Intestinal microbiota in health and disease: Role of bifidobacteria in gut homeostasis

High-resolution analysis of the treated coeliac disease microbiome reveals strain-level variation

BACKGROUND

Coeliac disease (CeD) is an immune-mediated disorder primarily affecting the small intestine, characterized by an inflammatory immune reaction to dietary gluten. CeD onset results from a multifaceted interplay of genetic and environmental factors. While recent data show that alterations in gut microbiome composition could play an important role, many current studies are constrained by small sample sizes and limited resolution.

METHODS

To address these limitations, we analyzed fecal gut microbiota from two Dutch cohorts, CeDNN (128 treated CeD patients (tCeD), 106 controls) and the Lifelines Dutch Microbiome Project (24 self-reported tCeD, 654 controls), using shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Self-reported IBS (570 cases, 1710 controls) and IBD (93 cases, 465 controls) were used as comparative conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. Interindividual variation within the case and control groups was calculated at whole microbiome and strain level. Finally, species-specific gene repertoires were analyzed in tCeD patients and controls.

RESULTS

Within-individual microbiome diversity was decreased in patients with self-reported IBS and IBD but not in tCeD patients. Each condition displayed a unique microbial pattern and, in addition to confirming previously reported microbiome associations, we identify an increase in the levels of Clostridium sp. CAG:253, Roseburia hominis, and Eggerthella lenta, amongst others. We further show that the observed changes can partially be explained by gluten-free diet adherence. We also observe increased interindividual variation of gut microbiome composition among tCeD patients and a higher bacterial mutation frequency in tCeD that contributes to higher interindividual variation at strain level. In addition, the immotile European subspecies of Eubacterium rectale, which has a distinct carbohydrate metabolism potential, was nearly absent in tCeD patients.

CONCLUSION

Our study sheds light on the complex interplay between the gut microbiome and CeD, revealing increased interindividual variation and strain-level variation in tCeD patients. These findings expand our understanding of the microbiome's role in intestinal health and disease.

Bifidobacteria in Fermented Dairy Foods: A Health Beneficial Outlook

Bifidobacteria, frequently present in the human gastrointestinal tract, play a crucial role in preserving gut health and are mostly recognized as beneficial probiotic microorganisms. They are associated with fermenting complex carbohydrates, resulting in the production of short-chain fatty acids, bioactive peptides, exopolysaccharides, and vitamins, which provide energy and contribute to gut homeostasis. In light of these findings, research in food processing technologies has harnessed probiotic bacteria such as lactobacilli and bifidobacteria for the formulation of a wide range of fermented dairy products, ensuring their maximum survival and contributing to the development of distinctive quality characteristics and therapeutic benefits. Despite the increased interest in probiotic dairy products, introducing bifidobacteria into the dairy food chain has proved to be complicated. However, survival of Bifidobacterium species is conditioned by strain of bacteria used, metabolic interactions with lactic acid bacteria (LAB), fermentation parameters, and the temperature of storage and preservation of the dairy products. Furthermore, fortification of dairy foods and whey beverages with bifidobacteria have ability to change physicochemical and rheological properties beyond economic value of dairy products. In summary, this review underscores the significance of bifidobacteria as probiotics in diverse fermented dairy foods and accentuates their positive impact on human health. By enhancing our comprehension of the beneficial repercussions associated with the consumption of bifidobacteria-rich products, we aim to encourage individuals to embrace these probiotics as a means of promoting holistic health.

National Trends in Hospital Admissions, Interventions, and Outcomes for Early-Onset (Age <50 years) Diverticulitis From 2005 to 2020

BACKGROUND

Little is known about the burden and outcomes of diverticulitis in patients younger than 50 years. This knowledge gap hinders the development of effective management strategies and preventive measures for this population.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to analyze national trends in hospitalizations, interventions, and outcomes for early-onset diverticulitis (age younger than 50 years) in comparison to standard-onset diverticulitis (age 50 years or older) cohorts.

DESIGN

Retrospective cohort study.

SETTINGS

A survey-weighted, national sample extracted from the National Inpatient Sample.

PATIENTS

All adults (18 years or older) hospitalized for diverticulitis between 2005 and 2020 were included.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

National trends in the proportions of early-onset versus standard-onset diverticulitis were found to be related, along with the rates of colectomy.

RESULTS

From 2005 to 2020, 5,239,735 patients were nonelectively hospitalized for diverticulitis. Of them, 837,195 (16.0%) were early onset. During the study period, the proportion of the early-onset cohort admitted for complicated diverticulitis significantly increased from 18.5% to 28.2% (nonparametric trend < 0.001). In addition, there was a decline in the proportion of early-onset diverticulitis patients needing a colectomy (34.7%-20.3%, nonparametric trend < 0.001), with a corresponding increase in the proportion of patients needing interventional radiology intervention (12.7%-28.6%, nonparametric trend < 0.001). Compared to standard-onset diverticulitis, early-onset diverticulitis was associated with decreased odds of mortality (adjusted OR 0.18; 95% CI, 0.16-0.20; p < 0.001) as well as decreased length of stay (β -0.28 days; 95% CI, -0.32 to -0.24; p < 0.001) and hospitalization costs (β -$1900; 95% CI, -$2100 to -$1800; p < 0.001). In addition, early-onset diverticulitis was associated with increased odds of colectomy (adjusted OR 1.29; 95% CI, 1.26-1.31) and percutaneous drainage (adjusted OR 1.58; 95% CI, 1.53-1.62).

LIMITATIONS

Retrospective data collection. Lack of granular clinical data.

CONCLUSIONS

There has been a significant increase in the proportion of complicated diverticulitis-related admissions among patients younger than 50 years. Patients with early-onset diverticulitis were more likely to undergo colectomy or percutaneous drainage than those with standard-onset (at age 50 years or older) diverticulitis. Additional research is needed to determine the cause of these trends and identify public health policies aimed at potentially preventing the increasing burden of diverticulitis among younger populations. See Video Abstract .

TENDENCIAS NACIONALES EN ADMISIONES HOSPITALARIAS, INTERVENCIONES Y RESULTADOS EN CASOS DE DIVERTICULITIS PRECOZ EDAD DE A

ANTECEDENTES:Se sabe poco sobre el coste y los resultados de la diverticulitis en pacientes menores de 50 años. Esta falta de conocimientos dificulta el desarrollo de estrategias en el manejo y las medidas preventivas efectivas para esta población.OBJETIVO:Nuestro estudio tiene como objetivo el analizar las tendencias nacionales de las hospitalizaciones, las intervenciones y los resultados en casos de diverticulitis de inicio precoz (edad <50) en comparación con cohortes de inicio estándar (edad ≥50).DISEÑO:Estudio de cohortes de tipo retrospectivo.PARÁMETROS:Muestreo nacional ponderado por encuesta, extraído de la Muestra Nacional de Pacientes Hospitalizados.PACIENTES:Todos los adultos (≥ 18 años) hospitalizados por diverticulitis entre 2005 y 2020.PRINCIPALES MEDIDAS DE RESULTADOS:Tendencias nacionales en las proporciones de diverticulitis precoz frente a diverticulitis de inicio estándar, junto con las tasas de colectomía.RESULTADOS:Entre 2005 y 2020, 5'239.735 pacientes fueron hospitalizados de forma electiva por diverticulitis aguda. 837.195 (16,0%) fueron de inicio temprano. Durante el período de estudio, la proporción de la cohorte de inicio temprano ingresada por diverticulitis complicada aumentó significativamente del 18,5% al 28,2% (nptrend<0,001). Además, hubo una disminución en la proporción de pacientes con diverticulitis de inicio precoz que necesitaron una colectomía (34,7% a 20,3%, nptrend<0,001), con un aumento correspondiente en la proporción de pacientes que necesitaron tratamiento por radiología intervencionista (12,7% a 28,6%, nptrend<0,001). En comparación con la diverticulitis de inicio estándar, la diverticulitis de inicio precoz se asoció con menores probabilidades de mortalidad (odds ratio ajustado [AOR] 0,18, intervalo de confianza del 95 % [IC del 95 %] 0,16-0,20, p < 0,001), así como con una menor duración de la hospitalización (β -0,28 días, IC del 95 % [-0,32, -0,24], p < 0,001) y menores costos de hospitalización (β -$1900, IC del 95 % [-$2100, -$1800], p < 0,001). Además, la diverticulitis de aparición temprana se asoció con mayores probabilidades de colectomía (AOR 1,29, IC del 95 % 1,26-1,31) y de drenaje percutáneo (AOR 1,58, IC del 95 % 1,53-1,62).LIMITACIONES:Recopilación de datos de tipo retrospectivo. Falta de datos clínicos granulares.CONCLUSIÓN:Ha habido un aumento significativo en la proporción de admisiones relacionadas con diverticulitis complicada entre pacientes menores de 50 años. Los pacientes con diverticulitis de aparición precoz tienen más probabilidades de someterse a colectomía o drenaje percutáneo que aquellos con diverticulitis de aparición estándar (>50 años). Se necesitan trabajos futuros para determinar la causa de estas tendencias e identificar políticas de salud pública dirigidas a prevenir potencialmente la creciente carga de diverticulitis entre las poblaciones más jóvenes. (Traducción-Dr. Xavier Delgadillo ).

