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Slezackova A, Malatincova T, Millova K, Svetlak M, Krafft AM. The moderating effect of perceived hope in the relationship between anxiety and posttraumatic growth during the Russian-Ukrainian war. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1440021. [PMID: 39156809 PMCID: PMC11327115 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1440021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study examines the relationships between perceived hope, posttraumatic growth, well-being, anxiety, and perceived threat of the Russian-Ukrainian War (RUW) in the Czech adult population. Drawing on the evidence of posttraumatic growth (PTG) amidst crisis, we hypothesized that perceived hope moderates the effects of perceived threat of war and anxiety on PTG. Methods Data were obtained from 1,000 Czech respondents via an online questionnaire ten months post-invasion. The form included measures of posttraumatic growth, perceived hope, well-being, anxiety and depression, and perceived threat of war. Results Our findings reveal that perceived hope acted as a moderator enhancing the positive effects of perceived threat and anxiety on PTG. However, perceived hope did not significantly moderate the direct effects of perceived threats and anxiety on well-being. Discussion This study highlights the significant role of hope amidst adversity and underscores its potential as a target for interventions aiming to foster PTG in populations who navigate traumatic experiences. Furthermore, it advocates for continued exploration of the factors interacting to enhance well-being and facilitate PTG in affected communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Slezackova
- Department of Medical Psychology and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Tatiana Malatincova
- Department of Medical Psychology and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Katarina Millova
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
| | - Miroslav Svetlak
- Department of Medical Psychology and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Andreas M. Krafft
- Institute of Systemic Management and Public Governance, University of St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Gou Z, Ma Z. Dynamic structure of posttraumatic growth among victims of the 2021 Henan floods: A 6-month, three-wave longitudinal study. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2023; 15:1372-1390. [PMID: 36882997 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Posttraumatic growth (PTG) following traumatic events is a dynamic and transformational process. However, its dynamic structure is currently unknown. The study aimed to estimate the dynamic structure of PTG at the nuance level based on PTG measurement items using network analysis. A three-wave longitudinal study was conducted from July 20, 2021, to January 30, 2022, among the victims experiencing the 2021 Henan floods. The final sample (n = 297) completed reports of PTG after 0, 3, and 6 months of the disaster. We employed the graphical vector autoregressive model approach to estimate extended network models. Contemporaneous network results revealed strong positive associations between domains of PTG in the same measurement window, especially between new possibilities and personal strength. Moreover, temporal network results-the internal interplays among PTG items across measurement windows-revealed that the domain of relating to others plays a central role in the dynamics of PTG. Although other domains predicted an increase in relating to others, relating to others inhibited the development of other domains, especially new possibilities and personal strength. Our study identifies the culture-specific process of PTG and provides empirical evidence on the explanatory models of PTG and the Janus-Face model of PTG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zepeng Gou
- Computational Communication Collaboratory, School of Journalism and Communication, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhihao Ma
- Computational Communication Collaboratory, School of Journalism and Communication, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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Jónsdóttir EK, Sigurvinsdottir RS, Ásgeirsdóttir BB. Associations among posttraumatic growth, demographic characteristics, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and trauma type, with a focus on sexual violence. J Trauma Stress 2023; 36:849-860. [PMID: 37339113 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed posttraumatic growth (PTG) across multiple trauma types and by demographic characteristics (i.e., sex, age, education). Moreover, we examined the association between PTG and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms as well as the characteristics and predictors of PTG after sexual violence. A phone survey was conducted in a nationally representative sample of 1,766 Icelandic adults. In total, 1,528 individuals reported having experienced some form of trauma and were included in the analysis, and 563 reported experiencing sexual violence. Interpersonal trauma (e.g., sexual violence, emotional abuse, and domestic violence) was associated with the highest levels of PTG. Moderate levels of PTSD symptoms were associated with the highest levels of PTG, whereas high- or low-level PTSD symptoms were related to less PTG. Women reported significantly more PTG than men, d = 0.16 and survivors of sexual violence reported significantly more PTG than individuals who reported other forms of trauma exposure, d = 0.28. Among sexual violence survivors, no demographic factors were associated with PTG, but cumulative trauma and positive social reactions were significantly related to higher levels of PTG. This study highlights that personal growth can result from aversive experiences and suggests a curvilinear association between PTG and PTSD symptoms.
