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Max A, Glasgow HL, Santiago TCB, Holland A, Inaba H, Cañete-Gibas CF, Wiederhold NP, Hayden RT, Adderson EE. Choanephora infundibulifera Rhinosinusitis in Man with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Tennessee, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:1245-1248. [PMID: 38782142 PMCID: PMC11138964 DOI: 10.3201/eid3006.230794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Choanephora infundibulifera is a member of the Mucorales order of fungi. The species is associated with plants as a saprophyte or parasite and may be responsible for spoilage or disease but is an uncommon cause of human infection. We describe C. infundibulifera rhinosinusitis in a young man with leukemia in Tennessee, USA.
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Lozano J, Cunha E, Almeida C, Nunes M, Dias R, Vicente E, Sebastião D, Henriques S, Madeira de Carvalho L, Paz-Silva A, Oliveira M. Analyzing the safety of the parasiticide fungus Mucor circinelloides: first insights on its virulence profile and interactions with the avian gut microbial community. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0407823. [PMID: 38534121 PMCID: PMC11064519 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04078-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Parasiticide fungi are considered an accurate, sustainable, and safe solution for the biocontrol of animal gastrointestinal (GI) parasites. This research provides an initial characterization of the virulence of the native parasiticide fungus Mucor circinelloides (FMV-FR1) and an assessment of its impact on birds' gut microbes. The genome of this fungus was sequenced to identify the genes coding for virulence factors. Also, this fungus was checked for the phenotypic expression of proteinase, lecithinase, DNase, gelatinase, hemolysin, and biofilm production. Finally, an in vivo trial was developed based on feeding M. circinelloides spores to laying hens and peacocks three times a week. Bird feces were collected for 3 months, with total genomic DNA being extracted and subjected to long-read 16S and 25S-28S sequencing. Genes coding for an iron permease (FTR1), iron receptors (FOB1 and FOB2), ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) (ARF2 and ARF6), and a GTPase (CDC42) were identified in this M. circinelloides genome. Also, this fungus was positive only for lecithinase activity. The field trial revealed a fecal microbiome dominated by Firmicutes and Proteobacteria in laying hens, and Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in peacocks, whereas the fecal mycobiome of both bird species was mainly composed of Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes fungi. Bacterial and fungal alpha-diversities did not differ between sampling time points after M. circinelloides administrations (P = 0.62 and P = 0.15, respectively). Although findings from this research suggest the lack of virulence of this M. circinelloides parasiticide isolate, more complementary in vitro and in vivo research is needed to conclude about the safety of its administration to birds, aiming at controlling their GI parasites.IMPORTANCEA previous study revealed that the native Mucor circinelloides isolate (FMV-FR1) can develop parasiticide activity toward coccidia oocysts, one of the most pathogenic GI parasites in birds. However, ensuring its safety for birds is of utmost importance, namely by studying its virulence profile and potential effect on commensal gut microbes. This initial study revealed that although this M. circinelloides isolate had genes coding for four types of virulence factors-iron permease, iron receptors, ADP-ribosylation factors, and GTPase-and only expressed phenotypically the enzyme lecithinase, the administration of its spores to laying hens and peacocks did not interfere with the abundances and diversities of their gut commensal bacteria and fungi. Although overall results suggest the lack of virulence of this M. circinelloides isolate, more complementary research is needed to conclude about the safety of its administration to birds in the scope of parasite biocontrol programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Lozano
- CIISA – Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Eva Cunha
- CIISA – Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cristina Almeida
- Exoclinic – Clínica Veterinária de Aves e Exóticos, Miraflores, Portugal
| | - Mónica Nunes
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Dias
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Vicente
- Castelo de São Jorge, EGEAC – Empresa de Gestão de Equipamentos e Animação Cultural, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Daniela Sebastião
- Castelo de São Jorge, EGEAC – Empresa de Gestão de Equipamentos e Animação Cultural, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Luís Madeira de Carvalho
- CIISA – Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Adolfo Paz-Silva
- Control of Parasites Research Group (COPAR, GI-2120), Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Manuela Oliveira
- CIISA – Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Lisbon, Portugal
- cE3c – Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- CHANGE – Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Lamoth F, Kontoyiannis DP. PCR diagnostic platforms for non- Aspergillus mold infections: ready for routine implementation in the clinic? Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2024; 24:273-282. [PMID: 38501431 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2024.2326474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While Aspergillus spp. remain the predominant cause of invasive mold infections, non-Aspergillus molds, such as the Mucorales or Fusarium spp., account for an increasing proportion of cases. The diagnosis of non-Aspergillus invasive mold infections (NAIMI) is challenging because of the low sensitivity and delay of conventional microbiological tests. Therefore, there is a particular interest to develop molecular tools for their early detection in blood or other clinical samples. AREAS COVERED This extensive review of the literature discusses the performance of Mucorales-specific PCR and other genus-specific or broad-range fungal PCR that can be used for the diagnosis of NAIMI in diverse clinical samples, with a focus on novel technologies. EXPERT OPINION PCR currently represents the most promising approach, combining good sensitivity/specificity and ability to detect NAIMI in clinical samples before diagnosis by conventional cultures and histopathology. Several PCR assays have been designed for the detection of Mucorales in particular, but also Fusarium spp. or Scedosporium/Lomentospora spp. Some commercial Mucorales PCRs are now available. While efforts are still needed for standardized protocols and the development of more rapid and simpler techniques, PCR is on the way to becoming an essential test for the early diagnosis of mucormycosis and possibly other NAIMIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Lamoth
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dimitrios P Kontoyiannis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Hou D, Tang D, Wang Y, Zhu J, Luo R, Liu Z, Lu Y, Sun T, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Yu H. Molecular phylogenetics of the Umbelopsis genus-identification of new species and evaluation of their oil application value. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae065. [PMID: 38553969 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to reconstruct the evolutionary framework of the genus Umbelopsis by using modern taxonomic strategies and evaluating the quality of oil and prospective uses of three distinct species. METHODS AND RESULTS Three species of Umbelopsis were identified based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic evidence obtained from three genes (ITS, LSU, and ACT). A new species of Umbelopsis was described and illustrated, and subsequently named U. ophiocordycipiticola. The characteristics of U. ophiocordycipiticola exhibited sporangia with a diameter ranging from 8 to 17 µm. and sporangiospores that were oval to ellipsoidal in shape, irregularly angular, with dimensions of ∼1.9-2.9 × 1.7-3.0 µm. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to examine the composition of fatty acids. Notably, U. ophiocordycipiticola showed a significantly higher oil content of 50.89% in dry cell weight (DCW) compared to U. vinacea and U. ramanniana. The mean proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in U. ophiocordycipiticola was 32.38%, and the maximum levels of γ-linolenic acid (GLA), arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in U. ophiocordycipiticola were found to be 14.51, 0.24, 0.54, and 0.53%, respectively. The biodiesel quality from all three species complied with applicable standards set by the American Association for Testing and Materials (ASTM 6751) and the Brazilian National Petroleum Agency (ANP 255). CONCLUSIONS The establishment of a novel species, U. ophiocordycipiticola, was strongly supported by morphological and molecular evidence. Umbelopsis ophiocordycipiticola exhibited a high-value PUFA content. Additionally, three Umbelopsis species demonstrated good quality for biodiesel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghai Hou
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, College of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China
- The International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Utilization of Cordyceps Bioresources in China and Southeast Asia, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650504, China
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650504, China
| | - Dexiang Tang
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, College of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China
- The International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Utilization of Cordyceps Bioresources in China and Southeast Asia, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650504, China
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650504, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, College of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China
- The International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Utilization of Cordyceps Bioresources in China and Southeast Asia, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650504, China
| | - Juye Zhu
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, College of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China
- The International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Utilization of Cordyceps Bioresources in China and Southeast Asia, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650504, China
| | - Run Luo
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, College of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China
- The International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Utilization of Cordyceps Bioresources in China and Southeast Asia, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650504, China
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650504, China
| | - Zuoheng Liu
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, College of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China
- The International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Utilization of Cordyceps Bioresources in China and Southeast Asia, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650504, China
| | - Yingling Lu
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, College of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China
- The International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Utilization of Cordyceps Bioresources in China and Southeast Asia, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650504, China
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650504, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, College of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China
- The International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Utilization of Cordyceps Bioresources in China and Southeast Asia, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650504, China
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650504, China
| | - Yanhong Ma
- Kunming Institute for Food and Drug Control, Kunming 650034, China
| | - Yuyao Zhang
- Kunming Institute for Food and Drug Control, Kunming 650034, China
| | - Hong Yu
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, College of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China
- The International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Utilization of Cordyceps Bioresources in China and Southeast Asia, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650504, China
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650504, China
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Fan Q, Cheng ZY, Xie LY, Tang M, Yang ZL, Shen PH, Wang YB. Molecular phylogeny and morphology of Sporodiniella sinensis sp. nov. ( Syzygitaceae, Mucorales), an invertebrate-associated species from Yunnan, China. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2024; 74. [PMID: 38639759 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.006315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
During investigations of invertebrate-associated fungi in Yunnan Province of China, a new species, Sporodiniella sinensis sp. nov., was collected. Morphologically, S. sinensis is similar to Sporodiniella umbellata; however, it is distinguished from S. umbellata by its greater number of sporangiophore branches, longer sporangiophores, larger sporangiospores, and columellae. The novel species exhibits similarities of 91.62 % for internal transcribed spacer (ITS), 98.66-99.10 % for ribosomal small subunit (nrSSU), and 96.36-98.22 % for ribosomal large subunit (nrLSU) sequences, respectively, compared to S. umbellata. Furthermore, phylogenetic analyses based on combined sequences of ITS, nrLSU and nrSSU show that it forms a separate clade in Sporodiniella, and clusters closely with S. umbellata with high statistical support. The phylogenetic and morphological evidence support S. sinensis as a distinct species. Here, it is formally described and illustrated, and compared with other relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Fan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China
