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Sperduti M, Tagliamonte NL, Taffoni F, Guglielmelli E, Zollo L. Mechanical and thermal stimulation for studying the somatosensory system: a review on devices and methods. J Neural Eng 2024; 21:051001. [PMID: 39163886 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ad716d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
The somatosensory system is widely studied to understand its functioning mechanisms. Multiple tests, based on different devices and methods, have been performed not only on humans but also on animals andex-vivomodels. Depending on the nature of the sample under analysis and on the scientific aims of interest, several solutions for experimental stimulation and for investigations on sensation or pain have been adopted. In this review paper, an overview of the available devices and methods has been reported, also analyzing the representative values adopted during literature experiments. Among the various physical stimulations used to study the somatosensory system, we focused only on mechanical and thermal ones. Based on the analysis of their main features and on literature studies, we pointed out the most suitable solution for humans, rodents, andex-vivomodels and investigation aims (sensation and pain).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sperduti
- Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Research Unit of Advanced Robotics and Human-Centered Technologies, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - N L Tagliamonte
- Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Research Unit of Advanced Robotics and Human-Centered Technologies, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - F Taffoni
- Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Research Unit of Advanced Robotics and Human-Centered Technologies, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - E Guglielmelli
- Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Research Unit of Advanced Robotics and Human-Centered Technologies, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - L Zollo
- Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Research Unit of Advanced Robotics and Human-Centered Technologies, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
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2
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Zheng X, Liu Z, He Z, Xu J, Wang Y, Gong C, Zhang R, Zhang SC, Chen H, Wang W. Preclinical long-term safety of intraspinal transplantation of human dorsal spinal GABA neural progenitor cells. iScience 2023; 26:108306. [PMID: 38026209 PMCID: PMC10661464 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived neurons have shown promise in treating spinal cord injury (SCI). We previously showed that hPSC-derived dorsal spinal γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons can alleviate spasticity and promote locomotion in rats with SCI, but their long-term safety remains elusive. Here, we characterized the long-term fate and safety of human dorsal spinal GABA neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in naive rats over one year. All grafted NPCs had undergone differentiation, yielding mainly neurons and astrocytes. Fully mature human neurons grew many axons and formed numerous synapses with rat neural circuits, together with mature human astrocytes that structurally integrated into the rat spinal cord. The sensorimotor function of rats was not impaired by intraspinal transplantation, even when human neurons were activated or inhibited by designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs). These findings represent a significant step toward the clinical translation of human spinal neuron transplantation for treating SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Zhixian Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ziyu He
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - YaNan Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - ChenZi Gong
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ruoying Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Su-Chun Zhang
- Waisman Center, Department of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Program in Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, the School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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3
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Wu H, Dong Z, Liu Y, Zhang Q, Zhang M, Hu G, Yu S, Han X. Temporal alterations of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide and its receptors in a rat model induced by recurrent chemical stimulations: Relevant to chronic migraine. Mol Pain 2023; 19:17448069231152129. [PMID: 36604785 PMCID: PMC9869212 DOI: 10.1177/17448069231152129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Migraine is a common type of primary headache with disabling brain dysfunction. It has been found that pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is involved in the pathogenesis of migraine, however, the role of PACAP and its receptors in chronic migraine remains unclear. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the changes of PACAP and its receptors in different duration after recurrent dural inflammation soup stimulations and to investigate the co-expression between PACAP and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Methods: Adult male rats were implanted with cannula surrounding superior sagittal sinus, which was followed by dural infusion of inflammatory soup (IS) or normal saline (NS). The rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 8 for each group): IS stimulation for seven days (IS-7 group), IS stimulation for 14 days (IS-14 group), IS stimulation for 21 days (IS-21 group), and NS control for 21 days (CON group). The facial mechanical withdrawal threshold was daily measured during the whole experiment. The behavioral changes (ipsilateral and bilateral face grooming behavior) in a plastic cage of rats were observed and recorded. The expression of PACAP, its receptors (PAC1, VPAC1, VPAC2), and CGRP in the trigeminal ganglia (TG) and the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) was examined by immunohistochemistry. Immunofluorescence was used to explore the co-expression of PACAP, PAC1 receptor, and CGRP after repeated IS administration in the TG. Results: The ipsilateral facial grooming time of IS-21 group displayed an apparent increase than CON group after repeated stimulation on day 2, while significant differences were observed on day 14. No differences were found between the IS-21 and CON group in bilateral facial grooming. Dural IS stimulation induced a significantly decrease in facial mechanical withdrawal thresholds. PACAP positive cells in the regions of TNC were gradually decreased with the IS days increasing. PACAP and PAC1 receptor expression in the TG had a trend of increasing first and then decreasing. There was no significant difference in expression of VPAC1 and VPAC2 in the TG and the TNC. Immunofluorescence showed that PACAP was mainly expressed in TG neurons. PACAP and PAC1 receptor co-expression decreased gradually after repetitive IS stimulation. While the co-expression between PACAP and CGRP reached the peak in IS-7 group after repetitive IS stimulation, and then decreased. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that repetitive chemical stimulations induced a gradual decrease of PACAP in the TNC, while the PACAP and PAC1 receptor expression in TG showed dynamical changes of increasing first and then decreasing after repeated IS administration. These results suggested exhaustion of PACAP could be involved in the duration of chronic migraine and implied PACAP may contribute to the pathology of migraine through the PAC1 receptor, which was associated with CGRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangfei Wu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China,Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Dong
- Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yinglu Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guanqun Hu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Shengyuan Yu
- Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China,Shengyuan Yu and Xun Han, Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road 28, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China. Emails: @163.com
| | - Xun Han
- Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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da Costa RHS, Martins AOBPB, Pessoa RT, Alshehri SA, Wahab S, Ahmad MF, Suliman M, da Silva LYS, Alcântara IS, Ramos AGB, de Oliveira MRC, Batista FLA, Delmondes GDA, de Farias PAM, Rocha JE, Coutinho HDM, Raposo A, Carrascosa C, Jaber JR, de Menezes IRA. Mechanisms of Actions Involved in The Antinociceptive Effect of Estragole and its β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex in Animal Models. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2854. [PMID: 36365307 PMCID: PMC9654024 DOI: 10.3390/plants11212854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: estragole is a monoterpene found in the essential oils of several aromatic plants, which can be used for several pharmacological activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antinociceptive effect of estragole (Es) and its β-cyclodextrins inclusion complex (Es/β-CD). (2) Methods: the effects of Es and Es/β-CD on the central nervous system (CNS) were evaluated through open field and rota-rod assays, and the antinociceptive effect in formalin models, abdominal writhing induced by acetic acid, hot plate, tail flick test and plantar mechanical hyperalgesia. (3) Results: Es and Es/β-CD showed no alterations on the CNS evaluated parameters and the results suggested there was an antinociceptive action in the formalin, abdominal writhing, hot plate, tail flick tests and plantar mechanical hyperalgesia, proposing the involvement of the nitric oxide, glutamatergic signaling pathways, cyclic guanosine monophosphate and vanilloid pathways. (4) Conclusion: the results suggest that Es and Es/β-CD have a promising antinociceptive potential as a possible alternative for the pharmacological treatment of pain, also showing that the encapsulation of Es in β-cyclodextrins probably improves its pharmacological properties, since the complexation process involves much lower amounts of the compound, contributing to better bioavailability and a lower probability of adverse effect development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Henrique Sousa da Costa
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Chemistry (LFQM), Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri-URCA, Pimenta 63.100-000, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Renata Torres Pessoa
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Chemistry (LFQM), Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri-URCA, Pimenta 63.100-000, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Saad Ali Alshehri
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shadma Wahab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Faruque Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muath Suliman
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lucas Yure Santos da Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Chemistry (LFQM), Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri-URCA, Pimenta 63.100-000, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Isabel Sousa Alcântara
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Chemistry (LFQM), Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri-URCA, Pimenta 63.100-000, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Andreza Guedes Barbosa Ramos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Chemistry (LFQM), Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri-URCA, Pimenta 63.100-000, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Maria Rayane Correia de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Chemistry (LFQM), Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri-URCA, Pimenta 63.100-000, Ceará, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology-Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), State University of Ceará (UECE), Fortaleza 60741-000, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Francisco Lucas Alves Batista
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Chemistry (LFQM), Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri-URCA, Pimenta 63.100-000, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | | | - Janaína Esmeraldo Rocha
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri-URCA, Pimenta 63.100-000, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Henrique Douglas Melo Coutinho
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri-URCA, Pimenta 63.100-000, Ceará, Brazil
| | - António Raposo
- CBIOS (Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies), Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Conrado Carrascosa
- Department of Animal Pathology and Production, Bromatology and Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, 35413 Arucas, Spain
| | - José Raduan Jaber
- Departamento de Morfologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Irwin Rose Alencar de Menezes
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri-URCA, Pimenta 63.100-000, Ceará, Brazil
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5
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Jiang S, Wang YS, Zheng XX, Zhao SL, Wang Y, Sun L, Chen PH, Zhou Y, Tin C, Li HL, Sui JF, Wu GY. Itch-specific neurons in the ventrolateral orbital cortex selectively modulate the itch processing. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn4408. [PMID: 35905177 PMCID: PMC9337765 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn4408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Itch is a cutaneous sensation that is critical in driving scratching behavior. The long-standing question of whether there are specific neurons for itch modulation inside the brain remains unanswered. Here, we report a subpopulation of itch-specific neurons in the ventrolateral orbital cortex (VLO) that is distinct from the pain-related neurons. Using a Tet-Off cellular labeling system, we showed that local inhibition or activation of these itch-specific neurons in the VLO significantly suppressed or enhanced itch-induced scratching, respectively, whereas the intervention did not significantly affect pain. Conversely, suppression or activation of pain-specific neurons in the VLO significantly affected pain but not itch. Moreover, fiber photometry and immunofluorescence verified that these itch- and pain-specific neurons are distinct in their functional activity and histological location. In addition, the downstream targets of itch- and pain-specific neurons were different. Together, the present study uncovers an important subpopulation of neurons in the VLO that specifically modulates itch processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- Experimental Center of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yi-Song Wang
- Experimental Center of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Zheng
- Experimental Center of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Shan-Lan Zhao
- Experimental Center of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Experimental Center of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Experimental Center of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Peng-Hui Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Neurobiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Chung Tin
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Li Li
- Experimental Center of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jian-Feng Sui
- Experimental Center of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Guang-Yan Wu
- Experimental Center of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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6
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Chakraborty A, Upadhya R, Usman TA, Shetty AK, Rutkowski JM. Chronic VEGFR-3 signaling preserves dendritic arborization and sensitization under stress. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 98:219-233. [PMID: 34389489 PMCID: PMC8511130 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic arborization is critical for the establishment and maintenance of precise neural circuits. Vascular endothelial growth factor D (VEGF-D), well-characterized as a "lymphangiogenic" growth factor, reportedly maintains dendritic arborization and synaptic strength in the hippocampus of adult mice through VEGF receptor (VEGFR-3) signaling. Here, we investigated the effect of chronic VEGFR-3-specific activation on adipose arbor morphometry using the Adipo-VD mouse, a model of inducible, adipose-specific VEGF-D overexpression. We examined whether adipose tissue innervation was preserved or functionally different in Adipo-VD mice during stress in vivo and if VEGFR-3 signaling afforded neuroprotection to challenged neurons in vitro. Chronic VEGFR-3 signaling in Adipo-VD subcutaneous adipose tissue resulted in a reduction in the dendrite length, dendritic terminal branches (filament length), and dendritic terminal branch volume (filament volume), but increased dendrite branching. We also identified reduced stimulus-evoked excitatory sympathetic nerve activity in Adipo-VD mice. Following 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) denervation, Adipo-VD dendritic arbors were preserved, including improved dendritic branch volume, length, and dendritic branches than in wildtype tissues. In vitro, we found that chronic elevation of VEGFR-3 signaling in developing mVC neurons changes the dendritic arbor complexity and improves stress-induced structure remodeling. Developing neurons are conferred neuroprotection against stress, potentially by upregulation of proteolytic conversion of pro-BDNF to mature BDNF. Mature neurons, however, display improved dendritic arbor complexity, and unaltered dendritic structural remodeling and improved resistance to stress with VEGFR-3 signaling. Overall, chronically increasing VEGFR-3 signaling in neurons has a synergistic impact on neurosensitization and neuroprotection during stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adri Chakraborty
- Division of Lymphatic Biology, Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Raghavendra Upadhya
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Timaj A. Usman
- Division of Lymphatic Biology, Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Ashok K. Shetty
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Joseph M. Rutkowski
- Division of Lymphatic Biology, Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA,Correspondence: Joseph M Rutkowski, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, 8447 Riverside Parkway, Bryan, TX 77807 USA, Ph: 979-436-0576,
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7
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Sakamaki G, Johnson K, Mensinger M, Hmu E, Klein AH. Loss of SUR1 subtype K ATP channels alters antinociception and locomotor activity after opioid administration. Behav Brain Res 2021; 414:113467. [PMID: 34274374 PMCID: PMC11019344 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Opioid signaling can occur through several downstream mediators and influence analgesia as well as reward mechanisms in the nervous system. KATP channels are downstream targets of the μ opioid receptor and contribute to morphine-induced antinociception. The aim of the present work was to assess the role of SUR1-subtype KATP channels in antinociception and hyperlocomotion of synthetic and semi-synthetic opioids. Adult male and female mice wild-type (WT) and SUR1 deficient (KO) mice were assessed for mechanical and thermal antinociception after administration of either buprenorphine, fentanyl, or DAMGO. Potassium flux was assessed in the dorsal root ganglia and superficial dorsal horn cells in WT and KO mice. Hyperlocomotion was also assessed in WT and KO animals after buprenorphine, fentanyl, or DAMGO administration. SUR1 KO mice had attenuated mechanical antinociception after systemic administration of buprenorphine, fentanyl, and DAMGO. Potassium flux was also attenuated in the dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord dorsal horn cells after acute administration of buprenorphine and fentanyl. Hyperlocomotion after administration of morphine and buprenorphine was potentiated in SUR1 KO mice, but was not seen after administration of fentanyl or DAMGO. These results suggest SUR1-subtype KATP channels mediate the antinociceptive response of several classes of opioids (alkaloid and synthetic/semi-synthetic), but may not contribute to the "drug-seeking" behaviors of all classes of opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Sakamaki
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Kayla Johnson
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Megan Mensinger
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Eindray Hmu
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Amanda H Klein
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, United States.
