1
|
Adams KM, Wendt JR, Wood J, Olson S, Moreno R, Jin Z, Gopalan S, Lang JD. Cell-intrinsic platinum response and associated genetic and gene expression signatures in ovarian cancer cell lines and isogenic models. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.26.605381. [PMID: 39131380 PMCID: PMC11312449 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.26.605381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Ovarian cancers are still largely treated with platinum-based chemotherapy as the standard of care, yet few biomarkers of clinical response have had an impact on clinical decision making as of yet. Two particular challenges faced in mechanistically deciphering platinum responsiveness in ovarian cancer have been the suitability of cell line models for ovarian cancer subtypes and the availability of information on comparatively how sensitive ovarian cancer cell lines are to platinum. We performed one of the most comprehensive profiles to date on 36 ovarian cancer cell lines across over seven subtypes and integrated drug response and multiomic data to improve on our understanding of the best cell line models for platinum responsiveness in ovarian cancer. RNA-seq analysis of the 36 cell lines in a single batch experiment largely conforms with the currently accepted subtyping of ovarian cancers, further supporting other studies that have reclassified cell lines and demonstrate that commonly used cell lines are poor models of high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma. We performed drug dose response assays in the 32 of these cell lines for cisplatin and carboplatin, providing a quantitative database of IC50s for these drugs. Our results demonstrate that cell lines largely fall either well above or below the equivalent dose of the clinical maximally achievable dose (Cmax) of each compound, allowing designation of cell lines as sensitive or resistant. We performed differential expression analysis for high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma cell lines to identify gene expression correlating with platinum-response. Further, we generated two platinum-resistant derivatives each for OVCAR3 and OVCAR4, as well as leveraged clinically-resistant PEO1/PEO4/PEO6 and PEA1/PEA2 isogenic models to perform differential expression analysis for seven total isogenic pairs of platinum resistant cell lines. While gene expression changes overall were heterogeneous and vast, common themes were innate immunity/STAT activation, epithelial to mesenchymal transition and stemness, and platinum influx/efflux regulators. In addition to gene expression analyses, we performed copy number signature analysis and orthogonal measures of homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) scar scores and copy number burden, which is the first report to our knowledge applying field-standard copy number signatures to ovarian cancer cell lines. We also examined markers and functional readouts of stemness that revealed that cell lines are poor models for examination of stemness contributions to platinum resistance, likely pointing to the fact that this is a transient state. Overall this study serves as a resource to determine the best cell lines to utilize for ovarian cancer research on certain subtypes and platinum response studies, as well as sparks new hypotheses for future study in ovarian cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M. Adams
- Center for Human Genomics and Precision Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jae-Rim Wendt
- Center for Human Genomics and Precision Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Josie Wood
- Center for Human Genomics and Precision Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sydney Olson
- Center for Human Genomics and Precision Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ryan Moreno
- Center for Human Genomics and Precision Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Zhongmou Jin
- Center for Human Genomics and Precision Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Srihari Gopalan
- Center for Human Genomics and Precision Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jessica D. Lang
- Center for Human Genomics and Precision Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kenny FN, Marcotti S, De Freitas DB, Drudi EM, Leech V, Bell RE, Easton J, Díaz-de-la-Loza MDC, Fleck R, Allison L, Philippeos C, Manhart A, Shaw TJ, Stramer BM. Autocrine IL-6 drives cell and extracellular matrix anisotropy in scar fibroblasts. Matrix Biol 2023; 123:1-16. [PMID: 37660739 PMCID: PMC10878985 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2023.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is associated with dramatic changes in extracellular matrix (ECM) architecture of unknown etiology. Here we exploit keloid scars as a paradigm to understand fibrotic ECM organization. We reveal that keloid patient fibroblasts uniquely produce a globally aligned ECM network in 2-D culture as observed in scar tissue. ECM anisotropy develops after rapid initiation of a fibroblast supracellular actin network, suggesting that cell alignment initiates ECM patterning. Keloid fibroblasts produce elevated levels of IL-6, and autocrine IL-6 production is both necessary and sufficient to induce cell and ECM alignment, as evidenced by ligand stimulation of normal dermal fibroblasts and treatment of keloid fibroblasts with the function blocking IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibody, tocilizumab. Downstream of IL-6, supracellular organization of keloid fibroblasts is controlled by activation of cell-cell adhesion. Adhesion formation inhibits contact-induced cellular overlap leading to nematic organization of cells and an alignment of focal adhesions. Keloid fibroblasts placed on isotropic ECM align the pre-existing matrix, suggesting that focal adhesion alignment leads to active anisotropic remodeling. These results show that IL-6-induced fibroblast cooperativity can control the development of a nematic ECM, highlighting both IL-6 signaling and cell-cell adhesions as potential therapeutic targets to inhibit this common feature of fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona N Kenny
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Stefania Marcotti
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Elena M Drudi
- Centre for Inflammation Biology & Cancer Immunology, Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Vivienne Leech
- Department of Mathematics, University College London, UK
| | - Rachel E Bell
- Centre for Inflammation Biology & Cancer Immunology, Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jennifer Easton
- Centre for Inflammation Biology & Cancer Immunology, Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Roland Fleck
- Centre for Ultrastructure Imaging, King's College London, UK
| | - Leanne Allison
- Centre for Ultrastructure Imaging, King's College London, UK
| | - Christina Philippeos
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Angelika Manhart
- Department of Mathematics, University College London, UK; Faculty of Mathematics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tanya J Shaw
- Centre for Inflammation Biology & Cancer Immunology, Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Brian M Stramer
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gollapalli P, Alagundagi D, Ghate SD, Shetty VV, Shetty P, Patil P. Identification of key gene signatures and their characterization by expression correlation with drug sensitivity in smoking-associated oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Cancer Res Ther 2023; 19:1743-1752. [PMID: 38376273 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_1120_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), a most frequent type of head-and-neck cancer, is becoming more common and posing a substantial health risk. Using a network biology strategy, this study intended to find and investigate critical genes associated with OSCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS The extended protein-protein interaction networks for differentially expressed genes related to smoking and nonsmoking conditions of OSCC were constructed and visualized using Cytoscape software. The hub genes/proteins were determined based on degree and betweenness centrality measures and then evaluated and validated for expression using the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis 2 (GEPIA2), and their relationship to the sensitivity of small molecules was discovered utilizing the Gene Set Cancer Analysis (GSCA) web server. RESULTS A total of 596 differentially expressed genes were screened, and four genes, interleukin (IL)-6, JUN, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), were identified as hub proteins, and their expression and overall survival in head-and-neck cancers were further investigated using GEPIA2. TNF and VEGFA gene expressions were considerably greater in cancers when compared to normal samples, while JUN and IL-6 gene expressions were not statistically significant. Further, these hub proteins are found to have a substantial favorable correlation with overall survival of head-and-neck cancer patients. Finally, GSCA was used to predict gene-specific potential drugs that act on these molecules by combining mRNA expression and drug sensitivity data from the Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer and the Cancer Therapeutics Response Portal. CONCLUSIONS The hub genes/proteins identified in this study could help researchers better understand the molecular processes involved in the progression and metastasis of oral cancer in smokers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Gollapalli
- Central Research Laboratory, K. S. Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Dhananjay Alagundagi
- Central Research Laboratory, K. S. Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sudeep D Ghate
- Central Research Laboratory, K. S. Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Vijith V Shetty
- Department of Oncology, Justice K S Hegde Charitable Hospital, K. S. Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Praveenkumar Shetty
- Department of Biochemistry, K. S. Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Prakash Patil
- Central Research Laboratory, K. S. Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hariharan K, Mehta T, Shah J, Dave H, Sami A, Omri A. Localized Delivery of Erlotinib Using Liposomal Gel Formulations for the Treatment of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Pharm 2023:123144. [PMID: 37330155 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Oral cancer accounts for more than 350000 cases worldwide with 90% of them being oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC). The current treatment modalities of chemoradiation have poor outcomes along with harmful effects to neighbouring healthy tissues. The present study aimed to deliver Erlotinib (ERB), locally at the site of tumor arising in the oral cavity. ERB was encapsulated in liposomal formulations (ERB Lipo) and optimized using full factorial, 32 experimental design. The optimized batch was then coated with chitosan to obtain CS-ERB Lipo and were characterized further. Both liposomal ERB formulations had size less than 200nm and PDI less than 0.4. Zeta potential was upto -50mV for ERB Lipo and upto + 25mV for CS-ERB Lipo indicating stable formulation. Liposomal formulations were freeze dried and loaded into gel to study in-vitro release and chemotherapeutic evaluation. CS-ERB Lipo showed sustained release upto 36 h from gel as compared to control formulation. In-vitro cell viability studies showed potent anti-cancer activity on KB-cells. In-vivo studies showed better pharmacological efficacy in terms of tumor volume reduction for ERB LIPO gel (49.19%) and CS-ERB Lipo gel (55.27%) as compared to plain ERB Gel (38.88%) applied locally. Histology also revealed that formulation could alleviate dysplasia condition to hyperplasia. The locoregional therapy of ERB Lipo gel and CS-ERB Lipo gel thus show promising outcome in improving pre-malignant and early-stage oral cavity cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kartik Hariharan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, SG Highway, Ahmedabad, India-382481
| | - Tejal Mehta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, SG Highway, Ahmedabad, India-382481
| | - Jigna Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, SG Highway, Ahmedabad, India-382481
| | - Heena Dave
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, SG Highway, Ahmedabad, India-382481
| | - Anam Sami
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, SG Highway, Ahmedabad, India-382481
| | - Abdelwahab Omri
- The Novel Drug & Vaccine Delivery Systems Facility, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury ON P3E 2C6, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Biswal S, Panda M, Sahoo RK, Tripathi SK, Biswal BK. Tumour microenvironment and aberrant signaling pathways in cisplatin resistance and strategies to overcome in oral cancer. Arch Oral Biol 2023; 151:105697. [PMID: 37079976 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oral cancer is the sixteenth most prevalent cancer in the world and the third-most in India. Despite of several treatment modalities, the cure rate of oral cancer is still low due to drug resistance mechanisms, which are caused by many reasons. It is necessary to improve the existing treatment strategies and discover neoteric therapy to kill cancer cells, which will give oral cancer's cure rate more success. So this review aims to delineate the molecular mechanisms behind cisplatin resistance, specifically the role of the tumor microenvironment, extracellular vesicles, and altered signaling pathways and its overcoming strategies in oral cancer. DESIGN This review was designed by searching words like cancer, oral cancer, cisplatin-resistance, tumor microenvironment, aberrant signalings, and extracellular vesicles, overcoming strategies for cisplatin resistance in databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, web science, and Scopus. Data available in this review is from 2017 to 2021. RESULTS After searching too much data, we found these 98 data appropriate for our review. From these data, we found that tumor microenvironment, extracellular vesicles, and altered signaling pathways like PI3K/AKT, EGFR, NOTCH, Ras, PTEN, Nf-κβ, and Wnt signaling have a crucial role in resistance development towards cisplatin in oral cancer. CONCLUSIONS Lastly, this review explores the alternative strategies to overcome cisplatin resistance likely, the combination therapy and targeted therapy by combining more than one chemotherapeutic drug or inhibitors of signaling pathways and also by using nanoparticle loaded drugs that will reduce the drug efflux, which gives new treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stuti Biswal
- Cancer Drug Resistance Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Munmun Panda
- Cancer Drug Resistance Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Rajeev K Sahoo
- Cancer Drug Resistance Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Surya Kant Tripathi
