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Somaraju LH, Temple EC, Cocks B, Bizo LA. Are Mindfulness and Mind-Wandering Opposite Constructs? It Depends on How Mindfulness is Conceptualised. Psychol Rep 2024; 127:2505-2525. [PMID: 36645725 DOI: 10.1177/00332941231152391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated if trait mindfulness and its components, mindful attention, acceptance, and non-judging correlate negatively with self-reported and indirect markers of mind-wandering. The 552 participants of the study completed an anonymous online questionnaire consisting of trait mindfulness and mind-wandering scales. They also completed the computer-based Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART), an objective measure of mind-wandering. The total mindfulness score and acceptance and non-judging subscale scores were strongly negatively correlated with both self-reported trait mind-wandering (TMW) and SART indices of mind-wandering. In contrast, attention was significantly positively correlated with both. These findings suggest that trait mindfulness conceptualised as a multi-component construct, but not a uni-component one, is probably an opposing construct to trait mind-wandering. Furthermore, mindfulness and its components, acceptance and non-judging, are associated with a reduction in the more common form of SART errors. However, only the acceptance component made a unique contribution to the variance in TMW and SART performance. Therefore, it is advisable for researchers to specify whether they investigated mindfulness as a uni-component or multi-component construct. Furthermore, it would be beneficial if future research investigates the relationship of mindfulness and its components with mind-wandering further by also incorporating a measure of state mindfulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi H Somaraju
- School of Psychology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Elizabeth C Temple
- School of Psychology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Bernadine Cocks
- School of Psychology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Lewis A Bizo
- School of Psychology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Business Justice and Behavioural Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia
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2
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Jalava ST, Wammes JD. Slow and steady: Validating the rhythmic visual response task as a marker for attentional states. Behav Res Methods 2024; 56:7079-7101. [PMID: 38724877 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-024-02409-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/30/2024]
Abstract
A principal goal of attention research is to develop tasks with clear behavioral signatures of attentional fluctuations. Measures that index attentional states often fall under two broad umbrellas: decision tasks, in which participants make responses based on the changing requirements of each trial, and rhythm tasks, in which participants respond rhythmically to a uniform stimulus (e.g., a metronome tone). In the former, response speeding typically precedes errors (indicative of attention failures). In the latter, increased response variability precedes subjective reports of off-task states. We developed and validated the rhythmic visual response task (RVRT); a rhythm task incorporating trial-unique scene stimuli. The RVRT incorporates two important advances from both task categories: (1) it is free from the influence that differential decision-making has on fluctuations in attentional states, and (2) trial-unique stimuli enable later cognitive judgments to be mapped to specific moments in the task. These features allow a relatively unobtrusive measure of mind wandering that facilitates the downstream assessment of its consequences. Participants completed 900 trials of the RVRT, interrupted periodically by thought probes that assessed their attentional state. We found that both response time variance and speed predicted depth of mind wandering. Encouraged by these findings, we used the same analysis approach on archival data to demonstrate that the combination of variance and speed best predicted attentional states in several rhythm and decision task datasets. We discuss the implications of these findings and suggest future research that uses the RVRT to investigate the impact of spontaneous mind wandering on memory, decision-making, and perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaela T Jalava
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, 56 Arch St., Kingston, ON, K7L 3L3, Canada.
| | - Jeffrey D Wammes
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, 56 Arch St., Kingston, ON, K7L 3L3, Canada
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
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3
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Burton W, Wayne PM, Litrownik D, Long CR, Vining R, Rist P, Kilgore K, Lisi A, Kowalski MH. Integrating Chiropractic Care and Tai Chi Training for the Treatment of Chronic Nonspecific Neck Pain in Nurses: A Single-Arm Mixed-Methods Pilot Trial. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE 2024. [PMID: 39169834 DOI: 10.1089/jicm.2024.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Objectives: Chronic nonspecific neck pain (CNNP) is prevalent among health care workers, with particularly high rates among nurses. Nurses experiencing CNNP often report decreased job satisfaction, increased absenteeism, and reduced productivity. In recent years, nonpharmacologic approaches have gained attention as effective treatments for the management of CNNP, with exercise and manual therapies representing two of the most common. Early evidence shows that multimodal treatments may be more effective than unimodal strategies. The purpose of this current study was to assess the feasibility and observe the clinical outcomes of combined multimodal chiropractic care (MCC) and Tai Chi (TC) for CNNP in nurses. Methods: A single-arm mixed-methods pilot trial was conducted including 16 weeks of MCC and TC in nurses with self-reported CNNP. Feasibility outcomes were recruitment, retention, and adherence to the interventions. Clinical outcomes of interest included neck pain and related disabilities. Secondary outcomes of interest were functional, affective, and work-related performance. Qualitative interviews were also conducted. Results: Of the 59 screened, 36 met the eligibility criteria, and 21 were enrolled. The retention rate was 71.4%, and adherence rates were 85.3% for MCC and 62.5% for TC classes. Multiple pain and disability-related outcomes exhibited modest improvement from baseline to 16-week follow-up. Qualitative analysis identified six emergent themes: (1) neck pain being an inherent part of nursing, (2) nurses push through their pain, (3) MCC relieves pain and is instructive for preventing pain, (4) TC provides overall relaxation, (5) both interventions increased body awareness and improved posture, and (6) scheduling difficulties were a key obstacle for participating. Conclusions: Observed reductions in neck pain and disability suggest the potential utility of combined MCC and TC interventions for managing CNNP. Along with qualitative feedback regarding facilitators and barriers to participation, the findings support and inform a future randomized trial evaluating the combined benefits of MCC and TC for CNNP in nurses. Clinical Trial Registration #NCT06523036.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wren Burton
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Osher Center for Integrative Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter M Wayne
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Osher Center for Integrative Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dan Litrownik
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Osher Center for Integrative Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cynthia R Long
- Palmer College of Chiropractic, Palmer Center for Chiropractic Research, Davenport, IA, USA
| | - Robert Vining
- Palmer College of Chiropractic, Palmer Center for Chiropractic Research, Davenport, IA, USA
| | - Pamela Rist
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Osher Center for Integrative Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karen Kilgore
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Osher Center for Integrative Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anthony Lisi
- Section of Biomedical Informatics and Data Science, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Matthew H Kowalski
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Osher Center for Integrative Health, Boston, MA, USA
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4
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Cekic S, Bediou B, Achab S, Rich M, Green CS, Bavelier D. Going beyond video game consumption when considering Internet Gaming Disorder. Compr Psychiatry 2024; 133:152500. [PMID: 38761770 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2024.152500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recognizing the crucial importance of understanding the impact of video games on health in today's gaming-dominated world, our study aimed to investigate the relationship between gaming time and Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD). Despite the widespread assumption that a connection exists between both, previous studies have revealed highly variable associations, highlighting significant weaknesses in establishing a robust link. METHODS To unravel this complex relationship, we recruited two independent samples of League of Legends players. We combined the collection of self-reported and actual gameplay data, together with assessments of mental health, personality traits, and cognitive abilities. RESULTS Surprisingly, none of the gaming variables demonstrated a robust and stable association with IGD, regardless of whether players spent less than or more than 30 hours per week gaming-a threshold suggested by the American Psychiatric Association as a potential indicator of disordered gaming. Notably, mental health factors, such as anxiety, depression and ADHD, emerged as the most influential predictors of IGD. CONCLUSION These findings, replicated across two independent samples, challenge the prevailing belief that limiting screen time alone effectively combats IGD. Instead, mental health factors play a crucial role in mitigating risks associated with gaming. Policies focusing solely on restricting screen time are insufficient in reducing the prevalence or symptoms of IGD. Rather, a comprehensive approach that considers mental health and key personality traits must be adopted to safeguard the well-being of individuals engaged in gaming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sezen Cekic
- Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Benoît Bediou
- Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sophia Achab
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michael Rich
- Digital Wellness Lab, Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, USA; Clinic for Interactive Media and Internet Disorders, Boston Children's Hospital, USA
| | - C Shawn Green
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-, Madison, USA
| | - Daphné Bavelier
- Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
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Tsai N, Treves IN, Bauer CCC, Scherer E, Caballero C, West MR, Gabrieli JDE. Dispositional mindfulness: Dissociable affective and cognitive processes. Psychon Bull Rev 2024; 31:1798-1808. [PMID: 38302789 PMCID: PMC11358355 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02462-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Mindfulness has been linked to a range of positive social-emotional and cognitive outcomes, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. As one of the few traits or dispositions that are associated with both affective and cognitive benefits, we asked whether mindfulness is associated with affective and cognitive outcomes through a shared, unitary process or through two dissociable processes. We examined this in adolescents using behavioral measures and also reanalyzed previously reported neuroimaging findings relating mindfulness training to either affect (negative emotion, stress) or cognition (sustained attention). Using multivariate regression analyses, our findings suggest that the relationships between dispositional mindfulness and affective and cognitive processes are behaviorally dissociable and converge with neuroimaging data indicating that mindfulness modulates affect and cognition through separate neural pathways. These findings support the benefits of trait mindfulness on both affective and cognitive processes, and reveal that those benefits are at least partly dissociable in the mind and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Tsai
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Isaac N Treves
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Clemens C C Bauer
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, 805 Columbus Avenue, Boston, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ethan Scherer
- Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Camila Caballero
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Martin R West
- Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - John D E Gabrieli
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- MIT Integrated Learning Initiative, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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6
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Jones HM, Yoo K, Chun MM, Rosenberg MD. Edge-Based General Linear Models Capture Moment-to-Moment Fluctuations in Attention. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1543232024. [PMID: 38316565 PMCID: PMC10993033 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1543-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Although we must prioritize the processing of task-relevant information to navigate life, our ability to do so fluctuates across time. Previous work has identified fMRI functional connectivity (FC) networks that predict an individual's ability to sustain attention and vary with attentional state from 1 min to the next. However, traditional dynamic FC approaches typically lack the temporal precision to capture moment-to-moment network fluctuations. Recently, researchers have "unfurled" traditional FC matrices in "edge cofluctuation time series" which measure timepoint-by-timepoint cofluctuations between regions. Here we apply event-based and parametric fMRI analyses to edge time series to capture moment-to-moment fluctuations in networks related to attention. In two independent fMRI datasets examining young adults of both sexes in which participants performed a sustained attention task, we identified a reliable set of edges that rapidly deflects in response to rare task events. Another set of edges varies with continuous fluctuations in attention and overlaps with a previously defined set of edges associated with individual differences in sustained attention. Demonstrating that edge-based analyses are not simply redundant with traditional regions-of-interest-based approaches, up to one-third of reliably deflected edges were not predicted from univariate activity patterns alone. These results reveal the large potential in combining traditional fMRI analyses with edge time series to identify rapid reconfigurations in networks across the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry M Jones
- Department of Psychology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Institute for Mind and Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Kwangsun Yoo
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
- Department of Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06355, Korea
- Data Science Research Institute, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Marvin M Chun
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Monica D Rosenberg
- Department of Psychology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Institute for Mind and Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Neuroscience Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
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7
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Wooten T, Esterman M, Brunyé TT, Taylor HA, Ward N. The relationship between sustained attention and parasympathetic functioning. Int J Psychophysiol 2024; 197:112298. [PMID: 38199297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2024.112298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Sustained attention (SA) is an important cognitive ability that plays a crucial role in successful cognitive control. Resting vagally-mediated heart rate variability (vmHRV) has emerged as an informative index of parasympathetic nervous system activity and a sensitive correlate of individual differences in cognitive control. However, it is unclear how resting vmHRV is associated with individual differences in sustained attention. The primary aim of the current study was to assess if resting vmHRV was associated with individual differences in performance on a neuropsychological assessment of sustained attention. We further aimed to characterize the relationship between resting vmHRV and dispositional factors related to sustained attention, specifically attentional errors in daily life, self-regulation, mindfulness and media-multitasking. Based on previous work, we hypothesized higher resting vmHRV would be associated with better sustained attention across task-based and self-report measures. We did not find resting vmHRV to be significantly associated with performance measures on a task-based assessment of sustained attention. Further, resting vmHRV was not significantly associated with attention errors, self-regulation, mindfulness, or media-multitasking. This work stands to expand the current understanding between parasympathetic functioning, cognition, and behavior, investigating the unexplored domain of sustained attention and related dispositional factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wooten
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.