Effects of pumpkin and fermented whey on fecal microbiota profile against AFB1 and OTA exposure in Wistar rats

Mycotoxins perturb the gut microbiota performance. Bioactive compounds have been recently used as a new food strategy to diminish mycotoxins bioaccessibility and prevent their toxic effects on human and animal health. Male and female Wistar rats were exposed orally to twelve different diets containing aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and/or ochratoxin A (OTA) with or without fermented whey (FW) and pumpkin (P) for 28 days. Fecal microbiota using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and subsequent metagenomics analysis were analyzed to study the effect of 28-day exposure through diet of contaminated and enriched feed. QIIME 2 microbiome analysis package (version 2024.5) was used to analyze the demultiplexed data. Mycotoxins-functional ingredients combination contributed more to microbial phylogenetic faith α-diversity rather than the functional ingredients alone, while the same combination reported a microbial α-diversity enhancement in comparison to the mycotoxins alone. Proteobacteria phylum was reduced in rat samples fed with contaminated diets (AFB1, OTA, and AFB1+OTA), while there was an increase-although not in all groups-when adding the functional ingredients. The main difference between the sexes was found in FW+AFB1+OTA group, with males (25%) showing higher % of Proteobacteria than females (1.86%). Phylogenetic diversity faith only focuses on microbial genetic (dis)similarity, not considering the biological function. Morganella morganii, a Proteobacteria found in some groups presents anticancer activity, but it is also related to inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. To sum up, both mycotoxins and functional ingredients trigger changes in the microbiota profile of Wistar rats in a sex-specific manner.

Gut microbiome and liver diseases

Symbiotic microbiota plays a crucial role in the education, development, and maintenance of the host immune system, significantly contributing to overall health. Through the gut-liver axis, the gut microbiota and liver have a bidirectional relationship that is becoming increasingly evident as more research highlights the translocation of the gut microbiota and its metabolites. The focus of this narrative review is to examine and discuss the importance of the gut-liver axis and the enterohepatic barrier in maintaining overall health. Additionally, we emphasize the crucial role of the gut microbiome in liver diseases and explore potential therapeutic strategies for liver diseases by manipulating the microbiota.

Overcrowding Stress in Livestock Production Alters Gut Microbiota Composition and Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase (nNOS) Expression in nNOS-HiBiT Knock-in Mouse Model

Overcrowding stress in livestock farming is a significant concern for animal health and livestock products such as meats, milk, and eggs. It affects gut health by altering microbiota and regulating neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). This study aimed to investigate the effects of overcrowding stress on the gut microbiota composition and nNOS expression. We generated an nNOS-HiBiT knock-in mouse model using the HiBiT system, a highly sensitive tool for accurately quantifying gene expression. Overcrowding stress was induced by housing twenty mice per cage (MPC20) and compared with a control group of two mice per cage (MPC2). Overcrowding stress increases nNOS levels in the hypothalamus and ileum and serum corticosterone levels. Gut microbial composition differed between the control and overcrowding stress-induced groups in the ileum, cecum, and colon. Specifically, Bifidobacterium and Akkermansia decreased in all three regions of MPC20, whereas Helicobacter in the ileum and colon and Parasuterella in the cecum increased in MPC20. Notably, Bifidobacterium consistently decreased when nNOS and corticosterone expression were used as covariates under overcrowding stress. These regional variations reflect the differential impact of overcrowding stress on the intestinal tract, indicating complex interactions through nNOS expression within the brain-gut-microbiome axis. Importantly, the addition of probiotic feed, particularly those containing Bifidobacterium, may counteract these decreases, leading to enhanced gut health and improved quality of livestock food products. This study enhances our understanding of the correlation between overcrowding stress and the gut microbiota, providing valuable data for improving the management environment in livestock farming.

The interplay between gut bacteria and targeted therapies: implications for future cancer treatments

Targeted therapy represents a form of cancer treatment that specifically focuses on molecular markers regulating the growth, division, and dissemination of cancer cells. It serves as the cornerstone of precision medicine and is associated with fewer adverse effects compared to conventional chemotherapy, thus enhancing the quality of patient survival. These make targeted therapy as a vital component of contemporary anti-cancer strategies. Although targeted therapy has achieved excellent anti-cancer results, there are still many factors affecting its efficacy. Among the numerous factors affecting anti-cancer treatment, the role of intestinal bacteria and its metabolites are becoming increasingly prominent, particularly in immunotherapy. However, their effects on anticancer targeted therapy have not been systematically reviewed. Herein, we discuss the crosstalk between gut bacteria and anticancer targeted therapies, while also highlighting potential therapeutic strategies and future research directions.

The Janus face of Bifidobacterium in the development of atopic eczema: A role for compositional maturation

BACKGROUND

Atopic eczema often develops in the first year of life, when the composition of the gut microbiota is most plastic as illustrated by the decrease in bifidobacteria after weaning. This may provide the opportunity for microbial stimuli and their environmental determinants to alter the disease course.

OBJECTIVES

To determine the role of the genus Bifidobacterium for atopic eczema in early childhood.

METHODS

We analysed the bacterial composition in fecal samples of 618 children of the PASTURE ("Protection against Allergy-Study in Rural Environments") birth cohort using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing of fecal samples collected at 2 and 12 months of age. Atopic eczema was defined as a parent-reported doctor's diagnosis until 2 years, and patterns of rash symptoms were classified by latent class analysis. We applied mediation models to assess direct and microbiota-mediated effects of environmental determinants on atopic eczema.

RESULTS

The Bifidobacterium composition observed at 2 months was inversely related to atopic eczema (OR = 0.68 [0.53-0.87], p = .002) and persistent rash. This association was not seen at 12 months, when the composition of Bifidobacterium amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) was altered. The effect of beneficial ASVs at 2 months (OR = 0.72 [0.57-0.91]) was lost at 12 months (OR = 0.97 [0.76-1.24]), when distinct bifidobacteria tended to be positively related to late-onset rash.

CONCLUSIONS

The subgenus composition of Bifidobacterium undergoes substantial changes in the first year of life. The protective effect of Bifidobacterium depends on the ASV composition at the respective age of the infant, highlighting the importance of timing in prevention strategies targeting infant-microbe interactions.

Effect of Artemisia annua on anticoccidial action, intestinal microbiota and metabolites of Hu lambs

BACKGROUND

Coccidia are among the primary pathogens causing diarrhea and even fatalities in lambs. With the increasing use of chemical drugs to treat coccidiosis, the problem of drug resistance is becoming more and more threatening. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify novel alternative drugs for the treatment of the lamb coccidia. In this study, the effect of different doses and extraction methods of Artemisia annua (A. annua) on anticoccidial activity and growth performance was assessed by oocysts output (OPG), fecal index, average daily gain (ADG) and the new production value of experimental lambs. High-throughput sequencing technology was employed to investigate the effect of A. annua on the intestinal microbiota and metabolites of lambs afflicted with coccidiosis.

RESULTS

The results revealed that all A. annua treatment groups exhibited good anticoccidial effects. According to the soft stool index and ADG analysis, the Low-dose A. annua (AL) and A. annua alcohol extract (AA) groups demonstrated a better overall effect. The microbiota and metabolites of lambs changed after A. annua was administered. Unclassified_Muribaculaceae exhibited a significant positive correlation with ADG (P < 0.05) and a negative correlation with OPG, although the latter was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Alistipes displayed a significant negative correlation with ADG (P < 0.05), and a positive correlation with OPG (P > 0.05). Additionally, UCG 005 exhibited a highly significant negative correlation with OPG (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

The above results demonstrated that AL and AA groups had more effective anticoccidial action. Unclassified_Muribaculaceae could be employed as a suitable probiotic to enhance weight gain in lambs, while UCG-005 could inhibit intestinal Eimeria colonization in lambs. Alistipes may serve as a biomarker for predicting the risk of intestinal coccidia outbreaks in lambs. A. annua induced significant changes in gut microbiota, accompanied by corresponding changes in metabolites. These differences in gut microbiota and metabolites provide valuable insights for subsequent research on the mechanisms underlying anticoccidial action.

Human microbiota peptides: important roles in human health

Covering: 1974 to 2024Human microbiota consist of a diverse array of microorganisms, such as bacteria, Eukarya, archaea, and viruses, which populate various parts of the human body and live in a cooperatively beneficial relationship with the host. They play a crucial role in supporting the functional balance of the microbiome. The coevolutionary progression has led to the development of specialized metabolites that have the potential to substitute traditional antibiotics in combating global health challenges. Although there has been a lot of research on the human microbiota, there is a considerable lack of understanding regarding the wide range of peptides that these microbial populations produce. Particularly noteworthy are the antibiotics that are uniquely produced by the human microbiome, especially by bacteria, to protect against invasive infections. This review seeks to fill this knowledge gap by providing a thorough understanding of various peptides, along with their in-depth biological importance in terms of human disorders. Advancements in genomics and the understanding of molecular mechanisms that control the interactions between microbiota and hosts have made it easier to find peptides that come from the human microbiome. We hope that this review will serve as a basis for developing new therapeutic approaches and personalized healthcare strategies. Additionally, it emphasizes the significance of these microbiota in the field of natural product discovery and development.