| | - Zhu-Yu Cheng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China
| | - Liu-Yi Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China
- School of Ethnomedicine and Ethnopharmacy, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650504, PR China
| | - Mei Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China
| | - Zhu-Liang Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China
| | - Pei-Hong Shen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Yuan-Bing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China
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Scheler J, Binder U. Alternative in-vivo models of mucormycosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1343834. [PMID: 38362495 PMCID: PMC10867140 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1343834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Mucormycosis is still regarded a rare fungal infection, but the high incidences of COVID-associated cases in India and other countries have shown its potential threat to large patient cohorts. In addition, infections by these fast-growing fungi are often fatal and cause disfigurement, badly affecting patients' lives. In advancing our understanding of pathogenicity factors involved in this disease, to enhance the diagnostic toolset and to evaluate novel treatment regimes, animal models are indispensable. As ethical and practical considerations typically favor the use of alternative model systems, this review provides an overview of alternative animal models employed for mucormycosis and discusses advantages and limitations of the respective model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ulrike Binder
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Tirol, Austria
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Kabtani J, Boulanouar F, Gaye PM, Militello M, Ranque S. Syncephalastrum massiliense sp. nov. and Syncephalastrum timoneanum sp. nov. Isolated from Clinical Samples. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:64. [PMID: 38248973 PMCID: PMC10820596 DOI: 10.3390/jof10010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Mucormycosis is known to be a rare opportunistic infection caused by fungal organisms belonging to the Mucorales order, which includes the Syncephalastrum species. These moulds are rarely involved in clinical diseases and are generally seen as contaminants in clinical laboratories. However, in recent years, case reports of human infections due to Syncephalastrum have increased, especially in immunocompromised hosts. In this study, we described two new Syncephalastrum species, which were isolated from human nails and sputum samples from two different patients. We used several methods for genomic and phenotypic characterisation. The phenotypic analysis relied on the morphological features, analysed both by optical and scanning electron microscopy. We used matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and BiologTM technology to characterise the proteomic, chemical mapping, and carbon source assimilation profiles, respectively. The genomic analysis relied on a multilocus DNA sequence analysis of the rRNA internal transcribed spacers and D1/D2 large subunit domains, fragments of the translation elongation factor-1 alpha, and the β-tubulin genes. The two novel species in the genus Syncephalastrum, namely S. massiliense PMMF0073 and S. timoneanum PMMF0107, presented a similar morphology: irregular branched and aseptate hyphae with ribbon-like aspects and terminal vesicles at the apices all surrounded by cylindrical merosporangia. However, each species displayed distinct phenotypic and genotypic features. For example, S. timoneanum PMMF0107 was able to assimilate more carbon sources than S. massiliense PMMF0073, such as adonitol, α-methyl-D-glucoside, trehalose, turanose, succinic acid mono-methyl ester, and alaninamide. The polyphasic approach, combining the results of complementary phenotypic and genomic assays, was instrumental for describing and characterising these two new Syncephalastrum species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihane Kabtani
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France (P.M.G.)
| | | | | | - Muriel Militello
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France (P.M.G.)
- MEPHI, SSA, IRD, AP-HM, Aix-Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Ranque
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France (P.M.G.)
- VITROME, SSA, IRD, AP-HM, Aix-Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France
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8
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Borman AM, Johnson EM. Changes in fungal taxonomy: mycological rationale and clinical implications. Clin Microbiol Rev 2023; 36:e0009922. [PMID: 37930182 PMCID: PMC10732072 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00099-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous fungal species of medical importance have been recently subjected to and will likely continue to undergo nomenclatural changes as a result of the application of molecular approaches to fungal classification together with abandonment of dual nomenclature. Here, we summarize those changes affecting key groups of fungi of medical importance, explaining the mycological (taxonomic) rationale that underpinned the changes and the clinical relevance/importance (where such exists) of the key nomenclatural revisions. Potential mechanisms to mitigate unnecessary taxonomic instability are suggested, together with approaches to raise awareness of important changes to minimize potential clinical confusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Borman
- UK HSA National Mycology Reference Laboratory, Science Quarter, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology (MRC CMM), University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth M. Johnson
- UK HSA National Mycology Reference Laboratory, Science Quarter, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology (MRC CMM), University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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Takashima Y, Yamamoto K, Degawa Y, Guo Y, Nishizawa T, Ohta H, Narisawa K. Detection and isolation of a new member of Burkholderiaceae-related endofungal bacteria from Saksenaea boninensis sp. nov., a new thermotolerant fungus in Mucorales. IMA Fungus 2023; 14:24. [PMID: 37996922 PMCID: PMC10666400 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-023-00129-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermotolerance in Mucorales (Mucoromycotina) is one of the factors to be opportunistic pathogens, causing mucormycosis. Among thermotolerant mucoralean fungi, Burkholderiaceae-related endobacteria (BRE) are rarely found and the known range of hosts is limited to Rhizopus spp. The phylogenetic divergence of BRE has recently expanded in other fungal groups such as Mortierellaceae spp. (Mortierellomycotina); however, it remains unexplored in Mucorales. Here, we found a thermotolerant mucoralean fungus obtained from a litter sample collected from Haha-jima Island in the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands, Japan. The fungus was morphologically, phylogenetically, and physiologically characterized and proposed as a new species, Saksenaea boninensis sp. nov. Besides the fungal taxonomy, we also found the presence of BRE in isolates of this species by diagnostic PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene from mycelia, fluorescence microscopic observations, and isolation of the bacterium in pure culture. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene of BRE revealed that it is distinct from all known BRE. The discovery of a culturable BRE lineage in the genus Saksenaea will add new insight into the evolutional origin of mucoralean fungus-BRE associations and emphasize the need to pay more attention to endofungal bacteria potentially associated with isolates of thermotolerant mucoralean fungi causing mucormycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Takashima
- Genetic Resources Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan.
- Mountain Science Center, Sugadaira Research Station, University of Tsukuba, Sugadaira-kogen 1278-294, Nagano, 386-2204, Japan.
- Ibaraki University College of Agriculture, 3-21-1 Chuo, Ami-machi, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan.
| | - Kohei Yamamoto
- Tochigi Prefectural Museum, 2-2 Mutsumi-cho, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-0865, Japan
| | - Yousuke Degawa
- Mountain Science Center, Sugadaira Research Station, University of Tsukuba, Sugadaira-kogen 1278-294, Nagano, 386-2204, Japan
| | - Yong Guo
- Ibaraki University College of Agriculture, 3-21-1 Chuo, Ami-machi, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan
- Institute for Plant Protection, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8605, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Nishizawa
- Ibaraki University College of Agriculture, 3-21-1 Chuo, Ami-machi, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohta
- Ibaraki University, 2-1-1 Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki, 310-8512, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Narisawa
- Ibaraki University College of Agriculture, 3-21-1 Chuo, Ami-machi, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan
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Gajanayake AJ, Karunarathna SC, Jayawardena RS, Luangharn T, Balasuriya A. Fungicolous Mucor on mushrooms: One novel species and six host records from southwest China and northern Thailand. Mycologia 2023; 115:674-692. [PMID: 37409884 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2023.2220166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Mucor species are a group of common soil-borne fungi, known to cause infections on humans and animals, interfere in food production, and act as useful agents in biotechnological applications. This study reports one new Mucor species, M. yunnanensis, which was found to be fungicolous on an Armillaria sp. from southwest China. Further, M. circinelloides on Phlebopus sp., M. hiemalis on Ramaria sp. and Boletus sp., M. irregularis on Pleurotus sp., M. nederlandicus on Russula sp., and M. yunnanensis on Boletus sp. are reported as new host records. Mucor yunnanensis and M. hiemalis have been collected from Yunnan Province in China, whereas M. circinelloides, M. irregularis, and M. nederlandicus have been collected from Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai Provinces in Thailand. All the Mucor taxa reported herein were identified based on both morphology and phylogenetic analyses of a combined nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer region ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS) and partial nuc 28S rDNA (28S) sequence matrix. Comprehensive descriptions, illustrations, and a phylogenetic tree are provided for all the taxa reported in the study to show the placements of taxa, and the new taxon is compared with its sister taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achala J Gajanayake
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Samantha C Karunarathna
- Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China
- National Institute of Fundamental Studies (NIFS), Hantana Road, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Ruvishika S Jayawardena
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Thatsanee Luangharn
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Abhaya Balasuriya
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
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11
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Scaife K, Vo TD, Dommels Y, Leune E, Albermann K, Pařenicová L. In silico and in vitro safety assessment of a fungal biomass from Rhizomucor pusillus for use as a novel food ingredient. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 179:113972. [PMID: 37532172 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
To address the growing world population and reduce the impact of environmental changes on the global food supply, ingredients are being produced using microorganisms to yield sustainable and innovative products. Food ingredients manufactured using modern biotechnology must be produced by non-toxigenic and nonpathogenic production organisms that do not harbor antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Several fungal species represent attractive targets as sources of alternative food products. One such product is a fungal biomass obtained from the fermentation of Rhizomucor pusillus strain CBS 143028. The whole genome sequence of this strain was annotated and subjected to sequence homology searches and in silico phenotype prediction tools to identify genetic elements encoding for protein toxins active via oral consumption, virulence factors associated with pathogenicity, and determinants of AMR. The in silico investigation revealed no genetic elements sharing significant sequence homology with putative virulence factors, protein toxins, or AMR determinants, including the absence of mucoricin, an essential toxin in the pathogenesis of mucormycosis. These in silico findings were corroborated in vitro based on the absence of clinically relevant mycotoxin or antibacterial secondary metabolites. Consequently, it is unlikely that R. pusillis strain CBS 143028 would pose a safety concern for use in food for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Scaife
- Intertek Health Sciences Inc., 2233 Argentia Road, Suite 21, Mississauga, ON, L5N 2X7, Canada.