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Howard C, Overall NC, Sibley CG. Do stressful life events impact long-term well-being? Annual change in well-being following different life events compared to matched controls. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1012120. [PMID: 36275253 PMCID: PMC9583262 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1012120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Available longitudinal evidence suggests that personal growth following adversity may not be as prevalent as suggested in cross-sectional research. Firm conclusions regarding resiliency versus post-traumatic growth following adverse events are further tempered by the restricted range of outcomes assessed when examining resilience, the focus on specific adverse events or cumulative adversity scores that hinder comparisons between event types, and the relative scarcity of analyses including matched control groups. The current study addresses these gaps by leveraging longitudinal panel data comparing annual change in well-being from 2018 to 2019 for people who experienced a major life stressor relative to propensity score matched controls who did not experience such stressors over the same period. Moreover, independent comparisons are conducted across three distinct event categories: traumatic interpersonal events (N matched pairs = 1,030), job loss (N matched pairs = 1,361), and birth (N matched pairs = 1,225), and five self-reported well-being indicators: life satisfaction, felt belongingness, self-esteem, meaning in life, and gratitude. Results indicate that people's well-being (across all five indicators) remained consistent over the year in independent analyses of samples experiencing each of the three types of events, and did not differ from matched controls. These findings indicate high population levels of psychological resilience, in the sense that people did not decrease in annual well-being following various life events. These findings also fail to detect significant evidence for possible post-traumatic growth, insofar as such growth might relate to a broad range of different aspects of well-being.
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Senejko A, Godawa G, Gurba E, Kalus A, Gurba K. Growth-Related Responses to the Threat of COVID-19 among Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191912597. [PMID: 36231896 PMCID: PMC9566047 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of our study was to determine whether the experience of the types of pandemic threats included in the study, could activate development responses among adolescents and what the role of the level of stress experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic is in the process of post-traumatic PTG growth. We also made an attempt to investigate whether personality traits and gender were predictors of PTG growth in adolescents. Therefore, the theoretical bases for the interpretation of the obtained results are models of post-traumatic growth (PTG), mainly by Calhoun and Tedeschi. The research was conducted in March 2020. The study subjects were 405 adolescents aged 14 to 20 years, with an average age of 17 years, of whom 59% were females and 41% were males. The following methods were used in the study: IPIP-BFM-20 to estimate five personality traits, PSS- to diagnose perceived stress, and an in-house questionnaire of pandemic threats experienced by adolescents (KŻP). The results showed that the various types of 'pandemic' threats (threats to life, family, and lifestyle) are positive predictors of growth-related changes; additionally, such factors as personality traits (here: extroversion), stress level, and gender had a positive mediating effect on growth-related changes. It was also possible to show that out of the four dimensions of post-traumatic growth, three could be activated under pandemic conditions. These were: changes in relationships with others, greater appreciation of everyday life, and spiritual changes. Changes in self-perception-one of the dimensions of post-traumatic growth, were not activated due to experiencing three types of pandemic threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Senejko
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Lower Silesia, 53-611 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Godawa
- Department of Social Sciences, The Pontifical University of John Paul II, 31-002 Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Gurba
- Department of Philosophy, The Pontifical University of John Paul II, 31-002 Kraków, Poland
| | - Alicja Kalus
- Institute of Psychology, University of Opole, 45-040 Opole, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Gurba
- Institute of Journalism and International Relations, Pedagogical University of Krakow, 30-084 Kraków, Poland
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Lowe SR, James P, Arcaya MC, Vale MD, Rhodes JE, Rich-Edwards J, Roberts AL, Koenen KC. Do levels of posttraumatic growth vary by type of traumatic event experienced? An analysis of the Nurses' Health Study II. PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA : THEORY, RESEARCH, PRACTICE AND POLICY 2022; 14:1221-1229. [PMID: 32212776 PMCID: PMC7529660 DOI: 10.1037/tra0000554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Posttraumatic growth (PTG) has been documented in the aftermath of a range of traumatic events, including bereavement, physical assault, and rape. However, only a handful of studies have examined whether levels of total PTG, as well as the 5 domains of PTG (Appreciation of Life, New Possibilities, Relating to Others, Personal Strength, and Spiritual Change), vary by the type of potentially traumatic event. The current study examined variation in total PTG and PTG domains, as well as posttraumatic stress (PTS), by event type using data from a large epidemiological study. METHOD Participants were from a substudy of the Nurses' Health Study 2, an epidemiologic study of female nurses in the United States (N = 1,574). RESULTS Controlling for demographic covariates, we found that rape was consistently associated with lower PTG, both total PTG and all five PTG domains, relative to other event types. Other findings were limited to specific PTG domains; for example, intimate partner violence (IPV) was associated with higher Personal Strength and New Possibilities. In contrast, rape and IPV were associated with higher PTS, and the serious illness or injury of someone close with lower PTS, relative to other event types. CONCLUSION These results add to the growing literature exploring variation in PTG by event type and suggest that different events could yield markedly different patterns of PTG domains and PTS. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R. Lowe
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT
| | - Peter James
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Mariana C. Arcaya
- Department of Urban Studies and Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA
| | - Mira D. Vale
- Department of Sociology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jean E. Rhodes