Light-dark shift promotes colon carcinogenesis through accelerated colon aging

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide, with rising prevalence among younger adults. Several lifestyle factors, particularly disruptions in circadian rhythms by light-dark (LD) shifts, are known to increase CRC risk. Epidemiological studies previously showed LD-shifts are associated with increased risk of CRC. To explore the mechanisms and interactions between LD-shift and intestinal aging, we investigated how the combination of LD-shifts and aging impacts colon carcinogenesis development. Our data showed that LD-shifts and aging increased colon tumorigenesis. Notably, LD-shift accelerated intestinal aging by altering aging-related pathways, such as intestinal barrier damage, accompanied by dysbiotic changes in the intestinal microbiota that negatively impacts barrier stability. The increased carcinogenesis and intestinal aging were preceded by enrichment in host-microbiome features that are strongly regulated by the circadian clock. Overall, our results suggest that LD-shifts, increasingly prevalent among young adults, contribute to both intestinal aging and the development of colon carcinogenesis.

Astragalus polysaccharide mitigates Eimeria tenella-induced damage in laying chicks by modulating immunity, inflammation, and intestine barrier

Astragalus polysaccharides (APS), the main active component of the traditional Chinese medicine Astragalus, exhibit immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties. This study analyzed the preventive and therapeutic effects of APS on chicks infected with Eimeria tenellaE. tenella and its impact on intestinal health. A total of 120 1-d-old Hy-Line Brown chicks were assigned to four groups (2 × 2 factorial): 1) Control (0 mg/L APS + 0 sporulated oocysts/chick), 2) APS (1,000 mg/L APS + 0 sporulated oocysts/chick), 3) E. tenellaE. tenella (0 mg/L APS + 5 × 104 sporulated oocysts/chick), 4) E. tenella + APS (1,000 mg/L APS + 5 × 104 sporulated oocysts/chick). The results showed that the addition of APS to the drinking water increased the average daily gain and body weight (day 25) while reduced feed conversion ratio in E. tenella-infected chicks (P < 0.05). APS mitigated cecal lesions (P < 0.05), decreased oocyst shedding (P < 0.05), lowered spleen index (P < 0.05), and elevated bursa and thymus indices (P < 0.05). Serum total protein and alkaline phosphatase activity increased (P < 0.05). Cecal tissue mRNA expression of IL-2, IgG, IgM, Claudin1, Claudin2, ZO-1, and Occludin were increased (P < 0.05), whereas IL-1β, TNF-α, and NF-κB were decreased (P < 0.05). APS enriched cecal f_Lactobacillaceae, g_Lactobacillus, g_Tuzzerella, g_Oscillospira, and g_UBA1819 (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the anticoccidial index (142.10) indicated low-level efficacy. In conclusion, APS alleviated E. tenella damage by modulating immunity, inflammation, microbiota, and intestinal barriers. Although APS demonstrated limited direct anticoccidial activity, its multifaceted protective effects suggest potential in the prevention and treatment of coccidiosis.

The microbiome's influence on the neurobiology of opioid addiction and brain connectivity

BACKGROUND

Opioids are the most effective and potent analgesics available for acute pain management. With no viable alternative for treating chronic or post operative pain, it is not surprising that over 10 million people misuse opioids. This study explores the developmental influence of the microbiome on resistance to opioid addictive behavior and functional connectivity.

METHODS

Female germ free reared (GFR) mice were compared to wild-type (WT) mice, before and after conventionalization using conditioned place preference (CPP) with oxycodone (OXY) exposure. Functional connectivity data were collected providing site-specific analysis for over 140 different brain areas.

RESULTS

GFR mice showed significant reduction in CPP after OXY exposure. When GFR mice are conventionalized CPP reward behavior mirrors WT mice. Functional connectivity data shows significant differences across several brain regions e.g., thalamus, hippocampus, and sensory cortices between GFR and WT before and after conventionalization. Prior to conventionalization GFR mice showed hyperconnectivity that became less organized and more global after conventionalization. Sequencing of the fecal microbiome of the GFR mice before conventionalization showed an absence of normal murine gut microbiome members, but the presence of Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus, Paenibacillus, and Turicibacter.

CONCLUSION

The implications suggest the microbiome has a direct impact on the development of reward seeking behavior. With the widespread number of opioid receptors found in the gut, studying the interaction between the microbiota and substance use disorder may lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms that lead to the development of addiction as well as potential treatments.

Causal associations between gut Bifidobacteriaceae and transplant failure: a Mendelian randomization study

Aim: Transplant rejection and failure are the primary causes of shortened lifespan in transplant patients and are closely associated with the status of the human immune system. Gut microbiota have the capacity to modulate the human immune system. However, it remains unclear whether any gut microbiota can influence the risk of transplant failure.Materials & methods: A Mendelian randomization study was conducted to explore the causal relationship between gut microbiota and transplant failure. This study utilized three Genome-Wide Association Study results focusing on the gut microbiome, transplant failure and transplantation status. Single nucleotide polymorphisms that were strongly associated with gut microbiota abundance were selected as instrumental variables.Results: The abundance of Bifidobacteriaceae demonstrated a significant causal relationship with transplant failure (inverse variance weighted [IVW] p = 0.049, OR = 0.658, 95% CI: 0.433-0.998), but was not related to the risk of transplantation status (IVW p > 0.200). Notably, a higher intestinal abundance of Bifidobacteriaceae corresponded to a decreased risk of transplant failure. Bifidobacteriaceae instrumental variables were enriched in pathways related to synapses and membranes.Conclusion: The Bifidobacteriaceae may play a crucial role in the mechanism of transplant failure. These study results contribute to elucidating the mechanisms underlying transplant failure.

Probiotics fermentation enhanced the bioactive properties of Gnaphalium affine water extract and improved regulation ability of gut microbiota

This study investigated the probiotic potential of fermented beverages derived from Gnaphalium affine (G. affine). Three different beverages were prepared by fermenting G. affine water extract with Limosilactobacillus fermentum A6-3 (L. fermentum A6-3), Lactobacillus reuteri A27-1 (L. reuteri A27-1), or both for 48 h. The results demonstrated that bioactive compounds from G. affine promoted the growth of these two probiotics and preserved their viability for at least 28 days at 4 °C. Following fermentation, the concentrations of chlorogenic acid, coniferin, lactic acid, glycolic acid, and behenic acid were significantly elevated. Additionally, the G. affine fermented beverages promoted the growth of intestinal probiotics such as Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, while inhibiting pathogens like Clostridium, Shigella. Moreover, the G. affine fermented beverages exhibited beneficial effects, including antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activities. In conclusion, G. affine preserved the viability of probiotics, and probiotic, in turn, enhanced the beneficial functions of the G. affine fermented beverages.

Bifidobacteriaceae diversity in the human microbiome from a large-scale genome-wide analysis

We performed a large-scale genome-wide analysis aiming to investigate the prevalence and strain-level diversity of Bifidobacteriaceae species in the human microbiome. We considered 9,528 publicly available human metagenomes and integrated them with 1,192 isolate genomes from different sources. The prevalence and abundance of Bifidobacteriaceae species in humans was linked to multiple host characteristics: they were reduced in older people and enriched in populations characterized by Westernized lifestyles with geography-specific patterns. Phylogenetic analysis highlighted 110 Bifidobacteriaceae species-level genome bins (SGBs), with 32 found in humans and 8 in food and probiotic sources. Functional annotation revealed a great diversity in carbohydrate-active enzyme families across these SGBs. We found potential subspecies for most of the SGBs prevalent in humans and identified patterns driven by age and geography. We provided evidence that strains used in probiotics were rarely identified in humans, with the only exception represented by Bifidobacterium animalis. We finally evaluated that the abundance of Bifidobacteriaceae species exhibited moderate and variable capabilities to predict health status in case-control studies.

The adjuvant treatment role of ω-3 fatty acids by regulating gut microbiota positively in the acne vulgaris

Objectives:We aimed to explore the potential role of omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids on acne vulgaris by modulating gut microbiota.Materials and Methods:We randomly divided the untreated acne patients into two groups with or without ω-3 fatty acids intervention for 12 weeks. The Sprague Dawley (SD) rats with acne model were given isotretinoin, ω-3 fatty acids or their combination respectively. Then the colonic contents samples of the drug intervention SD rats were transferred to the pseudo sterile rats with acne model. The severity of the disease was assessed by the Global Acne Grading System (GAGS) score of the patients, and the swelling rate of auricle and the pathological section of the rat with acne model. The 16S rDNA gene sequencing was performed to detect the alteration of the gut microbiota.Results:ω-3 fatty acids could increase the diversity of the gut microbiota and regulate the flora structure positively both in the patients and rats, increase the abundance of butyric acid producing bacteria and GAGS score in the patients, and alleviate the inflammation and comedones of rats.Conclusion:Supplementation of ω-3 fatty acids could alleviate the inflammation of acne vulgaris by increasing the abundance of butyric acid producing bacteria.

