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Chen G, Zhang Y, Li R, Jin L, Hao K, Rong J, Duan H, Du Y, Yao L, Xiang D, Liu Z. Environmental enrichment attenuates depressive-like behavior in maternal rats by inhibiting neuroinflammation and apoptosis and promoting neuroplasticity. Neurobiol Stress 2024; 30:100624. [PMID: 38524250 PMCID: PMC10958482 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2024.100624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Gestational stress can exacerbate postpartum depression (PPD), for which treatment options remain limited. Environmental enrichment (EE) may be a therapeutic intervention for neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression, but the specific mechanisms by which EE might impact PPD remain unknown. Here we examined the behavioral, molecular, and cellular impact of EE in a stable PPD model in rats developed through maternal separation (MS). Maternal rats subjected to MS developed depression-like behavior and cognitive dysfunction together with evidence of significant neuroinflammation including microglia activation, neuronal apoptosis, and impaired synaptic plasticity. Expanding the duration of EE to throughout pregnancy and lactation, we observed an EE-associated reversal of MS-induced depressive phenotypes, inhibition of neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis, and improvement in synaptic plasticity in maternal rats. Thus, EE effectively alleviates neuroinflammation, neuronal apoptosis, damage to synaptic plasticity, and consequent depression-like behavior in mother rats experiencing MS-induced PPD, paving the way for new preventive and therapeutic strategies for PPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guopeng Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Yuhui Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Ruiling Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Liuyin Jin
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Keke Hao
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Jingtong Rong
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Hao Duan
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Yiwei Du
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Lihua Yao
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Dan Xiang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Zhongchun Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
- Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
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2
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Wang Y, Liu W, Geng P, Du W, Guo C, Wang Q, Zheng GQ, Jin X. Role of Crosstalk between Glial Cells and Immune Cells in Blood-Brain Barrier Damage and Protection after Acute Ischemic Stroke. Aging Dis 2023:AD.2023.1010. [PMID: 37962453 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage is the main pathological basis for acute ischemic stroke (AIS)-induced cerebral vasogenic edema and hemorrhagic transformation (HT). Glial cells, including microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs)/oligodendrocytes (OLs) play critical roles in BBB damage and protection. Recent evidence indicates that immune cells also have an important role in BBB damage, vasogenic edema and HT. Therefore, regulating the crosstalk between glial cells and immune cells would hold the promise to alleviate AIS-induced BBB damage. In this review, we first introduce the roles of glia cells, pericytes, and crosstalk between glial cells in the damage and protection of BBB after AIS, emphasizing the polarization, inflammatory response and crosstalk between microglia, astrocytes, and other glia cells. We then describe the role of glial cell-derived exosomes in the damage and protection of BBB after AIS. Next, we specifically discuss the crosstalk between glial cells and immune cells after AIS. Finally, we propose that glial cells could be a potential target for alleviating BBB damage after AIS and we discuss some molecular targets and potential strategies to alleviate BBB damage by regulating glial cells after AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Wencao Liu
- Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Panpan Geng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Weihong Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Chun Guo
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK
| | - Qian Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinchun Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
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3
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Li H, Dan QQ, Chen YJ, Chen L, Zhang HT, Mu DZ, Wang TH. Cellular Localization and Distribution of TGF-β1, GDNF and PDGF-BB in the Adult Primate Central Nervous System. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:2406-2423. [PMID: 36976393 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03909-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The available data on the localization of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-β1), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) in the adult primate and human central nervous system (CNS) are limited and lack comprehensive and systematic information. This study aimed to investigate the cellular localization and distribution of TGF-β1, GDNF, and PDGF-BB in the CNS of adult rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta). Seven adult rhesus macaques were included in the study. The protein levels of TGF-β1, PDGF-BB, and GDNF in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus, and spinal cord were analyzed by western blotting. The expression and location of TGF-β1, PDGF-BB, and GDNF in the brain and spinal cord was examined by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining, respectively. The mRNA expression of TGF-β1, PDGF-BB, and GDNF was detected by in situ hybridization. The molecular weight of TGF-β1, PDGF-BB, and GDNF in the homogenate of spinal cord was 25 KDa, 30 KDa, and 34 KDa, respectively. Immunolabeling revealed GDNF was ubiquitously distributed in the cerebral cortex, hippocampal formation, basal nuclei, thalamus, hypothalamus, brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord. TGF-β1 was least distributed and found only in the medulla oblongata and spinal cord, and PDGF-BB expression was also limited and present only in the brainstem and spinal cord. Besides, TGF-β1, PDGF-BB, and GDNF were localized in the astrocytes and microglia of spinal cord and hippocampus, and their expression was mainly found in the cytoplasm and primary dendrites. The mRNA of TGF-β1, PDGF-BB, and GDNF was localized to neuronal subpopulations in the spinal cord and cerebellum. These findings suggest that TGF-β1, GDNF and PDGF-BB may be associated with neuronal survival, neural regeneration and functional recovery in the CNS of adult rhesus macaques, providing the potential insights into the development or refinement of therapies based on these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Intensive Care Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qi-Qin Dan
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yan-Jun Chen