| | - Trung D Vo
- Intertek Health Sciences Inc., 2233 Argentia Road, Suite 21, Mississauga, ON, L5N 2X7, Canada
| | - Yvonne Dommels
- The Protein Brewery B.V., Goeseelsstraat 10, 4817, MV, Breda, the Netherlands
| | - Elisa Leune
- The Protein Brewery B.V., Goeseelsstraat 10, 4817, MV, Breda, the Netherlands
| | - Kaj Albermann
- Labvantage - Biomax GmbH, Robert-Koch-Str. 2, 82152, Planegg, Germany
| | - Lucie Pařenicová
- The Protein Brewery B.V., Goeseelsstraat 10, 4817, MV, Breda, the Netherlands; BioXact, Böttgerwater 44, 2497, ZJ, Den Haag, Netherlands
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12
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Rúa-Giraldo ÁL. Fungal taxonomy: A puzzle with many missing pieces. BIOMEDICA : REVISTA DEL INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SALUD 2023; 43:288-311. [PMID: 37721899 PMCID: PMC10588969 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.7052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Fungi are multifaceted organisms found in almost all ecosystems on Earth, where they establish various types of symbiosis with other living beings. Despite being recognized by humans since ancient times, and the high number of works delving into their biology and ecology, much is still unknown about these organisms. Some criteria classically used for their study are nowadays limited, generating confusion in categorizing them, and even more, when trying to understand their genealogical relationships. To identify species within Fungi, phenotypic characters to date are not sufficient, and to construct a broad phylogeny or a phylogeny of a particular group, there are still gaps affecting the generated trees, making them unstable and easily debated. For health professionals, fungal identification at lower levels such as genus and species, is enough to select the most appropriate therapy for their control, understand the epidemiology of clinical pictures associated, and recognize outbreaks and antimicrobial resistance. However, the taxonomic location within the kingdom, information with apparently little relevance, can allow phylogenetic relationships to be established between fungal taxa, facilitating the understanding of their biology, distribution in nature, and pathogenic potential evolution. Advances in molecular biology and computer science techniques from the last 30 years have led to crucial changes aiming to establish the criteria to define a fungal species, allowing us to reach a kind of stable phylogenetic construction. However, there is still a long way to go, and it requires the joint work of the scientific community at a global level and support for basic research.
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13
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Park SY, Chang EJ, Ledeboer N, Messacar K, Lindner MS, Venkatasubrahmanyam S, Wilber JC, Vaughn ML, Bercovici S, Perkins BA, Nolte FS. Plasma Microbial Cell-Free DNA Sequencing from over 15,000 Patients Identified a Broad Spectrum of Pathogens. J Clin Microbiol 2023; 61:e0185522. [PMID: 37439686 PMCID: PMC10446866 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01855-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial cell-free DNA (mcfDNA) sequencing is an emerging infectious disease diagnostic tool which enables unbiased pathogen detection and quantification from plasma. The Karius Test, a commercial mcfDNA sequencing assay developed by and available since 2017 from Karius, Inc. (Redwood City, CA), detects and quantifies mcfDNA as molecules/μL in plasma. The commercial sample data and results for all tests conducted from April 2018 through mid-September 2021 were evaluated for laboratory quality metrics, reported pathogens, and data from test requisition forms. A total of 18,690 reports were generated from 15,165 patients in a hospital setting among 39 states and the District of Columbia. The median time from sample receipt to reported result was 26 h (interquartile range [IQR] 25 to 28), and 96% of samples had valid test results. Almost two-thirds (65%) of patients were adults, and 29% at the time of diagnostic testing had ICD-10 codes representing a diverse array of clinical scenarios. There were 10,752 (58%) reports that yielded at least one taxon for a total of 22,792 detections spanning 701 unique microbial taxa. The 50 most common taxa detected included 36 bacteria, 9 viruses, and 5 fungi. Opportunistic fungi (374 Aspergillus spp., 258 Pneumocystis jirovecii, 196 Mucorales, and 33 dematiaceous fungi) comprised 861 (4%) of all detections. Additional diagnostically challenging pathogens (247 zoonotic and vector-borne pathogens, 144 Mycobacterium spp., 80 Legionella spp., 78 systemic dimorphic fungi, 69 Nocardia spp., and 57 protozoan parasites) comprised 675 (3%) of all detections. This is the largest reported cohort of patients tested using plasma mcfDNA sequencing and represents the first report of a clinical grade metagenomic test performed at scale. Data reveal new insights into the breadth and complexity of potential pathogens identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kevin Messacar
- University of Colorado, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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14
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Pham D, Howard-Jones AR, Sparks R, Stefani M, Sivalingam V, Halliday CL, Beardsley J, Chen SCA. Epidemiology, Modern Diagnostics, and the Management of Mucorales Infections. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:659. [PMID: 37367595 DOI: 10.3390/jof9060659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucormycosis is an uncommon, yet deadly invasive fungal infection caused by the Mucorales moulds. These pathogens are a WHO-assigned high-priority pathogen group, as mucormycosis incidence is increasing, and there is unacceptably high mortality with current antifungal therapies. Current diagnostic methods have inadequate sensitivity and specificity and may have issues with accessibility or turnaround time. Patients with diabetes mellitus and immune compromise are predisposed to infection with these environmental fungi, but COVID-19 has established itself as a new risk factor. Mucorales also cause healthcare-associated outbreaks, and clusters associated with natural disasters have also been identified. Robust epidemiological surveillance into burden of disease, at-risk populations, and emerging pathogens is required. Emerging serological and molecular techniques may offer a faster route to diagnosis, while newly developed antifungal agents show promise in preliminary studies. Equitable access to these emerging diagnostic techniques and antifungal therapies will be key in identifying and treating mucormycosis, as delayed initiation of therapy is associated with higher mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pham
- Centre for Infectious Diseases & Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2170, Australia
| | - Annaleise R Howard-Jones
- Centre for Infectious Diseases & Microbiology Laboratory Services, NSW Health Pathology-Institute of Clinical Pathology & Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2170, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Rebecca Sparks
- Douglass Hanly Moir Pathology, Sydney, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Maurizio Stefani
- Centre for Infectious Diseases & Microbiology Laboratory Services, NSW Health Pathology-Institute of Clinical Pathology & Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2170, Australia
| | - Varsha Sivalingam
- Centre for Infectious Diseases & Microbiology Laboratory Services, NSW Health Pathology-Institute of Clinical Pathology & Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2170, Australia
| | - Catriona L Halliday
- Centre for Infectious Diseases & Microbiology Laboratory Services, NSW Health Pathology-Institute of Clinical Pathology & Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2170, Australia
| | - Justin Beardsley
- Centre for Infectious Diseases & Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2170, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Sharon C-A Chen
- Centre for Infectious Diseases & Microbiology Laboratory Services, NSW Health Pathology-Institute of Clinical Pathology & Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2170, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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15
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Tanimura K, Nakajima M, Shirakawa N, Tao K, Sugiyama M, Watanabe Y, Arakawa A, Kikuchi M, Takahashi M, Narita Y, Shiotsuka M, Kobayashi O, Iwata S, Yoshida A, Abe M, Yamagoe S, Miyazaki Y, Ogawa C. Surgical site infection caused by Rhizopus caespitosus after metastasectomy for osteosarcoma: First report of infection in humans. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2023; 70:e30049. [PMID: 36317667 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.30049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Tanimura
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miho Nakajima
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nami Shirakawa
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kayoko Tao
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanaka Sugiyama
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Watanabe
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayumu Arakawa
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyu Kikuchi
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuro-Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masamichi Takahashi
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuro-Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Narita
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuro-Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mika Shiotsuka
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Kobayashi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Iwata
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yoshida
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Abe
- Department of Fungal Infection, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamagoe
- Department of Fungal Infection, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitsugu Miyazaki
- Department of Fungal Infection, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chitose Ogawa
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Nguyen TTT, Santiago ALCMDA, Kirk PM, Lee HB. Discovery of a New Lichtheimia (Lichtheimiaceae, Mucorales) from Invertebrate Niche and Its Phylogenetic Status and Physiological Characteristics. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9030317. [PMID: 36983485 PMCID: PMC10056009 DOI: 10.3390/jof9030317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Species of Lichtheimia are important opportunistic fungal pathogens in the order Mucorales that are isolated from various sources such as soil, indoor air, food products, feces, and decaying vegetables. In recent years, species of Lichtheimia have become an emerging causative agent of invasive mucormycosis. In Europe and USA, Lichtheimia are the second and third most common causal fungus of mucormycosis, respectively. Thus, the aim of this study was to survey the diversity of species of Lichtheimia hidden in poorly studied hosts, such as invertebrates, in Korea. Eight Lichtheimia strains were isolated from invertebrate samples. Based on morphology, physiology, and phylogenetic analyses of ITS and LSU rDNA sequence data, the strains were identified as L. hyalospora, L. ornata, L. ramosa, and a novel species, L. koreana sp. nov. Lichtheimia koreana is characterized by a variable columellae, sporangiophores arising solitarily or up to three at one place from stolons, and slow growth on MEA and PDA at all temperatures tested. The new species grows best at 30 and 35 °C and has a maximum growth temperature of 40 °C. Detailed descriptions, illustrations, and a phylogenetic tree are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuong T. T. Nguyen
