospital of Malaga, UMA, 29009 Malaga, Spain
- Allergy Clinical Unit, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29009 Málaga, Spain
- Nanostructures for Diagnosing and Treatment of Allergic Diseases Laboratory, Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología-BIONAND, 29590 Málaga, Spain
| | - Javier Rojo
- Glycosystems Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), CSIC─Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
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50
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Cheong Y, Kim M, Ahn J, Oh H, Lim J, Chae W, Yang SW, Kim MS, Yu JE, Byun S, Jang YH, Seong BL. Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate as a Novel Vaccine Adjuvant. Front Immunol 2021; 12:769088. [PMID: 34868027 PMCID: PMC8632720 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.769088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine adjuvants from natural resources have been utilized for enhancing vaccine efficacy against infectious diseases. This study examined the potential use of catechins, polyphenolic materials derived from green tea, as adjuvants for subunit and inactivated vaccines. Previously, catechins have been documented to have irreversible virucidal function, with the possible applicability in the inactivated viral vaccine platform. In a mouse model, the coadministration of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) with influenza hemagglutinin (HA) antigens induced high levels of neutralizing antibodies, comparable to that induced by alum, providing complete protection against the lethal challenge. Adjuvant effects were observed for all types of HA antigens, including recombinant full-length HA and HA1 globular domain, and egg-derived inactivated split influenza vaccines. The combination of alum and EGCG further increased neutralizing (NT) antibody titers with the corresponding hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers, demonstrating a dose-sparing effect. Remarkably, EGCG induced immunoglobulin isotype switching from IgG1 to IgG2a (approximately >64-700 fold increase), exerting a more balanced TH1/TH2 response compared to alum. The upregulation of IgG2a correlated with significant enhancement of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) function (approximately 14 fold increase), providing a potent effector-mediated protection in addition to NT and HI. As the first report on a novel class of vaccine adjuvants with built-in virucidal activities, the results of this study will help improve the efficacy and safety of vaccines for pandemic preparedness.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Vaccine/administration & dosage
- Alum Compounds/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Catechin/administration & dosage
- Catechin/analogs & derivatives
- Catechin/immunology
- Dogs
- Drug Synergism
- Female
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/administration & dosage
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucheol Cheong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Minjin Kim
- Graduate Program in Biomaterials Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jina Ahn
- The Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Integrative Biotechnology & Translational Medicine, Yonsei University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hana Oh
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jongkwan Lim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Wonil Chae
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Won Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min Seok Kim
- Graduate Program in Biomaterials Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Yu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sanguine Byun
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yo Han Jang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology Major in Bio-Vaccine Engineering, Andong National University, Andong, South Korea
- Vaccine Industry Research Institute, Andong National University, Andong, South Korea
| | - Baik Lin Seong
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
- Vaccine Innovative Technology ALliance (VITAL)-Korea, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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