Genetically engineered bacteria as inflammatory bowel disease therapeutics

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and recurrent disease caused by immune response disorders that disrupt the intestinal lumen symbiotic ecosystem and dysregulate mucosal immune functions. Current therapies available for IBD primarily focus on symptom management, making early diagnosis and prompt intervention challenging. The development of genetically engineered bacteria using synthetic biology presents a new strategy for addressing these challenges. In this review, we present recent breakthroughs in the field of engineered bacteria for the treatment and detection of IBD and describe how bacteria can be genetically modified to produce therapeutic molecules or execute diagnostic functions. In particular, we discuss the challenges faced in translating live bacterial therapeutics from bacterial design to delivery strategies for further clinical applications.

State-of-the-art and future perspectives in ingestible remotely controlled smart capsules for drug delivery: A GENEGUT review

An emerging concern globally, particularly in developed countries, is the rising prevalence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), such as Crohn's disease. Oral delivery technologies that can release the active therapeutic cargo specifically at selected sites of inflammation offer great promise to maximise treatment outcomes and minimise off-target effects. Therapeutic strategies for IBD have expanded in recent years, with an increasing focus on biologic and nucleic acid-based therapies. Reliable site-specific delivery in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is particularly crucial for these therapeutics to ensure sufficient concentrations in the targeted cells. Ingestible smart capsules hold great potential for precise drug delivery. Despite previous unsuccessful endeavours to commercialise drug delivery smart capsules, the current rise in demand and recent advancements in component development, manufacturing, and miniaturisation have reignited interest in ingestible devices. Consequently, this review analyses the advancements in various mechanical and electrical components associated with ingestible smart drug delivery capsules. These components include modules for device localisation, actuation and retention within the GI tract, signal transmission, drug release, power supply, and payload storage. Challenges and constraints associated with previous capsule design functionality are presented, followed by a critical outlook on future design considerations to ensure efficient and reliable site-specific delivery for the local treatment of GI disorders.

Effect and mechanism of endoclip papilloplasty in reducing the incidence of cholelithiasis

BACKGROUND

Endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) is widely used to treat common bile duct stones (CBDS); however, long-term studies have revealed the increasing incidence of recurrent CBDS after EST. Loss of sphincter of Oddi function after EST was the main cause of recurrent CBDS. Reparation of the sphincter of Oddi is therefore crucial. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness and safety of endoclip papilloplasty (ECPP) for repairing the sphincter of Oddi and elucidate its mechanism.

METHODS

Eight healthy Bama minipigs were randomly divided into the EST group and the ECPP group at a 1:1 ratio, and bile samples were collected before endoscopy and 6 months later. All minipigs underwent transabdominal biliary ultrasonography for the diagnosis of cholelithiasis 6 months after endoscopy. The biliary microbiota composition and alpha and beta diversity were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Differential metabolites were analyzed by bile acid metabolomics to explore the predictive indicators of cholelithiasis.

RESULTS

Three minipigs were diagnosed with cholelithiasis in the EST group, while none in the ECPP group showed cholelithiasis. The biliary Firmicutes/Bacteroidota (F/B) ratio was increased after EST and decreased after ECPP. The Chao1 and observed species index significantly decreased 6 months after EST (P = 0.017 and 0.018, respectively); however, the biliary α-diversity was similar before and 6 months after ECPP. The β-diversity significantly differed in the EST group before and 6 months after EST, as well as in the ECPP group before and 6 months after ECPP (analysis of similarities [ANOSIM]: R = 0.917, P = 0.040; R = 0.740, P = 0.035; respectively). Glycolithocholic acid (GLCA) and taurolithocholic acid (TLCA) accumulated in bile 6 months after EST.

CONCLUSIONS

ECPP has less impact on the biliary microenvironment than EST and prevents duodenobiliary reflux by repairing the sphincter of Oddi. The bile levels of GLCA and TLCA may be used to predict the risk of cholelithiasis.

Metabolic interactions of host-gut microbiota: New possibilities for the precise diagnosis and therapeutic discovery of gastrointestinal cancer in the future-A review

Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer continues to pose a significant global health challenge. Recent advances in our understanding of the complex relationship between the host and gut microbiota have shed light on the critical role of metabolic interactions in the pathogenesis and progression of GI cancer. In this study, we examined how microbiota interact with the host to influence signalling pathways that impact the formation of GI tumours. Additionally, we investigated the potential therapeutic approach of manipulating GI microbiota for use in clinical settings. Revealing the complex molecular exchanges between the host and gut microbiota facilitates a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms that drive cancer development. Metabolic interactions hold promise for the identification of microbial signatures or metabolic pathways associated with specific stages of cancer. Hence, this study provides potential strategies for the diagnosis, treatment and management of GI cancers to improve patient outcomes.

The causal relationship between immune cell-mediated gut microbiota and ulcerative colitis: a bidirectional two-sample, mediation Mendelian randomization analysis

Background

Numerous studies have highlighted the close association between gut microbiota and the development of ulcerative colitis (UC), yet research on whether immune cells mediate this process remains scarce. This study utilizes various Mendelian randomization (MR) methods to investigate the causal relationship between gut microbiota and UC, further exploring the mediating role of immune cells in this process.

Methods

Genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics for 473 gut microbiota, 731 immune cell phenotypes, and UC were obtained from the GWAS catalog database. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were used as instrumental variables (IV) to validate the causal relationship between gut microbiota and UC through two-sample MR and Bayesian weighted MR (BWMR), and reverse MR was employed to explore the presence of reverse causal effects. Two-step MR was applied to identify immune cell mediators and evaluate their mediation effects.

Results

The study revealed a causal relationship between 20 gut microbiota and UC, with 14 microbiota acting as protective factors for UC and 6 as risk factors. Mediation MR identified 26 immune cell mediators, among which the association between CD11b on Mo MDSC and Bifidobacterium bifidum (B. bifidum) was most significant (p = 0.0017, OR = 1.4540, 95% CI: 1.1504-1.8378). Mediation MR analysis indicated that the mediation effect of CD11b on Mo MDSC between B. bifidum and UC was -0.0385, with a mediation effect ratio of 16.67%.

Conclusion

There is a clear causal relationship between certain gut microbiota and UC, and CD11b on Mo MDSC is a significant mediator between B. bifidum and UC, providing new insights for the clinical treatment of UC.

Probiotics-regulated lithocholic acid suppressed B-cell differentiation in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder

Intestinal microbes play a crucial role in gut health and the immune-mediated central nervous system through the "gut-brain" axis. However, probiotic safety and efficacy in Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) are not well-explored. A pilot clinic trial for NMOSD with probiotic intervention revealed alterations in the microbiota (increased Anaerostipes, Bacteroides; decreased Granulicatella, Streptococcus, Rothia). Metabolite analysis showed elevated 2-methylbutyric and isobutyric acids, reduced lithocholic acid (LCA), and glycodeoxycholic acid (GDCA). Immune markers Interleukin (IL-7), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A), and B lymphocyte chemoattractant (BLC) decreased, while plasma cells and transitional B cells increased post-probiotics, suggesting potential immunomodulatory effects on NMOSD.

The impact of traditional Chinese medicine and dietary compounds on modulating gut microbiota in hepatic fibrosis: A review

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and dietary compounds have a profound influence on the regulation of gut microbiota (GM) in hepatic fibrosis (HF). Certain substances found in both food and herbs that are edible and medicinal, such as dietary fiber, polyphenols, and polysaccharides, can generate beneficial metabolites like short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids (BAs), and tryptophan (Trp). These compounds contribute to regulate the GM, reduce levels of endotoxins in the liver, and alleviate fibrosis and inflammation in the liver. Furthermore, they enhance the composition and functionality of GM, promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria while inhibiting the proliferation of harmful bacteria. These mechanisms mitigate the inflammatory response in the intestines and maintain the integrity of the intestinal barrier. The purpose of this review is to analyze how the GM regulates the pathogenesis of HF, evaluate the regulatory effect of TCM and dietary compounds on the intestinal microflora, with a particular emphasis on modulating flora structure, enhancing gut barrier function, and addressing associated pathogenic factors, thereby provide new insights for the treatment of HF.