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Biological Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Paul M. Kirk
- Biodiversity Informatics and Spatial Analysis, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Hyang Burm Lee
- Departamento de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. da Engenharia, s/n, Recife 50740-4600, PE, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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17
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Ferreira-Machado E, Ervedosa TB, Navas-Suárez PE, Figueiredo KB, de Carvalho ACSR, Takahashi JPF, de Araújo LT, de Jesus IP, de Carvalho J, Sanches T, de Azevedo Fernandes NCC, Guerra JM. Disseminated Mucor indicus infection in a marmoset (Callithrix sp.). J Med Primatol 2023; 52:190-193. [PMID: 36744618 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mucormycosis is rarely described in Platyrrhines. Herein, we describe the pathologic and molecular features of a gastric and hepatic infection by Mucor indicus in a marmoset (Callithrix sp.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Ferreira-Machado
- Pathology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil.,Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Juliana Possatto Fernandes Takahashi
- Pathology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | | | | | - Julia de Carvalho
- Pathology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Thaís Sanches
- Center for Management and Conservation of Wild Animals (CeMaCAs), The Fauna Division of the Municipal Secretariat for Green and Environment of the Municipality of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Natália Coelho Couto de Azevedo Fernandes
- Pathology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil.,Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Juliana Mariotti Guerra
- Pathology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil.,Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil
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18
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Cordeiro TRL, Walther G, Lee HB, Nguyen TTT, de Souza CAF, Lima DX, de Oliveira RJV, Góes-Neto A, Tomé LMR, Kurzai O, Voigt K, de Azevedo Santiago ALCM. A polyphasic approach to the taxonomy of Backusella reveals two new species. Mycol Prog 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-023-01864-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Acosta-España JD, Voigt K. An old confusion: Entomophthoromycosis versus mucormycosis and their main differences. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1035100. [PMID: 36406416 PMCID: PMC9670544 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1035100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal diseases were underestimated for many years. And the global burden of fungal infections is substantial and has increased in recent years. Invasive fungal infections have been linked to several risk factors in humans which basically depend on the individual homeostasis of the patients. However, many fungi can infect even apparently healthy people. Knowledge of these pathogens is critical in reducing or stopping morbidity and/or mortality statistics due to fungal pathogens. Successful therapeutic strategies rely on rapid diagnosis of the causative fungal agent and the underlying disease. However, the terminology of the diseases was updated to existing phylogenetic classifications and led to confusion in the definition of mucormycosis, conidiobolomycosis, and basidiobolomycosis, which were previously grouped under the now-uncommon term zygomycosis. Therefore, the ecological, taxonomic, clinical, and diagnostic differences are addressed to optimize the understanding and definition of these diseases. The term "coenocytic hyphomycosis" is proposed to summarize all fungal infections caused by Mucorales and species of Basidiobolus and Conidiobolus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime David Acosta-España
- Jena Microbial Resource Collection, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany,Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany,Postgraduate Program in Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Kerstin Voigt
- Jena Microbial Resource Collection, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany,Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany,*Correspondence: Kerstin Voigt,
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20
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Montaño DE, Hartung S, Wich M, Ali R, Jungnickel B, von Lilienfeld-Toal M, Voigt K. The TLR-NF-kB axis contributes to the monocytic inflammatory response against a virulent strain of Lichtheimia corymbifera, a causative agent of invasive mucormycosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:882921. [PMID: 36311802 PMCID: PMC9608459 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.882921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive mucormycosis (IM) is a life-threatening infection caused by the fungal order Mucorales, its diagnosis is often delayed, and mortality rates range from 40-80% due to its rapid progression. Individuals suffering from hematological malignancies, diabetes mellitus, organ transplantations, and most recently COVID-19 are particularly susceptible to infection by Mucorales. Given the increase in the occurrence of these diseases, mucormycosis has emerged as one of the most common fungal infections in the last years. However, little is known about the host immune response to Mucorales. Therefore, we characterized the interaction among L. corymbifera—one of the most common causative agents of IM—and human monocytes, which are specialized phagocytes that play an instrumental role in the modulation of the inflammatory response against several pathogenic fungi. This study covered four relevant aspects of the host-pathogen interaction: i) The recognition of L. corymbifera by human monocytes. ii) The intracellular fate of L. corymbifera. iii) The inflammatory response by human monocytes against the most common causative agents of mucormycosis. iv) The main activated Pattern-Recognition Receptors (PRRs) inflammatory signaling cascades in response to L. corymbifera. Here, we demonstrate that L. corymbifera exhibits resistance to intracellular killing over 24 hours, does not germinate, and inflicts minimal damage to the host cell. Nonetheless, viable fungal spores of L. corymbifera induced early production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β, and late release of TNF-α and IL-6 by human monocytes. Moreover, we revealed that IL-1β production predominantly depends on Toll-like receptors (TLRs) priming, especially via TLR4, while TNF-α is secreted via C-type lectin receptors (CTLs), and IL-6 is produced by synergistic activation of TLRs and CTLs. All these signaling pathways lead to the activation of NF-kB, a transcription factor that not only regulates the inflammatory response but also the apoptotic fate of monocytes during infection with L. corymbifera. Collectively, our findings provide new insights into the host-pathogen interactions, which may serve for future therapies to enhance the host inflammatory response to L. corymbifera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolly E. Montaño
- Jena Microbial Resource Collection, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Jena Microbial Resource Collection, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Susann Hartung
- Infections in Hematology and Oncology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Melissa Wich
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Rida Ali
- Jena Microbial Resource Collection, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Berit Jungnickel
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Marie von Lilienfeld-Toal
- Infections in Hematology and Oncology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Kerstin Voigt
- Jena Microbial Resource Collection, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Jena Microbial Resource Collection, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- *Correspondence: Kerstin Voigt,
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21
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Ghosh AK, Singh R, Reddy S, Singh S, Rudramurthy SM, Kaur H, Choudhary H, Chakrabarti A. Evaluation of environmental Mucorales contamination in and around the residence of COVID-19-associated mucormycosis patients. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:953750. [PMID: 36118044 PMCID: PMC9478190 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.953750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionRecently, India witnessed an unprecedented surge of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated mucormycosis (CAM) cases. In addition to patient management issues, environmental Mucorales contamination possibly contributed to the outbreak. A recent study evaluated environment contamination by Mucorales in the hospital setting. However, a considerable number of CAM patients were never admitted to a hospital before the development of the disease. The present study, therefore, planned to evaluate Mucorales contamination of patients’ residences.MethodsThe residential environment of 25 patients with CAM living in north India was surveyed. Air samples were collected from indoor and immediate outdoor vicinity of the patients’ residence and cultured on Dichloran Rose–Bengal Chloramphenicol (DRBC) agar with benomyl for selective isolation of Mucorales. Surface swab samples were also collected from the air coolers fitted in those residences and cultured on DRBC agar. The isolates were identified by phenotypic and genotypic methods. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) was employed to evaluate the genetic relatedness of the environmental and patients’ clinical isolates.ResultsThe median spore count (mean ± SD, cfu/m3) of Mucorales in the air of patients’ bedrooms was significantly higher than in the air in other rooms in those residences (3.55 versus 1.5, p = 0.003) or the air collected directly from the front of the air cooler (p < 0.0001). The Mucorales spore count in the environment did not correlate with either ventilation of the room or hygiene level of the patients’ residences. Rhizopus arrhizus was isolated from the environment of all patients’ residences (n = 25); other Mucorales species isolated were Cunninghamella bertholletiae (n = 14), Rhizopus microsporus (n = 6), Rhizopus delemar (n = 6), Syncephalastrum racemosum (n = 1), Lichtheimia corymbifera (n = 1), and Mucor racemosus (n = 1). Genetic relatedness was observed between 11 environmental isolates from the patients’ bedrooms and respective clinical isolates from patients.DiscussionThe study supported the view that the patients might have acquired Mucorales from the home environment during the post-COVID-19 convalescence period. Universal masking at home during patients’ convalescence period and environmental decontamination could minimize exposure in those susceptible patients.