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Li Chen
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Hong-Tian Zhang
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - De-Zhi Mu
- Department of Pediatrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Ting-Hua Wang
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
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Jing K, Chen F, Shi X, Guo J, Liu X. Dual effect of C-C motif chemokine receptor 5 on ischemic stroke: More harm than benefit? Eur J Pharmacol 2023:175857. [PMID: 37321471 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke involves a series of complex pathological mechanisms, of which neuroinflammation is currently the most widely recognized. C-C motif chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) has recently been shown to be upregulated after cerebral ischemia. Notably, CCR5 is not only involved in neuroinflammation, but also in the blood-brain barrier, neural structures, and connections. Accumulating experimental studies indicate that CCR5 has a dual effect on ischemic stroke. In the acute phase after cerebral ischemia, the pro-inflammatory and disruptive effect of CCR5 on the blood-brain barrier predominates. However, in the chronic phase, the effect of CCR5 on the repair of neural structures and connections is thought to be cell-type dependent. Interestingly, clinical evidence has shown that CCR5 might be harmful rather than beneficial. CCR5-Δ32 mutation or CCR5 antagonist exerts a neuroprotective effect in patients with ischemic stroke. Considering CCR5 as an attractive potential target, we introduce the current research progress of the entangled relationships between CCR5 and ischemic stroke. Clinical data are still needed to determine the efficacy of activating or inactivating CCR5 in the treatment of ischemic stroke, especially for potential phase- or cell type-dependent treatments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Jing
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofei Shi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinmin Guo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, 960th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, Shandong, Jinan, China.
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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5
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Kim JH, Kang RJ, Hyeon SJ, Ryu H, Joo H, Bu Y, Kim JH, Suk K. Lipocalin-2 Is a Key Regulator of Neuroinflammation in Secondary Traumatic and Ischemic Brain Injury. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:803-821. [PMID: 36508119 PMCID: PMC10275845 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01333-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive glial cells are hallmarks of brain injury. However, whether these cells contribute to secondary inflammatory pathology and neurological deficits remains poorly understood. Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) has inflammatory and neurotoxic effects in various disease models; however, its pathogenic role in traumatic brain injury remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of LCN2 and its role in neuroinflammation following brain injury. LCN2 expression was high in the mouse brain after controlled cortical impact (CCI) and photothrombotic stroke (PTS) injury. Brain levels of LCN2 mRNA and protein were also significantly higher in patients with chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) than in normal subjects. RT-PCR and immunofluorescence analyses revealed that astrocytes were the major cellular source of LCN2 in the injured brain. Lcn2 deficiency or intracisternal injection of an LCN2 neutralizing antibody reduced CCI- and PTS-induced brain lesions, behavioral deficits, and neuroinflammation. Mechanistically, in cultured glial cells, recombinant LCN2 protein enhanced scratch injury-induced proinflammatory cytokine gene expression and inhibited Gdnf gene expression, whereas Lcn2 deficiency exerted opposite effects. Together, our results from CTE patients, rodent brain injury models, and cultured glial cells suggest that LCN2 mediates secondary damage response to traumatic and ischemic brain injury by promoting neuroinflammation and suppressing the expression of neurotropic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hong Kim
- Brain Korea 21 Four KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ri Jin Kang
- Brain Korea 21 Four KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jae Hyeon
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Ryu
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA USA
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA
| | - Hyejin Joo
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Present Address: Pharmacological Research Division, Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmin Bu
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Heon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Brain Korea 21 Four KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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6
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Palasz E, Wilkaniec A, Stanaszek L, Andrzejewska A, Adamczyk A. Glia-Neurotrophic Factor Relationships: Possible Role in Pathobiology of Neuroinflammation-Related Brain Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076321. [PMID: 37047292 PMCID: PMC10094105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors (NTFs) play an important role in maintaining homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS) by regulating the survival, differentiation, maturation, and development of neurons and by participating in the regeneration of damaged tissues. Disturbances in the level and functioning of NTFs can lead to many diseases of the nervous system, including degenerative diseases, mental diseases, and neurodevelopmental disorders. Each CNS disease is characterized by a unique pathomechanism, however, the involvement of certain processes in its etiology is common, such as neuroinflammation, dysregulation of NTFs levels, or mitochondrial dysfunction. It has been shown that NTFs can control the activation of glial cells by directing them toward a neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory phenotype and activating signaling pathways responsible for neuronal survival. In this review, our goal is to outline the current state of knowledge about the processes affected by NTFs, the crosstalk between NTFs, mitochondria, and the nervous and immune systems, leading to the inhibition of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, and thus the inhibition of the development and progression of CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Palasz
- Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (E.P.); (A.A.)
| | - Anna Wilkaniec
- Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Luiza Stanaszek
- Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Andrzejewska
- Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Center for Advanced Imaging Research, Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Agata Adamczyk
- Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (E.P.); (A.A.)