| | - Michael Esterman
- National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Attention and Learning Laboratory, VA Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tad T Brunyé
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA; U.S. Army DEVCOM, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Holly A Taylor
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA; Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Nathan Ward
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
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8
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Seeburger DT, Xu N, Ma M, Larson S, Godwin C, Keilholz SD, Schumacher EH. Time-varying functional connectivity predicts fluctuations in sustained attention in a serial tapping task. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2024; 24:111-125. [PMID: 38253775 PMCID: PMC10979291 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-024-01156-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The mechanisms for how large-scale brain networks contribute to sustained attention are unknown. Attention fluctuates from moment to moment, and this continuous change is consistent with dynamic changes in functional connectivity between brain networks involved in the internal and external allocation of attention. In this study, we investigated how brain network activity varied across different levels of attentional focus (i.e., "zones"). Participants performed a finger-tapping task, and guided by previous research, in-the-zone performance or state was identified by low reaction time variability and out-of-the-zone as the inverse. In-the-zone sessions tended to occur earlier in the session than out-of-the-zone blocks. This is unsurprising given the way attention fluctuates over time. Employing a novel method of time-varying functional connectivity, called the quasi-periodic pattern analysis (i.e., reliable, network-level low-frequency fluctuations), we found that the activity between the default mode network (DMN) and task positive network (TPN) is significantly more anti-correlated during in-the-zone states versus out-of-the-zone states. Furthermore, it is the frontoparietal control network (FPCN) switch that differentiates the two zone states. Activity in the dorsal attention network (DAN) and DMN were desynchronized across both zone states. During out-of-the-zone periods, FPCN synchronized with DMN, while during in-the-zone periods, FPCN switched to synchronized with DAN. In contrast, the ventral attention network (VAN) synchronized more closely with DMN during in-the-zone periods compared with out-of-the-zone periods. These findings demonstrate that time-varying functional connectivity of low frequency fluctuations across different brain networks varies with fluctuations in sustained attention or other processes that change over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolly T Seeburger
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Nan Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Marcus Ma
- College of Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sam Larson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christine Godwin
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shella D Keilholz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eric H Schumacher
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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9
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Welhaf MS, Kane MJ. A Nomothetic Span Approach to the Construct Validation of Sustained Attention Consistency: Re-Analyzing Two Latent-Variable Studies of Performance Variability and Mind-Wandering Self-Reports. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2024; 88:39-80. [PMID: 37314574 PMCID: PMC10805875 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-023-01820-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The ability to sustain attention consistency is frequently assessed using either objective behavioral measures, such as reaction time (RT) variability, or subjective self-report measures, such as rates of task-unrelated thought (TUT). The current studies examined whether the individual-difference covariation in these measures provides a more construct valid assessment of attention consistency than does either alone. We argue that performance and self-report measures mutually validate each other; each measurement approach has its own sources of error, so their shared variance should best reflect the attention consistency construct. We reanalyzed two latent-variable studies where RT variability and TUTs were measured in multiple tasks (Kane et al. in J Exp Psychol Gen 145:1017-1048, 2016; Unsworth et al. in J Exp Psychol Gen 150:1303-1331, 2021), along with several nomological network constructs to test the convergent and discriminant validity of a general attention consistency factor. Confirmatory factor analyses assessing bifactor (preregistered) and hierarchical (non-preregistered) models suggested that attention consistency can be modeled as the shared variance among objective and subjective measures. This attention consistency factor was related to working memory capacity, attention (interference) control, processing speed, state motivation and alertness, and self-reported cognitive failures and positive schizotypy. Although bifactor models of general attention consistency provide the most compelling construct validity evidence for a specific ability to sustain attention, multiverse analyses of outlier decisions suggested they are less robust than hierarchical models. The results provide evidence for the general ability to sustain attention consistency and suggestions for improving its measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Welhaf
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, CB 1125 One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, 63130-4899, USA.
| | - Michael J Kane
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, NC, 27402-6170, USA
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10
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Welhaf MS, Kane MJ. A combined experimental-correlational approach to the construct validity of performance-based and self-report-based measures of sustained attention. Atten Percept Psychophys 2024; 86:109-145. [PMID: 38012476 PMCID: PMC11134599 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-023-02786-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The ability to sustain attention is often measured with either objective performance indicators, like within-person RT variability, or subjective self-reports, like mind wandering propensity. A more construct valid approach, however, may be to assess the covariation in these performance and self-report measures, given that each of these is influenced by different sources of measurement error. If the correlation between performance-variability and self-report measures reflects the sustained attention construct, then task manipulations aimed at reducing the sustained attention demands of tasks should reduce the correlation between them (in addition to reducing mean levels of variability and mind wandering). The current study investigated this claim with a combined experimental-correlation approach. In two experiments (Ns ~ 1,500 each), participants completed tasks that either maximized or minimized the demand for sustained attention. Our demand manipulations successfully reduced the mean levels of sustained attention failures in both the objective and subjective measures, in both experiments. In neither experiment, however, did the covariation between these measures change as a function of the sustained attention demands of the tasks. We can therefore claim only minimal support for the construct validity of our measurement approach to sustained attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Welhaf
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, USA
| | - Michael J. Kane
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, USA
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11
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Bloom PA, Pagliaccio D, Zhang J, Bauer CCC, Kyler M, Greene KD, Treves I, Morfini F, Durham K, Cherner R, Bajwa Z, Wool E, Olafsson V, Lee RF, Bidmead F, Cardona J, Kirshenbaum JS, Ghosh S, Hinds O, Wighton P, Galfalvy H, Simpson HB, Whitfield-Gabrieli S, Auerbach RP. Mindfulness-based real-time fMRI neurofeedback: a randomized controlled trial to optimize dosing for depressed adolescents. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:757. [PMID: 37848857 PMCID: PMC10580563 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05223-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescence is characterized by a heightened vulnerability for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) onset, and currently, treatments are only effective for roughly half of adolescents with MDD. Accordingly, novel interventions are urgently needed. This study aims to establish mindfulness-based real-time fMRI neurofeedback (mbNF) as a non-invasive approach to downregulate the default mode network (DMN) in order to decrease ruminatory processes and depressive symptoms. METHODS Adolescents (N = 90) with a current diagnosis of MDD ages 13-18-years-old will be randomized in a parallel group, two-arm, superiority trial to receive either 15 or 30 min of mbNF with a 1:1 allocation ratio. Real-time neurofeedback based on activation of the frontoparietal network (FPN) relative to the DMN will be displayed to participants via the movement of a ball on a computer screen while participants practice mindfulness in the scanner. We hypothesize that within-DMN (medial prefrontal cortex [mPFC] with posterior cingulate cortex [PCC]) functional connectivity will be reduced following mbNF (Aim 1: Target Engagement). Additionally, we hypothesize that participants in the 30-min mbNF condition will show greater reductions in within-DMN functional connectivity (Aim 2: Dosing Impact on Target Engagement). Aim 1 will analyze data from all participants as a single-group, and Aim 2 will leverage the randomized assignment to analyze data as a parallel-group trial. Secondary analyses will probe changes in depressive symptoms and rumination. DISCUSSION Results of this study will determine whether mbNF reduces functional connectivity within the DMN among adolescents with MDD, and critically, will identify the optimal dosing with respect to DMN modulation as well as reduction in depressive symptoms and rumination. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study has been registered with clinicaltrials.gov, most recently updated on July 6, 2023 (trial identifier: NCT05617495).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Bloom
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - David Pagliaccio
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jiahe Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clemens C C Bauer
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mia Kyler
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Keara D Greene
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Isaac Treves
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Katherine Durham
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rachel Cherner
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zia Bajwa
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emma Wool
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Valur Olafsson
- Northeastern University Biomedical Imaging Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ray F Lee
- Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fred Bidmead
- Northeastern University Biomedical Imaging Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan Cardona
- Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Paul Wighton
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Hanga Galfalvy
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - H Blair Simpson
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Susan Whitfield-Gabrieli
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Northeastern University Biomedical Imaging Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Randy P Auerbach
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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12
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Pyatak EA, Spruijt-Metz D, Schneider S, Hernandez R, Pham LT, Hoogendoorn CJ, Peters AL, Crandall J, Jin H, Lee PJ, Gonzalez JS. Impact of Overnight Glucose on Next-Day Functioning in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: An Exploratory Intensive Longitudinal Study. Diabetes Care 2023; 46:1345-1353. [PMID: 36862940 PMCID: PMC10300522 DOI: 10.2337/dc22-2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While there is evidence that functioning, or ability to perform daily life activities, can be adversely influenced by type 1 diabetes, the impact of acute fluctuations in glucose levels on functioning is poorly understood. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Using dynamic structural equation modeling, we examined whether overnight glucose (coefficient of variation[CV], percent time <70 mg/dL, percent time >250 mg/dL) predicted seven next-day functioning outcomes (mobile cognitive tasks, accelerometry-derived physical activity, self-reported activity participation) in adults with type 1 diabetes. We examined mediation, moderation, and whether short-term relationships were predictive of global patient-reported outcomes. RESULTS Overall next-day functioning was significantly predicted from overnight CV (P = 0.017) and percent time >250 mg/dL (P = 0.037). Pairwise tests indicate that higher CV is associated with poorer sustained attention (P = 0.028) and lower engagement in demanding activities (P = 0.028), time <70 mg/dL is associated with poorer sustained attention (P = 0.007), and time >250 mg/dL is associated with more sedentary time (P = 0.024). The impact of CV on sustained attention is partially mediated by sleep fragmentation. Individual differences in the effect of overnight time <70 mg/dL on sustained attention predict global illness intrusiveness (P = 0.016) and diabetes-related quality of life (P = 0.036). CONCLUSIONS Overnight glucose predicts problems with objective and self-reported next-day functioning and can adversely impact global patient-reported outcomes. These findings across diverse outcomes highlight the wide-ranging effects of glucose fluctuations on functioning in adults with type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Pyatak
- Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Donna Spruijt-Metz
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Stefan Schneider
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Raymond Hernandez
- Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Loree T. Pham
- Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Claire J. Hoogendoorn
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY
- Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Anne L. Peters
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jill Crandall
- Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Haomiao Jin
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K
| | - Pey-Jiuan Lee
- Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jeffrey S. Gonzalez
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY
- Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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13
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Simon AJ, Gallen CL, Ziegler DA, Mishra J, Marco EJ, Anguera JA, Gazzaley A. Quantifying attention span across the lifespan. FRONTIERS IN COGNITION 2023; 2:1207428. [PMID: 37920687 PMCID: PMC10621754 DOI: 10.3389/fcogn.2023.1207428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Studies examining sustained attention abilities typically utilize metrics that quantify performance on vigilance tasks, such as response time and response time variability. However, approaches that assess the duration that an individual can maintain their attention over time are lacking. Methods Here we developed an objective attention span metric that quantified the maximum amount of time that a participant continuously maintained an optimal "in the zone" sustained attention state while performing a continuous performance task. Results In a population of 262 individuals aged 7-85, we showed that attention span was longer in young adults than in children and older adults. Furthermore, declines in attention span over time during task engagement were related to clinical symptoms of inattention in children. Discussion These results suggest that quantifying attention span is a unique and meaningful method of assessing sustained attention across the lifespan and in populations with inattention symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Simon
- Neuroscape Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences & Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Courtney L. Gallen
- Neuroscape Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences & Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - David A. Ziegler
- Neuroscape Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences & Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jyoti Mishra
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Elysa J. Marco
- Department of Neurodevelopmental Medicine, Cortica Healthcare, San Rafael, CA, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Joaquin A. Anguera
- Neuroscape Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences & Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Adam Gazzaley
- Neuroscape Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences & Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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14
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Epstein JN, Karalunas SL, Tamm L, Dudley JA, Lynch JD, Altaye M, Simon JO, Maloney TC, Atluri G. Examining reaction time variability on the stop-signal task in the ABCD study. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2023; 29:492-502. [PMID: 36043323 PMCID: PMC9971352 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617722000431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Reaction time variability (RTV) has been estimated using Gaussian, ex-Gaussian, and diffusion model (DM) indices. Rarely have studies examined interrelationships among these performance indices in childhood, and the use of reaction time (RT) computational models has been slow to take hold in the developmental psychopathology literature. Here, we extend prior work in adults by examining the interrelationships among different model parameters in the ABCD sample and demonstrate how computational models of RT can clarify mechanisms of time-on-task effects and sex differences in RTs. METHOD This study utilized trial-level data from the stop signal task from 8916 children (9-10 years old) to examine Gaussian, ex-Gaussian, and DM indicators of RTV. In addition to describing RTV patterns, we examined interrelations among these indicators, temporal patterns, and sex differences. RESULTS There was no one-to-one correspondence between DM and ex-Gaussian parameters. Nonetheless, drift rate was most strongly associated with standard deviation of RT and tau, while nondecisional processes were most strongly associated with RT, mu, and sigma. Performance worsened across time with changes driven primarily by decreasing drift rate. Boys were faster and less variable than girls, likely attributable to girls' wide boundary separation. CONCLUSIONS Intercorrelations among model parameters are similar in children as has been observed in adults. Computational approaches play a crucial role in understanding performance changes over time and can also clarify mechanisms of group differences. For example, standard RT models may incorrectly suggest slowed processing speed in girls that is actually attributable to other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery N Epstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, USA
- University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Sarah L Karalunas
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Leanne Tamm
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, USA
- University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Jonathan A Dudley
- Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, USA
| | - James D Lynch
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Mekibib Altaye
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, USA
- University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, USA
| | - John O Simon
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, USA
| | | | - Gowtham Atluri
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
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15
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Steinkrauss AC, Shaikh AF, O'Brien Powers E, Moher J. Performance-linked visual feedback slows response times during a sustained attention task. Cogn Res Princ Implic 2023; 8:32. [PMID: 37247039 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-023-00487-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we tested a visual feedback triggering system based on real-time tracking of response time (RT) in a sustained attention task. In our task, at certain points, brief visual feedback epochs were presented without interrupting the task itself. When these feedback epochs were performance-linked-meaning that they were triggered because participants were responding more quickly than usual-RTs were slowed after the presentation of feedback. However, visual feedback epochs displayed at predetermined times that were independent of participants' performance did not slow RTs. Results from a second experiment support the idea that this is not simply a return to baseline that would have occurred had the feedback not been presented, but instead suggest that the feedback itself was effective in altering participants' responses. In a third experiment, we replicated this result across with both written word feedback and visual symbolic feedback, as well as in cases where the participant was explicitly told that the feedback was linked to their performance. All together, these data provide insight into potential mechanisms for detecting and disrupting lapses in sustained attention without interrupting a continuous task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley C Steinkrauss
- Department of Psychology, Connecticut College, 270 Mohegan Avenue, New London, CT, 06320, USA.
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, 140 Moore Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Anjum F Shaikh
- Department of Psychology, Connecticut College, 270 Mohegan Avenue, New London, CT, 06320, USA
| | - Erin O'Brien Powers
- Department of Psychology, Connecticut College, 270 Mohegan Avenue, New London, CT, 06320, USA
| | - Jeff Moher
- Department of Psychology, Connecticut College, 270 Mohegan Avenue, New London, CT, 06320, USA.
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16
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Horien C, Greene AS, Shen X, Fortes D, Brennan-Wydra E, Banarjee C, Foster R, Donthireddy V, Butler M, Powell K, Vernetti A, Mandino F, O’Connor D, Lake EMR, McPartland JC, Volkmar FR, Chun M, Chawarska K, Rosenberg MD, Scheinost D, Constable RT. A generalizable connectome-based marker of in-scan sustained attention in neurodiverse youth. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:6320-6334. [PMID: 36573438 PMCID: PMC10183743 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Difficulty with attention is an important symptom in many conditions in psychiatry, including neurodiverse conditions such as autism. There is a need to better understand the neurobiological correlates of attention and leverage these findings in healthcare settings. Nevertheless, it remains unclear if it is possible to build dimensional predictive models of attentional state in a sample that includes participants with neurodiverse conditions. Here, we use 5 datasets to identify and validate functional connectome-based markers of attention. In dataset 1, we use connectome-based predictive modeling and observe successful prediction of performance on an in-scan sustained attention task in a sample of youth, including participants with a neurodiverse condition. The predictions are not driven by confounds, such as head motion. In dataset 2, we find that the attention network model defined in dataset 1 generalizes to predict in-scan attention in a separate sample of neurotypical participants performing the same attention task. In datasets 3-5, we use connectome-based identification and longitudinal scans to probe the stability of the attention network across months to years in individual participants. Our results help elucidate the brain correlates of attentional state in youth and support the further development of predictive dimensional models of other clinically relevant phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Horien
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- MD-PhD Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Abigail S Greene
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- MD-PhD Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Xilin Shen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Diogo Fortes
- Yale Child Study Center, New Haven, CT, United States
| | | | | | - Rachel Foster
- Yale Child Study Center, New Haven, CT, United States
| | | | | | - Kelly Powell
- Yale Child Study Center, New Haven, CT, United States
| | | | - Francesca Mandino
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - David O’Connor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Evelyn M R Lake
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - James C McPartland
- Yale Child Study Center, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Fred R Volkmar
- Yale Child Study Center, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Marvin Chun
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Katarzyna Chawarska
- Yale Child Study Center, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Monica D Rosenberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Dustin Scheinost
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Yale Child Study Center, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - R Todd Constable
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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17
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Jayakumar M, Balusu C, Aly M. Attentional fluctuations and the temporal organization of memory. Cognition 2023; 235:105408. [PMID: 36893523 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Event boundaries and temporal context shape the organization of episodic memories. We hypothesized that attentional fluctuations during encoding serve as "events" that affect temporal context representations and recall organization. Individuals encoded trial-unique objects during a modified sustained attention task. Memory was tested with free recall. Response time variability during the encoding tasks was used to characterize "in the zone" and "out of the zone" attentional states. We predicted that: 1) "in the zone", vs. "out of the zone", attentional states should be more conducive to maintaining temporal context representations that can cue temporally organized recall; and 2) temporally distant "in the zone" states may enable more recall "leaps" across intervening items. We replicated several important findings in the sustained attention and memory fields, including more online errors during "out of the zone" vs. "in the zone" attentional states and recall that was temporally structured. Yet, across four studies, we found no evidence for either of our main hypotheses. Recall was robustly temporally organized, and there was no difference in recall organization for items encoded "in the zone" vs. "out of the zone". We conclude that temporal context serves as a strong scaffold for episodic memory, one that can support organized recall even for items encoded during relatively poor attentional states. We also highlight the numerous challenges in striking a balance between sustained attention tasks (long blocks of a repetitive task) and memory recall tasks (short lists of unique items) and describe strategies for researchers interested in uniting these two fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasi Jayakumar
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States of America.