Compendium of Bifidobacterium-based probiotics: characteristics and therapeutic impact on human diseases

The human microbiota, a complex community of microorganisms residing in and on the human body, plays a crucial role in maintaining health and preventing disease. Bifidobacterium species have shown remarkable therapeutic potential across a range of health conditions, thus being considered optimal probiotic bacteria. This review provides insights into the concept of probiotics and explores the impact of bifidobacteria on human health, focusing on the gastrointestinal, respiratory, skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems. It also integrates information on the available genetic bases underlying the beneficial effects of each bifidobacterial probiotic species on different aspects of human physiology. Notably, Bifidobacterium-based probiotics have proven effective in managing gastrointestinal conditions such as constipation, antibiotic-associated diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and Helicobacter pylori infections. These benefits are achieved by modulating the intestinal microbiota, boosting immune responses, and strengthening the gut barrier. Moreover, Bifidobacterium species have been reported to reduce respiratory infections and asthma severity. Additionally, these probiotic bacteria offer benefits for skeletal and muscular health, as evidenced by Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Bifidobacterium breve, which have shown anti-inflammatory effects and symptom relief in arthritis models, suggesting potential in treating conditions like rheumatoid arthritis. Furthermore, probiotic therapies based on bifidobacterial species have shown promising effects in alleviating anxiety and depression, reducing stress, and enhancing cognitive function. Overall, this review integrates the extensive scientific literature now available that supports the health-promoting applications of probiotic Bifidobacterium species and underscores the need for further research to confirm their clinical efficacy across different body systems.

Efficacy of bifidobacterium-related preparations on depression: the first meta-analysis

Currently, depression-induced suicide has emerged as the primary contributor to the worldwide burden of disability. However, the prevailing drug treatment not only suffers from delayed effectiveness and limited efficacy, but also there are withdrawal symptoms and rebound phenomenon. Consequently, there is an imperative to investigate safer and more efficient treatments to ameliorate the clinical manifestations of depression. At present, there is increased evidence that probiotics can improve the symptoms of depression, but the existing studies use many and mixed types of probiotics, and it is impossible to determine the specific efficacy of bifidobacteria in the treatment of depression. This review will systematically review the effects of bifidobacteria on the treatment effect of depression, Meta-analysis showed that Bifidobacterium-related preparations effectively improved depressive symptoms in patients with depression. This study represents the initial meta-analysis conducted on the use of bifidobacteria-related agents for treating depression. The objective was to determine the effect of bifidobacteria-related preparations on improving depressive symptoms. We found that Bifidobacterium and its related agents can effectively reduce depression scale scores in patients with depression, suggesting the need for further research into this potential strategy for the prevention and treatment of depression.

Benefits and Challenges of Encapsulating Bifidobacterium Probiotic Strains with Bifidogenic Prebiotics

Bifidobacteria offer remarkable health benefits when added to probiotic formulations, contributing to the burgeoning market driven by increased awareness among consumers and healthcare providers. However, several pivotal challenges must be crossed: strain selection, encapsulation wall materials, compatible food matrices, and the intricate interplay among these factors. An approach to address these challenges involves exploring bifidogenic substrates as potential encapsulation materials. This strategy has the potential to enhance bifidobacteria viability within the demanding gastrointestinal environment, extend shelf life, and promote synergistic interactions that promote bifidobacteria survival. Nonetheless, it is crucial to acknowledge that the relationship between bifidogenic substrates and bifidobacterial metabolism is complex and multifaceted. Consequently, despite the promising outlook, it is important to emphasize that this approach requires in-depth investigation, as the intricate interplay between these elements constitutes a rich area of ongoing research. This pursuit aims to ultimately deliver consumers a product that can genuinely improve their health and well-being.

Exploring the Potential Probiotic Properties of Bifidobacterium breve DSM 32583-A Novel Strain Isolated from Human Milk

Human milk is the best nutrition for infants, providing optimal support for the developing immune system and gut microbiota. Hence, it has been used as source for probiotic strain isolation, including members of the genus Bifidobacterium, in an effort to provide beneficial effects to infants who cannot be exclusively breastfed. However, not all supplemented bifidobacteria can effectively colonise the infant gut, nor confer health benefits to the individual infant host; therefore, new isolates are needed to develop a range of dietary products for this specific age group. Here, we investigated the beneficial potential of Bifidobacterium breve DSM 32583 isolated from human milk. We show that in vitro B. breve DSM 32583 exhibited several characteristics considered fundamental for beneficial bacteria, including survival in conditions simulating those present in the digestive tract, adherence to human epithelial cell lines, and inhibition of growth of potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Its antibiotic resistance patterns were comparable to those of known beneficial bifidobacterial strains, and its genome did not contain plasmids nor virulence-associated genes. These results suggest that B. breve DSM 32583 is a potential probiotic candidate.

Molecular cross-talk among human intestinal bifidobacteria as explored by a human gut model

Bifidobacteria are well known as common and abundant colonizers of the human gut and are able to exert multiple beneficial effects on their host, although the cooperative and competitive relationships that may occur among bifidobacterial strains are still poorly investigated. Therefore, to dissect possible molecular interactions among bifidobacterial species that typically colonize the human gut, three previously identified bifidobacterial prototypes, i.e., B. bifidum PRL2010, B. breve PRL2012, and B. longum PRL2022 were cultivated individually as well as in bi- and tri-association in a human gut-simulating medium. Transcriptomic analyses of these co-associations revealed up-regulation of genes predicted to be involved in the production of extracellular structures including pili (i.e., flp pilus assembly TadE protein gene), exopolysaccharides (i.e., GtrA family protein gene) and teichoic acids (i.e., ABC transporter permease), along with carbohydrate, amino acid and vitamin metabolism-related genes (i.e., exo-alpha-sialidase; beta-galactosidase and pyridoxamine kinase), suggesting that co-cultivation of bifidobacteria induces a response, in individual bifidobacterial strains, aimed at enhancing their proliferation and survival, as well as their ability to cooperate with their host to promote their persistence. Furthermore, exposure of the selected prototypes to human cell line monolayers unveiled the ability of the bifidobacterial tri-association to communicate with their host by increasing the expression of genes involved in adherence to/interaction with intestinal human cells. Lastly, bifidobacterial tri-association promoted the transcriptional upregulation of genes responsible for maintaining the integrity and homeostasis of the intestinal epithelial barrier.

Gut Microbiota and Probiotics in Perioperative Management: A Narrative Review

The human gut is the abode of several complex and diverse microbes. It is a fact that the human brain is interconnected with the spinal cord and sense organs; however, there is also a possibility of a connection between the brain and the gut microbiome. The human gut can be altered in various ways, the principal method being the intake of prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics. Can this alteration in the gut microbiome be clinically utilised in the perioperative period? We conducted a literature search related to this topic using databases and search engines (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online {MEDLINE}, Embase, Scopus, PubMed and Google Scholar). The search revealed some preclinical and clinical studies in animals and humans that demonstrate the alteration of the gut microbiome with the use of anxiolysis, probiotics/prebiotics and other perioperative factors including opioids, anaesthetics and perioperative stress. The significant effects of this alteration have been seen on preoperative anxiety and postoperative delirium/cognitive dysfunction/pain. These effects are described in this narrative review, which opens up newer vistas for high-quality research related to the gut microbiome, gut-brain axis, the related signaling pathways and their clinical application in the perioperative period.

Effects of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 and yogurt on mice during oral antibiotic administration

Probiotics have the potential to prevent disruptions to normal gastrointestinal function caused by oral antibiotic use. In this study, we examined the capacity of Bifidobacterium animalis subspecies lactis BB-12 (BB-12) and yogurt, separately and combined, to mitigate the effects of the antibiotic amoxicillin-clavulanate (AMC) on the gut microbiota and metabolomes of C57BL/6 J mice. Male and female mice were administered either BB-12, yogurt, BB-12 in yogurt, or saline for 10 days concurrent with the inclusion of AMC in the drinking water. Male mice exposed to AMC exhibited significant reductions (p<0.05) in body weight over the course of the study compared to sham (no AMC) controls whereas no such effects were observed for female mice. AMC administration resulted in rapid alterations to the intestinal microbiota in both sexes irrespective of BB-12 or yogurt treatment, including significant (p<0.05) losses in bacterial cell numbers and changes in microbial alpha-diversity and beta-diversity in the feces and cecal contents. The effects of AMC on the gut microbiota were observed within one day of administration and the bacterial contents continued to change over time, showing a succession marked by rapid reductions in Muribaculaceae and Lachnospiraceae and temporal increases in proportions of Acholeplasmataceae (day 1) and Streptococcaceae and Leuconostocaceae (day 5). By day 10 of AMC intake, high proportions of Gammaproteobacteria assigned as Erwiniaceae or Enterobacteriaceae (average of 63 %), were contained in the stools and were similarly enriched in the cecum. The cecal contents of mice given AMC harbored significantly reduced concentrations of (branched) short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), aspartate, and other compounds, whereas numerous metabolites, including formate, lactate, and several amino acids and amino acid derivatives were significantly enriched. Despite the extensive impact of AMC, starting at day 7 of the study, the body weights of male mice given yogurt or BB-12 (in saline) with AMC were similar to the healthy controls. BB-12 (in saline) and yogurt intake was associated with increased Streptococcaceae and both yogurt and BB-12 resulted in lower proportions of Erwiniaceae in the fecal and cecal contents. The cecal contents of mice fed BB-12 in yogurt contained levels of formate, glycine, and glutamine that were equivalent to the sham controls. These findings highlight the potential of BB-12 and yogurt to mitigate antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis.