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22
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Kathirvel S, Muthu V, Rudramurthy SM, Kaur H, Chakrabarti A, Agarwal R. Could cattle dung burning have contributed to the epidemic of COVID-19-associated mucormycosis in India? Results of an experimental aero-mycological study. Mycoses 2022; 65:1024-1029. [PMID: 35726395 PMCID: PMC9350001 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Several hypotheses have been proposed for explaining the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19)‐associated mucormycosis in India, including the burning of cattle dung cakes, though no study has yet been conducted to support this claim. Methods We conducted an aero‐mycological study to evaluate whether Mucorales in the air increased during or after burning cattle dung cakes. We further compared the growth of Mucorales in the indoor air samples from houses with and without cattle. We also cultured fresh and dried cattle dung and soil samples for Mucorales. Results We noted no significant difference in the proportion of air samples growing Mucorales during (4/22 [18.2%]) and after (3/2 [13.6%]) cattle dung burning than that collected immediately before (4/22 [18.2%]). Mucorales were isolated in 15.4% of the indoor air samples obtained from different houses (both rural and urban); the proportion of samples growing Mucorales was not significantly different in households with and without cattle. We also observed growth of Mucorales in 6 of the 8 [75%] fresh and 3 of the 6 [50%] dried dung samples. The most common Mucorales isolated from soil and dung samples was Lichtheimia corymbifera, while Rhizopus arrhizus was the most common species isolated from indoor air samples. Conclusions We found no significant increase in the proportion of air samples growing Mucorales during or after burning cattle dung cake than that before. It seems unlikely that cattle dung burning contributes to the occurrence of mucormycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soundappan Kathirvel
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Postgraduate institute of medical education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Valliappan Muthu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate institute of medical education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Harsimran Kaur
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate institute of medical education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Arunaloke Chakrabarti
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate institute of medical education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ritesh Agarwal
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate institute of medical education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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23
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Galosi L, Falcaro C, Danesi P, Zanardello C, Berardi S, Biagini L, Attili AR, Rossi G. Atypical Mycosis in Psittacine Birds: A Retrospective Study. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:883276. [PMID: 35647088 PMCID: PMC9135461 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.883276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A retrospective study was conducted on parrots submitted from necropsy to the Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Biosciences and Veterinary, University of Camerino, Italy, from 2007 to 2018. From a total of 2,153 parrots examined at post-mortem, four cases were diagnosed with atypical mycosis and were considered for determination of the fungus species by PCR. A Fischer's lovebird (Agapornis fischeri), Peach-faced lovebirds (Agapornis roseicollis), and two Blue and Gold Macaws (Ara ararauna) from four different aviaries died after some days of lethargy and ruffled feathers. Records of gross necropsy and histopathological exams (H&E, PAS, and Grocott stain) were described and biomolecular analyses were carried out. No specific gross lesions were appreciated at necropsy, while histopathology evidenced a systemic mycosis in several organs, particularly in the lungs. In affected organs, broad and non-septate hyphae, suggestive of mycoses, were observed. Molecularly, Mucor racemosus (Fischer's lovebird) and M. circinelloides (Peach-faced lovebirds) were identified from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) lung and liver tissue. In addition, Alternaria alternata and Fusicladium spp. (respectively in male and female Blue and Gold macaws) were identified in FFPE tissue from several organs; whereas the role of Mucor spp. as true pathogens is well-demonstrated, and the behavior of A. alternata and Fusicladium spp. in macaws as opportunistic pathogens have been discussed. To our knowledge, this report is the first one reporting mucormycosis caused by M. racemosus and M. circinelloides in lovebirds, and A. alternata and Fusicladium spp. in macaws.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livio Galosi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica, Italy
- *Correspondence: Livio Galosi
| | - Christian Falcaro
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Patrizia Danesi
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Claudia Zanardello
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Sara Berardi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica, Italy
| | - Lucia Biagini
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica, Italy
| | - Anna-Rita Attili
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica, Italy
| | - Giacomo Rossi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica, Italy
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24
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Fragoso de Souza CA, Lima DX, Pae da Costa D, Lima da Cunha GC, Valente de Medeiros É, Azevedo de Santiago ALCM. Mucor septatiphorus nom. nov. and other Mucor species recorded from the Brazilian upland forest. MYCOTAXON 2022. [DOI: 10.5248/137.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
During a survey of mucoralean diversity in three different fragments of upland forest located in the semi-arid region of Pernambuco, Brazil, 14 species of Mucor were recorded; twelve of them reported for the first time from upland forest areas. We propose a replacement
name for Mucor septatus nom. illeg. and present detailed descriptions and illustrations of the specimens isolated.
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25
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Dogra S, Arora A, Aggarwal A, Passi G, Sharma A, Singh G, Barnwal RP. Mucormycosis Amid COVID-19 Crisis: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Novel Treatment Strategies to Combat the Spread. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:794176. [PMID: 35058909 PMCID: PMC8763841 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.794176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The havoc unleashed by COVID-19 pandemic has paved way for secondary ominous fungal infections like Mucormycosis. It is caused by a class of opportunistic pathogens from the order Mucorales. Fatality rates due to this contagious infection are extremely high. Numerous clinical manifestations result in damage to multiple organs subject to the patient's underlying condition. Lack of a proper detection method and reliable treatment has made the management of this infection troublesome. Several reports studying the behavior pattern of Mucorales inside the host by modulation of its defense mechanisms have helped in understanding the pathogenesis of this angio-invasive infection. Many recent advances in diagnosis and treatment of this fungal infection have not been much beneficial. Therefore, there is a need to foster more viable strategies. This article summarizes current and imminent approaches that could aid effective management of these secondary infections in these times of global pandemic. It is foreseen that the development of newer antifungal drugs, antimicrobial peptides, and nanotechnology-based approaches for drug delivery would help combat this infection and curb its spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Dogra
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Akanksha Arora
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Aashni Aggarwal
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gautam Passi
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Akanksha Sharma
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gurpal Singh
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ravi P. Barnwal
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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26
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Novel Pathogenic Mucorales Identified Using the Silkworm Infection Model. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7110995. [PMID: 34829282 PMCID: PMC8621750 DOI: 10.3390/jof7110995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucormycosis, a rare but highly fatal infection, is caused by fungi of the order Mucorales. Due to their ubiquitous nature, reduced susceptibility to antifungals, acid tolerance, and ability to infect immunocompromised patients through rapid dissemination, these fungi have been frequently reported to infect the COVID-19 patients. In order to develop strategies to overcome mucormycosis, it is essential to understand and identify novel Mucorales present in the environment. In this study, we report the identification of four novel pathogenic Mucorales using the silkworm (Bombyx mori) model. The strains’ phylogeny was analyzed using the genome sequence of the large subunit ribosomal ribonucleic acid (LSU rRNA) and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, where strains 1-3, 5-3, and S286-1101 claded with Mucor orantomantidis, and strain 827-14 claded with Backusella lamprospora. All the strains had a cold-sensitive phenotype with their inability to grow prominently at 4 °C. Mucor sp. 1-3 and 5-3 were characterized by their filamentous and yeast-like growth under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively. The yeast colonies of Mucor sp. 5-3 had multipolar budding cells often observed with cleaved cell surfaces under a scanning electron microscope. We further found that these strains were able to kill immunocompromised mice suggesting their pathogenicity to mammals. Our study established an invertebrate model-based screening system to identify novel pathogenic Mucorales from the natural environment and provided a clue towards the rapid increase in COVID-19 related mucormycosis.
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27
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Hurdeal VG, Gentekaki E, Hyde KD, Nguyen TTT, Lee HB. Novel Mucor species (Mucoromycetes, Mucoraceae) from northern Thailand. MycoKeys 2021; 84:57-78. [PMID: 34759734 PMCID: PMC8575866 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.84.71530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucor species are common fast-growing fungi found in soil. Two new species of Mucor and one new geographical record of M.nederlandicus were collected from northern Thailand and are described in this study. Evidence from morphophysiological data and phylogenetic analysis supports the introduction of the new taxa. Phylogenetic analysis based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit of the nuclear ribosomal RNA (LSU) data showed that the new isolates cluster distinctly from other Mucor species with high or maximum bootstrap support. Mucoraseptatophorus is characterized by aseptate sporangiophores, globose columella, resistant and deliquescent sporangia, has sympodial, and monopodial branches and shows growth at 37 °C. It also differs from M.irregularis in having smaller sporangiospores, and larger sporangia. Mucorchiangraiensis has subglobose or slightly elongated globose columella, produces hyaline sporangiospores, and resistant and deliquescent sporangia. Furthermore, this species has wider sporangiophore, smaller sporangia and lower growth than M.nederlandicus. A detailed description of the species and illustrations are provided for the novel species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedprakash G Hurdeal
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand.,Environmental Microbiology Lab, Dept. of Agricultural Biological Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Eleni Gentekaki
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - Kevin D Hyde
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - Thuong T T Nguyen
- Environmental Microbiology Lab, Dept. of Agricultural Biological Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Hyang Burm Lee
- Environmental Microbiology Lab, Dept. of Agricultural Biological Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
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28
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Gnat S, Łagowski D, Nowakiewicz A, Dyląg M. A global view on fungal infections in humans and animals: opportunistic infections and microsporidioses. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:2095-2113. [PMID: 33556223 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
After cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases are the second most common cause of death worldwide. Although these infections are caused mainly by viruses or bacteria, a systematically growing prevalence of human and animal opportunistic fungal infections is noticeable worldwide. More attention is being paid to this problem, especially due to the growing frequency of recalcitrant and recurrent mycoses. The latter are classically divided into superficial, which are the most common type, subcutaneous, and systemic. This work discusses opportunistic fungal pathogens without proven horizontal transmission between different animal species including humans and microsporidia as spore-forming unicellular parasites related to fungi; however, with a yet undetermined taxonomic position. The review also mentions aetiological agents, risk factors, epidemiology, geographical distribution, and finally symptoms characteristic for individual disease entities. This paper provides insight into fungal infections from a global perspective and simultaneously draws attention to emerging pathogens, whose prevalence is continuously increasing. Finally, this work also takes into consideration the correct nomenclature of fungal disease entities and the importance of secondary metabolites in the pathogenesis of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gnat
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - D Łagowski
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - A Nowakiewicz
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - M Dyląg
- Department of Mycology and Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
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29
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Early-diverging fungal phyla: taxonomy, species concept, ecology, distribution, anthropogenic impact, and novel phylogenetic proposals. FUNGAL DIVERS 2021; 109:59-98. [PMID: 34608378 PMCID: PMC8480134 DOI: 10.1007/s13225-021-00480-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The increasing number of new fungal species described from all over the world along with the use of genetics to define taxa, has dramatically changed the classification system of early-diverging fungi over the past several decades. The number of phyla established for non-Dikarya fungi has increased from 2 to 17. However, to date, both the classification and phylogeny of the basal fungi are still unresolved. In this article, we review the recent taxonomy of the basal fungi and re-evaluate the relationships among early-diverging lineages of fungal phyla. We also provide information on the ecology and distribution in Mucoromycota and highlight the impact of chytrids on amphibian populations. Species concepts in Chytridiomycota, Aphelidiomycota, Rozellomycota, Neocallimastigomycota are discussed in this paper. To preserve the current application of the genus Nephridiophaga (Chytridiomycota: Nephridiophagales), a new type species, Nephridiophaga blattellae, is proposed.