| | - Chinmayi Balusu
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States of America
| | - Mariam Aly
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States of America
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18
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Maeir T, Nahum M, Makranz C, Tsabari S, Peretz T, Gilboa Y. Predictors of quality of life among adults with self-reported cancer related cognitive impairment. Disabil Rehabil 2023; 45:1056-1062. [PMID: 35297702 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2022.2050954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the current study was to examine the unique contribution of personal and medical factors, objective and subjective cognition, and self-efficacy to the explained variance of quality of life (QoL) among survivors with self-reported cancer related cognitive impairment (CRCI). METHOD Seventy-three cancer survivors (non-central nervous system) with CRCI (mean age: 50.85 ± 10.82 years old, mean years post-treatment: 3 ± 2.7) participated in this cross-sectional study. QoL was assessed using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT)-GP, while the cognitive function was assessed both objectively using tests of attentional control, speed of processing and sustained attention, and subjectively using the FACT-Cognition perceived cognitive impairments (FACTcog-PCI) subscale. Self-efficacy was assessed using the New General Self-Efficacy Scale (NGSE). RESULTS A hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis revealed that sustained attention, perceived cognitive impairment and self-efficacy, accounted for 54% of the variance of QoL (R2 = 0.543, p < 0.000), each providing a unique contribution to the explained variance (15-20% each) after controlling for age and gender. CONCLUSIONS Considering that these variables may be amenable to change, this model can serve as a conceptual framework for designing effective cognitive treatment options for CRCI. Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCTImplication for rehabilitationCancer related cognitive impairment is characterized by difficulties in the speed of processing performance, severe perceived cognitive impairments, and relatively low general self-efficacy.Multi-dimensional assessments including subjective and objective cognition as well as self-efficacy should be administered to cancer survivors with cognitive complaints to understand the underlying mechanisms of their QoL.Integrative cognitive rehabilitation interventions that aim to improve QoL among people with cancer-related cognitive impairment should target sustained attention, perceived cognitive impairment, and self-efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia Maeir
- School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mor Nahum
- School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Chen Makranz
- Department of Neurology and Oncology, The Gaffin Center for Neurooncology, Sharett Institute for Oncology, Hadassah Medical Organization and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shani Tsabari
- Department of Neurology and Oncology, The Gaffin Center for Neurooncology, Sharett Institute for Oncology, Hadassah Medical Organization and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tamar Peretz
- Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
- Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yafit Gilboa
- School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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19
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Liu H, Zhao X, Xue G, Chen C, Dong Q, Gao X, Yang L, Chen C. TTLL11 gene is associated with sustained attention performance and brain networks: A genome-wide association study of a healthy Chinese sample. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2023; 22:e12835. [PMID: 36511133 PMCID: PMC9994169 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Genetic studies on attention have mainly focused on children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), so little systematic research has been conducted on genetic correlates of attention performance and their potential brain mechanisms among healthy individuals. The current study included a genome-wide association study (GWAS, N = 1145 healthy young adults) aimed to identify genes associated with sustained attention and an imaging genetics study (an independent sample of 483 healthy young adults) to examine any identified genes' influences on brain function. The GWAS found that TTLL11 showed genome-wide significant associations with sustained attention, with rs13298112 as the most significant SNP and the GG homozygotes showing more impulsive but also more focused responses than the A allele carriers. A retrospective examination of previously published ADHD GWAS results confirmed an un-reported, small but statistically significant effect of TTLL11 on ADHD. The imaging genetics study replicated this association and showed that the TTLL11 gene was associated with resting state activity and connectivity of the somatomoter network, and can be predicted by dorsal attention network connectivity. Specifically, the GG homozygotes showed lower brain activity, weaker brain network connectivity, and non-significant brain-attention association compared to the A allele carriers. Expression database showed that expression of this gene is enriched in the brain and that the G allele is associated with lower expression level than the A allele. These results suggest that TTLL11 may play a major role in healthy individuals' attention performance and may also contribute to the etiology of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hejun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Gui Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Qi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuping Gao
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Li Yang
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Chunhui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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20
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Abrupt vs. gradual visual onsets in go/no-go sustained attention tasks. Atten Percept Psychophys 2023; 85:9-22. [PMID: 36307747 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-022-02574-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Two experiments compared both average performance and changes in performance across time in abrupt- and gradual-onset sustained attention tasks. Experiment 1 compared abrupt- and gradual-onset digits. In conditions where the digits onset and offset abruptly and appeared only briefly, similar to typical conditions in the Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART), participants committed more errors on no-go trials and responded faster overall, indicative of a shift in the speed/accuracy tradeoff toward speed. When the digits abruptly onset but remained on-screen for a longer period of time, there were no differences in no-go error rates, hit rates, or reaction time (RT) variability, but participants still emitted faster RTs overall. Experiment 2 compared abrupt- and gradual-onset images. Similar to Experiment 1, abrupt-onset, short-duration images induced more no-go errors and faster RTs, but also more RT variability and reduced hit rates. In the abrupt-onset, long-duration condition, again the only performance difference was a decrease in average RTs. We discuss implications for using these two types of tasks in sustained attention research.
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21
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Zhang H, Yang S, Qiao Y, Ge Q, Tang Y, Northoff G, Zang Y. Default mode network mediates low-frequency fluctuations in brain activity and behavior during sustained attention. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 43:5478-5489. [PMID: 35903957 PMCID: PMC9704793 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The low-frequency (<0.1 Hz) fluctuation in sustained attention attracts enormous interest in cognitive neuroscience and clinical research since it always leads to cognitive and behavioral lapses. What is the source of the spontaneous fluctuation in sustained attention in neural activity, and how does the neural fluctuation relate to behavioral fluctuation? Here, we address these questions by collecting and analyzing two independent fMRI and behavior datasets. We show that the neural (fMRI) fluctuation in a key brain network, the default-mode network (DMN), mediate behavioral (reaction time) fluctuation during sustained attention. DMN shows the increased amplitude of fluctuation, which correlates with the behavioral fluctuation in a similar frequency range (0.01-0.1 Hz) but not in the lower (<0.01 Hz) or higher (>0.1 Hz) frequency range. This was observed during both auditory and visual sustained attention and was replicable across independent datasets. These results provide a novel insight into the neural source of attention-fluctuation and extend the former concept that DMN was deactivated in cognitive tasks. More generally, our findings highlight the temporal dynamic of the brain-behavior relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhang
- Centre for Cognition and Brain DisordersThe Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Institute of Psychological ScienceHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive ImpairmentHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Shi‐You Yang
- Centre for Cognition and Brain DisordersThe Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Institute of Psychological ScienceHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive ImpairmentHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Yang Qiao
- Centre for Cognition and Brain DisordersThe Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Institute of Psychological ScienceHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive ImpairmentHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Qiu Ge
- Centre for Cognition and Brain DisordersThe Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Institute of Psychological ScienceHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive ImpairmentHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Yi‐Yuan Tang
- College of Health SolutionsArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
| | - Georg Northoff
- Centre for Cognition and Brain DisordersThe Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Institute of Mental Health ResearchUniversity of OttawaOttawaCanada
| | - Yu‐Feng Zang
- Centre for Cognition and Brain DisordersThe Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Institute of Psychological ScienceHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive ImpairmentHangzhouZhejiangChina
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22
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Pay attention and you might miss it: Greater learning during attentional lapses. Psychon Bull Rev 2022:10.3758/s13423-022-02226-6. [PMID: 36510094 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-022-02226-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Attentional lapses have been found to impair everything from basic perception to learning and memory. Yet, despite the well-documented costs of lapses on cognition, recent work suggests that lapses might unexpectedly confer some benefits. One potential benefit is that lapses broaden our learning to integrate seemingly irrelevant content that could later prove useful-a benefit that prior research focusing only on goal-relevant memory would miss. Here, we measure how fluctuations in sustained attention influence the learning of seemingly goal-irrelevant content that competes for attention with target content. Participants completed a correlated flanker task in which they categorized central targets (letters or numbers) while ignoring peripheral flanking symbols that shared hidden probabilistic relationships with the targets. We found that across participants, higher rates of attentional lapses correlated with greater learning of the target-flanker relationships. Moreover, within participants, learning was more evident during attentional lapses. These findings address long-standing theoretical debates and reveal a benefit of attentional lapses: they expand the scope of learning and decisions beyond the strictly relevant.
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23
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Wakeland-Hart CD, Cao SA, deBettencourt MT, Bainbridge WA, Rosenberg MD. Predicting visual memory across images and within individuals. Cognition 2022; 227:105201. [PMID: 35868240 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We only remember a fraction of what we see-including images that are highly memorable and those that we encounter during highly attentive states. However, most models of human memory disregard both an image's memorability and an individual's fluctuating attentional states. Here, we build the first model of memory synthesizing these two disparate factors to predict subsequent image recognition. We combine memorability scores of 1100 images (Experiment 1, n = 706) and attentional state indexed by response time on a continuous performance task (Experiments 2 and 3, n = 57 total). Image memorability and sustained attentional state explained significant variance in image memory, and a joint model of memory including both factors outperformed models including either factor alone. Furthermore, models including both factors successfully predicted memory in an out-of-sample group. Thus, building models based on individual- and image-specific factors allows for directed forecasting of our memories. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Although memory is a fundamental cognitive process, much of the time memory failures cannot be predicted until it is too late. However, in this study, we show that much of memory is surprisingly pre-determined ahead of time, by factors shared across the population and highly specific to each individual. Specifically, we build a new multidimensional model that predicts memory based just on the images a person sees and when they see them. This research synthesizes findings from disparate domains ranging from computer vision, attention, and memory into a predictive model. These findings have resounding implications for domains such as education, business, and marketing, where it is a top priority to predict (and even manipulate) what information people will remember.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheyenne D Wakeland-Hart
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven A Cao
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Wilma A Bainbridge
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Monica D Rosenberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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24
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Greene AS, Shen X, Noble S, Horien C, Hahn CA, Arora J, Tokoglu F, Spann MN, Carrión CI, Barron DS, Sanacora G, Srihari VH, Woods SW, Scheinost D, Constable RT. Brain-phenotype models fail for individuals who defy sample stereotypes. Nature 2022; 609:109-118. [PMID: 36002572 PMCID: PMC9433326 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05118-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Individual differences in brain functional organization track a range of traits, symptoms and behaviours1-12. So far, work modelling linear brain-phenotype relationships has assumed that a single such relationship generalizes across all individuals, but models do not work equally well in all participants13,14. A better understanding of in whom models fail and why is crucial to revealing robust, useful and unbiased brain-phenotype relationships. To this end, here we related brain activity to phenotype using predictive models-trained and tested on independent data to ensure generalizability15-and examined model failure. We applied this data-driven approach to a range of neurocognitive measures in a new, clinically and demographically heterogeneous dataset, with the results replicated in two independent, publicly available datasets16,17. Across all three datasets, we find that models reflect not unitary cognitive constructs, but rather neurocognitive scores intertwined with sociodemographic and clinical covariates; that is, models reflect stereotypical profiles, and fail when applied to individuals who defy them. Model failure is reliable, phenotype specific and generalizable across datasets. Together, these results highlight the pitfalls of a one-size-fits-all modelling approach and the effect of biased phenotypic measures18-20 on the interpretation and utility of resulting brain-phenotype models. We present a framework to address these issues so that such models may reveal the neural circuits that underlie specific phenotypes and ultimately identify individualized neural targets for clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail S Greene