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8
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Desimone A, Hong J, Brockie ST, Yu W, Laliberte AM, Fehlings MG. The influence of ApoE4 on the clinical outcomes and pathophysiology of degenerative cervical myelopathy. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e149227. [PMID: 34369386 PMCID: PMC8410082 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.149227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) is the most common cause of nontraumatic spinal cord injury in adults worldwide. Surgical decompression is generally effective in improving neurological outcomes and halting progression of myelopathic deterioration. However, a subset of patients experience suboptimal neurological outcomes. Given the emerging evidence that apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) allelic status influences neurodegenerative conditions, we examined whether the presence of the ApoE4 allele may account for the clinical heterogeneity of treatment outcomes in patients with DCM. Our results demonstrate that human ApoE4+ DCM patients have a significantly lower extent of improvement after decompression surgery. Functional analysis of our DCM mouse model in targeted-replacement mice expressing human ApoE4 revealed delayed gait recovery, forelimb grip strength, and hind limb mechanical sensitivity after decompression surgery, compared with their ApoE3 counterparts. This was accompanied by an exacerbated proinflammatory response resulting in higher concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6, CCL3, and CXCL9. At the site of injury, there was a significant decrease in gray matter area, an increase in the activation of microglia/macrophages, and increased astrogliosis after decompression surgery in the ApoE4 mice. Our study is the first to our knowledge to investigate the pathophysiological underpinnings of ApoE4 in DCM, which suggests a possible personalized medicine approach for the treatment of DCM in ApoE4 carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Desimone
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences
| | - James Hong
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences
| | - Sydney T Brockie
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences
| | - Wenru Yu
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alex M Laliberte
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences
| | - Michael G Fehlings
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences.,Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, and.,Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Ondek K, Nasirishargh A, Dayton JR, Nuño MA, Cruz-Orengo L. Strain and sex differences in somatosensation and sociability during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 14:100262. [PMID: 34589768 PMCID: PMC8474462 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disease that results in major locomotor deficits. However, recent studies have revealed that fatigue, slow processing speed, and memory impairment are the top variables impacting employment status for MS patients. These suggest that cognitive effects may have a greater impact on productivity, lifestyle, and quality of life than do disease-related motor deficits. However, these debilitating non-locomotive effects have been largely overlooked in rodent models of the disease, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We hypothesized that murine EAE can also be used to assess non-locomotive dysfunctions (mood, sociability, muscle strength, and balance), as well as potential biases in these dysfunctions due to sex and/or strain. We actively immunized male and female C57BL/6 (B6) and SJL mice for EAE and evaluated their performance on the Deacon's weight grip test, Kondziela's inverted screen test, Hall's rope grip test, manual von Frey test for somatic nociception, and a three-chamber social preference paradigm. We hypothesized that EAE progression is associated with changes in muscle strength, balance, pain, and sociability and that these variations are linked to sex and/or strain. Our results indicate that strain but not sex influenced differences in muscle strength and balance during EAE, and both sex and strain have an impact on mechanical nociception, regardless of EAE disease status. Furthermore, both sex and strain had complex effects on differences in sociability. In conclusion, testing these additional modalities during EAE helps to unveil other signs and symptoms that could be used to determine the efficacy of a drug or treatment in the modulation of a MS-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelynn Ondek
- University of California, Davis. Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Aida Nasirishargh
- University of California, Davis. Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jacquelyn R. Dayton
- University of California, Davis. Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Miriam A. Nuño
- University of California, Davis. Department of Public Health, Division of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Public Health/Medical Sciences Bldg. 1-C, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Lillian Cruz-Orengo
- University of California, Davis. Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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10
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Manto KM, Govindappa PK, Parisi D, Karuman Z, Martinazzi B, Hegarty JP, Talukder MAH, Elfar JC. (4-Aminopyridine)-PLGA-PEG as a Novel Thermosensitive and Locally Injectable Treatment for Acute Peripheral Nerve Injury. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:4140-4151. [PMID: 34142019 PMCID: PMC8206837 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic peripheral nerve injury (TPNI) represents a major medical problem that results in loss of motor and sensory function, and in severe cases, limb paralysis and amputation. To date, there are no effective treatments beyond surgery in selective cases. In repurposing studies, we found that daily systemic administration of the FDA-approved drug 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) enhanced functional recovery after acute peripheral nerve injury. This study was aimed at constructing a novel local delivery system of 4-AP using thermogelling polymers. We optimized a thermosensitive (4-AP)-poly(lactide-co-glycolide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA-PEG-PLGA) block copolymer formulation. (4-AP)-PLGA-PEG exhibited controlled release of 4-AP both in vitro and in vivo for approximately 3 weeks, with clinically relevant safe serum levels in animals. Rheological investigation showed that (4-AP)-PLGA-PEG underwent a solution to gel transition at 32 °C, a physiologically relevant temperature, allowing us to administer it to an injured limb while subsequently forming an in situ gel. A single local administration of (4-AP)-PLGA-PEG remarkably enhanced motor and sensory functional recovery on post-sciatic nerve crush injury days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21. Moreover, immunohistochemical studies of injured nerves treated with (4-AP)-PLGA-PEG demonstrated an increased expression of neurofilament heavy chain (NF-H) and myelin protein zero (MPZ) proteins, two major markers of nerve regeneration. These findings demonstrate that (4-AP)-PLGA-PEG may be a promising long-acting local therapeutic agent in TPNI, for which no pharmacologic treatment exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Manto
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Orthopaedic Research and Translational Science, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Prem Kumar Govindappa
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Orthopaedic Research and Translational Science, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Daniele Parisi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Zara Karuman
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Orthopaedic Research and Translational Science, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Brandon Martinazzi
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Orthopaedic Research and Translational Science, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - John P Hegarty
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Orthopaedic Research and Translational Science, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - M A Hassan Talukder
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Orthopaedic Research and Translational Science, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - John C Elfar
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Orthopaedic Research and Translational Science, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
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11
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Pantouli F, Grim TW, Schmid CL, Acevedo-Canabal A, Kennedy NM, Cameron MD, Bannister TD, Bohn LM. Comparison of morphine, oxycodone and the biased MOR agonist SR-17018 for tolerance and efficacy in mouse models of pain. Neuropharmacology 2021; 185:108439. [PMID: 33345829 PMCID: PMC7887086 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mu opioid receptor-selective agonist, SR-17018, preferentially activates GTPγS binding over βarrestin2 recruitment in cellular assays, thereby demonstrating signaling bias. In mice, SR-17018 stimulates GTPγS binding in brainstem and produces antinociception with potencies similar to morphine. However, it produces much less respiratory suppression and mice do not develop antinociceptive tolerance in the hot plate assay upon repeated dosing. Herein we evaluate the effects of acute and repeated dosing of SR-17018, oxycodone and morphine in additional models of pain-related behaviors. In the mouse warm water tail immersion assay, an assessment of spinal reflex to thermal nociception, repeated administration of SR-17018 produces tolerance as does morphine and oxycodone. SR-17018 retains efficacy in a formalin-induced inflammatory pain model upon repeated dosing, while oxycodone does not. In a chemotherapeutic-induced neuropathy pain model SR-17018 is more potent and efficacious than morphine or oxycodone, moreover, this efficacy is retained upon repeated dosing of SR-17018. These findings demonstrate that, with the exception of the tail flick test, SR-17018 retains efficacy upon chronic treatment across several pain models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fani Pantouli
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Travis W Grim
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Cullen L Schmid
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Agnes Acevedo-Canabal
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Nicole M Kennedy
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Michael D Cameron
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Thomas D Bannister
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Laura M Bohn
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA.