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA
| | - Janet Rich-Edwards
- Division of Women’s Health, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Connors Center for Women’s Health and Gender Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Andrea L. Roberts
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Karestan C. Koenen
- Department of Social Behavioral Sciences, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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Henson C, Truchot D, Canevello A. PTSD and PTG in French and American Firefighters: A Comparative Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11973. [PMID: 36231272 PMCID: PMC9614603 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191911973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Studies show that experiencing traumatic events can lead to positive psychological change, or posttraumatic growth (PTG). In the hope of promoting PTG, authors have been focusing on identifying the factors that may foster PTG. Despite these attempts, the literature shows inconsistencies, making it difficult to know which variables may be involved in the process of growth. Indeed, authors seem to disagree on the nature of the relationship between PTSD and PTG, time since the event, social support, intrusive rumination, and sociodemographics. Thus, this study aims to clarify these discrepancies, and verify whether the processes involved are the same across two different cultural groups, both of which are confronted with traumatic events regularly: 409 American firefighters, and 407 French firefighters. Results indicate that, in both samples, PTG is positively related to PTSD, subjective perceptions of the event, stress during the event, disruption of core-beliefs, and deliberate rumination; and unrelated to social support, core-self evaluations, and socio-demographic variables (age, gender, relationship status, etc.). However, time since the event and the number of years on the job only predicted PTG in the American sample, while colleague and emotional support only predicted PTG in the French sample. Additionally, American firefighters reported more growth, more social support, more positive self-perceptions, more intrusive rumination, and more neuroticism than French firefighters. These results suggest that the process of growth, as defined by Tedeschi and Calhoun, is relatively stable among firefighters, but that some differences do exist between cultural groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Henson
- Laboratory of Psychology, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté à Besançon, 25000 Besançon, France
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Didier Truchot
- Laboratory of Psychology, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté à Besançon, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Amy Canevello
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
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Salimi S, Asgari Z, Izadikhah Z, Abedi M. Personality and Post-Traumatic Growth: the Mediating Role of Career Adaptability Among Traumatized Adolescents. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2022; 15:883-892. [PMID: 35958705 PMCID: PMC9360272 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-021-00376-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Trauma needs special attention during the sensitive period of adolescence, which already involves its own psychological challenges and vocational tasks. Coping with trauma requires adaptation. From the perspective of the career construction model of adaptation, career adaptability provides psycho-social resources that promote adaptation. Using this model, the aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between personality and post-traumatic growth via career adaptability. A total of 266 Iranian adolescents who had experienced the sudden death of a parent recruited. They then completed the Big Five Questionnaire, Post-traumatic Growth Inventory, and Career Adapt-abilities Scale. The results showed career adaptability partially mediated the relationship between neuroticism and openness and post-traumatic growth. In addition, the findings confirmed the full mediator role of career adaptability in the relationship between conscientiousness and post-traumatic growth. The results also indicated a direct relationship between extraversion and post-traumatic growth, but no relationship between agreeableness and post-traumatic growth. These results emphasized the essential role of career adaptability in empowering traumatized adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Salimi
- Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Asgari
- Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Izadikhah
- School of Psychology and Counselling, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Australia
| | - Mohammadreza Abedi
- Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
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Jozefiaková B, Kaščáková N, Adamkovič M, Hašto J, Tavel P. Posttraumatic Growth and Its Measurement: A Closer Look at the PTGI’s Psychometric Properties and Structure. Front Psychol 2022; 13:801812. [PMID: 36092073 PMCID: PMC9449875 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.801812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite negative connotations, surviving trauma can result in improvements in some domains of a person’s life. This phenomenon is known as posttraumatic growth (PTG), and it is typically measured using the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI). Given the ambiguous results of the existing validation studies, the present study aimed to verify the psychometric properties of the Slovak version of the PTGI in a representative sample of Slovak citizens. Although the results suggest that a modified one-factor structure fit the data best, other issues, such as extremely high correlations between the latent factors related to the PTGI’s factor structure, were observed. It is likely that the application of the latent variable model does not represent the essence of PTG adequately and the network approach thus appears to be a far more suitable conceptualization of PTG. More detailed information on between-person differences and within-person changes in PTG could help to tailor more effective interventions or preventive programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibiána Jozefiaková
- Olomouc University Social Health Institute, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Bibiána Jozefiaková,
| | - Natália Kaščáková
- Olomouc University Social Health Institute, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia
- Psychiatric-Psychotherapeutic Outpatient Clinic, Pro Mente Sana, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Matúš Adamkovič
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Presov, Prešov, Slovakia
- Institute of Social Sciences, Centre of Social and Psychological Sciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Hašto
- Olomouc University Social Health Institute, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia