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30
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Chang L, Qi Y, Wang Y, Liu CH, Chen S, Miao B, Tong D. Systemic mucormycosis caused by Rhizopus microsporus in a captive bottlenose dolphin. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:2404-2409. [PMID: 34547177 PMCID: PMC8604117 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A 6‐year‐old female bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) kept in dolphinarium died after a 3.5‐month period of lethargy and inappetence despite antibiotics and supportive care. At necropsy, gross findings included diffuse varying‐sized nodules in the lungs and scattered nodules throughout the heart, spleen, mesenteric and hilar lymph node and kidney. Microscopically, the lesions were characterised by disseminated fungal pyogranulomas with numerous intralesional Mucor‐like fungi. The fungi structures were demonstrated by Periodic acid‐Schiff and Gomori methenamine silver stain. Molecular analyses of the fungi were Rhizopus microsporus by PCR sequencing 18S ribosomal RNA gene. Ziehl–Neelsen stain failed to show acid‐fast bacterial infection. Based on pathological and molecular examination, systemic granulomatous mucormycosis was diagnosed. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of systemic mucormycosis caused by Rhizopus microsporus in bottlenose dolphin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanping Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yamian Wang
- Xi'an Qujiang Polar Ocean Park, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chen-Hsuan Liu
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Songbiao Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bichen Miao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dewen Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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31
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Muftah Eltariki FE, Tiwari K, Alhoot MA. Molecular characterization and genetic diversity of four undescribed novel oleaginous Mortierella alpina strains from Libya. F1000Res 2021; 10:895. [PMID: 34745563 PMCID: PMC8564746 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.70644.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A large number of undiscovered fungal species still exist on earth, which can be useful for bioprospecting, particularly for single cell oil (SCO) production. Mortierella is one of the significant genera in this field and contains about hundred species. Moreover, M. alpina is the main single cell oil producer at commercial scale under this genus. Methods: Soil samples from four unique locations of North-East Libya were collected for the isolation of oleaginous Mortierellaalpina strains by a serial dilution method. Morphological identification was carried out using light microscopy (Olympus, Japan) and genetic diversity of the isolated Mortierella alpina strains was assessed using conserved internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene sequences available on the NCBI GenBank database for the confirmation of novelty. The nucleotide sequences reported in this study have been deposited at GenBank (accession no. MZ298831:MZ298835). The MultAlin program was used to align the sequences of closely related strains. The DNA sequences were analyzed for phylogenetic relationships by molecular evolutionary genetic analysis using MEGA X software consisting of Clustal_X v.2.1 for multiple sequence alignment. The neighbour-joining tree was constructed using the Kimura 2-parameter substitution model. Results: The present research study confirms four oleaginous fungal isolates from Libyan soil. These isolates (barcoded as MSU-101, MSU-201, MSU-401 and MSU-501) were discovered and reported for the first time from diverse soil samples of district Aljabal Al-Akhdar in North-East Libya and fall in the class: Zygomycetes; order: Mortierellales. Conclusions: Four oleaginous fungal isolates barcoded as MSU-101, MSU-201, MSU-401 and MSU-501 were identified and confirmed by morphological and molecular analysis. These fungal isolates showed highest similarity with Mortierella alpina species and can be potentialistic single cell oil producers. Thus, the present research study provides insight to the unseen fungal diversity and contributes to more comprehensive Mortierella alpina reference collections worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kartikeya Tiwari
- Microbiology and Post Graduation Center, Management and Science University, Shah Alam, Selangor, 40100, Malaysia
| | - Mohammed Abdelfatah Alhoot
- Microbiology and Post Graduation Center, Management and Science University, Shah Alam, Selangor, 40100, Malaysia
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32
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Arfaj L, Aloqpi F, Elsayad W, Tayeb S, Rabie N, Samannodi M. A fatal case of disseminated mucormycosis in an immunocompetent patient post traumatic injury. IDCases 2021; 25:e01182. [PMID: 34168958 PMCID: PMC8209080 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2021.e01182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucormycosis, is an invasive infection caused by fungi. Mainly it affects patients with immunosuppressive conditions but can occur in immuncompetent host in specific situation such us direct skin inoculation by traumatic injury. We present a 56-year-old patient who hospitalized due to left orbital cellulitis and necrotizing fasciitis post traumatic injury. A diagnosis of invasive mucormycosis was established by tissue histopathology and culture. Despite daily surgical debridement and amphotericin B, the infection disseminated to central nervous system led to fatal outcome. We conclude that mucormycosis can disseminate in immunocompetent population and leads to death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lama Arfaj
- Department of Medicine, King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatinah Aloqpi
- Department of Medicine, King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Elsayad
- Department of Medicine, King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Tayeb
- Department of Medicine, King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada Rabie
- Department of Medicine, King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Samannodi
- Department of Medicine, King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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33
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Nagy G, Kiss S, Varghese R, Bauer K, Szebenyi C, Kocsubé S, Homa M, Bodai L, Zsindely N, Nagy G, Vágvölgyi C, Papp T. Characterization of Three Pleiotropic Drug Resistance Transporter Genes and Their Participation in the Azole Resistance of Mucor circinelloides. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:660347. [PMID: 33937100 PMCID: PMC8079984 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.660347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucormycosis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection caused by certain members of the fungal order Mucorales. This infection is associated with high mortality rate, which can reach nearly 100% depending on the underlying condition of the patient. Treatment of mucormycosis is challenging because these fungi are intrinsically resistant to most of the routinely used antifungal agents, such as most of the azoles. One possible mechanism of azole resistance is the drug efflux catalyzed by members of the ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily. The pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) transporter subfamily of ABC transporters is the most closely associated to drug resistance. The genome of Mucor circinelloides encodes eight putative PDR-type transporters. In this study, transcription of the eight pdr genes has been analyzed after azole treatment. Only the pdr1 showed increased transcript level in response to all tested azoles. Deletion of this gene caused increased susceptibility to posaconazole, ravuconazole and isavuconazole and altered growth ability of the mutant. In the pdr1 deletion mutant, transcript level of pdr2 and pdr6 significantly increased. Deletion of pdr2 and pdr6 was also done to create single and double knock out mutants for the three genes. After deletion of pdr2 and pdr6, growth ability of the mutant strains decreased, while deletion of pdr2 resulted in increased sensitivity against posaconazole, ravuconazole and isavuconazole. Our result suggests that the regulation of the eight pdr genes is interconnected and pdr1 and pdr2 participates in the resistance of the fungus to posaconazole, ravuconazole and isavuconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Nagy
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE “Lendület” Fungal Pathogenicity Mechanisms Research Group, Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sándor Kiss
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Rakesh Varghese
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Kitti Bauer
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csilla Szebenyi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE “Lendület” Fungal Pathogenicity Mechanisms Research Group, Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sándor Kocsubé
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mónika Homa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE “Lendület” Fungal Pathogenicity Mechanisms Research Group, Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Bodai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Nóra Zsindely
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Papp
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE “Lendület” Fungal Pathogenicity Mechanisms Research Group, Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Hurdeal VG, Gentekaki E, Lee HB, Jeewon R, Hyde KD, Tibpromma S, Mortimer PE, Xu J. Mucoralean Fungi in Thailand: Novel Species of Absidia from Tropical Forest Soil. CRYPTOGAMIE MYCOL 2021. [DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2021v42a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vedprakash G. Hurdeal
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 and School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 (Thailand)
| | - Eleni Gentekaki
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 (Thailand)
| | - Hyang B. Lee
- Environmental Microbiology Lab., Dept. of Agricultural Biological Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186 (Korea)
| | - Rajesh Jeewon
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Mauritius, Reduit (Mauritius)
| | - Kevin D. Hyde
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 (Thailand) and Institute of Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Haizhu District, Guangzhou 510225 (China) and CAS Key Laboratory for Pl
| | - Saowaluck Tibpromma
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan and Mountain futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, Yunn
| | - Peter E. Mortimer
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan and Mountain futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, Yunn
| | - Jianchu Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan and Mountain futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, Yunn
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Wang X, Fang J, Liu P, Liu J, Fang W, Fang Z, Xiao Y. Mucoromycotina Fungi Possess the Ability to Utilize Plant Sucrose as a Carbon Source: Evidence From Gongronella sp. w5. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:591697. [PMID: 33584561 PMCID: PMC7874188 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.591697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucoromycotina is one of the earliest fungi to establish a mutualistic relationship with plants in the ancient land. However, the detailed information on their carbon supply from the host plants is largely unknown. In this research, a free-living Mucoromycotina called Gongronella sp. w5 (w5) was employed to explore its effect on Medicago truncatula growth and carbon source utilization from its host plant during the interaction process. W5 promoted M. truncatula growth and caused the sucrose accumulation in M. truncatula root tissue at 16 days post-inoculation (dpi). The transportation of photosynthetic product sucrose to the rhizosphere by M. truncatula root cells seemed accelerated by upregulating the SWEET gene. A predicted cytoplasmic invertase (GspInv) gene and a sucrose transporter (GspSUT1) homology gene in the w5 genome upregulated significantly at the transcriptional level during w5–M. truncatula interaction at 16 dpi, indicating the possibility of utilizing plant sucrose directly by w5 as the carbon source. Further investigation showed that the purified GspInv displayed an optimal pH of 5.0 and a specific activity of 3380 ± 26 U/mg toward sucrose. The heterologous expression of GspInv and GspSUT1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae confirmed the function of GspInv as invertase and GspSUT1 as sugar transporter with high affinity to sucrose in vivo. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the ability of Mucoromycotina to utilize sucrose from its host plant underwent a process of “loss and gain.” These results demonstrated the capacity of Mucoromycotina to interact with extant land higher plants and may employ a novel strategy of directly up-taking and assimilating sucrose from the host plant during the interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, China