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12
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Santos Passos FR, Pereira EWM, Heimfarth L, Monteiro BS, Barbosa Gomes de Carvalho YM, Siqueira-Lima PS, Melo Coutinho HD, Antunes de Souza Araújo A, Guedes da Silva Almeida JR, Barreto RSS, Picot L, Quintans-Júnior LJ, Quintans JSS. Role of peripheral and central sensitization in the anti-hyperalgesic effect of hecogenin acetate, an acetylated sapogenin, complexed with β-cyclodextrin: Involvement of NFκB and p38 MAPK pathways. Neuropharmacology 2021; 186:108395. [PMID: 33516738 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain develops due to injury to the somatosensory system, affecting the patient's quality of life. In view of the ineffectiveness of the current pharmacotherapy, substances obtained from natural products (NPs) are a promising alternative. One NP that has been discussed in the literature is hecogenin acetate (HA), a steroidal sapogenin with anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity. However, HA has low water solubility, which affects its bioavailability. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-hyperalgesic activity of pure and complexed hecogenin acetate (HA/βCD) in an animal model of chronic neuropathic and inflammatory pain. The inclusion complex was prepared at a molar ratio of 1:2 (HA:βCD) by the lyophilization method. For the induction of chronic inflammatory pain, the mice received an intraplantar injection of CFA (complete Freund's adjuvant), and were evaluated for mechanical hyperalgesia and for the levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in the skin of the paw after eight days of treatment. HA and HA/βCD reduced mechanical hyperalgesia in relation to the vehicle group until the fourth and fifth hours, respectively, in the acute evaluation, with a superior effect of the complexed form over the pure form in the second and third hour after treatment (p < 0.001). In the chronic evaluation, HA and HA/βCD reduced hyperalgesia in relation to the vehicle in the eight days of treatment (p < 0.001). Both pure (p < 0.01) and complexed (p < 0.001) forms reduced myeloperoxidase activity in the skin of the animals' paw. Groups of animals subjected to the same pharmacological protocol were submitted to the partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL) model and evaluated for mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia, and cold allodynia. HA and HA/βCD reduced mechanical hyperalgesia until the fourth and sixth hours, respectively, and both reduced hyperalgesia in relation to the vehicle in the chronic evaluation (p < 0.001). HA and HA/βCD also reduced thermal hyperalgesia and cold allodynia (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively). The analysis of the spinal cord of these animals showed a decrease in the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 and a reduction in the phosphorylation of NFκB and p38MAPK, as well as a decrease in microglioses compared to the vehicle group. In addition, HA/βCD reduced the nociception induced by intraplantar injection of agonist TRPA1 (p < 0.01) and TRPM8 (p < 0.05). Treatment for eight days with HA and HA/βCD showed no signs of gastric or liver damage. HA and HA/βCD were, therefore, shown to have antinociceptive effects in chronic pain models. Based on our exploration of the mechanisms of the action of HA, these effects are likely to be related to inhibited leukocyte migration, interaction with the TRPA1 and TRPM8 receptors, reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines levels, microglial expression and suppression of NF-κB p65 and p38 MAPK pathway signaling. Therefore, HA/βCD has great potential for use in the treatment of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiolla Rocha Santos Passos
- Laboratory of Neurosciences and Pharmacological Assays (LANEF- Laboratório de Neurociências e Ensaios Farmacológicos), Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil; Health Sciences Graduate Program, Brazil
| | - Erik W M Pereira
- Laboratory of Neurosciences and Pharmacological Assays (LANEF- Laboratório de Neurociências e Ensaios Farmacológicos), Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil; Health Sciences Graduate Program, Brazil
| | - Luana Heimfarth
- Laboratory of Neurosciences and Pharmacological Assays (LANEF- Laboratório de Neurociências e Ensaios Farmacológicos), Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Brenda S Monteiro
- Laboratory of Neurosciences and Pharmacological Assays (LANEF- Laboratório de Neurociências e Ensaios Farmacológicos), Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Yasmim Maria Barbosa Gomes de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Neurosciences and Pharmacological Assays (LANEF- Laboratório de Neurociências e Ensaios Farmacológicos), Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Rosana S S Barreto
- Laboratory of Neurosciences and Pharmacological Assays (LANEF- Laboratório de Neurociências e Ensaios Farmacológicos), Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Laurent Picot
- La Rochelle Université, UMRi CNRS 7266 LIENSs, 17042, La Rochelle, France
| | - Lucindo J Quintans-Júnior
- Laboratory of Neurosciences and Pharmacological Assays (LANEF- Laboratório de Neurociências e Ensaios Farmacológicos), Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil; Health Sciences Graduate Program, Brazil
| | - Jullyana S S Quintans
- Laboratory of Neurosciences and Pharmacological Assays (LANEF- Laboratório de Neurociências e Ensaios Farmacológicos), Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil; Health Sciences Graduate Program, Brazil.
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13
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Gopalsamy B, Chia JSM, Farouk AAO, Sulaiman MR, Perimal EK. Zerumbone-Induced Analgesia Modulated via Potassium Channels and Opioid Receptors in Chronic Constriction Injury-Induced Neuropathic Pain. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173880. [PMID: 32858809 PMCID: PMC7503342 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Zerumbone, a monocyclic sesquiterpene from the wild ginger plant Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith, attenuates allodynia and hyperalgesia. Currently, its mechanisms of action in neuropathic pain conditions remain unclear. This study examines the involvement of potassium channels and opioid receptors in zerumbone-induced analgesia in a chronic constriction injury (CCI) neuropathic pain mice model. Male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were subjected to CCI and behavioral responses were tested on day 14. Responses toward mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were tested with von Frey's filament and Hargreaves' tests, respectively. Symptoms of neuropathic pain were significantly alleviated following treatment with zerumbone (10 mg/kg; intraperitoneal, i.p.). However, when the voltage-dependent K+ channel blocker tetraethylammonium (TEA, 4 mg/kg; i.p.), ATP-sensitive K+ channel blocker, glibenclamide (GLIB, 10 mg/kg; i.p.); small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel inhibitor apamin (APA, 0.04 mg/kg; i.p.), or large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel inhibitor charybdotoxin (CHAR, 0.02 mg/kg; i.p.) was administered prior to zerumbone (10 mg/kg; i.p.), the antiallodynic and antihyperalgesic effects of zerumbone were significantly reversed. Additionally, non-specific opioid receptors antagonist, naloxone (NAL, 10 mg/kg; i.p.), selective µ-, δ- and κ-opioid receptor antagonists; β-funaltrexamine (β-FN, 40 mg/kg; i.p.), naltrindole (20 mg/kg; s.c.), nor-binaltorphamine (10 mg/kg; s.c.) respectively attenuated the antiallodynic and antihyperalgesic effects of zerumbone. This outcome clearly demonstrates the participation of potassium channels and opioid receptors in the antineuropathic properties of zerumbone. As various clinically used neuropathic pain drugs also share this similar mechanism, this compound is, therefore, a highly potential substitute to these therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banulata Gopalsamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (B.G.); (A.A.O.F.); (M.R.S.)
| | - Jasmine Siew Min Chia
- Centre for Community Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia;
| | - Ahmad Akira Omar Farouk
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (B.G.); (A.A.O.F.); (M.R.S.)
| | - Mohd Roslan Sulaiman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (B.G.); (A.A.O.F.); (M.R.S.)
| | - Enoch Kumar Perimal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (B.G.); (A.A.O.F.); (M.R.S.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +61-603-8947-2774
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14
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Bumgarner JR, Walker WH, Liu JA, Walton JC, Nelson RJ. Dim Light at Night Exposure Induces Cold Hyperalgesia and Mechanical Allodynia in Male Mice. Neuroscience 2020; 434:111-119. [PMID: 32201267 PMCID: PMC7176554 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The growing presence of artificial lighting across the globe presents a number of challenges to human and ecological health despite its societal benefits. Exposure to artificial light at night, a seemingly innocuous aspect of modern life, disrupts behavior and physiological functions. Specifically, light at night induces neuroinflammation, which is implicated in neuropathic and nociceptive pain states, including hyperalgesia and allodynia. Because of its influence on neuroinflammation, we investigated the effects of dim light at night exposure on pain responsiveness in male mice. In this study, mice exposed to four days of dim (5 lux) light at night exhibited cold hyperalgesia. Further, after 28 days of exposure, mice exhibited both cold hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia. No heat/hot hyperalgesia was observed in this experiment. Altered nociception in mice exposed to dim light at night was concurrent with upregulated interleukin-6 and nerve growth factor mRNA expression in the medulla and elevated μ-opioid receptor mRNA expression in the periaqueductal gray region of the brain. The current results support the relationship between disrupted circadian rhythms and altered pain sensitivity. In summary, we observed that dim light at night induces cold hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia, potentially through elevated neuroinflammation and dysregulation of the endogenous opioid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R Bumgarner
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - William H Walker
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Jennifer A Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - James C Walton
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Randy J Nelson
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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15
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Govindappa PK, Talukder MAH, Gurjar AA, Hegarty JP, Elfar JC. An effective erythropoietin dose regimen protects against severe nerve injury-induced pathophysiological changes with improved neural gene expression and enhances functional recovery. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 82:106330. [PMID: 32143001 PMCID: PMC7483891 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The functional recovery following non-severing peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is often incomplete. Erythropoietin (EPO) is a pleiotropic hormone and it has been shown to protect peripheral nerves following mild and even moderate severity injuries. However, the effectiveness of EPO in severe PNI is largely unknown. In this study, we sought to investigate the neuroprotective effect of a new dose regimen of EPO in severe sciatic nerve crush injury (SSCI). Adult male mice (8 animals/group) were randomly assigned to sham (normal saline, 0.1 ml/mouse), SSCI (normal saline, 0.1 ml/mouse) and SSCI with EPO (5000 IU/kg) groups. SSCI was performed using calibrated forceps for 30 sec. EPO or normal saline was administered intraperitoneally immediately after the SSCI and at post-injury day1 and 2. The functional recovery after injury was assessed by sciatic function index (SFI), von Frey Test (VFT), and grip strength test. Mice were euthanized on day 7 and 21 and nerves at injury/peri-injury site were processed for gene (quantitative real-time PCR) and protein (immunohistochemistry) expression analysis. EPO significantly improved SFI, VFT, and hind limb paw grip strength from post-injury day 7. EPO demonstrated significant regulatory effects on mRNA expression of inflammatory (IL-1β and TNF-α), anti-inflammatory (IL-10), angiogenesis (VEGF and eNOS), and myelination (MBP) genes. The protein expression of IL-1β, F4/80, CD31, NF-κB p65, NF-H, MPZ, and DHE (redox-sensitive probe) was also significantly modulated by EPO treatment. In conclusion, the new dose regimen of EPO augments sciatic nerve functional recovery by mitigating inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, oxidative stress, angiogenesis, and myelination components of SSCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem Kumar Govindappa
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Orthopaedic Research and Translational Science (CORTS), The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - M A Hassan Talukder
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Orthopaedic Research and Translational Science (CORTS), The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Anagha A Gurjar
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Orthopaedic Research and Translational Science (CORTS), The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - John P Hegarty
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Orthopaedic Research and Translational Science (CORTS), The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - John C Elfar
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Orthopaedic Research and Translational Science (CORTS), The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
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16