- Psychiatric-Psychotherapeutic Outpatient Clinic, Pro Mente Sana, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Social Work, St. Elizabeth College of Health and Social Work, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Tavel
- Olomouc University Social Health Institute, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia
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Zagorac I, Stamenković Tadić B. Health within illness: The negativity of vulnerability revised. MEDICINE, HEALTH CARE, AND PHILOSOPHY 2022; 25:207-217. [PMID: 35133570 DOI: 10.1007/s11019-022-10072-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper attempts to philosophically articulate empirical evidence on the positive effects of illness within the wider context of a discussion of the positive aspects of vulnerability. The conventional understanding holds that to be vulnerable is to be open to harms and wrongs; it is to be fragile, defenseless, and of compromised autonomy. In this paper, we challenge the assumption that vulnerability consists of nothing but powerlessness and dependence on others. This paper attempts to: (1) outline the theoretical conceptualisation of the positive aspects of coping with illness, while simultaneously showing how these findings provide empirical support for some classical philosophical ideas; (2) influence a change in the manners in which the ill are usually perceived (as weak, dependent, robbed of a good life) and (3) point to the importance of modernising the prevalent biomedical conception of illness with the subjective dimension of health. Biomedical understanding of illness focuses on the vulnerable experience of the sufferer, suggesting the importance of philosophical additions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Zagorac
- Department of Philosophy, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Ivana Lucica 3, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Henson C, Truchot D, Canevello A. What promotes post traumatic growth? A systematic review. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF TRAUMA & DISSOCIATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2020.100195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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El-Gabalawy R, Mackenzie CS, Starzyk KB, Sommer JL. Understanding the relationship between traumatic suffering, posttraumatic growth, and prosocial variables. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2021; 69:710-718. [PMID: 31944924 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2019.1705841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated facets of posttraumatic growth (PTG) theory, including the nature of the index event, the relationship between suffering and PTG, and prosocial correlates of PTG. METHODS Undergraduate students (N = 253) completed measures of PTG and trauma-related, psychopathology/affect, and prosocial correlates. RESULTS Differences emerged in PTG according to event severity, with greater PTG for those who experienced a trauma compared to a stressor. PTG was associated with nearly all trauma-related, select psychopathology/affect (e.g., anxiety, positive affect) and prosocial (e.g., empathy, volunteerism) variables. In a multivariable model, race/ethnicity, helpfulness, perceived chronicity of distress, and positive affect were associated with PTG. Curvilinear trends demonstrated that moderate chronicity of distress and current emotional distress from trauma were associated with the greatest PTG. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight factors associated with growth, including a moderately distressing trauma, positive affect, and prosocial behavior. Results clarify PTG theory and contribute to understanding conflicting evidence in prior PTG literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée El-Gabalawy
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Clinical Health Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Corey S Mackenzie
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Katherine B Starzyk
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jordana L Sommer
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Clinical Health Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Thomas EA, Owens GP, Keller EM. Relationships among non-interpersonal and interpersonal trauma types, posttraumatic stress, and posttraumatic growth. J Clin Psychol 2021; 77:2592-2608. [PMID: 34062610 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
METHODS Adults seeking behavioral health or medical treatment (N = 158) were recruited from a community healthcare agency and a residential support program in the southeastern United States. RESULTS Individuals who reported interpersonal trauma had significantly higher total PTS severity and symptom clusters. No significant difference was found in perceived PTG based on trauma type. No significant curvilinear relationship between PTS and perceived PTG was found. A significant negative linear relationship was observed between PTS and perceived PTG for non-interpersonal trauma, but not interpersonal trauma. CONCLUSION Trauma type may influence the PTS and perceived PTG relationship and, while associated with PTS, seems less important to reporting of perceived PTG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Thomas
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee - Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Gina P Owens
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee - Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Emily M Keller
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee - Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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14
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Akyunus M, Gençöz T, Aka BT. Age and sex differences in basic personality traits and interpersonal problems across young adulthood. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-0165-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Kırseven MY, Işıklı S. Investigation of the Effects of Violence Experience During Political Demonstrations. EUROPES JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 16:479-497. [PMID: 33680194 PMCID: PMC7909505 DOI: 10.5964/ejop.v16i3.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, predictors of post-traumatic stress symptom levels (PTSSL) and post-traumatic growth levels (PTGL) resulting from the experience of violence were investigated. The sample of the study consisted of 514 Gezi Park demonstrators. Participants completed measures assessing stress symptoms, post-traumatic growth, social support and beliefs about the world as well as the open-ended event specific questions. Results showed that being politically active, psychologically prepared and experiencing mild levels of violence were related with decreased PTSSL individually but not in combination as the literature suggested. The two hierarchical regression analyses showed that: (1) PTSSL were predicted by violence exposure levels, perceived social support from significant others and "randomness" and "self-worth" beliefs about the world; (2) PTGL were predicted by violence exposure levels, total amount of time spent at the demonstrations and "benevolence" and "justice" beliefs about the world. These findings suggest that psychological preparedness might be an important variable in violence experience regarding human masses. Also, violence exposure levels and duration of participation seems to be important event- specific variables. Lastly, political activism needs to be more precisely operationalized and measured in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sedat Işıklı