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7
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Neuroprotection of boropinol-B in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis. Brain Res 2023; 1798:148132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.148132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Hamblin MH, Lee JP. Neural Stem Cells for Early Ischemic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147703. [PMID: 34299322 PMCID: PMC8306669 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical treatments for ischemic stroke are limited. Neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation can be a promising therapy. Clinically, ischemia and subsequent reperfusion lead to extensive neurovascular injury that involves inflammation, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, and brain cell death. NSCs exhibit multiple potentially therapeutic actions against neurovascular injury. Currently, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is the only FDA-approved clot-dissolving agent. While tPA’s thrombolytic role within the vasculature is beneficial, tPA’s non-thrombolytic deleterious effects aggravates neurovascular injury, restricting the treatment time window (time-sensitive) and tPA eligibility. Thus, new strategies are needed to mitigate tPA’s detrimental effects and quickly mediate vascular repair after stroke. Up to date, clinical trials focus on the impact of stem cell therapy on neuro-restoration by delivering cells during the chronic stroke stage. Also, NSCs secrete factors that stimulate endogenous repair mechanisms for early-stage ischemic stroke. This review will present an integrated view of the preclinical perspectives of NSC transplantation as a promising treatment for neurovascular injury, with an emphasis on early-stage ischemic stroke. Further, this will highlight the impact of early sub-acute NSC delivery on improving short-term and long-term stroke outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton H. Hamblin
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Correspondence: (M.H.H.); (J.-P.L.)
| | - Jean-Pyo Lee
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Correspondence: (M.H.H.); (J.-P.L.)
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9
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Zhang W, Tian T, Gong SX, Huang WQ, Zhou QY, Wang AP, Tian Y. Microglia-associated neuroinflammation is a potential therapeutic target for ischemic stroke. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:6-11. [PMID: 32788440 PMCID: PMC7818879 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.286954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia-associated neuroinflammation plays an important role in the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke. Microglial activation and polarization, and the inflammatory response mediated by these cells play important roles in the development, progression and outcome of brain injury after ischemic stroke. Currently, there is no effective strategy for treating ischemic stroke in clinical practice. Therefore, it is clinically important to study the role and regulation of microglia in stroke. In this review, we discuss the involvement of microglia in the neuroinflammatory process in ischemic stroke, with the aim of providing a better understanding of the relationship between ischemic stroke and microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Research, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Shao-Xin Gong
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wen-Qian Huang
- Institute of Clinical Research, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China
| | - Qin-Yi Zhou
- Institute of Clinical Research, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ai-Ping Wang
- Institute of Clinical Research, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ying Tian
- Institute of Clinical Research, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China
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10
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Neurovascular protection by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α in ischemic stroke. Exp Neurol 2020; 331:113323. [PMID: 32320699 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Currently, the only pharmacological therapy for ischemic stroke is thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator that has a narrow therapeutic window and increases the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage. New pharmacological treatments for ischemic stroke are desperately needed, but no neuroprotective drugs have successfully made it through clinical trials. Beneficial effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) activation on vascular integrity and function have been reported, and PPARα agonists have clinically been used for many years to manage cardiovascular disease. Thus, PPARα has gained interest in recent years as a target for neurovascular disease such as ischemic stroke. Accumulating preclinical evidence suggests that PPARα activation modulates several pathophysiological hallmarks of stroke such as oxidative stress, blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, and neuroinflammation to improve functional recovery. Therefore, this review summarizes the various actions PPARα exerts in neurovascular health and disease and the potential of employing exogenous PPARα agonists for future pharmacological treatment of ischemic stroke.
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11
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Xu AL, Zheng GY, Ye HY, Chen XD, Jiang Q. Characterization of astrocytes and microglial cells in the hippocampal CA1 region after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats treated with Ilexonin A. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:78-85. [PMID: 31535655 PMCID: PMC6862412 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.264465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Ilexonin A is a compound isolated from the root of Ilex pubescens, a traditional Chinese medicine. Ilexonin A has been shown to play a neuroprotective role by regulating the activation of astrocytes and microglia in the peri-infarct area after ischemia. However, the effects of ilexonin A on astrocytes and microglia in the infarct-free region of the hippocampal CA1 region remain unclear. Focal cerebral ischemia models were established by 2-hour occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in rats. Ilexonin A (20, 40 or 80 mg/kg) was administered immediately after ischemia/reperfusion. The astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acidic protein, microglia marker Iba-1, neural stem cell marker nestin and inflammation markers were detected by immunohistochemistry and western blot assay. Expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin 1β were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in the hippocampal CA1 tissue. Astrocytes were activated immediately in progressively increasing numbers from 1, 3, to 7 days post-ischemia/reperfusion. The number of activated astrocytes further increased in the hippocampal CA1 region after treatment with ilexonin A. Microglial cells remained quiescent after ischemia/reperfusion, but became activated after treatment with ilexonin A. Ilexonin A enhanced nestin expression and reduced the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin 1β in the hippocampus post-ischemia/reperfusion. The results of the present study suggest that ilexonin A has a neuroprotective effect in the hippocampus after ischemia/reperfusion, probably through regulating astrocytes and microglia activation, promoting neuronal stem cell proliferation and reducing the levels of pro-inflammatory factors. This study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ling Xu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital; Department of Neonatology, People's Hospital Affiliated to Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Guan-Yi Zheng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Hui-Ying Ye