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Brandão AF, Bonet IJM, Pagliusi M, Zanetti GG, Pho N, Tambeli CH, Parada CA, Vieira AS, Sartori CR. Physical Activity Induces Nucleus Accumbens Genes Expression Changes Preventing Chronic Pain Susceptibility Promoted by High-Fat Diet and Sedentary Behavior in Mice. Front Neurosci 2020; 13:1453. [PMID: 32038148 PMCID: PMC6987254 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings from rodent studies suggest that high-fat diet (HFD) increases hyperalgesia independent of obesity status. Furthermore, weight loss interventions such as voluntary physical activity (PA) for adults with obesity or overweight was reported to promote pain reduction in humans with chronic pain. However, regardless of obesity status, it is not known whether HFD intake and sedentary (SED) behavior is underlies chronic pain susceptibility. Moreover, differential gene expression in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) plays a crucial role in chronic pain susceptibility. Thus, the present study used an adapted model of the inflammatory prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-induced persistent hyperalgesia short-term (PH-ST) protocol for mice, an HFD, and a voluntary PA paradigm to test these hypotheses. Therefore, we performed an analysis of differential gene expression using a transcriptome approach of the NAc. We also applied a gene ontology enrichment tools to identify biological processes associated with chronic pain susceptibility and to investigate the interaction between the factors studied: diet (standard diet vs. HFD), physical activity behavior (SED vs. PA) and PH-ST (PGE vs. saline). Our results demonstrated that HFD intake and sedentary behavior promoted chronic pain susceptibility, which in turn was prevented by voluntary physical activity, even when the animals were fed an HFD. The transcriptome of the NAc found 2,204 differential expression genes and gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed 41 biologic processes implicated in chronic pain susceptibility. Taking these biological processes together, our results suggest that genes related to metabolic and mitochondria stress were up-regulated in the chronic pain susceptibility group (SED-HFD-PGE), whereas genes related to neuroplasticity were up-regulated in the non-chronic pain susceptibility group (PA-HFD-PGE). These findings provide pieces of evidence that HFD intake and sedentary behavior provoked gene expression changes in the NAc related to promotion of chronic pain susceptibility, whereas voluntary physical activity provoked gene expression changes in the NAc related to prevention of chronic pain susceptibility. Finally, our findings confirmed previous literature supporting the crucial role of voluntary physical activity to prevent chronic pain and suggest that low levels of voluntary physical activity would be helpful and highly recommended as a complementary treatment for those with chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Freitas Brandão
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ivan José Magayewski Bonet
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marco Pagliusi
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Gerardini Zanetti
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Nam Pho
- eScience Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Cláudia Herrera Tambeli
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Carlos Amilcar Parada
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - André Schwambach Vieira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Cesar Renato Sartori
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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17
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Abstract
Novel therapeutic intervention that aims to enhance the endogenous recovery potential of the brain during the subacute phase of stroke has produced promising results. The paradigm shift in treatment approaches presents new challenges to preclinical and clinical researchers alike, especially in the functional endpoints domain. Shortcomings of the "neuroprotection" era of stroke research are yet to be fully addressed. Proportional recovery observed in clinics, and potentially in animal models, requires a thorough reevaluation of the methods used to assess recovery. To this end, this review aims to give a detailed evaluation of functional outcome measures used in clinics and preclinical studies. Impairments observed in clinics and animal models will be discussed from a functional testing perspective. Approaches needed to bridge the gap between clinical and preclinical research, along with potential means to measure the moving target recovery, will be discussed. Concepts such as true recovery of function and compensation and methods that are suitable for distinguishing the two are examined. Often-neglected outcomes of stroke, such as emotional disturbances, are discussed to draw attention to the need for further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Balkaya
- Burke Neurological Research Institute, White Plains, NY, USA
| | - Sunghee Cho
- Burke Neurological Research Institute, White Plains, NY, USA.,Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine at Burke Neurological Research Institute, White Plains, NY, USA
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18
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Neumannova K, Machova-Urdzikova L, Kwok JCF, Fawcett JW, Jendelova P. Adaptation of tape removal test for measurement of sensitivity in perineal area of rat. Exp Neurol 2019; 324:113097. [PMID: 31707082 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration after spinal cord injury is a goal of many studies. Although the most obvious target is to recover motor function, restoration of sensation can also improve the quality of life after spinal cord injury. For many patients, recovery of sensation in the perineal and genital area is a high priority. Currently there is no experimental test in rodents for measuring changes in sensation in the perineal and genital area after spinal cord injury. The aim of our study was to develop a behavioural test for measuring the sensitivity of the perineal and genital area in rats. We have modified the tape removal test used routinely to test sensorimotor deficits after stroke and spinal cord injury to test the perineal area with several variations. A small piece of tape (approximately 1 cm2) was attached to the perineal area. Time to first contact and to the removal of the tape was measured. Each rat was trained for 5 consecutive days and then tested weekly. We compared different rat strains (Wistar, Sprague-Dawley, Long-Evans and Lewis), both genders, shaving and non-shaving and different types of tape. We found that the test was suitable for all tested strains, however, Lewis rats achieved the lowest contact times, but this difference was significant only for the first few days of learning the task. There were no significant differences between gender and different types of tape or shaving. After training the animals underwent dorsal column lesion at T10 and were tested at day 3, 8, 14 and 21. The test detected a sensory deficit, the average time across all animals to sense the stimulus increased from 1'32 up to 3'20. There was a strong relationship between lesion size and tape detection time, and only lesions that extended laterally to the dorsal root entry zone produced significant sensory deficits. Other standard behavioural tests (BBB, von Frey, ladder and Plantar test) were performed in the same animals. There was a correlation between lesion size and deficit for the ladder and BBB tests, but not for the von Frey and Plantar tests. We conclude that the tape removal test is suitable for testing perineal sensation in rats, can be used in different strains and is appropriate for monitoring changes in sensation after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Neumannova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Science, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, V Uvalu 84, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - L Machova-Urdzikova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Science, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, V Uvalu 84, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J C F Kwok
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Science, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, UK
| | - J W Fawcett
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Science, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - P Jendelova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Science, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, V Uvalu 84, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic.
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19
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Finno CJ, Peterson J, Kang M, Park S, Bordbari MH, Durbin-Johnson B, Settles M, Perez-Flores MC, Lee JH, Yamoah EN. Single-Cell RNA-seq Reveals Profound Alterations in Mechanosensitive Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons with Vitamin E Deficiency. iScience 2019; 21:720-735. [PMID: 31733517 PMCID: PMC6864320 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ninety percent of Americans consume less than the estimated average requirements of dietary vitamin E (vitE). Severe vitE deficiency due to genetic mutations in the tocopherol transfer protein (TTPA) in humans results in ataxia with vitE deficiency (AVED), with proprioceptive deficits and somatosensory degeneration arising from dorsal root ganglia neurons (DRGNs). Single-cell RNA-sequencing of DRGNs was performed in Ttpa−/− mice, an established model of AVED. In stark contrast to expected changes in proprioceptive neurons, Ttpa−/− DRGNs showed marked upregulation of voltage-gated Ca2+ and K+ channels in mechanosensitive, tyrosine-hydroxylase positive (TH+) DRGNs. The ensuing significant conductance changes resulted in reduced excitability in mechanosensitive Ttpa−/− DRGNs. A highly supplemented vitE diet (600 mg dl-α-tocopheryl acetate/kg diet) prevented the cellular and molecular alterations and improved mechanosensation. VitE deficiency profoundly alters the molecular signature and functional properties of mechanosensitive TH+ DRGN, representing an intriguing shift of the prevailing paradigm from proprioception to mechanical sensation. vitE deficiency alters gene expression in DRGs Mechanosensitive TH+ DRG neurons are most affected K+ and Ca2+ current densities are increased in vitE-deficient TH+ DRG neurons High-dose vitE supplementation prevents the molecular phenotype
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie J Finno
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Janel Peterson
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mincheol Kang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Seojin Park
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Matthew H Bordbari
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Blythe Durbin-Johnson
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Matthew Settles
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Maria C Perez-Flores
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Jeong H Lee
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Ebenezer N Yamoah
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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20
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Xiao L, Huang R, Zhang Y, Li T, Dai J, Nannapuneni N, Chastanet TR, Chen M, Shen FH, Jin L, Dorn HC, Li X. A New Formyl Peptide Receptor-1 Antagonist Conjugated Fullerene Nanoparticle for Targeted Treatment of Degenerative Disc Diseases. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:38405-38416. [PMID: 31556594 PMCID: PMC6935051 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b11783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration associated back pain is the most common cause of disability worldwide; however, no safe and effective treatments have been available. Here, we report a new functionalized nanofullerene conjugated with a peptide that binds specifically to a formyl peptide receptor-1 (FPR-1) expressed on activated macrophages. The new nanoparticle (aka FT-C60) was synthesized by conjugating carboxyl-C60 with the primary amine group of the peptide with a fluorescence dye for easy detection. The new nanoparticle was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, and gel electrophoresis. It possessed effective radical (hydroxyl and superoxide anions) scavenging capabilities in electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. In cultured cells, the nanoparticle FT-C60 demonstrated preferential binding to FPR-1 on activated macrophages and significantly attenuated mRNA expressions of proinflammatory factors including interleukin-6, interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and cyclooxygenase-2. In vivo animal studies exhibited that a single intravenous injection of FT-C60 effectively alleviated pain in an established mouse model of radiculopathy for up to post-operation day (POD) 12. Ex vivo near-infrared fluorescence imaging of the mouse spine confirmed the targeting property of FT-C60 toward the injured disc on POD 14. Quantitative analysis of histological staining on spine sections showed that nanoparticle FT-C60 dramatically reduced inflammation at the local injury site compared to injury only on POD 7. In summary, we developed a novel targeted nanoparticle for treatment of lumbar radiculopathy by systemic delivery. This is a first-of-its-kind study for developing a novel class of targeted and systemic nanoparticle therapeutics to treat degenerative disc diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 United States
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Tinghui Li
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 United States
| | - Jun Dai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
| | - Naga Nannapuneni
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
| | - Timothy R. Chastanet
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
| | - Matthew Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
| | - Francis H. Shen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
| | - Li Jin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
| | - Harry C. Dorn
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 United States
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia 24016, United States
| | - Xudong Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
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21
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Fisher C, Johnson K, Okerman T, Jurgenson T, Nickell A, Salo E, Moore M, Doucette A, Bjork J, Klein AH. Morphine Efficacy, Tolerance, and Hypersensitivity Are Altered After Modulation of SUR1 Subtype K ATP Channel Activity in Mice. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1122. [PMID: 31695594 PMCID: PMC6817471 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels are found in the nervous system and are downstream targets of opioid receptors. KATP channel activity can effect morphine efficacy and may beneficial for relieving chronic pain in the peripheral and central nervous system. Unfortunately, the KATP channels exists as a heterooctomers, and the exact subtypes responsible for the contribution to chronic pain and opioid signaling in either dorsal root ganglia (DRG) or the spinal cord are yet unknown. Chronic opioid exposure (15 mg/kg morphine, s.c., twice daily) over 5 days produces significant downregulation of Kir6.2 and SUR1 in the spinal cord and DRG of mice. In vitro studies also conclude potassium flux after KATP channel agonist stimulation is decreased in neuroblastoma cells treated with morphine for several days. Mice lacking the KATP channel SUR1 subunit have reduced opioid efficacy in mechanical paw withdrawal behavioral responses compared to wild-type and heterozygous littermates (5 and 15 mg/kg, s.c., morphine). Using either short hairpin RNA (shRNA) or SUR1 cre-lox strategies, downregulation of SUR1 subtype KATP channels in the spinal cord and DRG of mice potentiated the development of morphine tolerance and withdrawal. Opioid tolerance was attenuated with intraplantar injection of SUR1 agonists, such as diazoxide and NN-414 (100 μM, 10 μL) compared to vehicle treated animals. These studies are an important first step in determining the role of KATP channel subunits in antinociception, opioid signaling, and the development of opioid tolerance, and shed light on the potential translational ability of KATP channel targeting pharmaceuticals and their possible future clinical utilization. These data suggest that increasing neuronal KATP channel activity in the peripheral nervous system may be a viable option to alleviate opioid tolerance and withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole Fisher
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Kayla Johnson