- Cancer Drug Resistance Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Bijesh K Biswal
- Cancer Drug Resistance Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Khan H, Pandey SN, Mishra A, Srivastava R. Suppression of TLR signaling by IRAK-1 and -4 dual inhibitor decreases TPF-resistance-induced pro-oncogenic effects in HNSCC. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:14. [PMID: 36540413 PMCID: PMC9759608 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03420-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination of docetaxel, cisplatin and 5-FU, known as TPF, is an FDA-approved treatment for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Acquired chemo-resistance to TPF, a primary reason for non-responsiveness to the treatment and relapse of tumor is a major concern for treatment failure, especially in elder patients. In this study, we investigated the role of Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinases (IRAK) mediated Toll-like receptor (TLR)-signaling in chemo-resistance using a cell line-based in-vitro TPF-resistant HNSCC model of laryngeal origin. TPF chemo-resistant state showed over-expression and phosphorylation of the active downstream kinases IRAK-1 and IRAK-4 along with enhanced proliferative potential, survival, stemness and metastatic capability as compared to the parent cell line. Pharmacological inhibition of IRAK-1 and -4 had a cytostatic effect on chemo-resistant cells and re-sensitized them to chemotherapy. The treatment also decreased the pro-oncogenic effects of the chemo-resistant cells. Our study provides insights into the pro-oncogenic role of amplified IRAK-1 and-4 mediated TLR signaling in TPF-resistant HNSCC. Pharmacological inhibition of IRAK-1 and-4 signaling is a promising therapeutic strategy for TPF-resistant HNSCC. It can also be used as a combination therapy or a chemo-drug sparing regimen in HNSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Humayara Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat 390020 India
| | | | - Abhishek Mishra
- King George Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003 India
| | - Ratika Srivastava
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat 390020 India
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Rae Bareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226025 India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gualtieri M, Berico M, Grollino MG, Cremona G, La Torretta T, Malaguti A, Petralia E, Stracquadanio M, Santoro M, Benassi B, Piersanti A, Chiappa A, Bernabei M, Zanini G. Emission Factors of CO 2 and Airborne Pollutants and Toxicological Potency of Biofuels for Airplane Transport: A Preliminary Assessment. TOXICS 2022; 10:617. [PMID: 36287897 PMCID: PMC9611748 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10100617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aviation is one of the sectors affecting climate change, and concerns have been raised over the increase in the number of flights all over the world. To reduce the climate impact, efforts have been dedicated to introducing biofuel blends as alternatives to fossil fuels. Here, we report environmentally relevant data on the emission factors of biofuel/fossil fuel blends (from 13 to 17% v/v). Moreover, in vitro direct exposure of human bronchial epithelial cells to the emissions was studied to determine their potential intrinsic hazard and to outline relevant lung doses. The results show that the tested biofuel blends do not reduce the emissions of particles and other chemical species compared to the fossil fuel. The blends do reduce the elemental carbon (less than 40%) and total volatile organic compounds (less than 30%) compared to fossil fuel emissions. The toxicological outcomes show an increase in oxidative cellular response after only 40 min of exposure, with biofuels causing a lower response compared to fossil fuels, and lung-deposited doses show differences among the fuels tested. The data reported provide evidence of the possibility to reduce the climate impact of the aviation sector and contribute to the risk assessment of biofuels for aviation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Gualtieri
- ENEA, Division of Models and Technologies for Risk Reduction, Via Martiri di Monte Sole 4, 40146 Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Berico
- ENEA, Division of Models and Technologies for Risk Reduction, Via Martiri di Monte Sole 4, 40146 Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Cremona
- ENEA, Division of Models and Technologies for Risk Reduction, Via Martiri di Monte Sole 4, 40146 Bologna, Italy
| | - Teresa La Torretta
- ENEA, Division of Models and Technologies for Risk Reduction, Via Martiri di Monte Sole 4, 40146 Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonella Malaguti
- ENEA, Division of Models and Technologies for Risk Reduction, Via Martiri di Monte Sole 4, 40146 Bologna, Italy
| | - Ettore Petralia
- ENEA, Division of Models and Technologies for Risk Reduction, Via Martiri di Monte Sole 4, 40146 Bologna, Italy
| | - Milena Stracquadanio
- ENEA, Division of Models and Technologies for Risk Reduction, Via Martiri di Monte Sole 4, 40146 Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Santoro
- ENEA, Division of Health Protection Technologies, Via Anguillarese, 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Benassi
- ENEA, Division of Health Protection Technologies, Via Anguillarese, 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Piersanti
- ENEA, Division of Models and Technologies for Risk Reduction, Via Martiri di Monte Sole 4, 40146 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Chiappa
- Italian Air Force, Aerospatial Testing Division, Aerospace Materials and Technology Department, Aeroporto Militare de Bernardi 00071 Pratica di Mare, Pomezia, 00040 Rome, Italy
| | - Manuele Bernabei
- Italian Air Force, Aerospatial Testing Division, Aerospace Materials and Technology Department, Aeroporto Militare de Bernardi 00071 Pratica di Mare, Pomezia, 00040 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Zanini
- ENEA, Division of Models and Technologies for Risk Reduction, Via Martiri di Monte Sole 4, 40146 Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Clark GC, Hampton JD, Koblinski JE, Quinn B, Mahmoodi S, Metcalf O, Guo C, Peterson E, Fisher PB, Farrell NP, Wang XY, Mikkelsen RB. Radiation induces ESCRT pathway dependent CD44v3 + extracellular vesicle production stimulating pro-tumor fibroblast activity in breast cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:913656. [PMID: 36106109 PMCID: PMC9465418 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.913656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in radiotherapeutic strategies, acquired resistance remains a major obstacle, leading to tumor recurrence for many patients. Once thought to be a strictly cancer cell intrinsic property, it is becoming increasingly clear that treatment-resistance is driven in part by complex interactions between cancer cells and non-transformed cells of the tumor microenvironment. Herein, we report that radiotherapy induces the production of extracellular vesicles by breast cancer cells capable of stimulating tumor-supporting fibroblast activity, facilitating tumor survival and promoting cancer stem-like cell expansion. This pro-tumor activity was associated with fibroblast production of the paracrine signaling factor IL-6 and was dependent on the expression of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan CD44v3 on the vesicle surface. Enzymatic removal or pharmaceutical inhibition of its heparan sulfate side chains disrupted this tumor-fibroblast crosstalk. Additionally, we show that the radiation-induced production of CD44v3+ vesicles is effectively silenced by blocking the ESCRT pathway using a soluble pharmacological inhibitor of MDA-9/Syntenin/SDCBP PDZ1 domain activity, PDZ1i. This population of vesicles was also detected in the sera of human patients undergoing radiotherapy, therefore representing a potential biomarker for radiation therapy and providing an opportunity for clinical intervention to improve treatment outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gene Chatman Clark
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States,Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States,*Correspondence: Gene Chatman Clark,
| | - James David Hampton
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States,Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Jennifer E. Koblinski
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States,Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Bridget Quinn
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States,Department of Radiation Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Sitara Mahmoodi
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Olga Metcalf
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Chunqing Guo
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States,Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States,VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Erica Peterson
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States,VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Paul B. Fisher
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States,Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States,VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States,Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Nicholas P. Farrell
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States,VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States,Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Xiang-Yang Wang
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States,University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States,VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States,Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Ross B. Mikkelsen
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States,Department of Radiation Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lv Q, Xia Q, Li A, Wang Z. circRNA_101277 Influences Cisplatin Resistance of Colorectal Cancer Cells by Modulating the miR-370/IL-6 Axis. Genet Res (Camb) 2022; 2022:4237327. [PMID: 35356749 PMCID: PMC8938145 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4237327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the most prevalent malignancies globally. Early detection of precancerous lesions through routine colonoscopy has led to a dramatic reduction in CRC-related incidence and mortality among those between the ages of 50 and 70. However, in those where the disease progresses to an advanced stage, chemotherapy remains the primary available treatment option, and the associated 5-year survival rate remains low. The identification of genes associated with CRC chemoresistance would thus be a beneficial approach to identifying novel treatments for this deadly disease. Methods The expression of circRNA_101277, miR-370, and IL-6 was assessed via qRT-PCR. IL-6 levels were measured with a human IL-6 ELISA kit based on the provided protocols. CRC cellular proliferation and cisplatin IC50 values were quantified via MTT assays. Luciferase assays were used to detect circRNA_101277 and miR-370 binding sites or miR-370 and IL-6 binding sites. Results circRNA_101277 was increased in CRC tissues compared with control samples. circRNA_101277 overexpression was evident in CRC cells, and knockdown of this circRNA suppressed cellular proliferation and cisplatin resistance in these cancer cells. At a mechanistic level, circRNA_101277 was found to function by sequestering miR-370, thereby upregulating the miR-370 target gene IL-6 and promoting cisplatin resistance via this miR-370/IL-6 axis. Conclusion In summary, our data highlight circRNA_101277 as a novel driver of CRC cell cisplatin resistance that functions by sequestering miR-370 and thereby enhancing IL-6 expression. These findings suggest that this circRNA_101277/miR-370/IL-6 axis may represent a critical axis of chemoresistance in CRC that can be targeted to diagnose and/or treat this cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Lv
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, Wuhan Union Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Qinghua Xia
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, Wuhan Union Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Anshu Li
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, Wuhan Union Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, Wuhan Union Hospital, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wei LY, Lin HC, Tsai FC, Ko JY, Kok SH, Cheng SJ, Lee JJ, Chia JS. Effects of Interleukin-6 on STAT3-regulated signaling in oral cancer and as a prognosticator of patient survival. Oral Oncol 2021; 124:105665. [PMID: 34891076 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2021.105665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) produces an inflammatory microenvironment enriched with cytokines including interleukin-6 (IL-6); however, the underlying molecular mechanisms of OSCC progression are unclear. We aimed to delineate the STAT3-mediated signaling pathways involved in tumor cell survival and growth. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used to semi-quantitate IL-6 and STAT3 in 111 OSCC tissues. IL-6-induced STAT3 signaling pathways and effects on tumor cell survival and progression were investigated in vitro and in xenograft mouse models. Effects of blocking IL-6-induced activation of STAT3 in an OSCC cell line were determined in vitro. RESULTS A higher level of IL-6 or STAT3 in situ was associated with an unfavorable prognosis in OSCC patients with regard to both disease-free and overall survival rates. Overexpressed or exogenous IL-6 could induce SAS cell proliferationin vitroand significantly enhanced tumor growthin vivo. In addition, knockdown or inhibition of STAT3 expression in SAS cells significantly reduced tumor growth and abolished the responsiveness to IL-6 stimulation. Siltuximab or Tocilizumab could also significantly suppress IL-6-induced STAT3 phosphorylation and STAT3 nuclear translocation, resulting in a significant decrease of downstream anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and survivin. CONCLUSION The IL-6 level in the tumor microenvironment could serve as a stage-independent predictor of OSCC progression and survival. Further, IL-6 may play a role in this disease through STAT3-dependent upregulation of anti-apoptotic genes and subsequent proliferation of tumor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ying Wei
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Bei-hu Branch, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Chao Lin
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Chiao Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jenq-Yuh Ko
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sang-Heng Kok
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jung Cheng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jang-Jaer Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jean-San Chia