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou; Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Nanping, Nanping, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Chen
- Burns Institute of Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Qiong Jiang
- Burns Institute of Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
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12
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Gao X, Wu D, Dou L, Zhang H, Huang L, Zeng J, Zhang Y, Yang C, Li H, Liu L, Ma B, Yuan Q. Protective effects of mesenchymal stem cells overexpressing extracellular regulating kinase 1/2 against stroke in rats. Brain Res Bull 2019; 149:42-52. [PMID: 31002912 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although transplantation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has shown beneficial effects on stroke, lower survival of MSCs limits effects. Extracellular regulating kinase 1/2 signaling (ERK1/2) is crucial for cell survival, differentiation, and proliferation. This study was designed to explore whether MSCs modified by over-expressing ERK1/2 may reinforce beneficial effects on stroke in rats. METHODS rat MSCs transfected with ERK1/2 and empty lentivirus to generate MSCs overexpressing ERK1/2 (ERK/MSCs) and MSCs (as a control), respectively. In vitro, ERK/MSCs were plated and exposed to glutamate-induced condition, and viability of ERK/MSCs was measured. Furthermore, neural induction of ERK/MSCs was investigated in vitro. Cerebral ischemic rats were induced by occluding middle cerebral artery, and then were stereotaxically injected into ipsilateral right lateral ventricle with ERK/MSCs or MSCs 3 days after stroke and survived for 7 or 14 days after injection. RESULTS ERK/MSCs showed better viability in physiological and glutamate-induced neurotoxic conditions compared to MSCs. After neural induction, more neurons were be differentiated from ERK/MSCs than from MSCs. After transplantation, more numbers of grafted cells and improved functional recovery were observed in ERK/MSCs-treated rats compared with MSCs-treated rats. Compared with MSCs treatment, ERK/MSCs treatment significantly increased proliferation of neural stem cells in the subventricle zone (SVZ) and the MAP2/nestin double-labeled cells adjacent to the SVZ, enhanced the numbers of reactive astrocytes while suppressed microglial activation. Besides, TNF-α level was elevated in ERK/MSCs-treated rats. CONCLUSION ERK/MSCs transplantation showed better functional recovery after stroke in rats, likely in part through enhancing survival of MSCs and possibly by modulating the proliferation, neuronal de-differentiation and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Gao
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Dandan Wu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Ling Dou
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Liang Huang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Jiaqi Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Yiiie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Chaoxian Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Huanhuan Li
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Lifen Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Bin Ma
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Qionglan Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China.
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13
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Poh L, Kang SW, Baik SH, Ng GYQ, She DT, Balaganapathy P, Dheen ST, Magnus T, Gelderblom M, Sobey CG, Koo EH, Fann DY, Arumugam TV. Evidence that NLRC4 inflammasome mediates apoptotic and pyroptotic microglial death following ischemic stroke. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 75:34-47. [PMID: 30195027 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death in the world and a major cause of long-term disability. Recent evidence has provided insight into a newly described inflammatory mechanism that contributes to neuronal and glial cell death, and impaired neurological outcome following ischemic stroke - a form of sterile inflammation involving innate immune complexes termed inflammasomes. It has been established that inflammasome activation following ischemic stroke contributes to neuronal cell death, but little is known about inflammasome function and cell death in activated microglial cells following cerebral ischemia. Microglia are considered the resident immune cells that function as the primary immune defense in the brain. This study has comprehensively investigated the expression and activation of NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4 and AIM2 inflammasomes in isolates of microglial cells subjected to simulated ischemic conditions and in the brain following ischemic stroke. Immunoblot analysis from culture media indicated microglial cells release inflammasome components and inflammasome activation-dependent pro-inflammatory cytokines following ischemic conditions. In addition, a functional role for NLRC4 inflammasomes was determined using siRNA knockdown of NLRC4 and pharmacological inhibitors of caspase-1 and -8 to target apoptotic and pyroptotic cell death in BV2 microglial cells under ischemic conditions. In summary, the present study provides evidence that the NLRC4 inflammasome complex mediates the inflammatory response, as well as apoptotic and pyroptotic cell death in microglial cells under in vitro and in vivo ischemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luting Poh
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sung-Wook Kang
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sang-Ha Baik
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gavin Yong Quan Ng
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - David T She
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Priyanka Balaganapathy
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - S Thameem Dheen
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tim Magnus
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Mathias Gelderblom
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Christopher G Sobey
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Edward H Koo
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David Y Fann
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Thiruma V Arumugam