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- MD-PhD program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Xilin Shen
- Depatment of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stephanie Noble
- Depatment of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Corey Horien
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- MD-PhD program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - C Alice Hahn
- Depatment of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jagriti Arora
- Depatment of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Fuyuze Tokoglu
- Depatment of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marisa N Spann
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carmen I Carrión
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Daniel S Barron
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gerard Sanacora
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Vinod H Srihari
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Scott W Woods
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dustin Scheinost
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Depatment of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Science, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - R Todd Constable
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Depatment of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Science, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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25
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Yoo K, Rosenberg MD, Kwon YH, Lin Q, Avery EW, Sheinost D, Constable RT, Chun MM. A brain-based general measure of attention. Nat Hum Behav 2022; 6:782-795. [PMID: 35241793 PMCID: PMC9232838 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-022-01301-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Attention is central to many aspects of cognition, but there is no singular neural measure of a person's overall attentional functioning across tasks. Here, using original data from 92 participants performing three different attention-demanding tasks during functional magnetic resonance imaging, we constructed a suite of whole-brain models that can predict a profile of multiple attentional components (sustained attention, divided attention and tracking, and working memory capacity) for novel individuals. Multiple brain regions across the salience, subcortical and frontoparietal networks drove accurate predictions, supporting a common (general) attention factor across tasks, distinguished from task-specific ones. Furthermore, connectome-to-connectome transformation modelling generated an individual's task-related connectomes from rest functional magnetic resonance imaging, substantially improving predictive power. Finally, combining the connectome transformation and general attention factor, we built a standardized measure that shows superior generalization across four independent datasets (total N = 495) of various attentional measures, suggesting broad utility for research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangsun Yoo
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Monica D Rosenberg
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Young Hye Kwon
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Qi Lin
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Emily W Avery
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dustin Sheinost
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - R Todd Constable
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marvin M Chun
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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26
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Meng D, Wang S, Wong PCM, Feng G. Generalizable predictive modeling of semantic processing ability from functional brain connectivity. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 43:4274-4292. [PMID: 35611721 PMCID: PMC9435002 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Semantic processing (SP) is one of the critical abilities of humans for representing and manipulating conceptual and meaningful information. Neuroimaging studies of SP typically collapse data from many subjects, but its neural organization and behavioral performance vary between individuals. It is not yet understood whether and how the individual variabilities in neural network organizations contribute to the individual differences in SP behaviors. We aim to identify the neural signatures underlying SP variabilities by analyzing functional connectivity (FC) patterns based on a large‐sample Human Connectome Project (HCP) dataset and rigorous predictive modeling. We used a two‐stage predictive modeling approach to build an internally cross‐validated model and to test the model's generalizability with unseen data from different HCP samples and other out‐of‐sample datasets. FC patterns within a putative semantic brain network were significantly predictive of individual SP scores summarized from five SP‐related behavioral tests. This cross‐validated model can be used to predict unseen HCP data. The model generalizability was enhanced in the language task compared with other tasks used during scanning and was better for females than males. The model constructed from the HCP dataset can be partially generalized to two independent cohorts that participated in different semantic tasks. FCs connecting to the Perisylvian language network show the most reliable contributions to predictive modeling and the out‐of‐sample generalization. These findings contribute to our understanding of the neural sources of individual differences in SP, which potentially lay the foundation for personalized education for healthy individuals and intervention for SP and language deficits patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danting Meng
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suiping Wang
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Patrick C M Wong
- Department of Linguistics and Modern Languages, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Brain and Mind Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Gangyi Feng
- Department of Linguistics and Modern Languages, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Brain and Mind Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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27
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Ongchoco JDK, Scholl BJ. Hallucinating visual structure: Individual differences in 'scaffolded attention'. Cognition 2022; 225:105129. [PMID: 35489157 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Our percepts usually derive their structure from particular cues in the incoming sensory information, but this is not so in the phenomenon of scaffolded attention - where shifting patterns of attention give rise to 'everyday hallucinations' of visual structure even in the absence of sensory cues. When looking at a piece of graph paper, for example, the squares are all identical - yet many people see a shifting array of structured patterns such as lines, crosses, or even block-letters - something that doesn't occur when staring at a blank page. We have informally noted that scaffolded attention is a widely but not universally shared phenomenon - with some people spontaneously experiencing such percepts (even without instruction), others seeing such 'phantom' structures only when actively trying to so, and still others never having such experiences at all. Accordingly, the present study assessed the prevalence of scaffolded attention - both as an ability, and a spontaneous phenomenon. These results were then correlated with several measures of imagery and attention, in an attempt to explain the nature and origin of such individual differences. 40% of observers experienced scaffolded attention spontaneously, and 78% did so when trying - and these differences were uniquely modulated by certain measures of attention (such as attentional breadth, as measured by the 'functional field of view'), but not by measures of the vividness or spontaneity of mental imagery. These results inspire an explanation for scaffolded attention based on spontaneous perceptual grouping.
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28
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Qiao J, Li X, Wang Y, Wang Y, Li G, Lu P, Wang S. The Infraslow Frequency Oscillatory Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Over the Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Enhances Sustained Attention. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:879006. [PMID: 35431889 PMCID: PMC9009338 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.879006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The vigilance fluctuation and decrement of sustained attention have large detrimental consequences to most tasks in daily life, especially among the elderly. Non-invasive brain stimulations (e.g., transcranial direct current stimulation, tDCS) have been widely applied to improve sustained attention, however, with mixed results. Objective An infraslow frequency oscillatory tDCS approach was designed to improve sustained attention. Methods The infraslow frequency oscillatory tDCS (O-tDCS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex at 0.05 Hz was designed and compared with conventional tDCS (C-tDCS) to test whether this new protocol improves sustained attention more effectively. The sustained attention was evaluated by reaction time and accuracy. Results Compared with the C-tDCS and sham, the O-tDCS significantly enhanced sustained attention by increasing response accuracy, reducing response time, and its variability. These effects were predicted by the evoked oscillation of response time at the stimulation frequency. Conclusion Similar to previous studies, the modulation effect of C-tDCS on sustained attention is weak and unstable. In contrast, the O-tDCS effectively and systematically enhances sustained attention by optimizing vigilance fluctuation. The modulation effect of O-tDCS is probably driven by neural oscillations at the infraslow frequency range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Qiao
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Youhao Wang
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifeng Wang
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gen Li
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Lu
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shouyan Wang
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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29
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Dalby M, Vitezic M, Plath N, Hammer-Helmich L, Jiang Y, Tian C, Dhamija D, Wilson CH, Hinds D, Sullivan PF, Buckholtz JW, Smoller JW. Characterizing mood disorders in the AFFECT study: a large, longitudinal, and phenotypically rich genetic cohort in the US. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:121. [PMID: 35338122 PMCID: PMC8956583 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01877-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
There has recently been marked progress in identifying genetic risk factors for major depression (MD) and bipolar disorder (BD); however, few systematic efforts have been made to elucidate heterogeneity that exists within and across these diagnostic taxa. The Affective disorders, Environment, and Cognitive Trait (AFFECT) study presents an opportunity to identify and associate the structure of cognition and symptom-level domains across the mood disorder spectrum in a prospective study from a diverse US population.Participants were recruited from the 23andMe, Inc research participant database and through social media; self-reported diagnosis of MD or BD by a medical professional and medication status data were used to enrich for mood-disorder cases. Remote assessments were used to acquire an extensive range of phenotypes, including mood state, transdiagnostic symptom severity, task-based measures of cognition, environmental exposures, personality traits. In this paper we describe the study design, and the demographic and clinical characteristics of the cohort. In addition we report genetic ancestry, SNP heritability, and genetic correlations with other large cohorts of mood disorders.A total of 48,467 participants were enrolled: 14,768 with MD, 9864 with BD, and 23,835 controls. Upon enrollment, 47% of participants with MD and 27% with BD indicated being in an active mood episode. Cases reported early ages of onset (mean = 13.2 and 14.3 years for MD and BD, respectively), and high levels of recurrence (78.6% and 84.9% with >5 episodes), psychotherapy, and psychotropic medication use. SNP heritability on the liability scale for the ascertained MD participants (0.19-0.21) was consistent with the high level of disease severity in this cohort, while BD heritability estimates (0.16-0.22) were comparable to reports in other large scale genomic studies of mood disorders. Genetic correlations between the AFFECT cohort and other large-scale cohorts were high for MD but not for BD. By incorporating transdiagnostic symptom assessments, repeated measures, and genomic data, the AFFECT study represents a unique resource for dissecting the structure of mood disorders across multiple levels of analysis. In addition, the fully remote nature of the study provides valuable insights for future virtual and decentralized clinical trials within mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dalby
- H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Denmark.
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutete, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Patrick F Sullivan
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutete, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Genetics and Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Joshua W Buckholtz
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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30
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Germine LT, Joormann J, Passell E, Rutter LA, Scheuer L, Martini P, Hwang I, Lee S, Sampson N, Barch DM, House SL, Beaudoin FL, An X, Stevens JS, Zeng D, Linnstaedt SD, Jovanovic T, Clifford GD, Neylan TC, Rauch SL, Lewandowski C, Hendry PL, Sheikh S, Storrow AB, Musey PI, Jones CW, Punches BE, McGrath ME, Pascual JL, Mohiuddin K, Pearson C, Peak DA, Domeier RM, Bruce SE, Rathlev NK, Sanchez LD, Pietrzak RH, Pizzagalli DA, Harte SE, Elliott JM, Koenen KC, Ressler KJ, McLean SA, Kessler RC. Neurocognition after motor vehicle collision and adverse post-traumatic neuropsychiatric sequelae within 8 weeks: Initial findings from the AURORA study. J Affect Disord 2022; 298:57-67. [PMID: 34800569 PMCID: PMC10878171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous work has indicated that differences in neurocognitive functioning may predict the development of adverse post-traumatic neuropsychiatric sequelae (APNS). Such differences may be vulnerability factors or simply correlates of APNS-related symptoms. Longitudinal studies that measure neurocognitive functioning at the time of trauma are needed to determine whether such differences precede the development of APNS. METHODS Here, we present findings from a subsample of 666 ambulatory patients from the AURORA (Advancing Understanding of RecOvery afteR trumA) study. All patients presented to EDs after a motor vehicle collision (MVC). We examined associations of neurocognitive test performance shortly after MVC with peritraumatic symptoms in the ED and APNS (depression, post-traumatic stress, post-concussive symptoms, and pain) 2 weeks and 8 weeks later. Neurocognitive tests assessed processing speed, attention, verbal reasoning, memory, and social perception. RESULTS Distress in the ED was associated with poorer processing speed and short-term memory. Poorer short-term memory was also associated with depression at 2 weeks post-MVC, even after controlling for peritraumatic distress. Finally, higher vocabulary scores were associated with pain 2 weeks post-MVC. LIMITATIONS Self-selection biases among those who present to the ED and enroll in the study limit generalizability. Also, it is not clear whether observed neurocognitive differences predate MVC exposure or arise in the immediate aftermath of MVC exposure. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that processing speed and short-term memory may be useful predictors of trauma-related characteristics and the development of some APNS, making such measures clinically-relevant for identifying at-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura T Germine
- Institute for Technology in Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, 1010 Pleasant Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; The Many Brains Project, Belmont, MA, USA.