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rühle A, Wiedenmann N, Fennell JT, Mix M, Ruf J, Stoian R, Thomsen AR, Vaupel P, Baltas D, Grosu AL, Nicolay NH. Interleukin-6 as surrogate marker for imaging-based hypoxia dynamics in patients with head-and-neck cancers undergoing definitive chemoradiation-results from a prospective pilot trial. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 49:1650-1660. [PMID: 34773163 PMCID: PMC8940848 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05602-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Intratumoral hypoxia increases resistance of head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) to radiotherapy. [18F]FMISO PET imaging enables noninvasive hypoxia monitoring, though requiring complex logistical efforts. We investigated the role of plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) as potential surrogate parameter for intratumoral hypoxia in HNSCC using [18F]FMISO PET/CT as reference. Methods Within a prospective trial, serial blood samples of 27 HNSCC patients undergoing definitive chemoradiation were collected to analyze plasma IL-6 levels. Intratumoral hypoxia was assessed in treatment weeks 0, 2, and 5 using [18F]FMISO PET/CT imaging. The association between PET-based hypoxia and IL-6 was examined using Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression analyses, and the diagnostic power of IL-6 for tumor hypoxia response prediction was determined with receiver-operating characteristic analyses. Results Mean IL-6 concentrations were 15.1, 19.6, and 31.0 pg/mL at baseline, week 2 and week 5, respectively. Smoking (p=0.050) and reduced performance status (p=0.011) resulted in higher IL-6 levels, whereas tumor (p=0.427) and nodal stages (p=0.334), tumor localization (p=0.439), and HPV status (p=0.294) had no influence. IL-6 levels strongly correlated with the intratumoral hypoxic subvolume during treatment (baseline: r=0.775, p<0.001; week 2: r=0.553, p=0.007; week 5: r=0.734, p<0.001). IL-6 levels in week 2 were higher in patients with absent early tumor hypoxia response (p=0.016) and predicted early hypoxia response (AUC=0.822, p=0.031). Increased IL-6 levels at week 5 resulted in a trend towards reduced progression-free survival (p=0.078) and overall survival (p=0.013). Conclusion Plasma IL-6 is a promising surrogate marker for tumor hypoxia dynamics in HNSCC patients and may facilitate hypoxia-directed personalized radiotherapy concepts. Trial registration The prospective trial was registered in the German Clinical Trial Register (DRKS00003830). Registered 20 August 2015 Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00259-021-05602-x.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Rühle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 3, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicole Wiedenmann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 3, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jamina T Fennell
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 3, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Mix
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Juri Ruf
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Raluca Stoian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 3, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas R Thomsen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 3, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Vaupel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 3, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dimos Baltas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 3, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anca-L Grosu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 3, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nils H Nicolay
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 3, 79106, Freiburg, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Atashi F, Vahed N, Emamverdizadeh P, Fattahi S, Paya L. Drug resistance against 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin in the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: A systematic review. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2021; 15:219-225. [PMID: 34712414 PMCID: PMC8538146 DOI: 10.34172/joddd.2021.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancers are highly prevalent worldwide. Most of these lesions are diagnosed in the advanced stages of the disease. Thus, they do not often have a good long-term prognosis. Like other cancer types, head and neck cancers are managed by surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Despite significant advances in the treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), physicians encounter several challenges in the course of treatment. Various mechanisms mediate the clinical responses of a certain cancer to medications. Thus, efficient treatment planning requires adequate knowledge about the genes involved in drug resistance and the evaluation of the frequency percentage of resistance. Several studies have evaluated the causes and frequency percentages of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and cisplatin resistance. In this systematic review, all the relevant articles published until November 30, 2019, were retrieved from the Scopus, Embase, Medline, ISI, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases using certain MeSH and EMTTree keywords. A total of 2164 articles were retrieved of which, 18 were included in the review since they had reported the frequency percentages of drug resistance. Of all, 10 articles had evaluated cisplatin (1317 samples). A meta-analysis of the results revealed a frequency of 33% for cisplatin resistance. Eight studies had evaluated 5-FU (476 samples). A meta-analysis of the results revealed a frequency of 40.2 % for 5-FU resistance. Overcoming cisplatin resistance or 5-FU resistance can significantly enhance recovery in advanced HNSCC. Attempts should be made to eliminate the cause and use multi-drug regimens to increase the success rate of treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nafiseh Vahed
- Research Center for Evidence-based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parya Emamverdizadeh
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shirin Fattahi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ladan Paya
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
IL-6 in the Ecosystem of Head and Neck Cancer: Possible Therapeutic Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011027. [PMID: 34681685 PMCID: PMC8540903 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a highly potent cytokine involved in multiple biological processes. It was previously reported to play a distinct role in inflammation, autoimmune and psychiatric disorders, ageing and various types of cancer. Furthermore, it is understood that IL-6 and its signaling pathways are substantial players in orchestrating the cancer microenvironment. Thus, they appear to be potential targets in anti-tumor therapy. The aim of this article is to elucidate the role of IL-6 in the tumor ecosystem and to review the possible therapeutic approaches in head and neck cancer.
Collapse
|
14
|
Validation of the updated renal graded prognostic assessment (GPA) for patients with renal cancer brain metastases treated with gamma knife radiosurgery. J Neurooncol 2021; 153:527-536. [PMID: 34170460 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-021-03793-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prognosis of patients with brain metastasis (BM) from renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is relevant for treatment decisions and can be estimated with the Renal Graded Prognostic Assessment (GPA). The aim of this study is to validate the updated version of this instrument in a cohort treated with Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) without prior local intracerebral therapy. METHODS Between 2007 and 2018, 106 RCC patients with BM were treated with GKRS. They were categorized according to the updated Renal GPA. Overall survival (OS), distant intracranial failure and local failure were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and risk factors were identified with Cox proportional hazard regressions. RESULTS Median OS was 8.6 months. Median OS for GPA categories 0.0-1.0 (15%), 1.5-2.0 (12%), 2.5-3.0 (35%) and 3.5-4.0 (29%) was 2.9, 5.5, 8.1 and 20.4 months, respectively. Karnofsky performance status < 90, serum hemoglobin ≤ 12.5 g/dL, age > 65 years and time from primary diagnosis to brain metastasis < 1 year were significantly related with shorter survival, while presence of extracranial disease, the volume and total number of BM had no significant impact on OS. A total count of > 4 BM was the only predictive factor for distant intracranial failure, while none of the investigated factors predicted local failure. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms the updated Renal GPA in an independent cohort as a valuable instrument to estimate survival in patients with BM from RCC treated with GKRS.
Collapse
|
15
|
Dzobo K, Dandara C. Architecture of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Tumor Microenvironment: Mapping Their Origins, Heterogeneity, and Role in Cancer Therapy Resistance. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2021; 24:314-339. [PMID: 32496970 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2020.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The tumor stroma, a key component of the tumor microenvironment (TME), is a key determinant of response and resistance to cancer treatment. The stromal cells, extracellular matrix (ECM), and blood vessels influence cancer cell response to therapy and play key roles in tumor relapse and therapeutic outcomes. Of the stromal cells present in the TME, much attention has been given to cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) as they are the most abundant and important in cancer initiation, progression, and therapy resistance. Besides releasing several factors, CAFs also synthesize the ECM, a key component of the tumor stroma. In this expert review, we examine the role of CAFs in the regulation of tumor cell behavior and reveal how CAF-derived factors and signaling influence tumor cell heterogeneity and development of novel strategies to combat cancer. Importantly, CAFs display both phenotypic and functional heterogeneity, with significant ramifications on CAF-directed therapies. Principal anti-cancer therapies targeting CAFs take the form of: (1) CAFs' ablation through use of immunotherapies, (2) re-education of CAFs to normalize the cells, (3) cellular therapies involving CAFs delivering drugs such as oncolytic adenoviruses, and (4) stromal depletion via targeting the ECM and its related signaling. The CAFs' heterogeneity could be a result of different cellular origins and the cancer-specific tumor microenvironmental effects, underscoring the need for further multiomics and biochemical studies on CAFs and the subsets. Lastly, we present recent advances in therapeutic targeting of CAFs and the success of such endeavors or their lack thereof. We recommend that to advance global public health and personalized medicine, treatments in the oncology clinic should be combinatorial in nature, strategically targeting both cancer cells and stromal cells, and their interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Dzobo
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Collet Dandara
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zong Z, Wei Y, Ren J, Zhang L, Zhou F. The intersection of COVID-19 and cancer: signaling pathways and treatment implications. Mol Cancer 2021; 20:76. [PMID: 34001144 PMCID: PMC8126512 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-021-01363-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged as a serious public health concern. Patients with cancer have been disproportionately affected by this pandemic. Increasing evidence has documented that patients with malignancies are highly susceptible to severe infections and mortality from COVID-19. Recent studies have also elucidated the molecular relationship between the two diseases, which may not only help optimize cancer care during the pandemic but also expand the treatment for COVID-19. In this review, we highlight the clinical and molecular similarities between cancer and COVID-19 and summarize the four major signaling pathways at the intersection of COVID-19 and cancer, namely, cytokine, type I interferon (IFN-I), androgen receptor (AR), and immune checkpoint signaling. In addition, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of repurposing anticancer treatment for the treatment of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zong
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, China
| | - Yujun Wei
- Anhui Anlong Gene Technology Co., Ltd, Hefei, 230041, China
| | - Jiang Ren
- The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, China
| | - Long Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Meyer TJ, Stöth M, Moratin H, Ickrath P, Herrmann M, Kleinsasser N, Hagen R, Hackenberg S, Scherzad A. Cultivation of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells with Wound Fluid Leads to Cisplatin Resistance via Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Induction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4474. [PMID: 33922946 PMCID: PMC8123302 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Locoregional recurrence is a major reason for therapy failure after surgical resection of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The physiological process of postoperative wound healing could potentially support the proliferation of remaining tumor cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of wound fluid (WF) on the cell cycle distribution and a potential induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). To verify this hypothesis, we incubated FaDu and HLaC78 cells with postoperative WF from patients after neck dissection. Cell viability in dependence of WF concentration and cisplatin was measured by flow cytometry. Cell cycle analysis was performed by flow cytometry and EMT-marker expression by rtPCR. WF showed high concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, CCL2, MCP-1, EGF, angiogenin, and leptin. The cultivation of tumor cells with WF resulted in a significant increase in cell proliferation without affecting the cell cycle. In addition, there was a significant enhancement of the mesenchymal markers Snail 2 and vimentin, while the expression of the epithelial marker E-cadherin was significantly decreased. After cisplatin treatment, tumor cells incubated with WF showed a significantly higher resistance compared with the control group. The effect of cisplatin-resistance was dependent on the WF concentration. In summary, proinflammatory cytokines are predominantly found in WF. Furthermore, the results suggest that EMT can be induced by WF, which could be a possible mechanism for cisplatin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Till Jasper Meyer
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany; (M.S.); (H.M.); (P.I.); (N.K.); (R.H.); (S.H.)