A comprehensive review of Bifidobacterium spp: as a probiotic, application in the food and therapeutic, and forthcoming trends

Recently, more consumers are interested in purchasing probiotic food and beverage products that may improve their immune health. The market for functional foods and beverages that include Bifidobacterium is expanding because of their potential uses in both food and therapeutic applications. However, maintaining Bifidobacterium's viability during food processing and storage remains a challenge. Microencapsulation technique has been explored to improve the viability of Bifidobacterium. Despite the technical, microbiological, and economic challenges, the market potential for immune-supporting functional foods and beverages is significant. Additionally, there is a shift toward postbiotics as a solution for product innovation, a promising postbiotic product that can be incorporated into various food and beverage formats is also introduced in this review. As consumers become more health-conscious, future developments in the functional food and beverage market discussed in this review could serve as a reference for researchers and industrialist.

Novel therapeutic targets: bifidobacterium-mediated urea cycle regulation in colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a widespread malignancy with a complex and not entirely elucidated pathogenesis. This study aims to explore the role of Bifidobacterium in the urea cycle (UC) and its influence on the progression of CRC, a topic not extensively studied previously.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

Utilizing both bioinformatics and experimental methodologies, this research involved analyzing bacterial abundance in CRC patients in comparison to healthy individuals. The study particularly focused on the abundance of BA. Additionally, transcriptomic data analysis and cellular experiments were conducted to investigate the impact of Bifidobacterium on ammonia metabolism and mitochondrial function, specifically examining its regulation of the key UC gene, ALB.

KEY RESULTS

The analysis revealed a significant decrease in Bifidobacterium abundance in CRC patients. Furthermore, Bifidobacterium was found to suppress ammonia metabolism and induce mitochondrial dysfunction through the regulation of the ALB gene, which is essential in the context of UC. These impacts contributed to the suppression of CRC cell proliferation, a finding corroborated by animal experimental results.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

This study elucidates the molecular mechanism by which Bifidobacterium impacts CRC progression, highlighting its role in regulating key metabolic pathways. These findings provide potential targets for novel therapeutic strategies in CRC treatment, emphasizing the importance of microbiota in cancer progression.

There is no association between serum endotoxin levels and inflammation in asthma

BACKROUND

Endotoxin, in lipopolysaccharide structure (LPS), is the main component of the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria. LPS levels were associated with inflammatory disease. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease involving many different cell types and cellular elements. The association between LPS serum levels and the asthma is not well known. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the LPS serum levels and the severity of asthma, demographic data and laboratory parameters.

METHODOLOGY

The study included 67 patients aged >18 years with a diagnosis of asthma, and 15 healthy volunteers with no history of chronic disease as a control group. The Asthma Control Test (ACT), Respiratory Function Tests (RFTs), fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), and endotoxin levels were measured and compared between the groups. The endotoxin measurements were performed using the ELISA method.

RESULTS

The mild-moderate asthma group included 33 patients and the severe asthma group, 34 patients. The endotoxin level was measured as 17.78 (range 3.59 to 304.55) EU/ml in the patient group and 15 (range 4.01 to 74.06) EU/ml in the control group with no statistically significant difference determined between the groups. In the subgroups, the endotoxin level was measured as 15.21 (range 3.69 to 304.55) EU/ml in the mild-moderate group and 14.46 (range 3.59 to 278.86) EU/ml in the severe asthma group with no statistically significant difference determined between the groups.

CONCLUSION

The results of this study showed no relationship between serum endotoxin level and asthma or asthma severity.

Effects of Short-Term Gluten-Free Diet on Cardiovascular Biomarkers and Quality of Life in Healthy Individuals: A Prospective Interventional Study

INTRODUCTION

The exposome concept includes nutrition as it significantly influences human health, impacting the onset and progression of diseases. Gluten-containing wheat products are an essential source of energy for the world's population. However, a rising number of non-celiac healthy individuals tend to reduce or completely avoid gluten-containing cereals for health reasons.

AIM AND METHODS

This prospective interventional human study aimed to investigate whether short-term gluten avoidance improves cardiovascular endpoints and quality of life (QoL) in healthy volunteers. A cohort of 27 participants followed a strict gluten-free diet (GFD) for four weeks. Endothelial function measured by flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD), blood testing, plasma proteomics (Olink®) and QoL as measured by the World Health Organisation Quality-of-Life (WHOQOL) survey were investigated.

RESULTS

GFD resulted in decreased leucocyte count and C-reactive protein levels along with a trend of reduced inflammation biomarkers determined by plasma proteomics. A positive trend indicated improvement in FMD, whereas other cardiovascular endpoints remained unchanged. In addition, no improvement in QoL was observed.

CONCLUSION

In healthy individuals, a short-term GFD demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects but did not result in overall cardiovascular improvement or enhanced quality of life.

Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019 live probiotics and postbiotics: production strategies and bioactivity evaluation for potential therapeutic properties

Introduction: B. animalis subsp. lactis HN019 is a commercially available well-characterized probiotic with documented effects on human health, such as the ability to enhance the immune function and to balance the intestinal microbiome. Therefore, optimizing the manufacturing process to improve sustainability, increasing biomass yields and viability, and avoiding animal -derived nutrients in the medium to meet vegan consumer's needs, is currently of interest. Besides the established use of live probiotic cells, alternative supplements indicated as postbiotics, like non-viable cells and/or probiotics derived bioactive molecules might be considered as potential next generation biotherapeutics. In fact, advantages of postbiotics include fewer technological limitations, such as easier production processes and scale-up, and even higher specificity. Methods: In this work, medium design together with different fermentation strategies such as batch, fed-batch and in situ product removal on lab-scale bioreactors were combined. Medium pretreatment by ultrafiltration and protease digestion was performed to reduce polysaccharidic contaminants and facilitate the purification of secreted exopolysaccharides (EPS). The latter were isolated from the fermentation broth and characterized through NMR, GC-MS and SEC-TDA analyses. The expression of TLR-4, NF-kb and IL-6 in LPS challenged differentiated CaCo-2 cells treated with EPS, live and heat-killed B. lactis cells/broth, was evaluated in vitro by western blotting and ELISA. Zonulin was also assessed by immunofluorescence assays. Results and Discussion: The titer of viable B. lactis HN019 was increased up to 2.9 ± 0.1 x 1010 on an animal-free semidefined medium by applying an ISPR fermentation strategy. Medium pre-treatment and a simple downstream procedure enriched the representativity of the EPS recovered (87%), the composition of which revealed the presence of mannuronic acid among other sugars typically present in polysaccharides produced by bifidobacteria. The isolated EPS, live cells and whole heat inactivated broth were compared for the first up to date for their immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties and for their ability to promote intestinal barrier integrity. Interestingly, EPS and live cells samples demonstrated immune-stimulating properties by downregulating the expression of TLR-4 and NF-kb, and the ability to promote restoring the integrity of the intestinal barrier by up-regulating the expression of zonulin, one of the tight junctions forming proteins. Postbiotics in the form of heat killed broth only reduced NF-kb expression, whereas they did not seem effective in the other tested conditions.

The Microbiome in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

Recent research has increasingly emphasized the function of the microbiome in human health. The gut microbiome is essential for digesting food and seems to play a vital role in mental health as well. This review briefly overviews the gut microbiome and its interplay with the central nervous system. We then summarize some of the latest findings on the possible role of the microbiome in psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. In particular, we focus on autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, anorexia nervosa, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder. Although the role of microbiota in mental development and health still needs to be researched intensively, it has become increasingly apparent that the impact of microbiota must be considered to better understand psychiatric disorders.

Intestinal Colonized Silkworm Chrysalis-Like Probiotic Composites for Multi-Crossed Comprehensive Synergistic Therapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Inspired by the timely emergence of silkworm pupae from their cocoons, silkworm chrysalis-like probiotic composites (SCPCs) are developed for the comprehensive therapy of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), in which probiotics are enveloped as the "pupa" in a sequential layering of silk sericin (SS), tannic acid (TA), and polydopamine, akin to the protective "cocoon". Compared to unwrapped probiotics, these composites not only demonstrate exceptional resistance to the harsh gastrointestinal environment and exhibit over 200 times greater intestinal colonization but also safeguard probiotics from the damage of IBD environment while enabling probiotics sustained release. The probiotics, in synergy with SS and TA, provide a multi-crossed comprehensive therapy for IBD that simultaneously addresses various pathological features of IBD, including intestinal barrier disruption, elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines, heightened oxidative stress, and disturbances in the intestinal microbiota. SCPCs exhibit remarkable outcomes, including a 9.7-fold reduction in intestinal permeability, an 8.9-fold decrease in IL-6 levels, and a 2.9-fold reduction in TNF-α levels compared to uncoated probiotics. Furthermore, SCPCs demonstrate an impressive 92.25% reactive oxygen species clearance rate, significantly enhance the richness of beneficial intestinal probiotics, and effectively diminish the abundance of pathogenic bacteria, indicating a substantial improvement in the overall therapeutic effect of IBD.