| | - Jutta Joormann
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Eliza Passell
- Institute for Technology in Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, 1010 Pleasant Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Lauren A Rutter
- Institute for Technology in Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, 1010 Pleasant Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Luke Scheuer
- Institute for Technology in Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, 1010 Pleasant Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | | | - Irving Hwang
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sue Lee
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nancy Sampson
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stacey L House
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Francesca L Beaudoin
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Health Services, Policy, and Practice, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Xinming An
- Institute for Trauma Recovery, Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer S Stevens
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Donglin Zeng
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sarah D Linnstaedt
- Institute for Trauma Recovery, Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Tanja Jovanovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Gari D Clifford
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Emory University, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thomas C Neylan
- San Francisco VA Healthcare System, San Francisco, CA, USA; Departments of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Departments of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Scott L Rauch
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | | | - Phyllis L Hendry
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Sophia Sheikh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Alan B Storrow
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Paul I Musey
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Christopher W Jones
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Brittney E Punches
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Nursing, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Meghan E McGrath
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jose L Pascual
- Department of Surgery and Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kamran Mohiuddin
- Dept. of Emergency Medicine/Internal Medicine, Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Claire Pearson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Ascension St. John Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - David A Peak
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert M Domeier
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Saint Joseph Mercy Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Steven E Bruce
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri - St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Niels K Rathlev
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School-Baystate, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - Leon D Sanchez
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert H Pietrzak
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Diego A Pizzagalli
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Steven E Harte
- Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, Departments of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Internal Medicine-Rheumatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - James M Elliott
- The Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia; Physical Therapy & Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Karesten C Koenen
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kerry J Ressler
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Depression and Anxiety Disorders, McLean hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Samuel A McLean
- Institute for Trauma Recovery, Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ronald C Kessler
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Turkelson L, Mano Q. The Current State of Mind: a Systematic Review of the Relationship Between Mindfulness and Mind-Wandering. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-021-00231-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Musser ED, Morris SSJ, Feeney K, Pintos Lobo R, Ester EF. The Roles of Salience and Value in Inattention Among Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Pilot Investigation. Front Psychol 2021; 12:750525. [PMID: 34795618 PMCID: PMC8592907 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.750525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although inattention is a key symptom subdomain of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the mechanisms underlying this subdomain and related symptoms remain unclear. There is a need for more granular approaches that allow for greater specificity in linking disruptions in specific domains of cognitive performance (e.g., executive function and reward processing) with behavioral manifestations of ADHD. Such approaches may inform the development of more targeted therapeutic interventions. Here, we describe the results of a pilot study of elementary-aged children (ages 6–12years) with ADHD (n=50) and typically developing children (n=48) utilizing a cognitive science task designed to target two dissociable mechanisms of attentional selection: a goal-driven mechanism (i.e., reward/value-driven) and a salience-driven mechanism. Participants were asked to optimally extract and combine information about stimulus salience and value to maximize rewards. While results of this pilot study are ambiguous due to the small sample size and limited number of task trials, data suggest that neither participants with ADHD nor typically developing participants performed optimally to maximize rewards, though typically developing participants were somewhat more successful at the task (i.e., more likely to report high-value targets) regardless of task condition. Further, the manuscript examines several follow-up questions regarding group differences in task response times and group differences in task performance as related to sustained attention across the duration of the task. Finally, the manuscript examines follow-up questions related to heterogeneity in the ADHD group (i.e., age, DSM 5 presentation, and comorbid diagnosis) in predicting task performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica D Musser
- ABC ERICA Laboratory, Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Stephanie S J Morris
- ABC ERICA Laboratory, Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Kathleen Feeney
- ABC ERICA Laboratory, Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Rosario Pintos Lobo
- ABC ERICA Laboratory, Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Edward F Ester
- Department of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
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deBettencourt MT, Williams SD, Vogel EK, Awh E. Sustained Attention and Spatial Attention Distinctly Influence Long-term Memory Encoding. J Cogn Neurosci 2021; 33:2132-2148. [PMID: 34496022 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Our attention is critically important for what we remember. Prior measures of the relationship between attention and memory, however, have largely treated "attention" as a monolith. Here, across three experiments, we provide evidence for two dissociable aspects of attention that influence encoding into long-term memory. Using spatial cues together with a sensitive continuous report procedure, we find that long-term memory response error is affected by both trial-by-trial fluctuations of sustained attention and prioritization via covert spatial attention. Furthermore, using multivariate analyses of EEG, we track both sustained attention and spatial attention before stimulus onset. Intriguingly, even during moments of low sustained attention, there is no decline in the representation of the spatially attended location, showing that these two aspects of attention have robust but independent effects on long-term memory encoding. Finally, sustained and spatial attention predicted distinct variance in long-term memory performance across individuals. That is, the relationship between attention and long-term memory suggests a composite model, wherein distinct attentional subcomponents influence encoding into long-term memory. These results point toward a taxonomy of the distinct attentional processes that constrain our memories.
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Song H, Finn ES, Rosenberg MD. Neural signatures of attentional engagement during narratives and its consequences for event memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2021905118. [PMID: 34385312 PMCID: PMC8379980 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021905118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As we comprehend narratives, our attentional engagement fluctuates over time. Despite theoretical conceptions of narrative engagement as emotion-laden attention, little empirical work has characterized the cognitive and neural processes that comprise subjective engagement in naturalistic contexts or its consequences for memory. Here, we relate fluctuations in narrative engagement to patterns of brain coactivation and test whether neural signatures of engagement predict subsequent memory. In behavioral studies, participants continuously rated how engaged they were as they watched a television episode or listened to a story. Self-reported engagement was synchronized across individuals and driven by the emotional content of the narratives. In functional MRI datasets collected as different individuals watched the same show or listened to the same story, engagement drove neural synchrony, such that default mode network activity was more synchronized across individuals during more engaging moments of the narratives. Furthermore, models based on time-varying functional brain connectivity predicted evolving states of engagement across participants and independent datasets. The functional connections that predicted engagement overlapped with a validated neuromarker of sustained attention and predicted recall of narrative events. Together, our findings characterize the neural signatures of attentional engagement in naturalistic contexts and elucidate relationships among narrative engagement, sustained attention, and event memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayoung Song
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637;
| | - Emily S Finn
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - Monica D Rosenberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637;
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
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35
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Song H, Rosenberg MD. Predicting attention across time and contexts with functional brain connectivity. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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How do we measure attention? Using factor analysis to establish construct validity of neuropsychological tests. COGNITIVE RESEARCH-PRINCIPLES AND IMPLICATIONS 2021; 6:51. [PMID: 34292418 PMCID: PMC8298746 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-021-00313-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether standardized neuropsychological tests and experimental cognitive paradigms measure the same cognitive faculties. Specifically, do neuropsychological tests commonly used to assess attention measure the same construct as attention paradigms used in cognitive psychology and neuroscience? We built on the “general attention factor”, comprising several widely used experimental paradigms (Huang et al., 2012). Participants (n = 636) completed an on-line battery (TestMyBrain.org) of six experimental tests [Multiple Object Tracking, Flanker Interference, Visual Working Memory, Approximate Number Sense, Spatial Configuration Visual Search, and Gradual Onset Continuous Performance Task (Grad CPT)] and eight neuropsychological tests [Trail Making Test versions A & B (TMT-A, TMT-B), Digit Symbol Coding, Forward and Backward Digit Span, Letter Cancellation, Spatial Span, and Arithmetic]. Exploratory factor analysis in a subset of 357 participants identified a five-factor structure: (1) attentional capacity (Multiple Object Tracking, Visual Working Memory, Digit Symbol Coding, Spatial Span), (2) search (Visual Search, TMT-A, TMT-B, Letter Cancellation); (3) Digit Span; (4) Arithmetic; and (5) Sustained Attention (GradCPT). Confirmatory analysis in 279 held-out participants showed that this model fit better than competing models. A hierarchical model where a general cognitive factor was imposed above the five specific factors fit as well as the model without the general factor. We conclude that Digit Span and Arithmetic tests should not be classified as attention tests. Digit Symbol Coding and Spatial Span tap attentional capacity, while TMT-A, TMT-B, and Letter Cancellation tap search (or attention-shifting) ability. These five tests can be classified as attention tests.
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Peng C, Peng W, Feng W, Zhang Y, Xiao J, Wang D. EEG Correlates of Sustained Attention Variability during Discrete Multi-finger Force Control Tasks. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON HAPTICS 2021; 14:526-537. [PMID: 33523817 DOI: 10.1109/toh.2021.3055842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The neurophysiological characteristics of sustained attention states are unclear in discrete multi-finger force control tasks. In this article, we developed an immersive visuo-haptic task for conducting stimulus-response measurements. Visual cues were randomly provided to signify the required amplitude and tolerance of fingertip force. Participants were required to respond to the visual cues by pressing force transducers using their fingertips. Response time variation was taken as a behavioral measure of sustained attention states during the task. 50% low-variability trials were classified as the optimal state and the other high-variability trials were classified as the suboptimal state using z-scoring over time. A 64-channel electroencephalogram (EEG) acquisition system was used to collect brain activities during the tasks. The haptics-elicited potential amplitude at 20 ∼ 40 ms in latency and over the frontal-central region significantly decreased in the optimal state. Furthermore, the alpha-band power in the spectra of 8 ∼ 13 Hz was significantly suppressed in the frontal-central, right temporal, and parietal regions in the optimal state. Taken together, we have identified neuroelectrophysiological features that were associated with sustained attention during multi-finger force control tasks, which would be potentially used in the development of closed-loop attention detection and training systems exploiting haptic interaction.
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38
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Jun J, Toh YN, Sisk CA, Remington RW, Lee VG. Do concerns about COVID-19 impair sustained attention? Cogn Res Princ Implic 2021; 6:41. [PMID: 34046743 PMCID: PMC8159070 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-021-00303-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has considerably heightened health and financial concerns for many individuals. Similar concerns, such as those associated with poverty, impair performance on cognitive control tasks. If ongoing concerns about COVID-19 substantially increase the tendency to mind wander in tasks requiring sustained attention, these worries could degrade performance on a wide range of tasks, leading, for example, to increased traffic accidents, diminished educational achievement, and lower workplace productivity. In two pre-registered experiments, we investigated the degree to which young adults' concerns about COVID-19 correlated with their ability to sustain attention. Experiment 1 tested mainly European participants during an early phase of the pandemic. After completing a survey probing COVID-related concerns, participants engaged in a continuous performance task (CPT) over two, 4-min blocks, during which they responded to city scenes that occurred 90% of the time and withheld responses to mountain scenes that occurred 10% of the time. Despite large and stable individual differences, performance on the scene CPT did not significantly correlate with the severity of COVID-related concerns obtained from the survey. Experiment 2 tested US participants during a later phase of the pandemic. Once again, CPT performance did not significantly correlate with COVID concerns expressed in a pre-task survey. However, participants who had more task-unrelated thoughts performed more poorly on the CPT. These findings suggest that although COVID-19 increased anxiety in a broad swath of society, young adults are able to hold these concerns in a latent format, minimizing their impact on performance in a demanding sustained attention task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyang Jun
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, 75 East River Road, S504 Elliott Hall, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Yi Ni Toh
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, 75 East River Road, S504 Elliott Hall, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Caitlin A Sisk
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, 75 East River Road, S504 Elliott Hall, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Roger W Remington
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, 75 East River Road, S504 Elliott Hall, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Vanessa G Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, 75 East River Road, S504 Elliott Hall, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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Zhang S, Yan Z, Sapkota S, Zhao S, Ooi WT. Moment-to-Moment Continuous Attention Fluctuation Monitoring through Consumer-Grade EEG Device. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:3419. [PMID: 34069027 PMCID: PMC8156270 DOI: 10.3390/s21103419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
While numerous studies have explored using various sensing techniques to measure attention states, moment-to-moment attention fluctuation measurement is unavailable. To bridge this gap, we applied a novel paradigm in psychology, the gradual-onset continuous performance task (gradCPT), to collect the ground truth of attention states. GradCPT allows for the precise labeling of attention fluctuation on an 800 ms time scale. We then developed a new technique for measuring continuous attention fluctuation, based on a machine learning approach that uses the spectral properties of EEG signals as the main features. We demonstrated that, even using a consumer grade EEG device, the detection accuracy of moment-to-moment attention fluctuations was 73.49%. Next, we empirically validated our technique in a video learning scenario and found that our technique match with the classification obtained through thought probes, with an average F1 score of 0.77. Our results suggest the effectiveness of using gradCPT as a ground truth labeling method and the feasibility of using consumer-grade EEG devices for continuous attention fluctuation detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhang
- NUS-HCI Lab, Department of Computer Science, School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117417, Singapore; (Z.Y.); (S.S.); (S.Z.)
| | - Zihan Yan
- NUS-HCI Lab, Department of Computer Science, School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117417, Singapore; (Z.Y.); (S.S.); (S.Z.)