| | - Manuel Stöth
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany; (M.S.); (H.M.); (P.I.); (N.K.); (R.H.); (S.H.)
| | - Helena Moratin
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany; (M.S.); (H.M.); (P.I.); (N.K.); (R.H.); (S.H.)
| | - Pascal Ickrath
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany; (M.S.); (H.M.); (P.I.); (N.K.); (R.H.); (S.H.)
| | - Marietta Herrmann
- IZKF Research Group Tissue Regeneration in Musculoskeletal Diseases, University Hospital Würzburg and Bernhard-Heine Centrum for Locomotion Research, University of Würzburg, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Norbert Kleinsasser
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany; (M.S.); (H.M.); (P.I.); (N.K.); (R.H.); (S.H.)
| | - Rudolf Hagen
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany; (M.S.); (H.M.); (P.I.); (N.K.); (R.H.); (S.H.)
| | - Stephan Hackenberg
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany; (M.S.); (H.M.); (P.I.); (N.K.); (R.H.); (S.H.)
| | - Agmal Scherzad
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany; (M.S.); (H.M.); (P.I.); (N.K.); (R.H.); (S.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sensitivity to Cisplatin in Head and Neck Cancer Cells Is Significantly Affected by Patient-Derived Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041912. [PMID: 33671869 PMCID: PMC7918851 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are one of the most abundant and critical components of the tumor stroma. CAFs can impact many important steps of cancerogenesis and may also influence treatment resistance. Some of these effects need the direct contact of CAFs and cancer cells, while some involve paracrine signals. In this study, we investigated the ability of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) patient-derived CAFs to promote or inhibit the colony-forming ability of HNSCC cells. The effect of cisplatin on this promoting or inhibiting influence was also studied. The subsequent analysis focused on changes in the expression of genes associated with cancer progression. We found that cisplatin response in model HNSCC cancer cells was modified by coculture with CAFs, was CAF-specific, and different patient-derived CAFs had a different “sensitizing ratio”. Increased expression of VEGFA, PGE2S, COX2, EGFR, and NANOG in cancer cells was characteristic for the increase of resistance. On the other hand, CCL2 expression was associated with sensitizing effect. Significantly higher amounts of cisplatin were found in CAFs derived from patients who subsequently experienced a recurrence. In conclusion, our results showed that CAFs could promote and/or inhibit colony-forming capability and cisplatin resistance in HNSCC cells via paracrine effects and subsequent changes in gene expression of cancer-associated genes in cancer cells.
Collapse
|
19
|
Uz U, Eskiizmir G. Association Between Interleukin-6 and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 14:50-60. [PMID: 33587847 PMCID: PMC7904429 DOI: 10.21053/ceo.2019.00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a proinflammatory cytokine which plays an important role in several regulatory mechanisms of cancer. Moreover, experimental and clinical studies have reported that IL-6 targeted therapies might provide significant benefits for cancer treatment. The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate IL-6 activity in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). A systematic review of the association between serum, saliva and tumor IL-6 and HNSCC was developed on PubMed/Medline in the publication range from January 1995 to January 2019. Our literature analysis demonstrated that overexpression and elevated serum and/or saliva IL-6 concentrations in patients with HNSCC are related to poor survival and oncological outcomes. Although there is a correlation between IL-6 concentrations and tumorigenicity, it is noteworthy that IL-6 targeted therapies are generally performed in vitro and in experimental studies. Therefore, prospective, randomized clinical trials are required that focus on IL-6 targeted therapies for the treatment of HNSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uzdan Uz
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Izmir Bozyaka Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Görkem Eskiizmir
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Li X, Li H, Pei X, Zhou Y, Wei Z. CCDC68 Upregulation by IL-6 Promotes Endometrial Carcinoma Progression. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2021; 41:12-19. [PMID: 33471616 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2020.0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The elevation of circulating interleukin 6 (IL-6) is one of the major molecular characteristics of endometrial carcinoma. In this study, we investigated the role of coiled-coil domain-containing 68 (CCDC68) in IL-6-associated endometrial carcinoma progression. CCDC68 expression levels and the activation of IL-6 pathway were detected by qPCR and Western blot. Stable CCDC68 knockdown Ishikawa and RL-95 cells were created to investigate cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion with or without IL-6 administration. Kaplan-Meier's analysis was used to determine the correlation between CCDC68 expression and overall survival or recurrence-free survival in endometrial carcinoma patients. CCDC68 expression level is significantly uregulated by IL-6 stimulation. Increased CCDC68 expression predicts poor prognosis in endometrial carcinoma patients. CCDC68 knockdown dramatically inhibit IL-6-associated cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and downregulate the expression of proto-oncogenes in endometrial carcinoma cells. CCDC68 acts as a cancer-promoting factor in IL-6-stimulated endometrial carcinoma cells, and blocking the expression of CCDC68 might be a novel therapeutic strategy for the endometrial carcinoma treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuqing Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xueting Pei
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Youwei Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhaolian Wei
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tumor microenvironment and immune-related therapies of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2021; 20:342-351. [PMID: 33614915 PMCID: PMC7878981 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are a type of common malignant tumor, mainly manifesting as oropharyngeal, oral cavity, laryngopharyngeal, hypopharyngeal, and laryngeal cancers. These highly aggressive malignant tumors reportedly affect more than 830,000 patients worldwide every year. Currently, the main treatments for HNSCC include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy, as well as combination therapy. However, the overall 5-year survival rate of HNSCC has remained 50%, and it has not significantly improved in the past 10 years. Previous studies have shown that the tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a crucial role in the recurrence, metastasis, and drug resistance of patients with HNSCC. In this review, we summarize the role of anti-tumor and pro-tumor immune cells, as well as extracellular components in the TME of HNSCC. We also discuss classical HNSCC immunotherapy and highlight examples of clinical trials using CTLA-4 inhibitors and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1)-related combination therapies. We also outline some molecules in the TME known to regulate immunosuppressive cells. Furthermore, the role and underlying mechanism of radiation therapy on the TME, immune cells, and immune response are discussed.
Collapse
|
22
|
Aggarwal N, Yadav J, Thakur K, Bibban R, Chhokar A, Tripathi T, Bhat A, Singh T, Jadli M, Singh U, Kashyap MK, Bharti AC. Human Papillomavirus Infection in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas: Transcriptional Triggers and Changed Disease Patterns. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020. [PMID: 33344262 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.537650,] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a heterogeneous group of cancers. Collectively, HNSCC ranks sixth in incidence rate worldwide. Apart from classical risk factors like tobacco and alcohol, infection of human papillomavirus (HPV) is emerging as a discrete risk factor for HNSCC. HPV-positive HNSCC represent a distinct group of diseases that differ in their clinical presentation. These lesions are well-differentiated, occur at an early age, and have better prognosis. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a specific increase in the proportions of the HPV-positive HNSCC. HPV-positive and HPV-negative HNSCC lesions display different disease progression and clinical response. For tumorigenic-transformation, HPV essentially requires a permissive cellular environment and host cell factors for induction of viral transcription. As the spectrum of host factors is independent of HPV infection at the time of viral entry, presumably entry of HPV only selects host cells that are permissive to establishment of HPV infection. Growing evidence suggest that HPV plays a more active role in a subset of HNSCC, where they are transcriptionally-active. A variety of factors provide a favorable environment for HPV to become transcriptionally-active. The most notable are the set of transcription factors that have direct binding sites on the viral genome. As HPV does not have its own transcription machinery, it is fully dependent on host transcription factors to complete the life cycle. Here, we review and evaluate the current evidence on level of a subset of host transcription factors that influence viral genome, directly or indirectly, in HNSCC. Since many of these transcription factors can independently promote carcinogenesis, the composition of HPV permissive transcription factors in a tumor can serve as a surrogate marker of a separate molecularly-distinct class of HNSCC lesions including those cases, where HPV could not get a chance to infect but may manifest better prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Aggarwal
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Joni Yadav
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Kulbhushan Thakur
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Rakhi Bibban
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Arun Chhokar
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Tanya Tripathi
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Anjali Bhat
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Tejveer Singh
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Mohit Jadli
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Ujala Singh
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Manoj K Kashyap
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.,Amity Medical School, Stem Cell Institute, Amity University Haryana, Amity Education Valley Panchgaon, Gurugram, India
| | - Alok C Bharti
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Regulated Necrotic Cell Death in Alternative Tumor Therapeutic Strategies. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122709. [PMID: 33348858 PMCID: PMC7767016 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of tumors requires the induction of cell death. Radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy are administered to kill cancer cells; however, some cancer cells are resistant to these therapies. Therefore, effective treatments require various strategies for the induction of cell death. Regulated cell death (RCD) is systematically controlled by intracellular signaling proteins. Apoptosis and autophagy are types of RCD that are morphologically different from necrosis, while necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis are morphologically similar to necrosis. Unlike necrosis, regulated necrotic cell death (RNCD) is caused by disruption of the plasma membrane under the control of specific proteins and induces tissue inflammation. Various types of RNCD, such as necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis, have been used as therapeutic strategies against various tumor types. In this review, the mechanisms of necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis are described in detail, and a potential effective treatment strategy to increase the anticancer effects on apoptosis- or autophagy-resistant tumor types through the induction of RNCD is suggested.