| | - Junnan Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, China
| | - Pu Liu
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Juanjuan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, China
| | - Zemin Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, China
| | - Yazhong Xiao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, China
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Karunarathna SC, Dong Y, Karasaki S, Tibpromma S, Hyde KD, Lumyong S, Xu J, Sheng J, Mortimer PE. Discovery of novel fungal species and pathogens on bat carcasses in a cave in Yunnan Province, China. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 9:1554-1566. [PMID: 32573334 PMCID: PMC7473127 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1785333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Virulent infectious fungal diseases, in natural and managed landscapes, are increasing. Fungal diseases in humans, animals and plants have caused die-off and extinction events and have become a threat to food security. A caving expedition in Yunnan Province, China, revealed two bat carcasses covered in fungal mycelia. Eleven fungal isolates were obtained from these bat carcasses, and morphological observations and multigene phylogenetic analyses revealed they were Fusarium incarnatum, Mucor hiemalis and Trichoderma harzianum and four new species, Mortierella rhinolophicola, M. multispora, M. yunnanensis and Neocosmospora pallidimors. One of the more alarming findings is that a number of infections related to Neocosmospora, previously associated with human and animal mycotoxicoses, are reported to be increasing, and here we present a new species from this genus, isolated from dead bats. Due to the ecosystem services provided by bats, and the close relationship between bats and humans, future research should focus on the impacts and significance of N. pallidimors to human and animal health, examining its pathogenicity and secondary metabolites. Taxonomic descriptions, color images of the habitat, in situ samples, microstructures and cultures are presented. SEM photographs of microstructures and phylogenetic trees showing the placement of new and known species are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Chandranath Karunarathna
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.,World Agroforestry Centre, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.,Centre for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Research Institute for Local Plateau Agriculture and Industry, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Seigi Karasaki
- Energy and Resources Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Saowaluck Tibpromma
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.,World Agroforestry Centre, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.,Centre for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Kevin David Hyde
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.,World Agroforestry Centre, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.,Centre for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.,Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chinag Rai, Thailand
| | - Saisamorn Lumyong
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jianchu Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.,World Agroforestry Centre, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.,Centre for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Sheng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Research Institute for Local Plateau Agriculture and Industry, Kunming, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Agro-biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Peter Edward Mortimer
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.,Centre for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
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Host-Pathogen Molecular Factors Contribute to the Pathogenesis of Rhizopus spp. in Diabetes Mellitus. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2021; 8:6-17. [PMID: 33500877 PMCID: PMC7819772 DOI: 10.1007/s40475-020-00222-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Infectious diseases represent up to 12% of all deaths in people with diabetes mellitus (DM). The development and progression of DM generate a chronic inflammatory state with unique characteristics that have been exploited by some pathogens; one of them is Rhizopus spp., a fungus considered the causative agent of mucormycosis. This disease has a poor prognosis with high mortality rates, and the apparition of resistant isolates each year has become a worrying concern. DM is an actual and continuing health problem, and for that reason, it is of foremost importance to study the pathogenesis of mucormycosis to generate new prevention and treatment strategies. Recent Findings The worldwide incidence of mucormycosis has increased in recent years. The pathogenic mechanisms and factors identified in Rhizopus spp. are the cell wall, spore germination, proteins, and enzymes related to iron sequestration, CotH fungal protein, positive regulation of the GRP78 cell receptor, and immune evasion due to survival within phagocytes, among others. The physiopathology of DM offers favorable conditions for the successful replication of Rhizopus spp. Summary The main reason for increase of incidence of mucormycosis caused by Rhizopus spp. has been associated with the rise of worldwide prevalence of DM. Knowing the fungal pathogenic mechanisms as well as the relationships between Rhizopus with the microenvironment found in the human body will undoubtedly help generate better antifungals to enhance treatment outcomes. Nowadays, some strategies to combat the fungus are based on the knowledge of its proteins, cellular interactions, and iron metabolism.
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Bioprospecting of Thermophilic Fungal Enzymes and Potential Applications. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85603-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Li S, Han R, Zhang H, Song Y, Zhao F, Qin P. Apophysomyces jiangsuensis sp. nov., a Salt Tolerant and Phosphate-Solubilizing Fungus from the Tidelands of Jiangsu Province of China. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8121868. [PMID: 33256164 PMCID: PMC7760925 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A newly isolated phosphate-solubilizing fungus from the topsoil of Spartina alterniflora habitats in Yancheng coastal salt marsh was cultivated. Scanning electron microscopy observation revealed that the sporangia are nearly spherical, peach-shaped, and the spores formed on the top of sporangia. The spores are ellipsoidal with raised white nubbins on the surface. Based on a polyphasic study and the genetic distance analysis referring to the sequence analysis of ITS (ITS1 + 5.8S + ITS2) and 28S rDNA (D1/D2 domains) genes, the novel species belongs to the genus Apophysomyces and is named as A. jiangsuensis. The optimum growth temperature and salinity of the new species were 28 °C and 1.15% NaCl, respectively. A study of its phosphate-solubilizing ability revealed that the fungus had an obvious decomposition effect on lecithin, Ca3(PO4)2, and AlPO3, respectively. The pH of the fermented liquid progressively decreased from 6.85 to 2.27 after 7 days of incubation, indicating that the low molecular weight organic acids excreted into the culture liquor were oxalic, succinic, and malic acids and a trace amount of citric acid. Among these, oxalic acid was the major organic acid, and its amount reached 652.5 mg/L. These results indicated that the main mechanism underlying the dissolved phosphorus was related to the secretion of large amounts of organic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Li
- Halophyte Research Lab, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; (S.L.); (R.H.); (F.Z.)
- Qu Jiang Experimental Middle School, Quzhou 324022, China
| | - Ruiming Han
- Halophyte Research Lab, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; (S.L.); (R.H.); (F.Z.)
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Ecological Construction, School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huanshi Zhang
- Nanjing Institute for Comprehensive Utilization of Wild Plants, Nanjing 210042, China;
| | - Yongchun Song
- Institute of Functional Biomolecules, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China;
| | - Fugeng Zhao
- Halophyte Research Lab, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; (S.L.); (R.H.); (F.Z.)
| | - Pei Qin
- Halophyte Research Lab, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; (S.L.); (R.H.); (F.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-25-13951966461
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40
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Katsoula A, Vasileiadis S, Sapountzi M, Karpouzas DG. The response of soil and phyllosphere microbial communities to repeated application of the fungicide iprodione: accelerated biodegradation or toxicity? FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2020; 96:5813261. [PMID: 32221586 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pesticides interact with microorganisms in various ways with the outcome being negative or positive for the soil microbiota. Pesticides' effects on soil microorganisms have been studied extensively in soil but not in other pesticides-exposed microbial habitats like the phyllosphere. We tested the hypothesis that soil and phyllosphere support distinct microbial communities, but exhibit a similar response (accelerated biodegradation or toxicity) to repeated exposure to the fungicide iprodione. Pepper plants received four repeated foliage or soil applications of iprodione, which accelerated its degradation in soil (DT50_1st = 1.23 and DT50_4th = 0.48 days) and on plant leaves (DT50_1st > 365 and DT50_4th = 5.95 days). The composition of the epiphytic and soil bacterial and fungal communities, determined by amplicon sequencing, was significantly altered by iprodione. The archaeal epiphytic and soil communities responded differently; the former showed no response to iprodione. Three iprodione-degrading Paenarthrobacter strains were isolated from soil and phyllosphere. They hydrolyzed iprodione to 3,5-dichloraniline via the formation of 3,5-dichlorophenyl-carboxiamide and 3,5-dichlorophenylurea-acetate, a pathway shared by other soil-derived arthrobacters implying a phylogenetic specialization in iprodione biotransformation. Our results suggest that iprodione-repeated application could affect soil and epiphytic microbial communities with implications for the homeostasis of the plant-soil system and agricultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Katsoula
- Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Viopolis 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - S Vasileiadis
- Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Viopolis 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - M Sapountzi
- Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Viopolis 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Dimitrios G Karpouzas
- Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Viopolis 41500, Larissa, Greece
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Yinadsawaphan T, Ngamskulrungroj P, Chalermwai W, Dhitinanmuang W, Angkasekwinai N. Gastrointestinal mucormycosis due to Rhizopus microsporus following Streptococcus pyogenes toxic shock syndrome in an HIV patient: a case report. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:817. [PMID: 33167878 PMCID: PMC7654013 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05548-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastrointestinal (GI) mucormycosis is a rare and often deadly form of mucormycosis. Delayed diagnosis can lead to an increased risk of death. Here, we report a case of GI mucormycosis following streptococcal toxic shock syndrome in a virologically suppressed HIV-infected patient. Case presentation A 25-year-old Thai woman with a well-controlled HIV infection and Grave’s disease was admitted to a private hospital with a high-grade fever, vomiting, abdominal pain, and multiple episodes of mucous diarrhea for 3 days. On day 3 of that admission, the patient developed multiorgan failure and multiple hemorrhagic blebs were observed on all extremities. A diagnosis of streptococcal toxic shock was made before referral to Siriraj Hospital – Thailand’s largest national tertiary referral center. On day 10 of her admission at our center, she developed feeding intolerance and bloody diarrhea due to bowel ischemia and perforation. Bowel resection was performed, and histopathologic analysis of the resected bowel revealed acute suppurative transmural necrosis and vascular invasion with numerous broad irregular branching non-septate hyphae, both of which are consistent with GI mucormycosis. Peritoneal fluid fungal culture grew a grayish cottony colony of large non-septate hyphae and spherical sporangia containing ovoidal sporangiospores. A complete ITS1–5.8S-ITS2 region DNA sequence analysis revealed 100% homology with Rhizopus microsporus strains in GenBank (GenBank accession numbers KU729104 and AY803934). As a result, she was treated with liposomal amphotericin B. However and in spite of receiving appropriate treatment, our patient developed recurrent massive upper GI bleeding from Dieulafoy’s lesion and succumbed to her disease on day 33 of her admission. Conclusion Diagnosis of gastrointestinal mucormycosis can be delayed due to a lack of well-established predisposing factors and non-specific presenting symptoms. Further studies in risk factors for abdominal mucormycosis are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanaboon Yinadsawaphan