Potential Probiotic Weizmannia coagulans WC10 Improved Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea in Mice by Regulating the Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Homeostasis

Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) is a common side effect of long-term and heavy antibiotic therapy. Weizmannia coagulans (W. coagulans) is an ideal probiotic because of its high viability, stability, and numerous health benefits to the host. In this study, the strains were first screened for W. coagulans WC10 (WC10) with a high combined ability based on their biological properties of gastrointestinal tolerance, adhesion, and short-chain fatty acid production ability. The effect of WC10 on mice with AAD was further evaluated. The results showed that WC10 was effective in improving the symptoms of AAD, effectively restoring antibiotic-induced weight loss, and reducing diarrhea status score and fecal water content. In addition, WC10 decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines, alleviated intestinal tissue damage and inflammation, and improved intestinal epithelial barrier function by decreasing serum levels of enterotoxin, DAO, and D-lactic acid, and by increasing the expression of the intestinal mucosal immune factors sIgA and occludin. Importantly, the composition and function of the gut microbiota gradually recovered after WC10 treatment, increasing the number of SCFAs-producing Bifidobacterium and Roseburia. Subsequently, the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) content was examined and WC10 significantly increased acetate, propionate, and butyrate production. Additionally, metabolomic analysis also showed that WC10 reversed the antibiotic interference with major metabolic pathways. These findings provide a solid scientific basis for the future application of W. coagulans WC10 in the treatment of AAD.

Genetic causal relationship between gut microbiota and basal cell carcinoma: A two-sample mendelian randomization study

OBJECTIVE

Research has previously established connections between the intestinal microbiome and the progression of some cancers. However, there is a noticeable gap in the literature in regard to using Mendelian randomisation (MR) to delve into potential causal relationships between the gut microbiota (GM) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Therefore, the purpose of our study was to use MR to explore the causal relationship between four kinds of GM (Bacteroides, Streptococcus, Proteobacteria and Lachnospiraceae) and BCC.

METHODS

We used genome-wide association study (GWAS) data and MR to explore the causal relationship between four kinds of GM and BCC. This study primarily employed the random effect inverse variance weighted (IVW) model for analysis, as complemented by additional methods including the simple mode, weighted median, weighted mode and MR‒Egger methods. We used heterogeneity and horizontal multiplicity to judge the reliability of each analysis. MR-PRESSO was mainly used to detect and correct outliers.

RESULTS

The random-effects IVW results showed that Bacteroides (OR = 0.936, 95% CI = 0.787-1.113, p = 0.455), Streptococcus (OR = 0.974, 95% CI = 0.875-1.083, p = 0.629), Proteobacteria (OR = 1.113, 95% CI = 0.977-1.267, p = 0.106) and Lachnospiraceae (OR = 1.027, 95% CI = 0.899-1.173, p = 0.688) had no genetic causal relationship with BCC. All analyses revealed no horizontal pleiotropy, heterogeneity or outliers.

CONCLUSION

We found that Bacteroides, Streptococcus, Proteobacteria and Lachnospiraceae do not increase the incidence of BCC at the genetic level, which provides new insight for the study of GM and BCC.

A syrup containing L-arabinose and D-xylose appears superior to PEG-4000 as a bowel cleansing agent

Adequate bowel cleansing is crucial for endoscopic diagnosis and treatment, and the recovery of gut microbiota after intestinal cleansing is also important. A hypertonic syrup predominantly comprising L-arabinose and D-xylose (20% xylo-oligosaccharides) can be extracted from the hemicellulose of corn husks and cobs. L-Arabinose and xylo-oligosaccharides have been reported to relieve constipation and improve the gut microbial environment. This study evaluated the bowel cleansing effect of the aforementioned syrup and its influence on the organism and intestinal microbiota after cleansing in comparison with polyethylene glycol-4000 (PEG-4000) in mice. Bowel cleansing was performed using syrup or PEG-4000 in C57BL/6J mice, and the effect of intestinal preparation and its influence on serum electrolytes and gut microbiota after bowel cleansing were evaluated. The volume of intestinal residual feces in the syrup group was significantly lower than that in the PEG-4000 group. Additionally, syrup disturbed serum electrolytes more mildly than PEG-4000. Alpha diversity in the gut microbiota was significantly higher in the syrup group than in the PEG-4000 group on the first day after bowel cleansing. However, no difference in beta diversity was observed between the two groups. Syrup increased the abundance of Bifidobacteria and Christensenella and decreased the abundance of Akkermansia in comparison with PEG-4000 on the first day after bowel cleansing. Thus, this syrup has potential clinical use as a bowel cleansing agent given the above effects, its benefits and safety, and better taste and acceptability.

The microbiota-gut-brain axis: A crucial immunomodulatory pathway for Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis' resilience against LPS treatment in neonatal rats

An imbalanced gut microflora may contribute to immune disorders in neonates due to an immature gut barrier. Bacterial toxins, particularly, can trigger the immune system, potentially resulting in uncontrolled gut and systemic inflammation. Previous research has revealed that Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (B. lactis) could protect against early-life pathogen infections by enhancing the gut barrier. However, the effects of B. lactis on a compromised immune system remain uncertain. Hence, this study concentrated on the immunomodulatory effects and mechanisms of B. lactis in neonatal rats intraperitoneally injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a bacterial toxin and inflammatory mediator. First, B. lactis significantly alleviated the adverse effects induced by LPS on the growth, development, and body temperature of neonatal rats. Second, B. lactis significantly reduced the immune responses and damage induced by LPS, affecting both systemic and local immune responses in the peripheral blood, gut, and brain. Notably, B. lactis exhibited extra potent neuroprotective and neurorepair effects. Our research found that pre-treatment with B. lactis shaped the diverse gut microecology by altering both microbial populations and metabolic biomolecules, closely linked to immunomodulation. Overall, this study elucidated the multifaceted roles of B. lactis in neonatal hosts against pathogenic infection and immune disorder, revealing the existence of the microbiota-gut-brain axis.

Host-Microbiome Crosstalk in Chronic Wound Healing

The pathogenesis of chronic wounds (CW) involves a multifaceted interplay of biochemical, immunological, hematological, and microbiological interactions. Biofilm development is a significant virulence trait which enhances microbial survival and pathogenicity and has various implications on the development and management of CW. Biofilms induce a prolonged suboptimal inflammation in the wound microenvironment, associated with delayed healing. The composition of wound fluid (WF) adds more complexity to the subject, with proven pro-inflammatory properties and an intricate crosstalk among cytokines, chemokines, microRNAs, proteases, growth factors, and ECM components. One approach to achieve information on the mechanisms of disease progression and therapeutic response is the use of multiple high-throughput 'OMIC' modalities (genomic, proteomic, lipidomic, metabolomic assays), facilitating the discovery of potential biomarkers for wound healing, which may represent a breakthrough in this field and a major help in addressing delayed wound healing. In this review article, we aim to summarize the current progress achieved in host-microbiome crosstalk in the spectrum of CW healing and highlight future innovative strategies to boost the host immune response against infections, focusing on the interaction between pathogens and their hosts (for instance, by harnessing microorganisms like probiotics), which may serve as the prospective advancement of vaccines and treatments against infections.

Investigation of Effects of Novel Bifidobacterium longum ssp. longum on Gastrointestinal Microbiota and Blood Serum Parameters in a Conventional Mouse Model

Representatives of the genus Bifidobacterium are widely used as probiotics to modulate the gut microbiome and alleviate various health conditions. The action mechanisms of probiotics rely on their direct effect on the gut microbiota and the local and systemic effect of its metabolites. The main purpose of this animal experiment was to assess the biosafety of the Bifidobacterium longum strain BIOCC1719. Additional aims were to characterise the influence of the strain on the intestinal microbiota and the effect on several health parameters of the host during 15- and 30-day oral administration of the strain to mice. The strain altered the gut microbial community, thereby altering luminal short-chain fatty acid metabolism, resulting in a shift in the proportions of acetic, butyric, and propionic acids in the faeces and serum of the test group mice. Targeted metabolic profiling of serum revealed the possible ability of the strain to positively affect the hosts' amino acids and bile acids metabolism, as the cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, aspartate, and glutamate concentration were significantly higher in the test group. The tendency to increase anti-inflammatory polyamines (spermidine, putrescine) and neuroprotective 3-indolepropionic acid metabolism and to lower uremic toxins (P-cresol-SO4, indoxyl-SO4) was registered. Thus, B. longum BIOCC1719 may exert health-promoting effects on the host through modulation of the gut microbiome and the host metabolome via inducing the production of health-promoting bioactive compounds. The health effects of the strain need to be confirmed in clinical trials with human volunteers.