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Neurobiology/Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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14
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Chen L, Yang Q, Ding R, Liu D, Chen Z. Carotid thickness and atherosclerotic plaque stability, serum inflammation, serum MMP-2 and MMP-9 were associated with acute cerebral infarction. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:5253-5257. [PMID: 30542482 PMCID: PMC6257476 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Correlations of carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), atherosclerotic plaque stability, serum inflammatory factors and serum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 levels with the condition of disease in patients with acute cerebral infarction were analyzed to explore the predictive value of these risk factors. A total of 56 patients diagnosed with acute cerebral infarction in Jingmen First People's Hospital from February 2016 to January 2017 were selected and divided into the plaque stability group (n=25) and plaque instability group (n=31). Our results showed that the level of total cholesterol (TC) in the plaque instability group was significantly higher than that in the plaque stability group (P<0.05). IMT and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score in the plaque instability group were significantly higher than those in the plaque stability group, but eccentricity index (EI) and Barthel index were significantly lower than those in the plaque stability group (P<0.05). The serum C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in the plaque instability group were significantly higher than those in the plaque stability group (P<0.05). The levels of serum MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the plaque instability group were significantly higher than those in the plaque stability group (P<0.05). Barthel index was correlated with IMT (r=-0.693, P<0.01), MMP-2 (r=-0.605, P<0.01), CRP (r=-0.765, P<0.01) and EI (r=0.811, P<0.01), respectively. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), TC, systolic blood pressure, coronary heart disease, diabetes mellitus, IMT, EI, CRP, TNF-α, IL-6, MMP-2 and MMP-9 had independent predictive values for acute cerebral infarction (P<0.05). Carotid IMT, stability of the atherosclerotic plaque, serum inflammation, serum MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels have close correlations with acute cerebral infarction. The larger the carotid IMT is, the more unstable the plaque is and the higher the levels of serum inflammatory factors, MMP-2 and MMP-9 are, the greater the risk of acute cerebral infarction will be.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilin Chen
- Stroke Office, Jingmen First People's Hospital, Jingmen, Hubei 448000, P.R. China
| | - Qihua Yang
- Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Jingmen First People's Hospital, Jingmen, Hubei 448000, P.R. China
| | - Rui Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jingmen First People's Hospital, Jingmen, Hubei 448000, P.R. China
| | - Dan Liu
- Stroke Office, Jingmen First People's Hospital, Jingmen, Hubei 448000, P.R. China
| | - Zhijun Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jingmen First People's Hospital, Jingmen, Hubei 448000, P.R. China
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15
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Genetic Rescue Reverses Microglial Activation in Preclinical Models of Retinitis Pigmentosa. Mol Ther 2018; 26:1953-1964. [PMID: 30001913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia cells (MGCs) play a key role in scavenging pathogens and phagocytosing cellular debris in the central nervous system and retina. Their activation, however, contributes to the progression of multiple degenerative diseases. Given the potential damage created by MGCs, it is important to better understand their mechanism of activation. Here, we explored the role of MGCs in the context of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) by using four independent preclinical mouse models. For therapeutic modeling, tamoxifen-inducible CreER was introduced to explore changes in MGCs when RP progression halted. The phenotypes of the MGCs were observed using live optical coherence tomography, live autofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry. We found that, regardless of genetic background, MGCs were activated in neurodegenerative conditions and migrated beyond the layers where they are typically found to the inner and outer segments, where degeneration was ongoing. Genetic rescue not only halted degeneration but also deactivated MGCs, regardless of whether the intervention occurred at the early, middle, or late stage of the disease. These findings suggest that halting long-term disease progression may be more successful by downregulating MGC activity while co-administering the therapeutic intervention.
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16
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Boese AC, Le QSE, Pham D, Hamblin MH, Lee JP. Neural stem cell therapy for subacute and chronic ischemic stroke. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:154. [PMID: 29895321 PMCID: PMC5998588 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0913-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) play vital roles in brain homeostasis and exhibit a broad repertoire of potentially therapeutic actions following neurovascular injury. One such injury is stroke, a worldwide leading cause of death and disability. Clinically, extensive injury from ischemic stroke results from ischemia-reperfusion (IR), which is accompanied by inflammation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage, neural cell death, and extensive tissue loss. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is still the only US Food and Drug Administration-approved clot-lysing agent. Whereas the thrombolytic role of tPA within the vasculature is beneficial, the effects of tPA (in a non-thrombolytic role) within the brain parenchyma have been reported as harmful. Thus, new therapies are needed to reduce the deleterious side effects of tPA and quickly facilitate vascular repair following stroke. The Stroke Treatment Academic Industry Roundtable (STAIR) recommends that stroke therapies "focus on drugs/devices/treatments with multiple mechanisms of action and that target multiple pathways". Thus, based on multifactorial ischemic cascades in various stroke stages, effective stroke therapies need to focus on targeting and ameliorating early IR injury as well as facilitating angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and neurorestorative mechanisms following stroke. This review will discuss the preclinical perspectives of NSC transplantation as a promising treatment for neurovascular injury and will emphasize both the subacute and chronic phase of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin C Boese
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Quan-Son Eric Le
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Dylan Pham
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Milton H Hamblin