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Popchai Ngamskulrungroj
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wipapat Chalermwai
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wutthiseth Dhitinanmuang
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nasikarn Angkasekwinai
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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42
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Yuan HS, Lu X, Dai YC, Hyde KD, Kan YH, Kušan I, He SH, Liu NG, Sarma VV, Zhao CL, Cui BK, Yousaf N, Sun G, Liu SY, Wu F, Lin CG, Dayarathne MC, Gibertoni TB, Conceição LB, Garibay-Orijel R, Villegas-Ríos M, Salas-Lizana R, Wei TZ, Qiu JZ, Yu ZF, Phookamsak R, Zeng M, Paloi S, Bao DF, Abeywickrama PD, Wei DP, Yang J, Manawasinghe IS, Harishchandra D, Brahmanage RS, de Silva NI, Tennakoon DS, Karunarathna A, Gafforov Y, Pem D, Zhang SN, de Azevedo Santiago ALCM, Bezerra JDP, Dima B, Acharya K, Alvarez-Manjarrez J, Bahkali AH, Bhatt VK, Brandrud TE, Bulgakov TS, Camporesi E, Cao T, Chen YX, Chen YY, Devadatha B, Elgorban AM, Fan LF, Du X, Gao L, Gonçalves CM, Gusmão LFP, Huanraluek N, Jadan M, Jayawardena RS, Khalid AN, Langer E, Lima DX, de Lima-Júnior NC, de Lira CRS, Liu JK(J, Liu S, Lumyong S, Luo ZL, Matočec N, Niranjan M, Oliveira-Filho JRC, Papp V, Pérez-Pazos E, Phillips AJL, Qiu PL, Ren Y, Ruiz RFC, Semwal KC, Soop K, de Souza CAF, Souza-Motta CM, Sun LH, Xie ML, Yao YJ, Zhao Q, Zhou LW. Fungal diversity notes 1277–1386: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa. FUNGAL DIVERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-020-00461-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Jayawardena RS, Hyde KD, Chen YJ, Papp V, Palla B, Papp D, Bhunjun CS, Hurdeal VG, Senwanna C, Manawasinghe IS, Harischandra DL, Gautam AK, Avasthi S, Chuankid B, Goonasekara ID, Hongsanan S, Zeng X, Liyanage KK, Liu N, Karunarathna A, Hapuarachchi KK, Luangharn T, Raspé O, Brahmanage R, Doilom M, Lee HB, Mei L, Jeewon R, Huanraluek N, Chaiwan N, Stadler M, Wang Y. One stop shop IV: taxonomic update with molecular phylogeny for important phytopathogenic genera: 76–100 (2020). FUNGAL DIVERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-020-00460-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis is a continuation of a series focused on providing a stable platform for the taxonomy of phytopathogenic fungi and fungus-like organisms. This paper focuses on one family: Erysiphaceae and 24 phytopathogenic genera: Armillaria, Barriopsis, Cercospora, Cladosporium, Clinoconidium, Colletotrichum, Cylindrocladiella, Dothidotthia,, Fomitopsis, Ganoderma, Golovinomyces, Heterobasidium, Meliola, Mucor, Neoerysiphe, Nothophoma, Phellinus, Phytophthora, Pseudoseptoria, Pythium, Rhizopus, Stemphylium, Thyrostroma and Wojnowiciella. Each genus is provided with a taxonomic background, distribution, hosts, disease symptoms, and updated backbone trees. Species confirmed with pathogenicity studies are denoted when data are available. Six of the genera are updated from previous entries as many new species have been described.
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Elhussiny NI, Khattab AENA, El-Refai HA, Mohamed SS, Shetaia YM, Amin HA. Biotransesterification capabilities of Mucorales whole-cell lipase isolates and mutants. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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46
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Martins MR, Santos C, Soares C, Santos C, Lima N. Gongronella eborensis sp. nov., from vineyard soil of Alentejo (Portugal). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2020; 70:3475-3482. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes a novel fungal species belonging to the genus Gongronella. During a previous work focusing on metalaxyl degradation by Mucorales strains, two isolates from vineyard soil samples collected in the Alentejo region, south Portugal, were identified as a putative novel species based on combined molecular and MALDI-TOF MS data. This new species is described here using a polyphasic approach that combines morphology, internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA (ITS) and 28S ribosomal DNA (LSU) sequence data analysis and proteomic profiling by MALDI-TOF MS. Phenotypic and molecular data enabled this novel species to be clearly distinguished from other Gongronella species with results of combined ITS+LSU analysis showing that the Gongronella species is related to Gongronella butleri and Gongronella brasiliensis. Therefore, from the results of morphological and molecular analyses, isolates MUM 10.262 and MUM 10.263 seem to represent a new Gongronella species and the name Gongronella eborensis sp. nov. is proposed, with the ex-type strain MUM 10.262 (=CCMI 1100=CBS 128763).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosário Martins
- HERCULES Lab., Departamento de Química, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, 7000-809 Évora, Portugal
| | - Carla Santos
- CEB-Biological Engineering Centre, Micoteca da Universidade do Minho, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Célia Soares
- CEB-Biological Engineering Centre, Micoteca da Universidade do Minho, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Cledir Santos
- Department of Chemical Science and Natural Resources, BIOREN-UFRO, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811-230, Chile
| | - Nelson Lima
- CEB-Biological Engineering Centre, Micoteca da Universidade do Minho, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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Karlsson E, Johansson AM, Ahlinder J, Lundkvist MJ, Singh NJ, Brodin T, Forsman M, Stenberg P. Airborne microbial biodiversity and seasonality in Northern and Southern Sweden. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8424. [PMID: 32025374 PMCID: PMC6991134 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms are essential constituents of ecosystems. To improve our understanding of how various factors shape microbial diversity and composition in nature it is important to study how microorganisms vary in space and time. Factors shaping microbial communities in ground level air have been surveyed in a limited number of studies, indicating that geographic location, season and local climate influence the microbial communities. However, few have surveyed more than one location, at high latitude or continuously over more than a year. We surveyed the airborne microbial communities over two full consecutive years in Kiruna, in the Arctic boreal zone, and Ljungbyhed, in the Southern nemoral zone of Sweden, by using a unique collection of archived air filters. We mapped both geographic and seasonal differences in bacterial and fungal communities and evaluated environmental factors that may contribute to these differences and found that location, season and weather influence the airborne communities. Location had stronger influence on the bacterial community composition compared to season, while location and season had equal influence on the fungal community composition. However, the airborne bacterial and fungal diversity showed overall the same trend over the seasons, regardless of location, with a peak during the warmer parts of the year, except for the fungal seasonal trend in Ljungbyhed, which fluctuated more within season. Interestingly, the diversity and evenness of the airborne communities were generally lower in Ljungbyhed. In addition, both bacterial and fungal communities varied significantly within and between locations, where orders like Rhizobiales, Rhodospirillales and Agaricales dominated in Kiruna, whereas Bacillales, Clostridiales and Sordariales dominated in Ljungbyhed. These differences are a likely reflection of the landscape surrounding the sampling sites where the landscape in Ljungbyhed is more homogenous and predominantly characterized by artificial and agricultural surroundings. Our results further indicate that local landscape, as well as seasonal variation, shapes microbial communities in air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edvin Karlsson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Biological Agents, Division of CBRN Defense and Security, Swedish Defense Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Jon Ahlinder
- Department of Biological Agents, Division of CBRN Defense and Security, Swedish Defense Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Moa J Lundkvist
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Navinder J Singh
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tomas Brodin
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mats Forsman
- Department of Biological Agents, Division of CBRN Defense and Security, Swedish Defense Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Per Stenberg
- Department of Biological Agents, Division of CBRN Defense and Security, Swedish Defense Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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48
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Comparative analysis of five Mucor species transcriptomes. Genomics 2019; 111:1306-1314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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49
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Walther G, Wagner L, Kurzai O. Updates on the Taxonomy of Mucorales with an Emphasis on Clinically Important Taxa. J Fungi (Basel) 2019; 5:E106. [PMID: 31739583 PMCID: PMC6958464 DOI: 10.3390/jof5040106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi of the order Mucorales colonize all kinds of wet, organic materials and represent a permanent part of the human environment. They are economically important as fermenting agents of soybean products and producers of enzymes, but also as plant parasites and spoilage organisms. Several taxa cause life-threatening infections, predominantly in patients with impaired immunity. The order Mucorales has now been assigned to the phylum Mucoromycota and is comprised of 261 species in 55 genera. Of these accepted species, 38 have been reported to cause infections in humans, as a clinical entity known as mucormycosis. Due to molecular phylogenetic studies, the taxonomy of the order has changed widely during the last years. Characteristics such as homothallism, the shape of the suspensors, or the formation of sporangiola are shown to be not taxonomically relevant. Several genera including Absidia, Backusella, Circinella, Mucor, and Rhizomucor have been amended and their revisions are summarized in this review. Medically important species that have been affected by recent changes include Lichtheimia corymbifera, Mucor circinelloides, and Rhizopus microsporus. The species concept of Rhizopus arrhizus (syn. R. oryzae) is still a matter of debate. Currently, species identification of the Mucorales is best performed by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Ecologically, the Mucorales represent a diverse group but for the majority of taxa, the ecological role and the geographic distribution remain unknown. Understanding the biology of these opportunistic fungal pathogens is a prerequisite for the prevention of infections, and, consequently, studies on the ecology of the Mucorales are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grit Walther
- German National Reference Center for Invasive Fungal Infections, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany; (L.W.); (O.K.)
| | - Lysett Wagner
- German National Reference Center for Invasive Fungal Infections, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany; (L.W.); (O.K.)
| | - Oliver Kurzai
- German National Reference Center for Invasive Fungal Infections, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany; (L.W.); (O.K.)
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
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50
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Takashima Y, Degawa Y, Narisawa K. Mortierella oedorhiza, a new species forming a dichotomously branched rhizoid at the sporangiophore base. MYCOSCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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