- Department of Psychology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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16
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Tineo P, Bonumwezi JL, Lowe SR. Discrimination and Posttraumatic Growth Among Muslim American Youth: Mediation via Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms. J Trauma Dissociation 2021; 22:188-201. [PMID: 33492194 DOI: 10.1080/15299732.2020.1869086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Muslim Americans increasingly have been targets of discrimination. Previous research has provided preliminary evidence that higher perceived discrimination is associated with higher symptoms of discrimination-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and higher discrimination-related posttraumatic growth (PTG). Further research in other contexts has shown that PTSD symptoms mediate the relationship between event severity and PTG. However, no existing studies have explored discrimination-related PTG and whether PTSD symptoms mediate the relationship between perceived discrimination and discrimination-related PTG among Muslim Americans. The current study included 110 Muslim American college students who completed an online survey assessing perceived discrimination, discrimination-related PTSD symptoms, and discrimination-related PTG. Higher perceived discrimination was significantly associated with higher discrimination-related PTG at the bivariate level. In a multivariable mediation model, the indirect effect of perceived discrimination on discrimination-related PTG via discrimination-related PTSD was statistically significant. The results suggest that clinicians working with Muslim American college students should attend to the ways in which their discriminatory experiences could foster PTG, in addition to helping them cope with PTSD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petty Tineo
- Department of Psychology, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jessica L Bonumwezi
- Department of Psychology, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sarah R Lowe
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Ikizer G, Karanci AN, Gul E, Dilekler I. Post-traumatic stress, growth, and depreciation during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from Turkey. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2021; 12:1872966. [PMID: 34025916 PMCID: PMC8128125 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2021.1872966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: A worldwide health threat, the COVID-19 pandemic, has highlighted the need to focus on its mental health impact. However, literature on mental health effects including post-traumatic consequences of the pandemic is scarce. Objective: The current study examined post-traumatic stress (PTS), growth (PTG), and depreciation (PTD) during the pandemic, and explored factors associated with these mental health outcomes in an adult community sample from Turkey. Method: A total of 685 participants responded to an online survey that gathered data on sociodemographic characteristics, financial loss during the pandemic, time spent at home and frequency of social media use, perception of COVID-related risks, stress, and event-related rumination. Data analysis included correlation and regression analyses. Results: Results showed that PTS, PTG, and PTD were positively correlated with each other. Younger age and being single were associated with higher PTS and PTD, and lower education levels predicted all three outcomes. Experiencing financial loss during the pandemic, more frequent social media use to follow COVID-related news and posts, and longer time spent at home during the pandemic were associated with higher PTS. Anticipating financial risks during the pandemic were associated with all outcomes while anticipating health-related risks due to COVID-19 and perceived stress levels predicted PTS and PTD but not PTG. Both intrusive and deliberate rumination were associated with higher levels of PTS and PTD, and PTG was predicted solely by deliberate rumination. Moreover, provisional PTSD was indicated in 47.9% of the participants. Membership to the provisional PTSD group was predicted by age, level of education, time spent on social media, anticipating COVID-19-related health risks, perceived stress, and event-related rumination. Conclusions: The current study provides empirical evidence for the short-term post-traumatic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and related factors, which can help to guide mental health services during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gözde Ikizer
- Department of Psychology, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Cankaya Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayse Nuray Karanci
- Department of Psychology, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Cankaya Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ervin Gul
- Department of Psychotherapy, Fachklinik St. Vitus GmbH, Visbek, Germany
| | - Ilknur Dilekler
- Department of Psychology, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Cankaya Ankara, Turkey
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Arredondo AY, Caparrós B. Posttraumatic Cognitions, Posttraumatic Growth, and Personality in University Students. JOURNAL OF LOSS & TRAUMA 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15325024.2020.1831812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Beatriz Caparrós
- Psychology Department, University of Girona (Spain), Girona, Spain
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Taku K, McLarnon MJ. Posttraumatic growth profiles and their relationships with HEXACO personality traits. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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20