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Jean-Pyo Lee
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA. .,Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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17
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Hase Y, Horsburgh K, Ihara M, Kalaria RN. White matter degeneration in vascular and other ageing-related dementias. J Neurochem 2018; 144:617-633. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Hase
- Neurovascular Research Group; Institute of Neuroscience; Newcastle University; Newcastle Upon Tyne UK
| | - Karen Horsburgh
- Centre for Neuroregeneration; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Neurology; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center; Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Raj N. Kalaria
- Neurovascular Research Group; Institute of Neuroscience; Newcastle University; Newcastle Upon Tyne UK
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18
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Richa R, Yadawa AK, Chaturvedi CM. Hyperglycemia and high nitric oxide level induced oxidative stress in the brain and molecular alteration in the neurons and glial cells of laboratory mouse, Mus musculus. Neurochem Int 2016; 104:64-79. [PMID: 28011166 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hyperglycemia (glucotoxicity) is reported to have detrimental effects on various brain functions leading to neurodegenerative changes. However, the effect of hyperglycemia in combination with high nitric oxide (NO) level (reported to be increased during glucotoxicity), on brain functions is not clear yet. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of hyperglycemic drug Streptozotocin (STZ) and NO donor Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on the brain of laboratory mouse, Mus musculus. Effects of these conditions were studied on the markers of oxidative stress, NF-κB signalling and the markers of neuronal and glial cell activation/inflammation. Results indicate increased level of MDA and altered antioxidant enzymes activity in both the treated groups compared to control but high levels of AGEs, AOPP and AR activity (markers of diabetic complications) were observed in STZ group only. On the other hand, while STZ group showed decreased IL-6 level, it was increased in SNP group but IFN-ϒ level increased in both the treated groups compared to control. Further, in addition to alterations in the expressions of iNOS, IKKβ, IKBα and NF-κB subunits (RelA-p65/RelB-p50) observed in the neurons and glial cells of different brain regions (hypothalamus, basolateral amygdala and cerebral cortex), enhanced expression of microglial CD11b and astrocytic GFAP was also found in both the treated groups compared to control. Present findings led us to conclude that both hyperglycemia and high NO level causes oxidative stress in addition to molecular alteration in the neurons and glial cells. It is suggested that high blood glucose and NO level induced oxidative stress may lead to neuroinflammation possibly via NF-κB signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Richa
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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19
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Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation in Injury-Mediated Neuronal Dendritic Plasticity. Neurosci Bull 2016; 33:85-94. [PMID: 27730386 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-016-0071-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury to the nervous system induces localized damage in neural structures and neuronal death through the primary insult, as well as delayed atrophy and impaired plasticity of the delicate dendritic fields necessary for interneuronal communication. Excitotoxicity and other secondary biochemical events contribute to morphological changes in neurons following injury. Evidence suggests that various transcription factors are involved in the dendritic response to injury and potential therapies. Transcription factors play critical roles in the intracellular regulation of neuronal morphological plasticity and dendritic growth and patterning. Mounting evidence supports a crucial role for epigenetic modifications via histone deacetylases, histone acetyltransferases, and DNA methyltransferases that modify gene expression in neuronal injury and repair processes. Gene regulation through epigenetic modification is of great interest in neurotrauma research, and an early picture is beginning to emerge concerning how injury triggers intracellular events that modulate such responses. This review provides an overview of injury-mediated influences on transcriptional regulation through epigenetic modification, the intracellular processes involved in the morphological consequences of such changes, and potential approaches to the therapeutic manipulation of neuronal epigenetics for regulating gene expression to facilitate growth and signaling through dendritic arborization following injury.
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20
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XU AILING, ZHENG GUANYI, WANG ZHIJIAN, CHEN XIAODONG, JIANG QIONG. Neuroprotective effects of Ilexonin A following transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:2957-66. [PMID: 26936330 PMCID: PMC4805093 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ilexonin A is a compound isolated from the root of a plant commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible protective mechanism of Ilexonin A in rats subjected to occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO). Transient focal cerebral ischemia was induced by 2 h of MCAO, followed by reperfusion. Ilexonin A at doses of 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg were administered via intraperitoneal injection immediately following ischemia/reperfusion. The expression levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), ionized calcium‑binding adapter molecule‑1 (Iba‑1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fetal liver kinase‑1 (Flk‑1) and Nestin were examined using immunostaining and Western blot analysis of the peri‑infarct region following ischemia/reperfusion. Ilexonin A significantly decreased the infarct volume and improved neurological deficits in a dose‑dependent manner. The expression levels of VEGF, Flk‑1 and Nestin were significantly increased in the rats treated with Ilexonin A, compared with the rats administered with saline. Following treatment with Ilexonin A, a higher number of GFAP‑positive astrocytes were found in the Ilexonin A‑treated rats at 1, 3 and 7 days, compared with the rats exposed to ischemia only, however, there were fewer astrocytes at 14 days, compared with the ischemia group. Ilexonin A significantly decreased the protein expression of Iba‑1. The results of the present study suggested that the protective effects of Ilexonin A were associated with revascularization, neuronal regeneration, and the regulation of astrocyte and microglia cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- AI-LING XU
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