Collapse
|
24
|
Ibrahim ML, Lu C, Klement JD, Redd PS, Yang D, Smith AD, Liu K. Expression profiles and function of IL6 in polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 69:2233-2245. [PMID: 32488308 PMCID: PMC11027602 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02620-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
IL6 is an inflammatory cytokine with pleiotropic functions in both immune and nonimmune cells, and its expression level is inversely correlated with disease prognosis in patients with cancer. However, blocking IL6 alone has only yielded minimal efficacy in human cancer patients. We aimed at defining IL6 expression profiles under inflammatory conditions and cancer, and elucidating the mechanism underlying IL6 intrinsic signaling in colon carcinoma. We report here that colonic inflammation induces IL6 expression primarily in the CD11b+Ly6G+Ly6Clo polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSC) in colon. Although both tumor cells, T cells and myeloid cells all express IL6, PMN-MDSCs are the primary cell type that express IL6 in colon carcinoma, suggesting that IL6 up-regulation is a response to inflammation in colon epithelium and tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, we determined that IL6 activates STAT3 to up-regulate DNMT1 and DNMT3b expression in colon tumor cells, thereby revealing an epigenetic mechanism that mediates the IL6-STAT3 signaling pathway in colon carcinoma. Surprisingly, knocking out IL6 in colon tumor cells did not significantly alter tumor growth in WT mice. Conversely, IL6-sufficient colon and pancreatic tumor grow at similar rate in WT and IL6-deficient mice. However, overexpression of IL6 in colon tumor cells significantly increases tumor growth in vivo. Our findings determine that a high tumor local IL6 threshold is essential for IL6 function in colon tumor promotion and targeting the IL6-expressing PMN-MDSCs is potentially an effective approach to suppress colon tumor growth in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed L Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Chunwan Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA
| | - John D Klement
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA
| | - Priscilla S Redd
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA
| | - Dafeng Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA
| | - Alyssa D Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA
| | - Kebin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Aarstad HH, Moe SEE, Bruserud Ø, Lybak S, Aarstad HJ, Tvedt THA. The Acute Phase Reaction and Its Prognostic Impact in Patients with Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Single Biomarkers Including C-Reactive Protein Versus Biomarker Profiles. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8100418. [PMID: 33066437 PMCID: PMC7602291 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8100418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) has a prognostic impact in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, the acute phase reaction involves many other proteins depending on its inducing events, including various cytokines that can function as reaction inducers. In the present study, we compared the pretreatment acute phase cytokine profile for 144 patients with potentially curative HNSCC. We investigated the systemic levels of interleukin (IL)6 family mediators (glycoprotein (gp130), IL6 receptor (R)α, IL6, IL27, IL31, oncostatin M (OSM), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF)), IL1 subfamily members (IL1R antagonist (A), IL33Rα), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α. Patient subsets identified from this 10-mediator profile did not differ with regard to disease stage, human papilloma virus (HPV) status, CRP levels, or death cause. Increased CRP, IL6, and IL1RA levels were independent markers for HNSCC-related death in the whole patient population. Furthermore, gp130, IL6Rα, and IL31 were suggested to predict prognosis among tumor HPV-negative patients. Only IL6 predicted survival in HPV-positive patients. Finally, we did a clustering analysis of HPV-negative patients based on six acute phase mediators that showed significant or borderline association with prognosis in Kaplan–Meier analyses; three subsets could then be identified, and they differed in survival (p < 0.001). To conclude, (i) HPV-negative and HPV-positive HNSCC patients show similar variations of their systemic acute phase profiles; (ii) the prognostic impact of single mediators differs between these two patient subsets; and (iii) for HPV-negative patients, acute phase profiling identifies three patient subsets that differ significantly in survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helene Hersvik Aarstad
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (H.H.A.); (Ø.B.)
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (S.E.E.M.); (S.L.)
| | - Svein Erik Emblem Moe
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (S.E.E.M.); (S.L.)
| | - Øystein Bruserud
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (H.H.A.); (Ø.B.)
- Section for Hematology, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway;
| | - Stein Lybak
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (S.E.E.M.); (S.L.)
| | - Hans Jørgen Aarstad
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (S.E.E.M.); (S.L.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-5597-2664
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Morgan EL, Chen Z, Van Waes C. Regulation of NFκB Signalling by Ubiquitination: A Potential Therapeutic Target in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma? Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2877. [PMID: 33036368 PMCID: PMC7601648 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide, with over 600,000 cases per year. The primary causes for HNSCC include smoking and alcohol consumption, with an increasing number of cases attributed to infection with Human Papillomavirus (HPV). The treatment options for HNSCC currently include surgery, radiotherapy, and/or platinum-based chemotherapeutics. Cetuximab (targeting EGFR) and Pembrolizumab (targeting PD-1) have been approved for advanced stage, recurrent, and/or metastatic HNSCC. Despite these advances, whilst HPV+ HNSCC has a 3-year overall survival (OS) rate of around 80%, the 3-year OS for HPV- HNSCC is still around 55%. Aberrant signal activation of transcription factor NFκB plays an important role in the pathogenesis and therapeutic resistance of HNSCC. As an important mediator of inflammatory signalling and the immune response to pathogens, the NFκB pathway is tightly regulated to prevent chronic inflammation, a key driver of tumorigenesis. Here, we discuss how NFκB signalling is regulated by the ubiquitin pathway and how this pathway is deregulated in HNSCC. Finally, we discuss the current strategies available to target the ubiquitin pathway and how this may offer a potential therapeutic benefit in HNSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ethan L. Morgan
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Zhong Chen
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Combined treatment with acetazolamide and cisplatin enhances the chemosensitivity of human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma TU868 cells. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 119:104905. [PMID: 32947166 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate whether combination of acetazolamide and cisplatin can enhance the chemosensitivity of human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell line TU868. METHODS MTT assay was performed to determine the effect of acetazolamide, cisplatin and their combination on the proliferation of TU868 cells. Then the effect of these 2 drugs on the expression of proliferation-related and apoptosis-related proteins was detected by Western blot. Moreover, the effect of acetazolamide and cisplatin on the expression of aquaporin-1 was detected by RT-qPCR. Loss-of-function assays was performed to assess whether the effect of acetazolamide and cisplatin on TU868 cells was mediated by aquaporin-1. The effect of acetazolamide and cisplatin on tumor cell growth was confirmed in mice by testing the tumor growth size. RESULTS Acetazolamide and cisplatin treatment displayed synergistic effects on the inhibition of TU868 cell growth compared with the drugs used alone. Moreover, the acetazolamide/cisplatin combination could decrease the level of PCNA but increase the level of p53; decrease the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax and increase the expression of caspase-3 compared with the single drug treated group. Moreover, we found that the combination also significantly inhibits aquaporin-1 expression. Loss-of-function assays suggested that the anti-tumor effect of these 2 drugs was achieved via affecting aquaporin-1. Consistent with the in vitro assays, combined treatment with acetazolamide and cisplatin significantly inhibits the tumor growth in mice compared with the single drug treated group. CONCLUSION These results demonstrated that combined treatment with acetazolamide and cisplatin could synergistically inhibit the malignant development of HNSCC cells.
Collapse
|
28
|
Morgan EL, Macdonald A. Manipulation of JAK/STAT Signalling by High-Risk HPVs: Potential Therapeutic Targets for HPV-Associated Malignancies. Viruses 2020; 12:E977. [PMID: 32899142 PMCID: PMC7552066 DOI: 10.3390/v12090977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are small, DNA viruses that cause around 5% of all cancers in humans, including almost all cervical cancer cases and a significant proportion of anogenital and oral cancers. The HPV oncoproteins E5, E6 and E7 manipulate cellular signalling pathways to evade the immune response and promote virus persistence. The Janus Kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway has emerged as a key mediator in a wide range of important biological signalling pathways, including cell proliferation, cell survival and the immune response. While STAT1 and STAT2 primarily drive immune signalling initiated by interferons, STAT3 and STAT5 have widely been linked to the survival and proliferative potential of a number of cancers. As such, the inhibition of STAT3 and STAT5 may offer a therapeutic benefit in HPV-associated cancers. In this review, we will discuss how HPV manipulates JAK/STAT signalling to evade the immune system and promote cell proliferation, enabling viral persistence and driving cancer development. We also discuss approaches to inhibit the JAK/STAT pathway and how these could potentially be used in the treatment of HPV-associated disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ethan L. Morgan
- Tumour Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrew Macdonald
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, West Yorkshire, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, West Yorkshire, UK
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ji Y, Xue Y. Identification and Clinical Validation of 4-lncRNA Signature for Predicting Survival in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:8395-8411. [PMID: 32904613 PMCID: PMC7457573 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s257200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prognosis of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is still poor due to the lack of effective prognostic biomarkers. lncRNA is an important survival prognostic indicator and has important biological functions in tumorigenesis. Methods RNA-seq was re-annotated, and comprehensive clinical information was obtained from the GEO database. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to construct the lncRNA prognosis signature. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) enrichment analysis method is used to explore the possible mechanism of the selected lncRNA influencing HNSCC development. The rms package was used to calculate the C-index to evaluate the overall prediction performance between different signature. PCR is used to detect the expression of selected lncRNA in cancer and adjacent tissues. Results In the GSE65858 training cohort, 124 probes significantly related to prognosis were identified, 11 significant lncRNAs were further selected by rbsurv dimensionality reduction analysis. Finally, 4-lncRNA signature was constructed by multivariate Cox analysis. This signature was associated with tumor-associated pathway and is an independent factor of the patient’s prognosis. 4-lncRNA signature has strong robustness and can exert stable prediction performance in different cohorts. A nomogram comprising the prognostic model to predict the overall survival was established. The 4-lncRNA signature was significantly upregulated in HNSCC samples. Conclusion The predictive model and nomogram will enable patients to be more accurately managed in trials and clinical practices and could be applied as a new prognostic model for predicting survival of HNSCC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Ji
- Department of Pathology, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Xue
- Department of General Surgery, Pudong Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sasaki CT, Hajek M, Doukas SG, Vageli DP. The role of bile reflux and its related NF-κB activated pathway in progression of hypopharyngeal squamous cell cancer. Oral Oncol 2020; 105:104668. [PMID: 32247988 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.104668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prognosis for hypopharyngeal cancer is usually poor, and recurrence is common. Identifying new factors or related mechanisms that promote its progression may have clinical implications. Although, recent studies support bile reflux in hypopharyngeal carcinogenesis, it remains to be explored how bile and its related NF-κB activated pathway may further affects its progression in already established hypopharyngeal cancer. METHODS Hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HSCC) cell lines, FaDu and UMSCC11A, both negative for HPV, were repetitively exposed to bile acids (400 μM) at variable pH points (4.0, 5.5 and 7.0). Immunofluorescence, western blotting, luciferase assay, and qPCR were used to detect NF-κB activation, bcl-2 overexpression and gene expression. RESULTS Bile at strongly acidic pH (4.0) potentiated the activation of NF-κB and its related mRNA phenotype in HSCC cells. IL-6, TNF-α, and BCL2 were found among the highest overexpressed genes as was previously found in HSCCs excised from patients with documented biliary reflux. An enhanced transcriptional activity of EGFR, RELA, STAT3, and WNT5Α and higher survival rates were observed in HSCC cells exposed to acidic bile compared to those exposed to bile at weakly acidic or neutral pH. CONCLUSION Our novel findings support the observation that bile reflux has the potential for actively influencing the progression of hypopharyngeal cancer, mediated by NF-κB. In patients with hypopharyngeal cancer and known gastroesophageal reflux disease, antacid therapy may exert a role in furthering control of disease recurrence and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clarence T Sasaki
- The Yale Larynx Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael Hajek
- The Yale Larynx Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sotirios G Doukas
- The Yale Larynx Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dimitra P Vageli
- The Yale Larynx Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