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Travis Okerman
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Taylor Jurgenson
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Austin Nickell
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Erin Salo
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Madelyn Moore
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Alexis Doucette
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - James Bjork
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School Duluth, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Amanda H Klein
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, United States
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22
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Fotio Y, Aboufares El Alaoui A, Borruto AM, Acciarini S, Giordano A, Ciccocioppo R. Efficacy of a Combination of N-Palmitoylethanolamide, Beta-Caryophyllene, Carnosic Acid, and Myrrh Extract on Chronic Neuropathic Pain: A Preclinical Study. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:711. [PMID: 31316381 PMCID: PMC6610250 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain (NP) is a common public health problem that poses a major challenge to basic scientists and health-care providers. NP is a complex problem with an unclear etiology and an often-inadequate response to current medications. Despite the high number of drugs available, their limited pharmacological efficacy and side effects hamper their chronic use. Thus, the search for novel treatments is a priority. In addition to pharmaceuticals, natural extracts and food supplements are often used to help treating patients with NP. One such supplement is Noxiall®, a commercially available combination of N-Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), beta-caryophyllene; carnosic acid and myrrh. Here, we compare the efficacy of Noxiall® to that of the medications gabapentin and pregabalin in the NP model of chronic constriction injury (CCI) using sciatic nerve ligation in mouse. Following CCI, mice developed a significant increase in mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. Results showed that administration of either Noxiall®, pregabalin, or gabapentin significantly attenuated mechanical allodynia. The magnitude of the Noxiall® effect was comparable to that of gabapentin or pregabalin. In addition, co-administration of non-effective doses of pregabalin and Noxiall® resulted in a significant decrease in NP, suggesting an additive efficacy. Noxiall® was efficacious also in reducing CCI-induced thermal hyperalgesia. These findings support the rationale of using natural remedies in conjunction with classical pharmacological agents to treat chronic NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Fotio
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | | | - Anna Maria Borruto
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Samantha Acciarini
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Universita' Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberto Ciccocioppo
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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23
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N S V, Mohamad A, Razdan R. Allantoin attenuates deficits of behavioural and motor nerve conduction in an animal model of cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Animal Model Exp Med 2019; 2:114-120. [PMID: 31392304 PMCID: PMC6601039 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of allantoin in cisplatin-induced toxicity in rats. METHODS Adult male Wistar rats weighing 160-200 g were used. Neuropathy was induced by injecting cisplatin (2 mg/kg, ip, twice a week for 6 weeks) and the rats were concurrently treated with allantoin (200 and 400 mg/kg, po) for 8 weeks. At the end of the study, body weight and hemogram were measured. Behavioural tests were performed, including tests for cold and hot hyperalgesia, motor co-ordination, locomotor activity, mechano-tactile allodynia and mechanical hyperalgesia. The rats were then sacrificed and sciatic nerve conduction velocity was determined. The antioxidant enzyme and nitric oxide levels in sciatic nerve homogenates were measured. RESULTS In this study, allantoin restored the motor nerve conduction velocity deficits induced by cisplatin, and the allantoin-treated rats showed improvement in cold and thermal hyperalgesia, mechano-tactile allodynia, and mechanical hyperalgesia. Allantoin treatment also improved the rats' hematological status, increasing haemoglobin, platelet and RBC counts compared to the cisplatin-treated group. Allantoin treatment also mitigated the functional abnormalities seen in the cisplatin neuropathy group, protecting neurons from the neurotoxic effects of cisplatin. CONCLUSION Allantoin shows promise for use as an adjuvant drug in cancer treatment to protect against cisplatin-induced neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vindya N S
- Department of PharmacologyAl‐Ameen College of PharmacyBangaloreKarnataka
| | - Aqib Mohamad
- Department of PharmacologyAl‐Ameen College of PharmacyBangaloreKarnataka
| | - Rema Razdan
- Department of PharmacologyAl‐Ameen College of PharmacyBangaloreKarnataka
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24
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Luu W, Bjork J, Salo E, Entenmann N, Jurgenson T, Fisher C, Klein AH. Modulation of SUR1 K ATP Channel Subunit Activity in the Peripheral Nervous System Reduces Mechanical Hyperalgesia after Nerve Injury in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2251. [PMID: 31067750 PMCID: PMC6539735 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The ATP-sensitive K+ channel (KATP) is involved in hypersensitivity during chronic pain and is presumed to be a downstream target of mu opioid receptors. Multiple subtypes of KATP channels exist in the peripheral and central nervous system and their activity may be inversely correlated to chronic pain phenotypes in rodents. In this study, we investigated the different KATP channel subunits that could be involved in neuropathic pain in mice. In chronic pain models utilizing spinal nerve ligation, SUR1 and Kir6.2 subunits were found to be significantly downregulated in dorsal root ganglia and the spinal cord. Local or intrathecal administration of SUR1-KATP channel subtype agonists resulted in analgesia after spinal nerve ligation but not SUR2 agonists. In ex-vivo nerve recordings, administration of the SUR1 agonist diazoxide to peripheral nerve terminals decreased mechanically evoked potentials. Genetic knockdown of SUR1 through an associated adenoviral strategy resulted in mechanical hyperalgesia but not thermal hyperalgesia compared to control mice. Behavioral data from neuropathic mice indicate that local reductions in SUR1-subtype KATP channel activity can exacerbate neuropathic pain symptoms. Since neuropathic pain is of major clinical relevance, potassium channels present a target for analgesic therapies, especially since they are expressed in nociceptors and could play an essential role in regulating the excitability of neurons involved in pain-transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Luu
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, USA.
| | - James Bjork
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812, USA.
| | - Erin Salo
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, USA.
| | - Nicole Entenmann
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, USA.
| | - Taylor Jurgenson
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, USA.
| | - Cole Fisher
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, USA.
| | - Amanda H Klein
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, USA.
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25
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Boo B, Kamath R, Arriaga-Gomez E, Landry J, Emanuel E, Joo S, Saldías Montivero M, Martinov T, Fife BT, Chatterjea D. Tetrahydrocannabinol Reduces Hapten-Driven Mast Cell Accumulation and Persistent Tactile Sensitivity in Mouse Model of Allergen-Provoked Localized Vulvodynia. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092163. [PMID: 31052404 PMCID: PMC6539044 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vulvodynia is a remarkably prevalent chronic pain condition of unknown etiology. An increase in numbers of vulvar mast cells often accompanies a clinical diagnosis of vulvodynia and a history of allergies amplifies the risk of developing this condition. We previously showed that repeated exposures to oxazolone dissolved in ethanol on the labiar skin of mice led to persistent genital sensitivity to pressure and a sustained increase in labiar mast cells. Here we sensitized female mice to the hapten dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) dissolved in saline on their flanks, and subsequently challenged them with the same hapten or saline vehicle alone for ten consecutive days either on labiar skin or in the vaginal canal. We evaluated tactile ano-genital sensitivity, and tissue inflammation at serial timepoints. DNFB-challenged mice developed significant, persistent tactile sensitivity. Allergic sites showed mast cell accumulation, infiltration of resident memory CD8+CD103+ T cells, early, localized increases in eosinophils and neutrophils, and sustained elevation of serum Immunoglobulin E (IgE). Therapeutic intra-vaginal administration of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) reduced mast cell accumulation and tactile sensitivity. Mast cell-targeted therapeutic strategies may therefore provide new ways to manage and treat vulvar pain potentially instigated by repeated allergenic exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beebie Boo
- Biology Department, Macalester College, Saint Paul, MN 55105, USA.
| | - Rohit Kamath
- Biology Department, Macalester College, Saint Paul, MN 55105, USA.
| | | | - Jasmine Landry
- Biology Department, Macalester College, Saint Paul, MN 55105, USA.
| | | | - Sookyong Joo
- Biology Department, Macalester College, Saint Paul, MN 55105, USA.
| | | | - Tijana Martinov
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Brian T Fife
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, MN 55455, USA.
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26
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Rezende RM, Gouveia Pelúzio MDC, de Jesus Silva F, Della Lucia EM, Silva Campos Favarato L, Stampini Duarte Martino H, Natali AJ. Does aerobic exercise associated with tryptophan supplementation attenuates hyperalgesia and inflammation in female rats with experimental fibromyalgia? PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211824. [PMID: 30785911 PMCID: PMC6382124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to verify the effects of aerobic exercise associated with tryptophan (TRP) supplementation on hyperalgesia, as well as on cortisol, IL-6 and TNF concentrations in female rats with experimental fibromyalgia (FM). Female Wistar rats (initial body weight: ~ 350 g; age: 12 months) were randomly divided into 5 groups: CON (Control); F (Fibromyalgia induced); FE (Fibromyalgia induced plus exercise); FES (Fibromyalgia induced plus exercise and TRP supplementation) and FS (Fibromyalgia induced plus TRP supplementation). Fibromyalgia was induced with two injections (20 μL) of acidic saline (pH 4.0) into the right gastrocnemius muscle with a 3-day interval. Control animals received the same doses of neutral saline (pH 7.4). The exercised animals underwent progressive low-intensity aerobic exercise (LIAE) on a treadmill (10–12 m/min, 30–45 min/day, 5 days/week) for three weeks. During this period, the supplemented animals received a TRP supplemented diet (210 g/week), while the others received a control diet. Mechanical hyperalgesia was evaluated weekly and serum cortisol and muscle IL-6 and TNF concentrations were assessed after three weeks of interventions. Experimental FM caused bilateral hind paw hyperalgesia and augmented serum cortisol and muscle IL-6 concentrations. After 3 weeks of interventions, LIAE alone reduced hyperalgesia (151%) and reduced serum cortisol concentrations (72%). Tryptophan supplementation itself diminished hyperalgesia (57%) and reduced serum cortisol concentrations (67%). Adding TRP supplementation to LIAE did not further reduce hyperalgesia significantly (11%), which was followed by an important decrease in muscle IL-6 concentrations (68%), though reduction in serum cortisol pulled back to 45%. Muscle TNF concentrations were not affected. In conclusion, the association of TRP supplementation to LIAE does not potentiate significantly the reduction of bilateral mechanical hyperalgesia promoted by LIAE in female rats with experimental FM, however an important decrease in IL-6 is evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Marins Rezende
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG-Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Antônio José Natali
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG-Brazil
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27
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Microglia Promote Increased Pain Behavior through Enhanced Inflammation in the Spinal Cord during Repeated Social Defeat Stress. J Neurosci 2018; 39:1139-1149. [PMID: 30559153 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2785-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies indicate that psychosocial stress contributes to adverse chronic pain outcomes in patients, but it is unclear how this is initiated or amplified by stress. Repeated social defeat (RSD) is a mouse model of psychosocial stress that activates microglia, increases neuroinflammatory signaling, and augments pain and anxiety-like behaviors. We hypothesized that activated microglia within the spinal cord facilitate increased pain sensitivity following RSD. Here we show that mechanical allodynia in male mice was increased with exposure to RSD. This stress-induced behavior corresponded with increased mRNA expression of several inflammatory genes, including IL-1β, TNF-α, CCL2, and TLR4 in the lumbar spinal cord. While there were several adhesion and chemokine-related genes increased in the lumbar spinal cord after RSD, there was no accumulation of monocytes or neutrophils. Notably, there was evidence of microglial activation selectively within the nociceptive neurocircuitry of the dorsal horn of the lumbar cord. Elimination of microglia using the colony stimulating factor 1 receptor antagonist PLX5622 from the brain and spinal cord prevented the development of mechanical allodynia in RSD-exposed mice. Microglial elimination also attenuated RSD-induced IL-1β, CCR2, and TLR4 mRNA expression in the lumbar spinal cord. Together, RSD-induced allodynia was associated with microglia-mediated inflammation within the dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Mounting evidence indicates that psychological stress contributes to the onset and progression of adverse nociceptive conditions. We show here that repeated social defeat stress causes increased pain sensitivity due to inflammatory signaling within the nociceptive circuits of the spinal cord. Studies here mechanistically tested the role of microglia in the development of pain by stress. Pharmacological ablation of microglia prevented stress-induced pain sensitivity. These findings demonstrate that microglia are critical mediators in the induction of pain conditions by stress. Moreover, these studies provide a proof of principle that microglia can be targeted as a therapeutic strategy to mitigate adverse pain conditions.