- Neonatal Department, The People's Hospital Affiliated to Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, P.R. China
| | - GUAN-YI ZHENG
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - ZHI-JIAN WANG
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
- Department of Neurology, Fuzhou Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, P.R. China
| | - XIAO-DONG CHEN
- Burns Institute of the Affliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - QIONG JIANG
- Burns Institute of the Affliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
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21
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George PM, Steinberg GK. Novel Stroke Therapeutics: Unraveling Stroke Pathophysiology and Its Impact on Clinical Treatments. Neuron 2015; 87:297-309. [PMID: 26182415 PMCID: PMC4911814 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stroke remains a leading cause of death and disability in the world. Over the past few decades our understanding of the pathophysiology of stroke has increased, but greater insight is required to advance the field of stroke recovery. Clinical treatments have improved in the acute time window, but long-term therapeutics remain limited. Complex neural circuits damaged by ischemia make restoration of function after stroke difficult. New therapeutic approaches, including cell transplantation or stimulation, focus on reestablishing these circuits through multiple mechanisms to improve circuit plasticity and remodeling. Other research targets intact networks to compensate for damaged regions. This review highlights several important mechanisms of stroke injury and describes emerging therapies aimed at improving clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M George
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gary K Steinberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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22
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Barakat R, Redzic Z. Differential cytokine expression by brain microglia/macrophages in primary culture after oxygen glucose deprivation and their protective effects on astrocytes during anoxia. Fluids Barriers CNS 2015; 12:6. [PMID: 25866619 PMCID: PMC4392752 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-015-0002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Activation of microglia/macrophages following cerebral ischemia may be beneficial or detrimental for the survival of brain cells, an ambiguity in effects that has been explained by findings that ischemia can induce transformation of resting monocytes/macrophages into two different inflammation-related phenotypes, termed M1 and M2. The extent to which this differentiation depends on paracrine signaling from other brain cells is not clear. This study explored if oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) can trigger expression of phenotype-specific markers in rat microglia/macrophages in primary culture, in absence/low abundance of other brain cells. Time pattern of these changes was assessed and compared to time-pattern that has been revealed in vivo previously. Effects of phenotype-specific cytokines on viability of astrocytes in primary culture during anoxia were also explored. Methods Primary cultures of rat microglia/macrophages were exposed to 2h OGD and then incubated further under normal conditions; this was considered as a recovery period. Expression of mRNA for specific markers and secretion of phenotype-specific cytokines were explored at different time points by real time PCR and ELISA, respectively. Effects of cytokines that were secreted by microglia in primary culture after OGD on viability of astrocytes were determined. Results Expression and secretion of M2 phenotype-specific markers and/or cytokines after OGD increased early after OGD and then decreased in the later stages of the recovery period. Expression and secretion of M1 phenotype-specific markers and cytokines did not show a common time pattern, but there was a tendency for an increase during the recovery period. All M1 phenotype-specific and two out of the three tested M2 phenotype-specific cytokines revealed protective effects on astrocytes during near-anoxia by a marked reduction of apoptosis. Conclusions Time-pattern of expression/secretion of phenotype-specific markers suggested that polarization of the brain microglia/macrophages in vitro to M2 and M1 phenotypes were largely independent and likely dependent on signaling from other brain cells, respectively. Time-pattern of polarization to the M2 phenotype partially resembled time-pattern that has been seen in vivo. Effects of M1 phenotype-specific cytokines on primary culture of astrocytes were protective, thus largely opposite to effects that have been observed in vivo. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12987-015-0002-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawan Barakat
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Mail: P O Box 24923, Safat, 13110 Kuwait
| | - Zoran Redzic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Mail: P O Box 24923, Safat, 13110 Kuwait
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23
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Lourbopoulos A, Ertürk A, Hellal F. Microglia in action: how aging and injury can change the brain's guardians. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:54. [PMID: 25755635 PMCID: PMC4337366 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, the inflammatory response in the central nervous system (CNS), is a major determinant of neuronal function and survival during aging and disease progression. Microglia, as the resident tissue-macrophages of the brain, provide constant support to surrounding neurons in healthy brain. Upon any stress signal (such as trauma, ischemia, inflammation) they are one of the first cells to react. Local and/or peripheral signals determine microglia stress response, which can vary within a continuum of states from beneficial to detrimental for neuronal survival, and can be shaped by aging and previous insults. In this review, we discuss the roles of microglia upon an ischemic or traumatic injury, and give our perspective how aging may contribute to microglia behavior in the injured brain. We speculate that a deeper understanding of specific microglia identities will pave the way to develop more potent therapeutics to treat the diseases of aging brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Lourbopoulos
- Laboratory of Experimental Stroke Research, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University of Munich Medical School Munich, Germany
| | - Ali Ertürk
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University of Munich Medical School Munich, Germany
| | - Farida Hellal
- Laboratory of Experimental Stroke Research, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University of Munich Medical School Munich, Germany
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24