O’Keefe RA, Bhola NE, Lee DS, Johnson DE, Grandis JR. Interleukin 6 is increased in preclinical HNSCC models of acquired cetuximab resistance, but is not required for maintenance of resistance. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227261. [PMID: 31914141 PMCID: PMC6948745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor cetuximab is the only oncogene-targeted agent that has been FDA approved for the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Currently, there are no biomarkers used in the clinic to predict which HNSCC tumors will respond to cetuximab, and even in tumors that regress with treatment, acquired resistance occurs in the majority of cases. Though a number of mechanisms of acquired resistance to cetuximab have been identified in preclinical studies, no therapies targeting these resistance pathways have yet been effectively translated into the clinic. To address this unmet need, we examined the role of the cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6) in acquired cetuximab resistance in preclinical models of HNSCC. We found that IL-6 secretion was increased in PE/CA-PJ49 cells that had acquired resistance to cetuximab compared to the parental cells from which they were derived. However, addition of exogenous IL-6 to parental cells did not promote cetuximab resistance, and inhibition of the IL-6 pathway did not restore cetuximab sensitivity in the cetuximab-resistant cells. Further examination of the IL-6 pathway revealed that expression of IL6R, which encodes a component of the IL-6 receptor, was decreased in cetuximab-resistant cells compared to parental cells, and that treatment of the cetuximab-resistant cells with exogenous IL-6 did not induce phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, suggesting that the IL-6 pathway was functionally impaired in the cetuximab-resistant cells. These findings demonstrate that, even if IL-6 is increased in the context of cetuximab resistance, it is not necessarily required for maintenance of the resistant phenotype, and that targeting the IL-6 pathway may not restore sensitivity to cetuximab in cetuximab-refractory HNSCC.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Carbazoles
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cetuximab/pharmacology
- Cetuximab/therapeutic use
- Cisplatin/pharmacology
- Cisplatin/therapeutic use
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/immunology
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- ErbB Receptors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/immunology
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/pathology
- Humans
- Interleukin-6/genetics
- Interleukin-6/immunology
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-6/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Interleukin-6/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-6/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck/drug therapy
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck/immunology
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck/pathology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. O’Keefe
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Neil E. Bhola
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - David S. Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Daniel E. Johnson
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Jennifer R. Grandis
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Aggarwal N, Yadav J, Thakur K, Bibban R, Chhokar A, Tripathi T, Bhat A, Singh T, Jadli M, Singh U, Kashyap MK, Bharti AC. Human Papillomavirus Infection in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas: Transcriptional Triggers and Changed Disease Patterns. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:537650. [PMID: 33344262 PMCID: PMC7738612 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.537650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a heterogeneous group of cancers. Collectively, HNSCC ranks sixth in incidence rate worldwide. Apart from classical risk factors like tobacco and alcohol, infection of human papillomavirus (HPV) is emerging as a discrete risk factor for HNSCC. HPV-positive HNSCC represent a distinct group of diseases that differ in their clinical presentation. These lesions are well-differentiated, occur at an early age, and have better prognosis. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a specific increase in the proportions of the HPV-positive HNSCC. HPV-positive and HPV-negative HNSCC lesions display different disease progression and clinical response. For tumorigenic-transformation, HPV essentially requires a permissive cellular environment and host cell factors for induction of viral transcription. As the spectrum of host factors is independent of HPV infection at the time of viral entry, presumably entry of HPV only selects host cells that are permissive to establishment of HPV infection. Growing evidence suggest that HPV plays a more active role in a subset of HNSCC, where they are transcriptionally-active. A variety of factors provide a favorable environment for HPV to become transcriptionally-active. The most notable are the set of transcription factors that have direct binding sites on the viral genome. As HPV does not have its own transcription machinery, it is fully dependent on host transcription factors to complete the life cycle. Here, we review and evaluate the current evidence on level of a subset of host transcription factors that influence viral genome, directly or indirectly, in HNSCC. Since many of these transcription factors can independently promote carcinogenesis, the composition of HPV permissive transcription factors in a tumor can serve as a surrogate marker of a separate molecularly-distinct class of HNSCC lesions including those cases, where HPV could not get a chance to infect but may manifest better prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Aggarwal
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Joni Yadav
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Kulbhushan Thakur
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Rakhi Bibban
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Arun Chhokar
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Tanya Tripathi
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Anjali Bhat
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Tejveer Singh
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Mohit Jadli
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Ujala Singh
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Manoj K. Kashyap
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- Amity Medical School, Stem Cell Institute, Amity University Haryana, Amity Education Valley Panchgaon, Gurugram, India
| | - Alok C. Bharti
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Alok C. Bharti,
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Steinbichler TB, Savic D, Dejaco D, Romani A, Kofler B, Skvortsova II, Riechelmann H, Dudas J. Pleiotropic Effects of Epithelial Mesenchymal Crosstalk on Head and Neck Cancer: EMT and beyond. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT SOCIETY 2019; 12:67-76. [PMID: 31297730 PMCID: PMC6937358 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-019-00228-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial mesenchymal crosstalk (EMC) describes the interaction of the tumor stroma and associated fibroblasts with epithelial cancer cells. In this study we analysed the effects of EMC on head and neck cancer cells. In tumor cell lines EMC was induced using media conditioned from a mix-culture of cancer cells and fibroblasts. Cell proliferation and chemotherapy response were assessed using direct cell counting. Flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry of markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and subsequent TissueFaxs™ acquisition and quantification and western blot analysis were performed. Holotomographic microscopy imaging was used to visualize the effects of EMC on Cisplatin response of SCC-25 cells. EMC induced a hybrid epithelial-mesenchymal phenotype in SCC-25 cells with co-expression of vimentin and cytokeratin. This hybrid phenotype was associated with chemotherapy resistance and increased proliferation of the cells. The EMC conditioned medium led to an activation of the IL-6/STAT3 pathway with subsequent phosphorylation of STAT3. EMC induced a hybrid epithelial-mesenchymal phenotype in HNSCC cells accompanied by increased therapy resistance and cell proliferation. The IL-6/STAT3 pathway might be one of the major pathways involved in these EMC-related effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T B Steinbichler
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr.35, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - D Savic
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr.35, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - D Dejaco
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr.35, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - A Romani
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr.35, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - B Kofler
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr.35, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - I I Skvortsova
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr.35, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - H Riechelmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr.35, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - J Dudas
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr.35, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yang B, Shen J, Xu L, Chen Y, Che X, Qu X, Liu Y, Teng Y, Li Z. Genome-Wide Identification of a Novel Eight-lncRNA Signature to Improve Prognostic Prediction in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2019; 9:898. [PMID: 31620361 PMCID: PMC6759597 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: LncRNAs are essential survival prognostic indicators with important biological functions in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. This study aimed to establish a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) signature that can effectively predict the prognosis of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and explore the potential functions of these lncRNAs. Materials and Methods: We re-annotated RNA sequencing and obtained exhaustive RNA-seq data of 269 patients with comprehensive clinical information from the GEO database. Then an 8-lncRNA signature capable of predicting the survival prognosis of HNSCC patients and a nomogram containing this signature were established. Weighted Co-expression Network Construction (WGCNA), Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment were then applied to predict the possible biological functions of the signature and each individual lncRNA. Results: Eight lncRNAs associated with survival in HNSCC patients, including AC010624.1, AC130456.4, LINC00608, LINC01300, MIR99AHG, AC008655.1, AC055758.2, and AC118553.1, were obtained by univariate regression, cox LASSO regression, and multivariate regression. Functionally, patients with high signature scores had abnormal immune functions via GSEA. AC010624.1 and AC130456.4 may participate in epidermal cell differentiation and skin development, and MIR99AHG in the formation of cellular structures. Other lncRNAs in the signature may also participate in important biological processes. Conclusions: Therefore, we established an 8-lncRNA signature that can effectively guide clinical prediction of the prognosis of patients with HNSCC, and individuals with high signature scores may have abnormal immune function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiming Shen
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lu Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaofang Che
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiujuan Qu
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yunpeng Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuee Teng
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Li X, He S, Tian Y, Weiss RM, Martin DT. Synergistic inhibition of GP130 and ERK signaling blocks chemoresistant bladder cancer cell growth. Cell Signal 2019; 63:109381. [PMID: 31374291 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance is a major treatment obstacle for recurrent and metastatic bladder cancer, which often leads to disease progression and poor clinical outcome. Although overexpression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) appears to play a critical role in the development of chemotherapy resistance, inhibitors for IL-6 alone have not improved clinical outcomes. Since the IL-6/IL-6R/GP130 complex is involved in multidrug resistance, another strategy would be to focus on glycoprotein-130 (GP130) since it dimerizes with IL-6R/CD26 as a membrane-bound signaling transducer receptor and initiates subsequent signaling activation and may be a potential therapeutic target. Currently, the role of GP130 in chemoresistant bladder cancer is unknown. In the present study, we demonstrate that GP130 is over-expressed in cisplatin and gemcitabine-resistant bladder cancer cells, and that the inhibition of GP130 expression significantly reduces cell viability, survival and migration. Downstream of GP130 is PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling, which is inactivated by SC144, a GP130 inhibitor. However, Raf/MEK/ERK signaling, which also is downstream of GP130 is activated by SC144. This activation is likely based on a mTOR/S6K1/PI3K/ERK negative feedback loop, which is presumed to counteract the inhibitory effect of SC144 on tumor aggressiveness. Blocking both GP130 and pERK resulted in synergistic inhibition of cytotoxicity, clonal survival rates and cell migration in our chemotherapy resistant bladder cancer cells. This vertical inhibition offers a novel therapeutic strategy for targeting human chemoresistant bladder cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuanhao Li
- Department of Urology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shanshan He
- Department of Urology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Robert M Weiss
- Department of Urology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Autocrine STAT3 activation in HPV positive cervical cancer through a virus-driven Rac1-NFκB-IL-6 signalling axis. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007835. [PMID: 31226168 PMCID: PMC6608985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the leading cause of cervical cancer. Although the fundamental link between HPV infection and oncogenesis is established, the specific mechanisms of virus-mediated transformation are not fully understood. We previously demonstrated that the HPV encoded E6 protein increases the activity of the proto-oncogenic transcription factor STAT3 in primary human keratinocytes; however, the molecular basis for STAT3 activation in cervical cancer remains unclear. Here, we show that STAT3 phosphorylation in HPV positive cervical cancer cells is mediated primarily via autocrine activation by the pro-inflammatory cytokine Interleukin 6 (IL-6). Antibody-mediated blockade of IL-6 signalling in HPV positive cells inhibits STAT3 phosphorylation, whereas both recombinant IL-6 and conditioned media from HPV positive cells leads to increased STAT3 phosphorylation within HPV negative cervical cancer cells. Interestingly, we demonstrate that activation of the transcription factor NFκB, involving the small GTPase Rac1, is required for IL-6 production and subsequent STAT3 activation. Our data provides new insights into the molecular re-wiring of cancer cells by HPV E6. We reveal that activation of an IL-6 signalling axis drives the autocrine and paracrine phosphorylation of STAT3 within HPV positive cervical cancers cells and that activation of this pathway is essential for cervical cancer cell proliferation and survival. Greater understanding of this pathway provides a potential opportunity for the use of existing clinically approved drugs for the treatment of HPV-mediated cervical cancer.