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shardul Sapkota
- NUS-HCI Lab, Department of Computer Science, School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117417, Singapore; (Z.Y.); (S.S.); (S.Z.)
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, Singapore 138527, Singapore
| | - Shengdong Zhao
- NUS-HCI Lab, Department of Computer Science, School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117417, Singapore; (Z.Y.); (S.S.); (S.Z.)
| | - Wei Tsang Ooi
- National University of Singapore, Singapore 117417, Singapore;
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Akkol S, Kucyi A, Hu W, Zhao B, Zhang C, Sava-Segal C, Liu S, Razavi B, Zhang J, Zhang K, Parvizi J. Intracranial Electroencephalography Reveals Selective Responses to Cognitive Stimuli in the Periventricular Heterotopias. J Neurosci 2021; 41:3870-3878. [PMID: 33727335 PMCID: PMC8084321 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2785-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Our recent work suggests that non-lesional epileptic brain tissue is capable of generating normal neurophysiological responses during cognitive tasks, which are then seized by ongoing pathologic epileptic activity. Here, we aim to extend the scope of our work to epileptic periventricular heterotopias (PVH) and examine whether the PVH tissue also exhibits normal neurophysiological responses and network-level integration with other non-lesional cortical regions. As part of routine clinical assessment, three adult patients with PVH underwent implantation of intracranial electrodes and participated in experimental cognitive tasks. We obtained simultaneous recordings from PVH and remote cortical sites during rest as well as controlled experimental conditions. In all three subjects (two females), cognitive experimental conditions evoked significant electrophysiological responses in discrete locations within the PVH tissue that were correlated with responses seen in non-epileptic cortical sites. Moreover, the responsive PVH sites exhibited correlated electrophysiological activity with responsive, non-lesional cortical sites during rest conditions. Taken together, our work clearly demonstrates that the PVH tissue may be functionally organized and it may be functionally integrated within cognitively engaged cortical networks despite its anatomic displacement during neurodevelopment.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Periventricular heterotopias (PVH) are developmentally abnormal brain tissues that frequently cause epileptic seizures. In a rare opportunity to obtain direct electrophysiological recordings from PVH, we were able to show that, contrary to common assumptions, PVH functional activity is similar to healthy cortical sites during a well-established cognitive task and exhibits clear resting state connectivity with the responsive cortical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serdar Akkol
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Aaron Kucyi
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Wenhan Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
- Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery Laboratory, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Baotian Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Clara Sava-Segal
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Su Liu
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Babak Razavi
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
- Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery Laboratory, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
- Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery Laboratory, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Josef Parvizi
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
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41
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Yamashita A, Rothlein D, Kucyi A, Valera EM, Esterman M. Brain state-based detection of attentional fluctuations and their modulation. Neuroimage 2021; 236:118072. [PMID: 33882346 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the search for brain markers of optimal attentional focus, the mainstream approach has been to first define attentional states based on behavioral performance, and to subsequently investigate "neural correlates" associated with these performance variations. However, this approach constrains the range of contexts in which attentional states can be operationalized by relying on overt behavior, and assumes a one-to-one correspondence between behavior and brain state. Here, we reversed the logic of these previous studies and sought to identify behaviorally-relevant brain states based solely on brain activity, agnostic to behavioral performance. In four independent datasets, we found that the same two brain states were dominant during a sustained attention task. One state was behaviorally optimal, with higher accuracy and stability, but a greater tendency to mind wander (State1). The second state was behaviorally suboptimal, with lower accuracy and instability (State2). We further demonstrate how these brain states were impacted by motivation and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Individuals with ADHD spent more time in suboptimal State2 and less time in optimal State1 than healthy controls. Motivation overcame the suboptimal behavior associated with State2. Our study provides compelling evidence for the existence of two attentional states from the sole viewpoint of brain activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumu Yamashita
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts, 02118. United States; Boston Attention and Learning Laboratory, VA Boston Healthcare System, Massachusetts,02130. United States; Overseas Research Fellow, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo,102-0083. Japan.
| | - David Rothlein
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts, 02118. United States; Boston Attention and Learning Laboratory, VA Boston Healthcare System, Massachusetts,02130. United States; National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Massachusetts, 02130. United States
| | - Aaron Kucyi
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Massachusetts, 02115. United States
| | - Eve M Valera
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts, 02215. United States; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts, 02125, United States
| | - Michael Esterman
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts, 02118. United States; Boston Attention and Learning Laboratory, VA Boston Healthcare System, Massachusetts,02130. United States; National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Massachusetts, 02130. United States
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42
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Karimi-Rouzbahani H, Woolgar A, Rich AN. Neural signatures of vigilance decrements predict behavioural errors before they occur. eLife 2021; 10:e60563. [PMID: 33830017 PMCID: PMC8060034 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many monitoring environments, such as railway control, in which lapses of attention can have tragic consequences. Problematically, sustained monitoring for rare targets is difficult, with more misses and longer reaction times over time. What changes in the brain underpin these 'vigilance decrements'? We designed a multiple-object monitoring (MOM) paradigm to examine how the neural representation of information varied with target frequency and time performing the task. Behavioural performance decreased over time for the rare target (monitoring) condition, but not for a frequent target (active) condition. This was mirrored in neural decoding using magnetoencephalography: coding of critical information declined more during monitoring versus active conditions along the experiment. We developed new analyses that can predict behavioural errors from the neural data more than a second before they occurred. This facilitates pre-empting behavioural errors due to lapses in attention and provides new insight into the neural correlates of vigilance decrements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Karimi-Rouzbahani
- Perception in Action Research Centre, Faculty of Human Sciences, Macquarie UniversitySydneyAustralia
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Department of Cognitive Science, Faculty of Human Sciences, Macquarie UniversitySydneyAustralia
| | - Alexandra Woolgar
- Perception in Action Research Centre, Faculty of Human Sciences, Macquarie UniversitySydneyAustralia
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Department of Cognitive Science, Faculty of Human Sciences, Macquarie UniversitySydneyAustralia
| | - Anina N Rich
- Perception in Action Research Centre, Faculty of Human Sciences, Macquarie UniversitySydneyAustralia
- Department of Cognitive Science, Faculty of Human Sciences, Macquarie UniversitySydneyAustralia
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43
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Tuckute G, Hansen ST, Kjaer TW, Hansen LK. Real-Time Decoding of Attentional States Using Closed-Loop EEG Neurofeedback. Neural Comput 2021; 33:967-1004. [PMID: 33513324 DOI: 10.1162/neco_a_01363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Sustained attention is a cognitive ability to maintain task focus over extended periods of time (Mackworth, 1948; Chun, Golomb, & Turk-Browne, 2011). In this study, scalp electroencephalography (EEG) signals were processed in real time using a 32 dry-electrode system during a sustained visual attention task. An attention training paradigm was implemented, as designed in DeBettencourt, Cohen, Lee, Norman, and Turk-Browne (2015) in which the composition of a sequence of blended images is updated based on the participant's decoded attentional level to a primed image category. It was hypothesized that a single neurofeedback training session would improve sustained attention abilities. Twenty-two participants were trained on a single neurofeedback session with behavioral pretraining and posttraining sessions within three consecutive days. Half of the participants functioned as controls in a double-blinded design and received sham neurofeedback. During the neurofeedback session, attentional states to primed categories were decoded in real time and used to provide a continuous feedback signal customized to each participant in a closed-loop approach. We report a mean classifier decoding error rate of 34.3% (chance = 50%). Within the neurofeedback group, there was a greater level of task-relevant attentional information decoded in the participant's brain before making a correct behavioral response than before an incorrect response. This effect was not visible in the control group (interaction p=7.23e-4), which strongly indicates that we were able to achieve a meaningful measure of subjective attentional state in real time and control participants' behavior during the neurofeedback session. We do not provide conclusive evidence whether the single neurofeedback session per se provided lasting effects in sustained attention abilities. We developed a portable EEG neurofeedback system capable of decoding attentional states and predicting behavioral choices in the attention task at hand. The neurofeedback code framework is Python based and open source, and it allows users to actively engage in the development of neurofeedback tools for scientific and translational use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Tuckute
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02139, U.S.A.,
| | - Sofie Therese Hansen
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark,
| | - Troels Wesenberg Kjaer
- Department of Neurology, Zealand University Hospital, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark, and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark,
| | - Lars Kai Hansen
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark,
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Weilnhammer V, Chikermane M, Sterzer P. Bistable perception alternates between internal and external modes of sensory processing. iScience 2021; 24:102234. [PMID: 33748716 PMCID: PMC7967014 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Perceptual history can exert pronounced effects on the contents of conscious experience: when confronted with completely ambiguous stimuli, perception does not waver at random between diverging stimulus interpretations but sticks with recent percepts for prolonged intervals. Here, we investigated the relevance of perceptual history in situations more similar to everyday experience, where sensory stimuli are usually not completely ambiguous. Using partially ambiguous visual stimuli, we found that the balance between past and present is not stable over time but slowly fluctuates between two opposing modes. For time periods of up to several minutes, perception was either largely determined by perceptual history or driven predominantly by disambiguating sensory evidence. Computational modeling suggested that the construction of unambiguous conscious experiences is modulated by slow fluctuations between internally and externally oriented modes of sensory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veith Weilnhammer
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center, 10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Meera Chikermane
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Sterzer
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center, 10178 Berlin, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
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45
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Galovski TE, Werner KB, Iverson KM, Kaplan S, Fortier CB, Fonda JR, Currao A, Salat D, McGlinchey RE. A Multi-Method Approach to a Comprehensive Examination of the Psychiatric and Neurological Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence in Women: A Methodology Protocol. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:569335. [PMID: 33679466 PMCID: PMC7933589 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.569335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of women in the United States that experience blows to the head during assaults by intimate partners is substantial. The number of head blows that result in a traumatic brain injury (TBI) is virtually unknown, but estimates far exceed numbers of TBI in parallel populations (e.g., blast exposure, accidents, sports) combined. Research on the impact of TBI on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV) is sparse. This methodology paper describes the comprehensive, multi-method approach used by a multi-disciplinary team of investigators from several different fields of expertise to assess the interaction of psychiatric, cognitive, psychological, and physical conditions that result from IPV. Using state-of-the-art instruments, a comprehensive assessment of lifetime trauma exposure, lifetime history of TBI, psychiatric history, and a full assessment of current cognitive, neuropsychological and biomedical function was conducted with 51 female survivors of IPV who screened positive for PTSD. This multi-method assessment included clinician-administered diagnostic interviews modified to specifically assess the sequelae of IPV, standardized self-report surveys, neuropsychological tests, structural, diffusion, and functional neuroimaging and blood-based biomarkers. The specific details and full report of the results of the full study are beyond the scope of this methodology paper. Descriptive characteristics of the complex clinical presentation observed in this unique sample are described. The sample reported high rates of trauma exposure across the lifespan and 80% met full criteria for current PTSD. Women also reported high rates of lifetime subconcussive head injury (88.2%) and TBI (52.9%) from various etiologies (35.3% secondary to IPV). Descriptive findings from the methodological protocol described here have begun to reveal information that will advance our understanding of the impact of subconcussive head injury and TBI on recovery from mental injury among IPV survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara E. Galovski