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Yang Z, Tan Q, Cheng D, Zhang L, Zhang J, Gu EW, Fang W, Lu X, Liu X. The Changes of Intrinsic Excitability of Pyramidal Neurons in Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Neuropathic Pain. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:436. [PMID: 30519160 PMCID: PMC6258991 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To find satisfactory treatment strategies for neuropathic pain syndromes, the cellular mechanisms should be illuminated. Central sensitization is a generator of pain hypersensitivity, and is mainly reflected in neuronal hyperexcitability in pain pathway. Neuronal excitability depends on two components, the synaptic inputs and the intrinsic excitability. Previous studies have focused on the synaptic plasticity in different forms of pain. But little is known about the changes of neuronal intrinsic excitability in neuropathic pain. To address this question, whole-cell patch clamp recordings were performed to study the synaptic transmission and neuronal intrinsic excitability 1 week after spared nerve injury (SNI) or sham operation in male C57BL/6J mice. We found increased spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSC) frequency in layer II/III pyramidal neurons of anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) from mice with neuropathic pain. Elevated intrinsic excitability of these neurons after nerve injury was also picked up, which was reflected in gain of input-output curve, inter-spike interval (ISI), spike threshold and Refractory period (RP). Besides firing rate related to neuronal intrinsic excitability, spike timing also plays an important role in neural information processing. The precision of spike timing measured by standard deviation of spike timing (SDST) was decreased in neuropathic pain state. The electrophysiological studies revealed the elevated intrinsic excitation in layer II/III pyramidal neurons of ACC in mice with neuropathic pain, which might contribute to central excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilai Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qilian Tan
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Dan Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jiqian Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Er-Wei Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Weiping Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xianfu Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xuesheng Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Li JN, Sheets PL. The central amygdala to periaqueductal gray pathway comprises intrinsically distinct neurons differentially affected in a model of inflammatory pain. J Physiol 2018; 596:6289-6305. [PMID: 30281797 DOI: 10.1113/jp276935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS The central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) encompasses the main output pathways of the amygdala, a temporal lobe structure essential in affective and cognitive dimensions of pain. A major population of neurons in the CeA send projections to the periaqueductal gray (PAG), a key midbrain structure that mediates coping strategies in response to threat or stress. CeA-PAG neurons are topographically organized based on their targeted subregion within the PAG. PAG-projecting neurons in the central medial (CeM) and central lateral (CeL) regions of CeA are intrinsically distinct. CeL-PAG neurons are a homogeneous population of intrinsically distinct neurons while CeM-PAG neurons are intrinsically heterogeneous. Membrane properties of distinct CeM-PAG subtypes are altered in the complete Freund's adjuvant model of inflammatory pain. ABSTRACT A major population of neurons in the central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) send projections to the periaqueductal gray (PAG), a key midbrain structure that mediates coping strategies in response to threat or stress. While the CeA-PAG pathway has proved to be a component of descending anti-nociceptive circuitry, the functional organization of CeA-PAG neurons remains unclear. We identified CeA-PAG neurons in C57BL/6 mice of both sexes using intracranial injection of a fluorescent retrograde tracer into the PAG. In acute brain slices, we investigated the topographical and intrinsic characteristics of retrogradely labelled CeA-PAG neurons using epifluorescence and whole-cell electrophysiology. We also measured changes to CeA-PAG neurons in the complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) model of inflammatory pain. Neurons in the central lateral (CeL) and central medial (CeM) amygdala project primarily to different regions of the PAG. CeL-PAG neurons consist of a relatively homogeneous population of intrinsically distinct neurons while CeM-PAG neurons are intrinsically heterogeneous. Membrane properties of distinct CeM-PAG subtypes are altered 1 day after induction of the CFA inflammatory pain model. Collectively, our results provide insight into pain-induced changes to a specific population of CeA neurons that probably play a key role in the integration of noxious input with endogenous analgesia and behavioural coping response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Nan Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Patrick L Sheets
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Kant R, Pasi S, Surolia A. Auto-Reactive Th17-Cells Trigger Obsessive-Compulsive-Disorder Like Behavior in Mice With Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2508. [PMID: 30429853 PMCID: PMC6220041 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Th17-lymphocytes are well known for their deleterious role in autoimmunity. But does the notoriety of this repertoire extend beyond autoimmunity? In the present study we employed experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis as model system to study the role auto-reactive Th17 cells in neuropsychiatric disorders. The mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis exhibited exaggerated grooming activity. The observed behavioral anomaly resembled obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) upon analysis of grooming microstructure, induced grooming, marble burying and nestlet shredding. The observed OCD like behavior was relieved upon Th17 cell depletion; alternatively, it could alone be induced by adoptive transfer of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (35-55) reactive Th17 in B6.Rag1−/− mice. The observed OCD like behavior was also alleviated upon treatment with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, fluoxetine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kant
- Molecular Science Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India.,Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Shweta Pasi
- Molecular Science Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India.,Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Avadhesha Surolia
- Molecular Science Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India.,Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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31
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Ismail CAN, Aziz CBA, Suppian R, Long I. Imbalanced oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory markers differentiate the development of diabetic neuropathy variants in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2018; 17:129-136. [PMID: 30918846 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-018-0350-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Diabetic neuropathy is a prolonged symptom of diabetes mellitus that affect a number of diabetes mellitus patients. So far, the variants of diabetic neuropathy, either painful (PDN) or non-painful (or painless, non-PDN) response have distinctive clinical entities. This study aims to determine the effects of oxidative stress parameters and pro-inflammatory factors at spinal cord level of streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathy rat model. Methods Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to control (non-diabetic), PDN and non-PDN groups (n = 10). The rats were induced with diabetes by streptozotocin injection (60 mg/kg). Tactile allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were assessed on day 0, 14 (week 2) and 21 (week 3) in the rats. The rats were sacrificed and the spinal cord tissue was collected for the measurement of oxidative stress (malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase) and pro-inflammatory markers (interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)). Results PDN rats demonstrated a marked tactile allodynia with no thermal hyperalgesia whilst non-PDN rats exhibited a prominent hypo-responsiveness towards non-noxious stimuli and hypoalgesia towards thermal input. The MDA level and pro-inflammatory TNF-α was significantly increased in PDN rats whilst catalase was reduced in these rats. Meanwhile, non-PDN rats demonstrated reduced SOD enzyme activity and TNF-α level and increased MDA and catalase activity. Conclusion The changes in oxidative stress parameters and pro-inflammatory factors may contribute to the changes in behavioural responses in both PDN and non-PDN rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che Aishah Nazariah Ismail
- 1Physiology Department, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan Malaysia.,2School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Che Badariah Abd Aziz
- 1Physiology Department, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Rapeah Suppian
- 2School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Idris Long
- 2School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan Malaysia
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32
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Bruner-Tran KL, Mokshagundam S, Herington JL, Ding T, Osteen KG. Rodent Models of Experimental Endometriosis: Identifying Mechanisms of Disease and Therapeutic Targets. CURRENT WOMEN'S HEALTH REVIEWS 2018; 14:173-188. [PMID: 29861705 PMCID: PMC5925870 DOI: 10.2174/1573404813666170921162041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although it has been more than a century since endometriosis was initially described in the literature, understanding the etiology and natural history of the disease has been challenging. However, the broad utility of murine and rat models of experimental endometriosis has enabled the elucidation of a number of potentially targetable processes which may otherwise promote this disease. OBJECTIVE To review a variety of studies utilizing rodent models of endometriosis to illustrate their utility in examining mechanisms associated with development and progression of this disease. RESULTS Use of rodent models of endometriosis has provided a much broader understanding of the risk factors for the initial development of endometriosis, the cellular pathology of the disease and the identification of potential therapeutic targets. CONCLUSION Although there are limitations with any animal model, the variety of experimental endometriosis models that have been developed has enabled investigation into numerous aspects of this disease. Thanks to these models, our under-standing of the early processes of disease development, the role of steroid responsiveness, inflammatory processes and the peritoneal environment has been advanced. More recent models have begun to shed light on how epigenetic alterations con-tribute to the molecular basis of this disease as well as the multiple comorbidities which plague many patients. Continued de-velopments of animal models which aid in unraveling the mechanisms of endometriosis development provide the best oppor-tunity to identify therapeutic strategies to prevent or regress this enigmatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylon L. Bruner-Tran
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women’s Reproductive Health Research Center, Nashville, TN37232, USA
| | - Shilpa Mokshagundam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women’s Reproductive Health Research Center, Nashville, TN37232, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Herington
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN37232, USA
| | - Tianbing Ding
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women’s Reproductive Health Research Center, Nashville, TN37232, USA
| | - Kevin G. Osteen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women’s Reproductive Health Research Center, Nashville, TN37232, USA
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, NashvilleTN37212, USA
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Pin-Barre C, Pellegrino C, Laurin F, Laurin J. Cerebral Ischemia Changed the Effect of Metabosensitive Muscle Afferents on Somatic Reflex Without Affecting Thalamic Activity. Front Physiol 2018; 9:638. [PMID: 29896119 PMCID: PMC5986926 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine the contribution of group III and IV metabosensitive afferents at spinal and supraspinal levels in rats subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) with reperfusion during the acute phase. Animals were randomized in Control (n = 23), SHAM (n = 18), MCAO-D1 (n = 10), and MCAO-D7 (n = 20) groups. Rats performed the Electrical Von Frey and the Adhesive removal tests before the surgery and at day 1 (D1), D3, and D7 after MCAO. Animals were subjected to electrophysiological recordings including the responses of group III/IV metabosensitive afferents to combinations of chemical activators and the triceps brachii somatic reflex activity at D1 or D7. The response of ventral posterolateral (VPL) thalamic nuclei was also recorded after group III/IV afferent activation. Histological measurements were performed to assess the infarct size and to confirm the location of the recording electrodes into the VPL. Behavioral results indicated that MCAO induced disorders of both mechanical sensibility and motor coordination of paretic forepaw during 7 days. Moreover, injured animals exhibited an absence of somatic reflex inhibition from the group III/IV afferents at D1, without affecting the response of both these afferents and the VPL. Finally, the regulation of the central motor drive by group III/IV afferents was modified at spinal level during the acute phase of cerebral ischemia and it might contribute to the observed behavioral disturbances.