Collapse
|
37
|
Olejarz W, Wrzosek M, Jóźwiak M, Grosicka-Maciąg E, Roszkowski P, Filipek A, Cychol A, Nowicka G, Struga M. Synthesis and anticancer effects of α-lipoic ester of alloxanthoxyletin. Med Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-019-02335-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
38
|
Geng F, Wang Q, Li C, Liu J, Zhang D, Zhang S, Pan Y. Identification of Potential Candidate Genes of Oral Cancer in Response to Chronic Infection With Porphyromonas gingivalis Using Bioinformatical Analyses. Front Oncol 2019; 9:91. [PMID: 30847302 PMCID: PMC6394248 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent investigations revealed the relationship between chronic periodontitis, Porphyromonas gingivalis and cancer. However, host genes that change in response to chronic infection with P. gingivalis and may contribute to oral cancer have remained largely unknown. In the present study, we aimed to comprehensively analyze microarray data obtained from the chronic infection model of immortalized oral epithelial cells that were persistently exposed to P. gingivalis for 15 weeks. Using protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA), we identified hub genes, major biological processes, upstream regulators and genes potentially involved in tumor initiation and progression. We also validated gene expression and demonstrated genetic alteration of hub genes from clinical samples of head and neck cancer. Overall, we utilized bioinformatical methods to identify IL6, STAT1, LYN, BDNF, C3, CD274, PDCD1LG2, and CXCL10 as potential candidate genes that might facilitate the prevention and treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the most common type of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengxue Geng
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qingxuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Junchao Liu
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuwei Zhang
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yaping Pan
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Stromal-derived interleukin 6 drives epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and therapy resistance in esophageal adenocarcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:2237-2242. [PMID: 30670657 PMCID: PMC6369811 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1820459116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) has a dismal prognosis, and survival benefits of recent multimodality treatments remain small. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are known to contribute to poor outcome by conferring therapy resistance to various cancer types, but this has not been explored in EAC. Importantly, a targeted strategy to circumvent CAF-induced resistance has yet to be identified. By using EAC patient-derived CAFs, organoid cultures, and xenograft models we identified IL-6 as the stromal driver of therapy resistance in EAC. IL-6 activated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in cancer cells, which was accompanied by enhanced treatment resistance, migratory capacity, and clonogenicity. Inhibition of IL-6 restored drug sensitivity in patient-derived organoid cultures and cell lines. Analysis of patient gene expression profiles identified ADAM12 as a noninflammation-related serum-borne marker for IL-6-producing CAFs, and serum levels of this marker predicted unfavorable responses to neoadjuvant chemoradiation in EAC patients. These results demonstrate a stromal contribution to therapy resistance in EAC. This signaling can be targeted to resensitize EAC to therapy, and its activity can be measured using serum-borne markers.
Collapse
|
40
|
Bridge JA, Lee JC, Daud A, Wells JW, Bluestone JA. Cytokines, Chemokines, and Other Biomarkers of Response for Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy in Skin Cancer. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:351. [PMID: 30631766 PMCID: PMC6315146 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy for skin malignancies has ushered in a new era for cancer treatments by demonstrating unprecedented durable responses in the setting of metastatic Melanoma. Consequently, checkpoint inhibitors are now the first-line treatment of metastatic melanoma and widely used as adjuvant therapy for stage III disease. With the observation that higher tumor mutational burden correlates with a better response, checkpoint inhibitors are tested in other skin cancer types of known high tumor mutational burden with promising results and recently became the first-ever FDA-approved treatment for metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma. The emerging new standards-of-care will necessitate more precise biomarkers and predictors for treatment response and immune-related adverse events. Measurable immune-related mediators are currently under investigation as factors that promote or block the response to cancer immunotherapy and may provide insights into the underlying immune response to the tumor. Cytokines and chemokines are such mediators and are crucial for facilitating the recruitment and activation of specific subsets of leukocytes within the microenvironment of skin cancers. The exact mechanisms of how these meditators, both immunological and non-immunological, operate in the tumor microenvironment is an area of active research, so to reliable biomarkers of responses to cancer immunotherapy. Here, we will review and summarize the expanding body of literature for immune-related biomarkers pertaining to Melanoma, Basal cell carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma, and Merkel cell carcinoma, highlighting clinically relevant checkpoint inhibitor therapy biomarker advancements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Bridge
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - James C Lee
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Adil Daud
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - James W Wells
- The Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jeffrey A Bluestone
- Sean N. Parker Autoimmune Research Laboratory, Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Tian J, Cui X, Feng Y, Gu L. Inhibition of WNT7A-β-catenin signaling pathway sensitizes oral squamous cell carcinoma to cisplatin. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2018; 11:4926-4933. [PMID: 31949568 PMCID: PMC6962935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common type and most threatening head and neck cancer worldwide. Here, we aim to study the relationship between the WNT7A-β-Catenin signaling pathway and the chemotherapy resistance of OSCC patients. We analyzed 42 OSCC patients and 19 adjacent non-tumor tissues, evaluated the expression levels of WNT7A mRNA, and subsequently studied WNT7A dependent cisplatin resistance in OSCC cell line KB cells. Moreover, we also utilized an in vivo mouse model to validate our findings. We first found a significant upregulation of WNT7A mRNA in OSCC patients. Our results showed that the knockdown of WNT7A sensitized KB cells to cisplatin. Moreover, our results revealed that nuclear β-catenin was dramatically reduced and cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP were dramatically induced when WNT7A was knocked down in cisplatin treated KB cells. Besides, we found that the knockdown of WNT7A significantly reduced the weight and volumes of xenograft tumors. Moreover, we examined apoptotic cells and found that the combination of WNT7A knockdown and cisplatin treatment resulted in many more apoptotic cells than cisplatin treatment alone, suggesting that the knockdown of WNT7A sensitized KB cells to cisplatin treatment in vivo. Our results revealed that inhibition of WNT7A-β-catenin signaling sensitizes OSCC to cisplatin, which has provided insights into the molecular diagnosis and treatment of OSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityChina
| | - Xiaoguang Cui
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityChina
| | - Yuandong Feng
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityChina
| | - Liufang Gu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityChina
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lesinski GB, Nannapaneni S, Griffith CC, Patel M, Chen W, Chen Z, Ahmed R, Wieland A, Shin DM, Chen ZG, Saba NF. Interleukin-6/STAT3 Signaling is Prominent and Associated with Reduced Overall Survival in p16 Negative Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Head Neck Pathol 2018; 13:304-312. [PMID: 30191505 PMCID: PMC6684688 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-018-0962-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study addresses the hypothesis that IL-6/STAT3 signaling is of clinical relevance in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). We evaluated relationships between key components of this pathway in tumors from a unique cohort of n = 59 fully annotated, treatment-naïve patients with OPSCC. The multiplex Opal platform was utilized for immunofluorescence (IF) analysis of tissues to detect IL-6 and phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3), taking into consideration its nuclear versus cytoplasmic localization. Abundant staining for both IL-6 and pSTAT3 was evident in tumor-rich regions of each specimen. IL-6 correlated with cytoplasmic pSTAT3 but not nuclear or total pSTAT3 in this cohort of OPSCC tumors, regardless of p16 status (r = 0.682, p < 0.0001). There was a significant association between increased total pSTAT3, nuclear pSTAT3, cytoplasmic pSTAT3 and IL-6 in p16 negative tumors. Our data indicate STAT3 phosphorylation was a key feature in p16-negative OPSCC tumors. When IL-6 data was stratified by median expression in tumors, there was no association with overall survival. In contrast, both total and nuclear pSTAT3 were significant predictors of poor overall and disease free survival. This strong inverse relationship with overall survival was present in p16 negative tumors for both total and nuclear pSTAT3, but not in p16 positive OPSCC tumors. Together these data indicate that activation of the STAT3 signaling pathway is a marker of p16 negative tumors and relevant to OPSCC prognosis and a potential target for treatment of this more aggressive OPSCC sub-population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory B. Lesinski
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, 1365 Clifton Rd., NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Sreenivas Nannapaneni
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, 1365 Clifton Rd., NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | | | - Mihir Patel
- Department of Otolaryngology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Wanqi Chen
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Zhengjia Chen
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | | | - Dong M. Shin
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, 1365 Clifton Rd., NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Zhuo G. Chen
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, 1365 Clifton Rd., NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Nabil F. Saba
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, 1365 Clifton Rd., NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Gualtieri M, Grollino MG, Consales C, Costabile F, Manigrasso M, Avino P, Aufderheide M, Cordelli E, Di Liberto L, Petralia E, Raschellà G, Stracquadanio M, Wiedensohler A, Pacchierotti F, Zanini G. Is it the time to study air pollution effects under environmental conditions? A case study to support the shift of in vitro toxicology from the bench to the field. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 207:552-564. [PMID: 29843032 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution and particulate matter are recognised cause of increased disease incidence in exposed population. The toxicological processes underlying air pollution associated effects have been investigated by in vivo and/or in vitro experimentation. The latter is usually performed by exposing cells cultured under submerged condition to particulate matter concentration quite far from environmental exposure expected in humans. Here we report for the first time the feasibility of a direct exposure of air liquid interface cultured cells to environmental concentration of particulate matter. Inflammatory proteins release was analysed in cell medium while differential expression of selected genes was analysed in cells. Significant association of anti-oxidant genes was observed with secondary and aged aerosol, while cytochrome activation with primary and PAHs enriched ultrafine particles. The results obtained clearly show the opportunity to move from the lab bench to the field for properly understanding the toxicological effects also of ultrafine particles on selected in vitro models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claudia Consales
- ENEA SSPT-TECS-BIORISC, Via Anguillarese, 301, 00123, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Costabile
- CNR-ISAC - Italian National Research Council, Institute of Atmospheric Science and Climate, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Manigrasso
- Department of Technological Innovations, INAIL, Via IV Novembre 144, 00187 Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Avino
- Department of Technological Innovations, INAIL, Via IV Novembre 144, 00187 Rome, Italy; Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, DiAAA, University of Molise, via De Sanctis, Campobasso I-86100, Italy
| | | | - Eugenia Cordelli
- ENEA SSPT-TECS-BIORISC, Via Anguillarese, 301, 00123, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Di Liberto
- CNR-ISAC - Italian National Research Council, Institute of Atmospheric Science and Climate, Rome, Italy
| | - Ettore Petralia
- ENEA SSPT-MET-INAT, Via Martiri di Monte Sole 4, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Alfred Wiedensohler
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Gabriele Zanini