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Schneider S, Rasul R, Liu B, Corry D, Lieberman-Cribbin W, Watson A, Kerath SM, Taioli E, Schwartz RM. Examining posttraumatic growth and mental health difficulties in the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy. PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA-THEORY RESEARCH PRACTICE AND POLICY 2018; 11:127-136. [PMID: 30113188 DOI: 10.1037/tra0000400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hurricane Sandy continues to affect the mental health of New York residents. This study examined associations between Posttraumatic Growth (PTG) and mental health difficulties (MHD) including symptoms of anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHOD Participants (N = 1,356) recruited from the New York metropolitan area completed questionnaires regarding their PTG, demographics, MHD, and hurricane experiences. A weighted least squares regression assessed the association between MHD and PTG. A post hoc analysis determined whether anxiety or depression moderated the effect of PTSD on PTG. RESULTS All MHD were crudely associated with greater PTG. After adjustment, an increased PTSD score was significantly associated with a 0.20 unit increase in PTG (t = 6.05, p < .001); this did not hold for depression or anxiety symptoms. Higher PTG was associated with being non-White (B = 5.90, t = 6.49, p < .001), Hispanic (B = 3.38, t = 2.89, p = .004), a smoker (B = 3.18, t = 3.28, p = .001), and greater Hurricane Sandy exposure (t = 7.11, p < .001). The positive association between PTSD symptoms and PTG was weaker among participants with probable depression. CONCLUSION Results suggest that participants with higher PTSD symptoms were more likely to grow from the impact of the storm, indicating resilience. Highly exposed participants were more likely to experience PTG. A decrease in PTG was found among those with both PTSD and depression symptoms. The development and implementation of interventions fostering PTG could be beneficial in clinical disaster response work. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Schneider
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Epidemiology and Prevention (OMEP), Northwell Health
| | | | - Bian Liu
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | | | - Wil Lieberman-Cribbin
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Alexis Watson
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Epidemiology and Prevention, Northwell Health
| | | | - Emanuela Taioli
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Rebecca M Schwartz
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Epidemiology and Prevention, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell
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21
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The role of ruminations in the relation between personality and positive posttraumatic changes resulting from struggling with cancer. HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY REPORT 2018. [DOI: 10.5114/hpr.2019.77176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Balaban OD, Yazar MS, Aydin E, Agachanli R, Yumrukcal H. Posttraumatic growth and its correlates in primary caregivers of schizophrenic patients. Indian J Psychiatry 2017; 59:442-450. [PMID: 29497186 PMCID: PMC5806323 DOI: 10.4103/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_18_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT The concept of posttraumatic growth (PTG) is important to focus on positive outcomes of a challenging process like caregiving. AIMS The aim of the present study is to investigate the factors inclusively considered to be related to PTG in primary caregivers of schizophrenic patients. SETTINGS AND DESIGN This cross-sectional study was conducted with caregivers of patients with schizophrenia between January 2013 and February 2014 at a mental health hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was carried out on 109 schizophrenic patients followed up at Bakirkoy Prof. Dr. Mazhar Osman Research and Training Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, and 109 family members who are the primary caregivers of the patients. All caregivers were evaluated with Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, Ways of Coping Inventory, and the Basic Personality Traits Inventory and Religious Orientation Scale. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-test were used in quantitative analysis of data. Spearman's correlation analysis was used in the determination of correlation between variables. Linear regression analysis was used in the determination of predictors of PTG. RESULTS Optimistic and problem-focused coping, perceived social support (total and all three - family, friends, significant others - domains), personality traits such as extraversion, conscientiousness, and openness to experience, and religiousness were found to be related with PTG. Religiousness, perceived social support, and openness to experience were independent predictors of PTG. CONCLUSIONS Interventions to caregivers of schizophrenic patients on the domains of social support and coping strategies may contribute to caring process in a positive change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Devrim Balaban
- Department of Psychiatry, Bakirkoy Prof. Dr. Mazhar Osman Research and Training Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Menekse Sila Yazar
- Department of Psychiatry, Bakirkoy Prof. Dr. Mazhar Osman Research and Training Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erkan Aydin
- Department of Psychiatry, Bakirkoy Prof. Dr. Mazhar Osman Research and Training Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ruken Agachanli
- Department of Psychiatry, Bakirkoy Prof. Dr. Mazhar Osman Research and Training Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Yumrukcal
- Department of Psychiatry, Bakirkoy Prof. Dr. Mazhar Osman Research and Training Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey
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Gul E, Karanci AN. What Determines Posttraumatic Stress and Growth Following Various Traumatic Events? A Study in a Turkish Community Sample. J Trauma Stress 2017; 30:54-62. [PMID: 28103412 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the roles of personality traits, traumatic event types, coping, rumination, and social support in explaining posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTS) and posttraumatic growth (PTG) in a representative community sample of 498 Turkish adults. The results of 2 multiple regression analyses showed that PTS was associated with neuroticism, experiencing events involving intentional/assaultive violence, intrusive and deliberate rumination, and fatalistic coping. In contrast, PTG was related to conscientiousness, openness to experience, injury/shocking and sudden-death type of events, deliberate rumination, problem-solving coping, and perceived social support. When all variables were entered into the equation, almost two thirds of the variability (R2 = .64) in the severity of PTS and more than one third of the variability (R2 = .40) in PTG was explained. The findings can aid in the development of psychosocial support programs for individuals experiencing traumatic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ervin Gul
- Department of Psychology, Gediz University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - A Nuray Karanci
- Department of Psychology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