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Finno CJ, Bordbari MH, Gianino G, Ming-Whitfield B, Burns E, Merkel J, Britton M, Durbin-Johnson B, Sloma EA, McMackin M, Cortopassi G, Rivas V, Barro M, Tran CK, Gennity I, Habib H, Xu L, Puschner B, Miller AD. An innate immune response and altered nuclear receptor activation defines the spinal cord transcriptome during alpha-tocopherol deficiency in Ttpa-null mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 120. [PMID: 29526809 PMCID: PMC5940542 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mice with deficiency in tocopherol (alpha) transfer protein gene develop peripheral tocopherol deficiency and sensory neurodegeneration. Ttpa-/- mice maintained on diets with deficient α-tocopherol (α-TOH) had proprioceptive deficits by six months of age, axonal degeneration and neuronal chromatolysis within the dorsal column of the spinal cord and its projections into the medulla. Transmission electron microscopy revealed degeneration of dorsal column axons. We addressed the potential pathomechanism of α-TOH deficient neurodegeneration by global transcriptome sequencing within the spinal cord and cerebellum. RNA-sequencing of the spinal cord in Ttpa-/- mice revealed upregulation of genes associated with the innate immune response, indicating a molecular signature of microglial activation as a result of tocopherol deficiency. For the first time, low level Ttpa expression was identified in the murine spinal cord. Further, the transcription factor liver X receptor (LXR) was strongly activated by α-TOH deficiency, triggering dysregulation of cholesterol biosynthesis. The aberrant activation of transcription factor LXR suppressed the normal induction of the transcription factor retinoic-related orphan receptor-α (RORA), which is required for neural homeostasis. Thus we find that α-TOH deficiency induces LXR, which may lead to a molecular signature of microglial activation and contribute to sensory neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie J Finno
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
| | - Matthew H Bordbari
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Giuliana Gianino
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Brittni Ming-Whitfield
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Erin Burns
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Janel Merkel
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Monica Britton
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Blythe Durbin-Johnson
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Erica A Sloma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Marissa McMackin
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Gino Cortopassi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Victor Rivas
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Marietta Barro
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Cecilia K Tran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Ingrid Gennity
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Hadi Habib
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Birgit Puschner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Andrew D Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
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Beninson JA, Lofgren JL, Lester PA, Hileman MM, Berkowitz DJ, Myers DD. Analgesic Efficacy and Hematologic Effects of Robenacoxib in Mice. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2018; 57:258-267. [PMID: 29784076 PMCID: PMC5966233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
NSAID analgesics may confound models that require inflammation to mimic disease development in humans. This effect presents a challenge for veterinary staff and investigators, because surgery is often necessary to create mouse models of disease and NSAID are first-line analgesics used to treat postoperative pain. We evaluated robenacoxib, a NSAID highly selective for cyclooxygenase 2, in a carrageenan paw edema (CPE) assay and surgical model of venous thrombosis (VT). We generated a mouse-specific dose-response curve by using the CPE assay for robenacoxib doses of 3.2, 10, 32 and 100 mg/kg SC. Electronic von Frey assay, calipers, and novel software for measuring open-field activity revealed that all robenacoxib doses provided, identified effective analgesia at 3 and 6 h, compared with saline. In addition, the 100-mg/kg dose had measurable antiinflammatory effects but yielded adverse clinical side effects. Because the 32-mg/kg dose was the highest analgesic dose that did not decrease paw swelling, we evaluated it further by using the same nociceptive and behavioral assays in addition to a novel nest-consolidation test, and assessment of blood clotting and hematologic parameters in the surgical VT model. A single preemptive dose of either 32 mg/kg SC robenacoxib or 5 mg/kg SC carprofen protected against secondary hyperalgesia at 24 and 48 h. Neither drug altered clot formation or hematology values in the VT model. The open-field activity software and our novel nest consolidation test both identified significant postoperative discomfort but did not differentiate between saline and analgesia groups. In light of these data, a single preemptive subcutaneous dose of 32 mg/kg of robenacoxib or 5 mg/kg of carprofen did not impede this VT mode but also failed to provide sufficient postoperative analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Beninson
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan;,
| | - Jennifer L Lofgren
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, Refinement and Enrichment Advancements Laboratory (REAL), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Patrick A Lester
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, Department of Surgery, Vascular Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | | | - Daniel D Myers
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, Department of Surgery, Vascular Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Cesário FRAS, de Albuquerque TR, de Lacerda GM, de Oliveira MRC, Rodrigues LB, Martins AOBPB, Boligon AA, Júnior LJQ, de Souza Araújo AA, Vale ML, Coutinho HDM, de Menezes IRA. Phytochemical profile and mechanisms involved in the anti-nociception caused by the hydroethanolic extract obtained from Tocoyena formosa (Cham. & Schltdl.) K. Schum (Jenipapo-bravo) leaves in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 97:321-329. [PMID: 29091881 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tocoyena formosa, a small ornamental tree growing in the dry regions of central Brazil, is commonly known as 'genipapo do bravo'. This is a medicinal plant traditionally used as an analgesic for rheumatic pain, lower back pain and myalgia, however its use is carried out without scientific evidence, which thus justifies the development of studies to investigate and prove its therapeutic potential. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical profile of Tocoyena formosa (Cham. & Schlecht.) K. Schum (TFLHE) and the mechanisms involved in its anti-nociceptive effect. The TFLHE revealed the presence of gallic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, ellagic acid, rutin, quercetin and luteolin. The TFLHE at doses of 200 and 400mg/kg significantly decreased acetic acid-induced abdominal contortions, the reaction time for the formalin test in both phases and increased the paw withdrawal time in the hot plate thermal stimulus test. The 200mg/kg dose also significantly inhibited the plantar mechanical hyperalgesia intensity induced by formalin within 24h. TREATMENT with the TFLHE did not cause significant changes in motor performance and coordination in the Rota Rod test. The investigation on the possible mechanism of antinociceptive action of TFLHE indicates the involvement of opioid, glutamatergic, nitric oxide/cGMP and vanilloid systems. It is concluded that the TFLHE has an antinociceptive effect promoted by the aforementioned mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Rafael Alves Santana Cesário
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Postgraduate Program in Molecular Bioprospecting Program, Regional University of Cariri, 63.105-000, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Thaís Rodrigues de Albuquerque
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Postgraduate Program in Molecular Bioprospecting Program, Regional University of Cariri, 63.105-000, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Giovana Mendes de Lacerda
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Postgraduate Program in Molecular Bioprospecting Program, Regional University of Cariri, 63.105-000, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Maria Rayane Correia de Oliveira
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Postgraduate Program in Molecular Bioprospecting Program, Regional University of Cariri, 63.105-000, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Lindaiane Bezerra Rodrigues
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Postgraduate Program in Molecular Bioprospecting Program, Regional University of Cariri, 63.105-000, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Aline Augusti Boligon
- Laboratory of Phytochemical Research of the Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97.105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Lucindo José Quintans Júnior
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Sergipe, 49.100-000, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
| | - Adriano Antunes de Souza Araújo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Sergipe, 49.100-000, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
| | - Mariana Lima Vale
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences. Federal University of Sergipe, 49.100-000, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
| | - Henrique Douglas Melo Coutinho
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Postgraduate Program in Molecular Bioprospecting Program, Regional University of Cariri, 63.105-000, Crato, CE, Brazil.
| | - Irwin Rose Alencar de Menezes
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Postgraduate Program in Molecular Bioprospecting Program, Regional University of Cariri, 63.105-000, Crato, CE, Brazil.
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Kang DW, Choi JG, Moon JY, Kang SY, Ryu Y, Park JB, Kim HW. Automated Gait Analysis in Mice with Chronic Constriction Injury. J Vis Exp 2017:56402. [PMID: 29155722 PMCID: PMC5752418 DOI: 10.3791/56402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The von Frey test is a classical method that has been widely used to examine the sensory function of neuropathic pain animals. However, it has some disadvantages such as subjective data and the requirement of a skilled, experienced experimenter. To date, a variety of modifications have improved the von Frey method, but it still has a few limitations. Recent reports have suggested that gait analysis produces more accurate and objective data from the neuropathic animals. This protocol demonstrates how to perform the automated gait analysis to determine the degree of neuropathic pain in mice. After several days of acclimation, the mice were allowed to walk freely on the glass floor to illuminate footprints. Then, quantification of the footprints and gait were performed through video clips with automatic analysis of various walking parameters, such as area of paw print, swing time, angle of paw, etc. The main purpose of this study is to describe the methodology of automated gait analysis and briefly compare it with data from the classical sensory test using von Frey filament.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Wook Kang
- Department of Physiology and Medical Science, College of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University
| | - Jae-Gyun Choi
- Department of Physiology and Medical Science, College of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University
| | - Ji-Young Moon
- KM Fundamental Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM)
| | - Suk-Yun Kang
- KM Fundamental Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM)
| | - Yeonhee Ryu
- KM Fundamental Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM)
| | - Jin Bong Park
- Department of Physiology and Medical Science, College of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University
| | - Hyun-Woo Kim
- Department of Physiology and Medical Science, College of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University; Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston;
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Encapsulation of ropivacaine in a combined (donor-acceptor, ionic-gradient) liposomal system promotes extended anesthesia time. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185828. [PMID: 28982145 PMCID: PMC5628885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ropivacaine is a local anesthetic with similar potency but lower systemic toxicity than bupivacaine, the most commonly used spinal anesthetic. The present study concerns the development of a combined drug delivery system for ropivacaine, comprised of two types of liposomes: donor multivesicular vesicles containing 250 mM (NH4)2SO4 plus the anesthetic, and acceptor large unilamellar vesicles with internal pH of 5.5. Both kinds of liposomes were composed of hydrogenated soy-phosphatidylcholine:cholesterol (2:1 mol%) and were prepared at pH 7.4. Dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance techniques were used to characterize the average particle size, polydispersity, zeta potential, morphology and fluidity of the liposomes. In vitro dialysis experiments showed that the combined liposomal system provided significantly longer (72 h) release of ropivacaine, compared to conventional liposomes (~45 h), or plain ropivacaine (~4 h) (p <0.05). The pre-formulations tested were significantly less toxic to 3T3 cells, with toxicity increasing in the order: combined system < ropivacaine in donor or acceptor liposomes < ropivacaine in conventional liposomes < plain ropivacaine. The combined formulation, containing 2% ropivacaine, increased the anesthesia duration up to 9 h after subcutaneous infiltration in mice. In conclusion, a promising drug delivery system for ropivacaine was described, which can be loaded with large amounts of the anesthetic (2%), with reduced in vitro cytotoxicity and extended anesthesia time.
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Xiao L, Ding M, Fernandez A, Zhao P, Jin L, Li X. Curcumin alleviates lumbar radiculopathy by reducing neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and nociceptive factors. Eur Cell Mater 2017; 33:279-293. [PMID: 28485773 PMCID: PMC5521990 DOI: 10.22203/ecm.v033a21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Current non-surgical treatments for lumbar radiculopathy [e.g. epidural steroids and Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) antagonists] are neither effective nor safe. As a non-toxic natural product, curcumin possesses an exceptional anti-inflammatory profile. We hypothesised that curcumin alleviates lumbar radiculopathy by attenuating neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and nociceptive factors. In a dorsal root ganglion (DRG) culture, curcumin effectively inhibited TNF-α-induced neuroinflammation, in a dose-dependent manner, as shown by mRNA and protein expression of IL-6 and COX-2. Such effects might be mediated via protein kinase B (AKT) and extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) pathways. Also, a similar effect in combating TNF-α-induced neuroinflammation was observed in isolated primary neurons. In addition, curcumin protected neurons from TNF-α-triggered excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cellular apoptosis and, accordingly, promoted mRNA expression of the anti-oxidative enzymes haem oxygenase-1, catalase and superoxide dismutase-2. Intriguingly, electronic von Frey test suggested that intraperitoneal injection of curcumin significantly abolished ipsilateral hyperalgesia secondary to disc herniation in mice, for up to 2 weeks post-surgery. Such in vivo pain alleviation could be attributed to the suppression, observed in DRG explant culture, of TNF-α-elicited neuropeptides, such as substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide. Surprisingly, micro-computed tomography (μCT) data suggested that curcumin treatment could promote disc height recovery following disc herniation. Alcian blue/picrosirius red staining confirmed that systemic curcumin administration promoted regeneration of extracellular matrix proteins, visualised by presence of abundant newly-formed collagen and proteoglycan content in herniated disc. Our study provided pre-clinical evidence for expediting this natural, non-toxic pleiotropic agent to become a new and safe clinical treatment of radiculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Cobb Hall, 135 Hospital Dr. Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - M. Ding
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Cobb Hall, 135 Hospital Dr. Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA,Department of Anaesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - A. Fernandez
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Cobb Hall, 135 Hospital Dr. Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - P. Zhao
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - L. Jin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Cobb Hall, 135 Hospital Dr. Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - X. Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Cobb Hall, 135 Hospital Dr. Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA,Address for correspondence: Dr Xudong Li, MD, PhD, Rm B051, Cobb Hall, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, 135 Hospital Dr. Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA, Telephone number: +1 4349824135, Fax number: +1 4349241691,
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Jin L, Ding M, Oklopcic A, Aghdasi B, Xiao L, Li Z, Jevtovic-Todorovic V, Li X. Nanoparticle fullerol alleviates radiculopathy via NLRP3 inflammasome and neuropeptides. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 13:2049-2059. [PMID: 28404518 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the analgesic effect of the antioxidant nanoparticle fullerol in a mouse radiculopathy and a dorsal root ganglion (DRG) culture models. Intervertebral disk degeneration causes significant hyperalgesia and nerve inflammation. Pain sensitization and inflammatory reaction were counteracted by fullerol when disk material was bathed in 10 or 100μM of fullerol prior to implantation. Immunohistochemistry showed similar massive IBA1 positive macrophage infiltration surrounding implanted disk material among groups, but IL-1β and IL-6 expression was decreased in the fullerol treated group. In the DRG explant culture, after treatment with TNF-α, the expression of IL-1β, NLRP3, and caspase 1 was significantly increased but this was reversed by the addition of fullerol. In addition, fullerol also decreased the expression of substance P and CGRP in the cultured DRGs. Nanoparticle fullerol effectively counteracts pain sensitization and the inflammatory cascade caused by disk degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Mengmeng Ding
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Azra Oklopcic
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Bayan Aghdasi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Li Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ziyi Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Vesna Jevtovic-Todorovic
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Xudong Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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Zerumbone Alleviates Neuropathic Pain through the Involvement of l-Arginine-Nitric Oxide-cGMP-K⁺ ATP Channel Pathways in Chronic Constriction Injury in Mice Model. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22040555. [PMID: 28358309 PMCID: PMC6154097 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigates the involvement of the l-arginine-Nitric Oxide-cGMP-K+ ATP pathways responsible for the action of anti-allodynic and antihyperalgesic activities of zerumbone in chronic constriction injury (CCI) induced neuropathic pain in mice. The role of l-arginine-NO-cGMP-K+ was assessed by the von Frey and the Randall-Selitto tests. Both allodynia and hyperalgesia assessments were carried out on the 14th day post CCI, 30 min after treatments were given for each respective pathway. Anti-allodynic and antihyperalgesic effects of zerumbone (10 mg/kg, i.p) were significantly reversed by the pre-treatment of l-arginine (10 mg/kg), 1H [1,2,4]Oxadiazole[4,3a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), a soluble guanosyl cyclase blocker (2 mg/kg i.p.) and glibenclamide (ATP-sensitive potassium channel blocker) (10 mg/kg i.p.) (p < 0.05). Taken together, these results indicate that systemic administration of zerumbone produces significant anti-allodynic and antihyperalgesic activities in neuropathic pain in mice possibly due to involvement of the l-arginine-NO-cGMP-PKG-K+ ATP channel pathways in CCI model.