- Women's Health Sciences Division, National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kimberly B. Werner
- Women's Health Sciences Division, National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Katherine M. Iverson
- Women's Health Sciences Division, National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Stephanie Kaplan
- Women's Health Sciences Division, National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Catherine B. Fortier
- The Translational Research Center for Traumatic Brain Injury and Stress Disorders and the Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Jennifer R. Fonda
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- The Translational Research Center for Traumatic Brain Injury and Stress Disorders and the Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alyssa Currao
- The Translational Research Center for Traumatic Brain Injury and Stress Disorders and the Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
| | - David Salat
- The Translational Research Center for Traumatic Brain Injury and Stress Disorders and the Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Regina E. McGlinchey
- The Translational Research Center for Traumatic Brain Injury and Stress Disorders and the Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, United States
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46
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Gonzalez-Castillo J, Kam JWY, Hoy CW, Bandettini PA. How to Interpret Resting-State fMRI: Ask Your Participants. J Neurosci 2021; 41:1130-1141. [PMID: 33568446 PMCID: PMC7888219 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1786-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Resting-state fMRI (rsfMRI) reveals brain dynamics in a task-unconstrained environment as subjects let their minds wander freely. Consequently, resting subjects navigate a rich space of cognitive and perceptual states (i.e., ongoing experience). How this ongoing experience shapes rsfMRI summary metrics (e.g., functional connectivity) is unknown, yet likely to contribute uniquely to within- and between-subject differences. Here we argue that understanding the role of ongoing experience in rsfMRI requires access to standardized, temporally resolved, scientifically validated first-person descriptions of those experiences. We suggest best practices for obtaining those descriptions via introspective methods appropriately adapted for use in fMRI research. We conclude with a set of guidelines for fusing these two data types to answer pressing questions about the etiology of rsfMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Gonzalez-Castillo
- Section on Functional Imaging Methods, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - Julia W Y Kam
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 1N4
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Colin W Hoy
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720
| | - Peter A Bandettini
- Section on Functional Imaging Methods, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
- FMRI Core, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
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47
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Horien C, Fontenelle S, Joseph K, Powell N, Nutor C, Fortes D, Butler M, Powell K, Macris D, Lee K, Greene AS, McPartland JC, Volkmar FR, Scheinost D, Chawarska K, Constable RT. Low-motion fMRI data can be obtained in pediatric participants undergoing a 60-minute scan protocol. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21855. [PMID: 33318557 PMCID: PMC7736342 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78885-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Performing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans of children can be a difficult task, as participants tend to move while being scanned. Head motion represents a significant confound in fMRI connectivity analyses. One approach to limit motion has been to use shorter MRI protocols, though this reduces the reliability of results. Hence, there is a need to implement methods to achieve high-quality, low-motion data while not sacrificing data quantity. Here we show that by using a mock scan protocol prior to a scan, in conjunction with other in-scan steps (weighted blanket and incentive system), it is possible to achieve low-motion fMRI data in pediatric participants (age range: 7-17 years old) undergoing a 60 min MRI session. We also observe that motion is low during the MRI protocol in a separate replication group of participants, including some with autism spectrum disorder. Collectively, the results indicate it is possible to conduct long scan protocols in difficult-to-scan populations and still achieve high-quality data, thus potentially allowing more reliable fMRI findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Horien
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- MD-PhD Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, 300 Cedar St, PO Box 208043, New Haven, CT, 06520-8043, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kangjoo Lee
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Abigail S Greene
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- MD-PhD Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - James C McPartland
- Yale Child Study Center, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Fred R Volkmar
- Yale Child Study Center, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dustin Scheinost
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Child Study Center, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Katarzyna Chawarska
- Yale Child Study Center, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - R Todd Constable
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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48
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Stuldreher IV, Thammasan N, van Erp JBF, Brouwer AM. Physiological Synchrony in EEG, Electrodermal Activity and Heart Rate Detects Attentionally Relevant Events in Time. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:575521. [PMID: 33343277 PMCID: PMC7744592 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.575521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interpersonal physiological synchrony (PS), or the similarity of physiological signals between individuals over time, may be used to detect attentionally engaging moments in time. We here investigated whether PS in the electroencephalogram (EEG), electrodermal activity (EDA), heart rate and a multimodal metric signals the occurrence of attentionally relevant events in time in two groups of participants. Both groups were presented with the same auditory stimulus, but were instructed to attend either to the narrative of an audiobook (audiobook-attending: AA group) or to interspersed emotional sounds and beeps (stimulus-attending: SA group). We hypothesized that emotional sounds could be detected in both groups as they are expected to draw attention involuntarily, in a bottom-up fashion. Indeed, we found this to be the case for PS in EDA or the multimodal metric. Beeps, that are expected to be only relevant due to specific "top-down" attentional instructions, could indeed only be detected using PS among SA participants, for EDA, EEG and the multimodal metric. We further hypothesized that moments in the audiobook accompanied by high PS in either EEG, EDA, heart rate or the multimodal metric for AA participants would be rated as more engaging by an independent group of participants compared to moments corresponding to low PS. This hypothesis was not supported. Our results show that PS can support the detection of attentionally engaging events over time. Currently, the relation between PS and engagement is only established for well-defined, interspersed stimuli, whereas the relation between PS and a more abstract self-reported metric of engagement over time has not been established. As the relation between PS and engagement is dependent on event type and physiological measure, we suggest to choose a measure matching with the stimulus of interest. When the stimulus type is unknown, a multimodal metric is most robust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo V. Stuldreher
- Perceptual and Cognitive Systems, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Soesterberg, Netherlands
- Human Media Interaction, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Nattapong Thammasan
- Human Media Interaction, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Jan B. F. van Erp
- Perceptual and Cognitive Systems, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Soesterberg, Netherlands
- Human Media Interaction, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie Brouwer
- Perceptual and Cognitive Systems, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Soesterberg, Netherlands
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49
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Madore KP, Khazenzon AM, Backes CW, Jiang J, Uncapher MR, Norcia AM, Wagner AD. Memory failure predicted by attention lapsing and media multitasking. Nature 2020; 587:87-91. [PMID: 33116309 PMCID: PMC7644608 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2870-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
With the explosion of digital media and technologies, scholars, educators and the public have become increasingly vocal about the role that an 'attention economy' has in our lives1. The rise of the current digital culture coincides with longstanding scientific questions about why humans sometimes remember and sometimes forget, and why some individuals remember better than others2-6. Here we examine whether spontaneous attention lapses-in the moment7-12, across individuals13-15 and as a function of everyday media multitasking16-19-negatively correlate with remembering. Electroencephalography and pupillometry measures of attention20,21 were recorded as eighty young adults (mean age, 21.7 years) performed a goal-directed episodic encoding and retrieval task22. Trait-level sustained attention was further quantified using task-based23 and questionnaire measures24,25. Using trial-to-trial retrieval data, we show that tonic lapses in attention in the moment before remembering, assayed by posterior alpha power and pupil diameter, were correlated with reductions in neural signals of goal coding and memory, along with behavioural forgetting. Independent measures of trait-level attention lapsing mediated the relationship between neural assays of lapsing and memory performance, and between media multitasking and memory. Attention lapses partially account for why we remember or forget in the moment, and why some individuals remember better than others. Heavier media multitasking is associated with a propensity to have attention lapses and forget.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Madore
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Anna M Khazenzon
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Cameron W Backes
- Symbolic Systems Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jiefeng Jiang
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Melina R Uncapher
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Neuroscape, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anthony M Norcia
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Anthony D Wagner
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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50
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Vogel SC, Esterman M, DeGutis J, Wilmer JB, Ressler KJ, Germine LT. Childhood Adversity and Dimensional Variations in Adult Sustained Attention. Front Psychol 2020; 11:691. [PMID: 32362858 PMCID: PMC7180319 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective Sustained attention is a transdiagnostic phenotype linked with most forms of psychopathology. We sought to understand factors that influence the development of sustained attention, by looking at the relationship between childhood adversity and adult sustained attention. Participants, Setting, and Methods Participants were 5,973 TestMyBrain.org visitors from English-speaking countries who completed a continuous performance task (gradCPT) of sustained attention and a childhood adversity questionnaire. We analyzed gradCPT performance using a signal detection approach. Results Discrimination ability (the main metric of performance on the gradCPT) was associated with total childhood adversity load, even when controlling for covariates related to age, gender, parental education, race, country of origin, and relative socioeconomic status (β = −0.079, b = −0.032). Conclusion Our results demonstrate that attention differences related to childhood adversity exposure can (1) be measured using brief, performance-based measures of sustained attention, (2) persist into adulthood, and (3) be detected at the population level. These results, paired with the well-documented associations between sustained attention and psychopathology, indicate that sustained attention may be an important mechanism for understanding early influences on mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Vogel
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Michael Esterman
- National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States.,Boston Attention and Learning Laboratory, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Joseph DeGutis
- Boston Attention and Learning Laboratory, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jeremy B Wilmer
- Department of Psychology, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, United States
| | - Kerry J Ressler
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Institute for Technology in Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States.,Division of Depression and Anxiety Disorders, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Laura T Germine
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Institute for Technology in Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States.,Division of Depression and Anxiety Disorders, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
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