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The negative and positive effects of trauma resulting from cancer – the role of personality and rumination. CURRENT ISSUES IN PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.5114/cipp.2017.67016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Michélsen H, Therup-Svedenlöf C, Backheden M, Schulman A. Posttraumatic growth and depreciation six years after the 2004 tsunami. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2017; 8:1302691. [PMID: 28451069 PMCID: PMC5399995 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2017.1302691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Posttraumatic growth (PTG) has been reported after various types of potentially traumatic events, as a part of the personal recovery process among survivors. Even negative changes in survivors' life view, known as posttraumatic depreciation (PTD), have been identified as an additional aspect in the personal recovery processes. Objective: To examine how the type of exposure experienced by survivors of a natural disaster, the 2004 Southeast Asia tsunami, influenced self-reported PTG and PTD six years later (T2). Additionally, the study examined the relations between psychological distress and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) 14 months after the disaster (T1), to PTG and PTD, respectively at T2. Finally, the study examined whether psychological distress and PTSS (T1) could have a mediating effect on PTG and PTD at T2. Method: The participants were 848 tsunami survivors living in Stockholm, Sweden who responded to a questionnaire at 14 months (T1) and six years (T2) after the tsunami. The material was analysed using linear regression and pathway analysis. PTG and PTD were measured on separate scales. Results: The type of exposure was significant related to both PTG and PTD six years later (T2). Those experiencing a combination of various types of exposure (including threat to life and bereavement) reported higher scores for both PTG and PTD. There were significant positive correlations between PTSS at T1 and PTG /PTD at T2, and somewhat lower correlations between psychological distress at T1 and PTG/PTD at T2. Both PTSS and psychological distress at T1 were significant mediating variables for both PTG and PTD at T2. Conclusions: Studying survivors' various types of exposure and subsequent changed view of life - both PTG and PTD - resulted in a broadened understanding of the complexity of reactions and the recovery process among survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Michélsen
- Crisis and Disaster Psychology, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Therup-Svedenlöf
- Crisis and Disaster Psychology, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Magnus Backheden
- Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, LIME, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Abbe Schulman
- Crisis and Disaster Psychology, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
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Owens GP. Predictors of Posttraumatic Growth and Posttraumatic Stress Symptom Severity in Undergraduates Reporting Potentially Traumatic Events. J Clin Psychol 2016; 72:1064-76. [DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Khechuashvili L. Investigation of Psychometric Properties of the Georgian Version of Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. JOURNAL OF LOSS & TRAUMA 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15325024.2016.1157409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kılıç C, Magruder KM, Koryürek MM. Does trauma type relate to posttraumatic growth after war? A pilot study of young Iraqi war survivors living in Turkey. Transcult Psychiatry 2016; 53:110-23. [PMID: 26563890 DOI: 10.1177/1363461515612963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Positive personal gain after adverse life events and traumas is known as posttraumatic growth (PTG). Several factors are suggested to promote PTG after stressful events, including type of trauma, in addition to younger age and female gender. Although conflicting findings exist, studies suggest that there may be less growth associated with personal traumas (i.e., physical or sexual assault, accidents) and more growth associated with shared traumas (i.e., disasters, loss). We examined whether certain types of war-related traumas are associated with more PTG in a sample of 203 Iraqi students living in Turkey who had experienced severe war-related traumatic events. They were assessed in group sessions, using a self-report battery that included the Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory and War Trauma Questionnaire. War experiences were categorized into three types of trauma: trauma to self, trauma to loved ones, and adversity. Growth was measured by the Turkish version of the Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory. Adversity-type events positively predicted growth, whereas trauma to self predicted growth negatively. Males and females showed a different pattern of relationship with growth. Correlations of growth with younger age and adversity observed in females were not seen in males. Our results show that different trauma types may lead to differing levels of growth, and this difference may be more pronounced when gender is taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kılıç
- Hacettepe University, Turkey
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Stevanović A, Frančišković T, Vermetten E. Relationship of early-life trauma, war-related trauma, personality traits, and PTSD symptom severity: a retrospective study on female civilian victims of war. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2016; 7:30964. [PMID: 27056034 PMCID: PMC4824847 DOI: 10.3402/ejpt.v7.30964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consequences of war-related traumatisation have mostly been investigated in military and predominant male populations, while research on female civilian victims of war has been neglected. Furthermore, research of post-war posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in women has rarely included early-life trauma in their prediction models, so the contribution of trauma in childhood and early youth is still unexplored. OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship of early-life trauma, war-related trauma, personality traits, and symptoms of posttraumatic stress among female civilian victims of the recent war in Croatia. METHOD The cross-sectional study included 394 participants, 293 war-traumatised adult women civilians, and 101 women without war-related trauma. Participants were recruited using the snowball sampling method. The applied instruments included the Clinician-Administrated PTSD Scale (CAPS), the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO-PI-R), the War Stressors Assessment Questionnaire (WSAQ), and the Early Trauma Inventory Self Report-Short Form (ETISR-SF). A hierarchical multiple regression analysis was performed to assess the prediction model of PTSD symptom severity measured by CAPS score for current PTSD. RESULTS The prevalence of current PTSD (CAPS cut-off score=65) in this cohort was 20.7%. The regression model that included age, early-life trauma, war-related trauma, neuroticism, and extraversion as statistically significant predictors explained 45.8% of variance in PTSD symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Older age, exposure to early-life trauma, exposure to war-related traumatic events, high neuroticism, and low extraversion are independent factors associated with higher level of PTSD symptoms among women civilian victims of war.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Stevanović