Diversity Analysis of Intestinal Bifidobacteria in the Hohhot Population

(1) Background: Bifidobacterium plays a pivotal role within the gut microbiota, significantly affecting host health through its abundance and composition in the intestine. Factors such as age, gender, and living environment exert considerable influence on the gut microbiota, yet scant attention has been directed towards understanding the specific effects of these factors on the Bifidobacterium population. Therefore, this study focused on 98 adult fecal samples to conduct absolute and relative quantitative analyses of bifidobacteria. (2) Methods: Using droplet digital PCR and the PacBio Sequel II sequencing platform, this study sought to determine the influence of various factors, including living environment, age, and BMI, on the absolute content and biodiversity of intestinal bifidobacteria. (3) Results: Quantitative results indicated that the bifidobacteria content in the intestinal tract ranged from 106 to 109 CFU/g. Notably, the number of bifidobacteria in the intestinal tract of the school population surpassed that of the off-campus population significantly (p = 0.003). Additionally, the group of young people exhibited a significantly higher count of bifidobacteria than the middle-aged and elderly groups (p = 0.041). The normal-weight group displayed a significantly higher bifidobacteria count than the obese group (p = 0.027). Further analysis of the relative abundance of bifidobacteria under different influencing factors revealed that the living environment emerged as the primary factor affecting the intestinal bifidobacteria structure (p = 0.046, R2 = 2.411). Moreover, the diversity of bifidobacteria in the intestinal tract of college students surpassed that in the out-of-school population (p = 0.034). This was characterized by a notable increase in 11 strains, including B. longum, B. bifidum, and B. pseudolongum, in the intestinal tract of college students, forming a more intricate intestinal bifidobacteria interaction network. (4) Conclusions: In summary, this study elucidated the principal factors affecting intestinal bifidobacteria and delineated their characteristics of intestinal bifidobacteria in diverse populations. By enriching the theory surrounding gut microbiota and health, this study provides essential data support for further investigations into the intricate dynamics of the gut microbiota.

Ecology- and genome-based identification of the Bifidobacterium adolescentis prototype of the healthy human gut microbiota

Bifidobacteria are among the first microbial colonizers of the human gut, being frequently associated with human health-promoting activities. In the current study, an in silico methodology based on an ecological and phylogenomic-driven approach allowed the selection of a Bifidobacterium adolescentis prototype strain, i.e., B. adolescentis PRL2023, which best represents the overall genetic content and functional features of the B. adolescentis taxon. Such features were confirmed by in vitro experiments aimed at evaluating the ability of this strain to survive in the gastrointestinal tract of the host and its ability to interact with human intestinal cells and other microbial gut commensals. In this context, co-cultivation of B. adolescentis PRL2023 and several gut commensals revealed various microbe-microbe interactions and indicated co-metabolism of particular plant-derived glycans, such as xylan.IMPORTANCEThe use of appropriate bacterial strains in experimental research becomes imperative in order to investigate bacterial behavior while mimicking the natural environment. In the current study, through in silico and in vitro methodologies, we were able to identify the most representative strain of the Bifidobacterium adolescentis species. The ability of this strain, B. adolescentis PRL2023, to cope with the environmental challenges imposed by the gastrointestinal tract, together with its ability to switch its carbohydrate metabolism to compete with other gut microorganisms, makes it an ideal choice as a B. adolescentis prototype and a member of the healthy microbiota of adults. This strain possesses a genetic blueprint appropriate for its exploitation as a candidate for next-generation probiotics.

Genomic and ecological approaches to identify the Bifidobacterium breve prototype of the healthy human gut microbiota

Members of the genus Bifidobacterium are among the first microorganisms colonizing the human gut. Among these species, strains of Bifidobacterium breve are known to be commonly transmitted from mother to her newborn, while this species has also been linked with activities supporting human wellbeing. In the current study, an in silico approach, guided by ecology- and phylogenome-based analyses, was employed to identify a representative strain of B. breve to be exploited as a novel health-promoting candidate. The selected strain, i.e., B. breve PRL2012, was found to well represent the genetic content and functional genomic features of the B. breve taxon. We evaluated the ability of PRL2012 to survive in the gastrointestinal tract and to interact with other human gut commensal microbes. When co-cultivated with various human gut commensals, B. breve PRL2012 revealed an enhancement of its metabolic activity coupled with the activation of cellular defense mechanisms to apparently improve its survivability in a simulated ecosystem resembling the human microbiome.

Intestinal microbiota and metabolome perturbations in ischemic and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy

BACKGROUND

Various clinical similarities are present in ischemic (ICM) and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDCM), leading to ambiguity on some occasions. Previous studies have reported that intestinal microbiota appeared dysbiosis in ICM, whether implicating in the IDCM remains unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the alterations in intestinal microbiota and fecal metabolites in ICM and IDCM.

METHODS

ICM (n = 20), IDCM (n = 22), and healthy controls (HC, n = 20) were enrolled in this study. Stool samples were collected for 16S rRNA gene sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis.

RESULTS

Both ICM and IDCM exhibited reduced alpha diversity and altered microbial community structure compared to HC. At the genus level, nine taxa including Blautia, [Ruminococcus]_torques_group, Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, UCG-002, Corynebacterium, Oceanobacillus, Gracilibacillus, Klebsiella and Citrobacter was specific to ICM, whereas one taxa Alistipes uniquely altered in IDCM. Likewise, these changes were accompanied by significant metabolic differences. Further differential analysis displayed that 18 and 14 specific metabolites uniquely changed in ICM and IDCM, respectively. The heatmap was generated to display the association between genera and metabolites. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis confirmed the predictive value of the distinct microbial-metabolite features in disease status. The results showed that microbial (area under curve, AUC = 0.95) and metabolic signatures (AUC = 0.84) were effective in discriminating ICM from HC. Based on the specific microbial and metabolic features, the patients with IDCM could be separated from HC with an AUC of 0.80 and 0.87, respectively. Furthermore, the gut microbial genus (AUC = 0.88) and metabolite model (AUC = 0.89) were comparable in predicting IDCM from ICM. Especially, the combination of fecal microbial-metabolic features improved the ability to differentiate IDCM from ICM with an AUC of 0.96.

CONCLUSION

Our findings highlighted the alterations of gut microbiota and metabolites in different types of cardiomyopathies, providing insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms of myocardial diseases. Moreover, multi-omics analysis of fecal samples holds promise as a non-invasive tool for distinguishing disease status.

Gut microbial shifts in vampire bats linked to immunity due to changed diet in human disturbed landscapes

Anthropogenic land-use change alters wildlife habitats and modifies species composition, diversity, and contacts among wildlife, livestock, and humans. Such human-modified ecosystems have been associated with emerging infectious diseases, threatening human and animal health. However, human disturbance also creates new resources that some species can exploit. Common vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) in Latin America constitute an important example, as their adaptation to human-modified habitats and livestock blood-feeding has implications for e.g., rabies transmission. Despite the well-known links between habitat degradation and disease emergence, few studies have explored how human-induced disturbance influences wildlife behavioural ecology and health, which can alter disease dynamics. To evaluate links among habitat disturbance, diet shifts, gut microbiota, and immunity, we quantified disturbance around roosting caves of common vampire bats in Costa Rica, measured their long-term diet preferences (livestock or wildlife blood) using stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen, evaluated innate and adaptive immune markers, and characterized their gut microbiota. We observed that bats from roosting caves with more cattle farming nearby fed more on cattle blood. Moreover, gut microbial richness and the abundance of specific gut microbes differed according to feeding preferences. Interestingly, bats feeding primarily on wildlife blood harboured a higher abundance of the bacteria Edwardsiella sp., which tended to be associated with higher immunoglobulin G levels. Our results highlight how human land-use change may indirectly affect wildlife health and emerging infectious diseases through diet-induced shifts in microbiota, with implications for host immunity and potential consequences for susceptibility to pathogens.

Synergistic Effect of Retinoic Acid and Lactoferrin in the Maintenance of Gut Homeostasis

Lactoferrin (LF) is a glycoprotein that binds to iron ions (Fe2+) and other metallic ions, such as Mg2+, Zn2+, and Cu2+, and has antibacterial and immunomodulatory properties. The antibacterial properties of LF are due to its ability to sequester iron. The immunomodulatory capability of LF promotes homeostasis in the enteric environment, acting directly on the beneficial microbiota. LF can modulate antigen-presenting cell (APC) biology, including migration and cell activation. Nonetheless, some gut microbiota strains produce toxic metabolites, and APCs are responsible for initiating the process that inhibits the inflammatory response against them. Thus, eliminating harmful strains lowers the risk of inducing chronic inflammation, and consequently, metabolic disease, which can progress to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). LF and retinoic acid (RA) exhibit immunomodulatory properties such as decreasing cytokine production, thus modifying the inflammatory response. Their activities have been observed both in vitro and in vivo. The combined, simultaneous effect of these molecules has not been studied; however, the synergistic effect of LF and RA may be employed for enhancing the secretion of humoral factors, such as IgA. We speculate that the combination of LF and RA could be a potential prophylactic alternative for the treatment of metabolic dysregulations such as T2DM. The present review focuses on the importance of a healthy diet for a balanced gut and describes how probiotics and prebiotics with immunomodulatory activity as well as inductors of differentiation and cell proliferation could be acquired directly from the diet or indirectly through the oral administration of formulations aimed to maintain gut health or restore a eubiotic state in an intestinal environment that has been dysregulated by external factors such as stress and a high-fat diet.