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Peruzzotti-Jametti L, Donegá M, Giusto E, Mallucci G, Marchetti B, Pluchino S. The role of the immune system in central nervous system plasticity after acute injury. Neuroscience 2014; 283:210-221. [PMID: 24785677 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Acute brain injuries cause rapid cell death that activates bidirectional crosstalk between the injured brain and the immune system. In the acute phase, the damaged CNS activates resident and circulating immune cells via the local and systemic release of soluble mediators. This early immune activation is necessary to confine the injured tissue and foster the clearance of cellular debris, thus bringing the inflammatory reaction to a close. In the chronic phase, a sustained immune activation has been described in many CNS disorders, and the degree of this prolonged response has variable effects on spontaneous brain regenerative processes. The challenge for treating acute CNS damage is to understand how to optimally engage and modify these immune responses, thus providing new strategies that will compensate for tissue lost to injury. Herein we have reviewed the available information regarding the role and function of the innate and adaptive immune responses in influencing CNS plasticity during the acute and chronic phases of after injury. We have examined how CNS damage evolves along the activation of main cellular and molecular pathways that are associated with intrinsic repair, neuronal functional plasticity and facilitation of tissue reorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matteo Donegá
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Dept of Clinical Neurosciences
| | - Elena Giusto
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Dept of Clinical Neurosciences
| | - Giulia Mallucci
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Dept of Clinical Neurosciences.,Department of Brain and Behavioural sciences, National Neurological Institute C. Mondino, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Bianca Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Pharmacology Section, Medical School, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy.,OASI Institute for Research and Care on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Neuropharmacology Section, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | - Stefano Pluchino
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Dept of Clinical Neurosciences.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre.,Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
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25
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Briones TL, Woods J, Wadowska M. Chronic neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment following transient global cerebral ischemia: role of fractalkine/CX3CR1 signaling. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:13. [PMID: 24447880 PMCID: PMC3976090 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Although neuroinflammation has been studied extensively in animal models of cerebral ischemia, their contrasting functions are still not completely understood. A major participant in neuroinflammation is microglia and microglial activation usually regulated by the chemokine CX3CL1 (fractalkine) and its receptor, CX3CR1. Here, we examined the involvement of CX3CR1 on ischemia-induced chronic neuroinflammation and cognitive function using small interfering RNA (siRNA). Forty adult male Wistar rats were included in the study and received either ischemia or sham surgery then were randomized to receive either CX3CR1 siRNA or scrambled RNA as control starting at 7 days after reperfusion. Behavioral testing commenced 28 days after siRNA delivery and all rats were euthanized after behavioral testing. Our data showed that: (i) transient global cerebral ischemia significantly decreased fractalkine/CX3CR1 signaling in the hippocampus; (ii) inhibition of CX3CR1 function exacerbated the ischemia-induced chronic increase in microglial activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels; (iii) inhibition of CX3CR1 function worsened ischemia-induced chronic cognitive impairment; (iv) inhibition of CX3CR1 function in sham rats resulted in increased IL-1β expression and impaired behavioral performance. However, no significant effect of CX3CR1 on ischemia-induced neurodegeneration was seen. The present study provides important insight to understanding the involvement of CX3CR1 in chronic neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresita L Briones
- Department of Adult Health, Wayne State University, 5557 Cass Ave.Cohn Bldg, Rm 344, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Julie Woods
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Magdalena Wadowska
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Abstract
From a neurobiological perspective there is no such thing as bipolar disorder. Rather, it is almost certainly the case that many somewhat similar, but subtly different, pathological conditions produce a disease state that we currently diagnose as bipolarity. This heterogeneity - reflected in the lack of synergy between our current diagnostic schema and our rapidly advancing scientific understanding of the condition - limits attempts to articulate an integrated perspective on bipolar disorder. However, despite these challenges, scientific findings in recent years are beginning to offer a provisional "unified field theory" of the disease. This theory sees bipolar disorder as a suite of related neurodevelopmental conditions with interconnected functional abnormalities that often appear early in life and worsen over time. In addition to accelerated loss of volume in brain areas known to be essential for mood regulation and cognitive function, consistent findings have emerged at a cellular level, providing evidence that bipolar disorder is reliably associated with dysregulation of glial-neuronal interactions. Among these glial elements are microglia - the brain's primary immune elements, which appear to be overactive in the context of bipolarity. Multiple studies now indicate that inflammation is also increased in the periphery of the body in both the depressive and manic phases of the illness, with at least some return to normality in the euthymic state. These findings are consistent with changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which are known to drive inflammatory activation. In summary, the very fact that no single gene, pathway, or brain abnormality is likely to ever account for the condition is itself an extremely important first step in better articulating an integrated perspective on both its ontological status and pathogenesis. Whether this perspective will translate into the discovery of innumerable more homogeneous forms of bipolarity is one of the great questions facing the field and one that is likely to have profound treatment implications, given that fact that such a discovery would greatly increase our ability to individualize - and by extension, enhance - treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Maletic
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of South Carolina School of Medicine , Columbia, SC , USA
| | - Charles Raison
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ , USA ; Norton School of Family and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ , USA
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