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia;
| | - Tanja Frančišković
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Eric Vermetten
- Military Mental Health Research, Department of Defence, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Arq Psychotrauma Research Group, Diemen, The Netherlands
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Laceulle OM, Kleber RJ, Alisic E. Children's Experience of Posttraumatic Growth: Distinguishing General from Domain-Specific Correlates. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145736. [PMID: 26714193 PMCID: PMC4694619 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the five domains of posttraumatic growth (new possibilities, relating to others, personal strength, spiritual change and appreciation of life) have been studied extensively in adults, little is known about these domains and their correlates in children. We aimed to examine whether demographic and/or social characteristics are related to children’s reports of overall posttraumatic growth and of growth in specific domains. In a general population study, children aged 8–12 years who had been exposed to adverse events (N = 1290) filled out questionnaires on their experiences, demographic characteristics (gender, age, time lag since event), stress reactions, peer support, religiosity and posttraumatic growth. All demographic and social characteristics were related to overall posttraumatic growth, except time lag. Associations varied across the five domains with the strongest effects being found for stress reactions and religiosity. A higher level of stress reactions was related to more growth in all domains (general effect), whereas religious children experienced more spiritual growth than non-religious children without differences on other domains (domain specific effect). Other effects were small, and some did not remain significant after Bonferroni corrections. These findings suggest the presence of both general and domain-specific correlates of child posttraumatic growth. Although effects were generally small, the current findings show the need to differentiate between the domains of posttraumatic growth in both further research and clinical practice. This will allow a better understanding of the mechanisms of posttraumatic growth in children as well as more tailored assessment and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odilia M. Laceulle
- Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Rolf J. Kleber
- Clinical & Health Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- The Netherlands & Foundation Arq, Diemen, the Netherlands
| | - Eva Alisic
- Monash Injury Research Insititute, Monash University, Australia & National Psychotrauma Center for Children and Youth, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Jia X, Ying L, Zhou X, Wu X, Lin C. The effects of extraversion, social support on the posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth of adolescent survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121480. [PMID: 25815720 PMCID: PMC4376870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to examine the relationships among extraversion, social support, posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth among adolescent survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake. Methods Six hundred thirty-eight participants were selected from the survivors of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Participants completed four main questionnaires, including the Extraversion Subscale, the Social Support Scale, the Child PTSD Symptom Scale, and the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. Results A bivariate correlation analysis revealed significant correlations among extraversion, social support, posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth. Extraversion had significant indirect effects on posttraumatic stress disorder (β = −.037, p < .01) and posttraumatic growth (β = .077, p < .001) through social support. The results also indicated that extraversion had a significant direct effect on posttraumatic growth and a nonsignificant direct effect on posttraumatic stress disorder. Conclusions Social support fully mediates the relationship between extraversion and posttraumatic stress disorder and partially mediates the relationship between extraversion and posttraumatic growth. Psychological interventions and care for survivors of the earthquake should include the various functions and sources of social support and how they serve to benefit individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuji Jia
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Liuhua Ying
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinchun Wu
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chongde Lin
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Dragan M, Lis-Turlejska M, Popiel A, Szumiał S, Dragan WŁ. The validation of the Polish version of the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale and its factor structure. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2012; 3:EJPT-3-18479. [PMID: 22893850 PMCID: PMC3416974 DOI: 10.3402/ejpt.v3i0.18479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS) is a self-descriptive measure developed to provide information regarding posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis and symptom severity. OBJECTIVES THE AIM OF THIS ARTICLE IS TO REPORT ON THE VALIDATION OF THE POLISH VERSION OF PDS AND TO TEST ITS FACTOR STRUCTURE WITH REFERENCE TO TWO MODELS: an original three-factor model (Reexperiencing, Avoidance, and Arousal) and alternative five-factor model (Reexperiencing, Avoidance, Numbing, Dysphoric Arousal, and Anxious Arousal). METHOD THE VALIDATION PROCEDURE INCLUDED THREE STUDIES CONDUCTED ON SAMPLES OF SEPARATE POPULATIONS: university-level students (n=507), individuals who had experienced various traumas (n=320), and treatment-seeking survivors of motor vehicle accidents (MVA) (n=302). Various other measures of trauma-related psychopathology were administered to participants, as well as the PTSD module of the Structured Clinical Interview (SCID) in the case of MVA patients. RESULTS PDS showed high internal consistency and test-retest reliability, good diagnostic agreement with SCID, good sensitivity but relatively low specificity. The satisfactory convergent validity was supported by a large number of significant correlations with other measures of trauma-related psychopathology. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) generally confirmed both the three-factor structure and the alternative five-factor structure of the questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS The results show generally good psychometric properties of the Polish version of PDS.
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