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Repeated hapten exposure induces persistent tactile sensitivity in mice modeling localized provoked vulvodynia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169672. [PMID: 28158195 PMCID: PMC5291437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vulvodynia is a remarkably prevalent chronic pain condition of unknown etiology. Epidemiologic studies associate the risk of vulvodynia with a history of atopic disease. We used an established model of hapten-driven contact hypersensitivity to investigate the underlying mechanisms of allergy-provoked prolonged sensitivity to pressure. Methods We sensitized female ND4 Swiss mice to the hapten oxazolone on their flanks, and subsequently challenged them four days later with oxazolone or vehicle for ten consecutive days on the labia. We evaluated labiar sensitivity to touch, local mast cell accumulation, and hyperinnervation after ten challenges. Results Oxazolone-challenged mice developed significant tactile sensitivity that persisted for over three weeks after labiar allergen exposures ceased. Allergic sites were characterized by mast cell accumulation, sensory hyper-innervation and infiltration of regulatory CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T cells as well as localized early increases in transcripts encoding Nerve Growth Factor and nerve-mast cell synapse marker Cell Adhesion Molecule 1. Local depletion of mast cells by intra-labiar administration of secretagogue compound 48/80 led to a reduction in both nerve density and tactile sensitivity. Conclusions Mast cells regulate allergy-provoked persistent sensitivity to touch. Mast cell-targeted therapeutic strategies may provide novel means to manage and limit chronic pain conditions associated with atopic disease.
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Marwaha L, Bansal Y, Singh R, Saroj P, Sodhi RK, Kuhad A. Niflumic acid, a TRPV1 channel modulator, ameliorates stavudine-induced neuropathic pain. Inflammopharmacology 2016; 24:319-334. [PMID: 27757590 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-016-0285-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
TRP channels have been discovered as a specialized group of somatosensory neurons involved in the detection of noxious stimuli. Desensitization of TRPV1 located on dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia exhibits analgesic effect and makes it potential therapeutic target for treatment of neuropathic pain. With this background, the present study was aimed to investigate the protective effect of niflumic acid, a TRPV1 modulator, on stavudine (STV)-induced neuropathic pain in rats. Stavudine (50 mg/kg) was administered intravenously via tail vein in rats to induce neuropathic pain. Various behavioral tests were performed to access neuropathic pain (hyperalgesia and allodynia) on 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th days. Electrophysiology (motor nerve conduction velocity; MNCV) and biochemical estimations were conducted after 28th day. Niflumic acid (10, 15, and 20 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally and evaluated against behavioral, electrophysiological (MNCV), and biochemical alterations in stavudine-treated rats. Pregabalin (30 mg/kg) was taken as reference standard and administered intraperitoneally. Four weeks after stavudine injection, rats developed behavioral, electrophysiological (MNCV), and biochemical (oxidative, nitrosative stress, and inflammatory cytokines, TRPV1) alterations. Niflumic acid restored core and associated symptoms of peripheral neuropathy by suppressing oxidative-nitrosative stress, inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β) and TRPV1 level in stavudine-induced neuropathic pain in rats. Pharmacological efficacy of niflumic acid (20 mg/kg) was equivalent to pregabalin (30 mg/kg). In conclusion, niflumic acid attenuates STV-induced behavioral, electrophysiological and biochemical alterations by manipulating TRP channel activity in two manners: (1) direct antagonistic action against TRPV1 channels and (2) indirect inhibition of TRP channels by blocking oxidative and inflammatory surge. Therefore, NA can be developed as a potential pharmacotherapeutic adjunct for antiretroviral drug-induced neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovish Marwaha
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Punjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India
| | - Yashika Bansal
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Punjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India
| | - Raghunath Singh
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Punjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India
| | - Priyanka Saroj
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Punjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India
| | - Rupinder Kaur Sodhi
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Punjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India
| | - Anurag Kuhad
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Punjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India.
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Aich A, Afrin LB, Gupta K. Mast Cell-Mediated Mechanisms of Nociception. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:29069-92. [PMID: 26690128 PMCID: PMC4691098 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are tissue-resident immune cells that release immuno-modulators, chemo-attractants, vasoactive compounds, neuropeptides and growth factors in response to allergens and pathogens constituting a first line of host defense. The neuroimmune interface of immune cells modulating synaptic responses has been of increasing interest, and mast cells have been proposed as key players in orchestrating inflammation-associated pain pathobiology due to their proximity to both vasculature and nerve fibers. Molecular underpinnings of mast cell-mediated pain can be disease-specific. Understanding such mechanisms is critical for developing disease-specific targeted therapeutics to improve analgesic outcomes. We review molecular mechanisms that may contribute to nociception in a disease-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Aich
- Vascular Biology Center, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Lawrence B Afrin
- Vascular Biology Center, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Kalpna Gupta
- Vascular Biology Center, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Fuentes IM, Pierce AN, O'Neil PT, Christianson JA. Assessment of Perigenital Sensitivity and Prostatic Mast Cell Activation in a Mouse Model of Neonatal Maternal Separation. J Vis Exp 2015:e53181. [PMID: 26327525 DOI: 10.3791/53181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) has a lifetime prevalence of 14% and is the most common urological diagnosis for men under the age of 50, yet it is the least understood and studied chronic pelvic pain disorder. A significant subset of patients with chronic pelvic pain report having experienced early life stress or abuse, which can markedly affect the functioning and regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Mast cell activation, which has been shown to be increased in both urine and expressed prostatic secretions of CP/CPPS patients, is partially regulated by downstream activation of the HPA axis. Neonatal maternal separation (NMS) has been used for over two decades to study the outcomes of early life stress in rodent models, including changes in the HPA axis and visceral sensitivity. Here we provide a detailed protocol for using NMS as a preclinical model of CP/CPPS in male C57BL/6 mice. We describe the methodology for performing NMS, assessing perigenital mechanical allodynia, and histological evidence of mast cell activation. We also provide evidence that early psychological stress can have long-lasting effects on the male urogenital system in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela N Pierce
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center
| | - Pierce T O'Neil
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center
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Reed WR, Pickar JG, Sozio RS, Long CR. Effect of spinal manipulation thrust magnitude on trunk mechanical activation thresholds of lateral thalamic neurons. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2015; 37:277-86. [PMID: 24928636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES High-velocity low-amplitude spinal manipulation (HVLA-SM), as performed by doctors who use manual therapy (eg, doctors of chiropractic and osteopathy), results in mechanical hypoalgesia in clinical settings. This hypoalgesic effect has previously been attributed to alterations in peripheral and/or central pain processing. The objective of this study was to determine whether thrust magnitude of a simulated HVLA-SM alters mechanical trunk response thresholds in wide dynamic range (WDR) and/or nociceptive specific (NS) lateral thalamic neurons. METHODS Extracellular recordings were carried out in the thalamus of 15 anesthetized Wistar rats. Lateral thalamic neurons having receptive fields, which included the lumbar dorsal-lateral trunk, were characterized as either WDR (n=22) or NS (n=25). Response thresholds to electronic von Frey (rigid tip) mechanical trunk stimuli were determined in 3 directions (dorsal-ventral, 45° caudalward, and 45° cranialward) before and immediately after the dorsal-ventral delivery of a 100-millisecond HVLA-SM at 3 thrust magnitudes (control, 55%, 85% body weight). RESULTS There was a significant difference in mechanical threshold between 85% body weight manipulation and control thrust magnitudes in the dorsal-ventral direction in NS neurons (P=.01). No changes were found in WDR neurons at either HVLA-SM thrust magnitude. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to investigate the effect of HVLA-SM thrust magnitude on WDR and NS lateral thalamic mechanical response threshold. Our data suggest that, at the single lateral thalamic neuron level, there may be a minimal spinal manipulative thrust magnitude required to elicit an increase in trunk mechanical response thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Reed
- Associate Professor, Palmer Center for Chiropractic Research, Davenport, Iowa.
| | - Joel G Pickar
- Professor Emeritus, Palmer Center for Chiropractic Research, Davenport, Iowa
| | - Randall S Sozio
- Research Associate, Palmer Center for Chiropractic Research, Davenport, Iowa
| | - Cynthia R Long
- Professor, Director, Palmer Center of Chiropractic Research, Davenport, Iowa
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Chatterjea D, Martinov T. Mast cells: versatile gatekeepers of pain. Mol Immunol 2014; 63:38-44. [PMID: 24666768 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are important first responders in protective pain responses that provoke withdrawal from intense, noxious environmental stimuli, in part because of their sentinel location in tissue-environment interfaces. In chronic pain disorders, the proximity of mast cells to nerves potentiates critical molecular cross-talk between these two cell types that results in their synergistic contribution to the initiation and propagation of long-term changes in pain responses via intricate signal networks of neurotransmitters, cytokines and adhesion molecules. Both in rodent models of inflammatory pain and chronic pain disorders, as well as in increasing evidence from the clinic, it is abundantly clear that understanding the mast cell-mediated mechanisms underlying protective and maladaptive pain cascades will lead to improved understanding of mast cell biology as well as the development of novel, targeted therapies for the treatment and management of debilitating pain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tijana Martinov
- Department of Biology, Macalester College, St. Paul, MN, USA
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Contact hypersensitivity to oxazolone provokes vulvar mechanical hyperalgesia in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78673. [PMID: 24205293 PMCID: PMC3808293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay among pain, allergy and dysregulated inflammation promises to yield significant conceptual advances in immunology and chronic pain. Hapten-mediated contact hypersensitivity reactions are used to model skin allergies in rodents but have not been utilized to study associated changes in pain perception in the affected skin. Here we characterized changes in mechanical hyperalgesia in oxazolone-sensitized female mice challenged with single and repeated labiar skin exposure to oxazolone. Female mice were sensitized with topical oxazolone on their flanks and challenged 1-3 times on the labia. We then measured mechanical sensitivity of the vulvar region with an electronic pressure meter and evaluated expression of inflammatory genes, leukocyte influx and levels of innervation in the labiar tissue. Oxazolone-sensitized mice developed vulvar mechanical hyperalgesia after a single labiar oxazolone challenge. Hyperalgesia lasted up to 24 hours along with local influx of neutrophils, upregulation of inflammatory cytokine gene expression, and increased density of cutaneous labiar nerve fibers. Three daily oxazolone challenges produced vulvar mechanical hyperalgesic responses and increases in nerve density that were detectable up to 5 days post-challenge even after overt inflammation resolved. This persistent vulvar hyperalgesia is resonant with vulvodynia, an understudied chronic pain condition that is remarkably prevalent in 18-60 year-old women. An elevated risk for vulvodynia has been associated with a history of environmental allergies. Our pre-clinical model can be readily adapted to regimens of chronic exposures and long-term assessment of vulvar pain with and without concurrent inflammation to improve our understanding of mechanisms underlying subsets of vulvodynia and to develop new therapeutics for this condition.
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