- ENEA SSPT-MET-INAT, Via Martiri di Monte Sole 4, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Cho H, Seo Y, Loke KM, Kim SW, Oh SM, Kim JH, Soh J, Kim HS, Lee H, Kim J, Min JJ, Jung DW, Williams DR. Cancer-Stimulated CAFs Enhance Monocyte Differentiation and Protumoral TAM Activation via IL6 and GM-CSF Secretion. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:5407-5421. [PMID: 29959142 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: M2-type TAMs are increasingly implicated as a crucial factor promoting metastasis. Numerous cell types dictate monocyte differentiation into M2 TAMs via a complex network of cytokine-based communication. Elucidating critical pathways in this network can provide new targets for inhibiting metastasis. In this study, we focused on cancer cells, CAFs, and monocytes as a major node in this network.Experimental Design: Monocyte cocultures with cancer-stimulated CAFs were used to investigate differentiation into M2-like TAMs. Cytokine array analyses were employed to discover the CAF-derived regulators of differentiation. These regulators were validated in primary CAFs and bone marrow-derived monocytes. Orthotopic, syngeneic colon carcinoma models using cotransplanted CAFs were established to observe effects on tumor growth and metastasis. To confirm a correlation with clinical evidence, meta-analyses were employed using the Oncomine database.Results: Our coculture studies identify IL6 and GM-CSF as the pivotal signals released from cancer cell-activated CAFs that cooperate to induce monocyte differentiation into M2-like TAMs. In orthotopic, syngeneic colon carcinoma mouse models, cotransplanted CAFs elevated IL6 and GM-CSF levels, TAM infiltration, and metastasis. These pathologic effects were dramatically reversed by joint IL6 and GM-CSF blockade. A positive correlation between GM-CSF and IL6 expression and disease course was observed by meta-analyses of the clinical data.Conclusions: Our studies indicate a significant reappraisal of the role of IL6 and GM-CSF in metastasis and implicate CAFs as the "henchmen" for cancer cells in producing an immunosuppressive tumor ecological niche. Dual targeting of GM-CSF and IL6 is a promising new approach for inhibiting metastasis. Clin Cancer Res; 24(21); 5407-21. ©2018 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haaglim Cho
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngha Seo
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kin Man Loke
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Wook Kim
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Min Oh
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hyeong Kim
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihee Soh
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoen Sik Kim
- Laboratory of In Vivo Molecular Imaging, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunju Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Joon Min
- Laboratory of In Vivo Molecular Imaging, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Woon Jung
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Darren Reece Williams
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Xu S, Liu R, Da Y. Comparison of tumor related signaling pathways with known compounds to determine potential agents for lung adenocarcinoma. Thorac Cancer 2018; 9:974-988. [PMID: 29870138 PMCID: PMC6068465 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.12773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study compared tumor‐related signaling pathways with known compounds to determine potential agents for lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) treatment. Methods Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes signaling pathway analyses were performed based on LUAD differentially expressed genes from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project and genotype‐tissue expression controls. These results were compared to various known compounds using the Connectivity Mapping dataset. The clinical significance of the hub genes identified by overlapping pathway enrichment analysis was further investigated using data mining from multiple sources. A drug‐pathway network for LUAD was constructed, and molecular docking was carried out. Results After the integration of 57 LUAD‐related pathways and 35 pathways affected by small molecules, five overlapping pathways were revealed. Among these five pathways, the p53 signaling pathway was the most significant, with CCNB1, CCNB2, CDK1, CDKN2A, and CHEK1 being identified as hub genes. The p53 signaling pathway is implicated as a risk factor for LUAD tumorigenesis and survival. A total of 88 molecules significantly inhibiting the five LUAD‐related oncogenic pathways were involved in the LUAD drug‐pathway network. Daunorubicin, mycophenolic acid, and pyrvinium could potentially target the hub gene CHEK1 directly. Conclusion Our study highlights the critical pathways that should be targeted in the search for potential LUAD treatments, most importantly, the p53 signaling pathway. Some compounds, such as ciclopirox and AG‐028671, may have potential roles for LUAD treatment but require further experimental verification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song Xu
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Renwang Liu
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yurong Da
- Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology in Tianjin, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Ministry of Education, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Zhang P, Liu J, Li W, Li S, Han X. Lactoferricin B reverses cisplatin resistance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells through targeting PD-L1. Cancer Med 2018; 7:3178-3187. [PMID: 29761938 PMCID: PMC6051176 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) ranks among the top most common cancers with a poor prognosis. The mechanism of chemoresistance is still not well known. This study is to investigate the programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) expression in HNSCC, and test the effect of lactoferricin B (LfcinB) on chemoresistance and its mechanism. We analyzed 510 HNSCC patients in TCGA database and investigated how CD274 expression was related to patient prognosis. PD‐L1 was verified from HNSCC samples at local hospital with immunohistochemistry. PD‐L1 expression in the acquired cisplatin‐resistant HNSCC cells was examined by PCR and WB in order to test PD‐L1‐induced chemoresistance. LfcinB inoculation in cisplatin‐resistant HNSCC cells and in the nude mice was introduced to test the effect of LfcinB on targeting cisplatin resistance and its mechanism. High CD274 mRNA (>125 FPKM) from TCGA database had a significantly reduced 5‐year survival rate, and a lower 5‐year survival rate in the chemotherapy and radiotherapy‐treated patients (P < .05). PD‐L1 overexpression was further supported from analysis of 40 HNSCC specimens. PD‐L1 and IL‐6 in the established cisplatin‐resistant HNSCC cells were shown significantly higher (P < .05). IL‐6 and PD‐L1 expression were partially inhibited by the anti‐IL‐6/STAT3 antibody. LfcinB displayed a direct cytotoxic effect on cisplatin‐resistant HNSCC cells and HNSCC xenografts of cisplatin‐resistant cells in the nude mice displayed significant reduction in tumor volume after LfcinB injection (P < .05). Besides, the increase of IL‐6 and PD‐L1 in cisplatin‐resistant HNSCC cells was abolished in vitro by LfcinB (P < .05). PD‐L1 expression in HNSCC cells correlates with poor prognosis and chemoresistance, and LfcinB might provide therapeutic potential in HNSCC patients through modulating IL‐6 and PD‐L1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinzhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathology, Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenlu Li
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathology, Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinguang Han
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
The IL-6/JAK/STAT3 pathway is aberrantly hyperactivated in many types of cancer, and such hyperactivation is generally associated with a poor clinical prognosis. In the tumour microenvironment, IL-6/JAK/STAT3 signalling acts to drive the proliferation, survival, invasiveness, and metastasis of tumour cells, while strongly suppressing the antitumour immune response. Thus, treatments that target the IL-6/JAK/STAT3 pathway in patients with cancer are poised to provide therapeutic benefit by directly inhibiting tumour cell growth and by stimulating antitumour immunity. Agents targeting IL-6, the IL-6 receptor, or JAKs have already received FDA approval for the treatment of inflammatory conditions or myeloproliferative neoplasms and for the management of certain adverse effects of chimeric antigen receptor T cells, and are being further evaluated in patients with haematopoietic malignancies and in those with solid tumours. Novel inhibitors of the IL-6/JAK/STAT3 pathway, including STAT3-selective inhibitors, are currently in development. Herein, we review the role of IL-6/JAK/STAT3 signalling in the tumour microenvironment and the status of preclinical and clinical investigations of agents targeting this pathway. We also discuss the potential of combining IL-6/JAK/STAT3 inhibitors with currently approved therapeutic agents directed against immune-checkpoint inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Johnson
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rachel A. O’Keefe
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer R. Grandis
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Dalal V, Kumar R, Kumar S, Sharma A, Kumar L, Sharma JB, Roy KK, Singh N, Vanamail P. Biomarker potential of IL-6 and VEGF-A in ascitic fluid of epithelial ovarian cancer patients. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 482:27-32. [PMID: 29572186 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer is represented with significantly higher mortality rate predominately due to asymptomatic behaviour during initial disease course and at diagnosis majority patients already progressed to advanced stage. Acellular fraction of ascites in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) has been suggested to promote growth of tumor cells by providing ambient micro-environment for their proliferation. This acellular fraction contains multiple growth factors including IL-6 and VEGF-A, which were exploited to establish their bio-marker significance in EOC patients. METHODS IL-6 and VEGF-A levels in ascitic fluid of 30 EOC patients and 15 controls were measured using high sensitivity sandwich enzyme linked immune sorbent (ELISA) assay. Their levels were correlated with clinico-pathological characteristics and bio-marker potential was assessed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION EOC patients showed significantly higher levels for IL-6 (median-5636 pg/ml) and VEGF-A (median-4556 pg/ml) in ascitic fluid compared to controls. Levels of IL-6 and VEGF-A significantly correlated with clinico-pathological parameters. ROC curves of IL-6 and VEGF-A showed absolute combination of sensitivity and specificity. Kaplan Meier analysis demonstrated that higher levels of IL-6 and VEGF-A were significantly associated with shorter progression free survival. Thus, this study revealed that IL-6 and VEGF-A have great potential to be used as superior bio-markers for progression free survival in future after validation in larger patients' cohort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venus Dalal
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India.
| | - Raman Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Sunesh Kumar
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Alpana Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Lalit Kumar
- Department of Medical Oncology, BRA-IRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Jai Bhagwan Sharma
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Kallol Kumar Roy
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Neeta Singh
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Perumal Vanamail
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Photoelectrochemical immunoassay for human interleukin 6 based on the use of perovskite-type LaFeO3 nanoparticles on fluorine-doped tin oxide glass. Mikrochim Acta 2017; 185:52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2554-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
50
|
Fu XL, Duan W, Su CY, Mao FY, Lv YP, Teng YS, Yu PW, Zhuang Y, Zhao YL. Interleukin 6 induces M2 macrophage differentiation by STAT3 activation that correlates with gastric cancer progression. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2017; 66:1597-1608. [PMID: 28828629 PMCID: PMC11028627 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-017-2052-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 6 (IL-6) was abundant in the tumor microenvironment and played potential roles in tumor progression. In our study, the expression of IL-6 in tumor tissues from 36 gastric cancer (GC) patients was significantly higher than in non-tumor tissues. Moreover, the number of CD163+CD206+ M2 macrophages that infiltrated in tumor tissues was significantly greater than those infiltrated in non-tumor tissues. The frequencies of M2 macrophages were positively correlated with the IL-6 expression in GC tumors. We also found that IL-6 could induce normal macrophages to differentiate into M2 macrophages with higher IL-10 and TGF-β expression, and lower IL-12 expression, via activating STAT3 phosphorylation. Accordingly, knocking down STAT3 using small interfering RNA decreased the expression of M2 macrophages-related cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β). Furthermore, supernatants from IL-6-induced M2 macrophages promote GC cell proliferation and migration. Moreover, IL-6 production and CD163+CD206+ M2 macrophage infiltration in tumors were associated with disease progression and reduced GC patient survival. In conclusion, our data indicate that IL-6 induces M2 macrophage differentiation (IL-10highTGF-βhighIL-12 p35low ) by activating STAT3 phosphorylation, and the IL-6-induced M2 macrophages exert a pro-tumor function by promoting GC cell proliferation and migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Long Fu
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Duan
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong-Yu Su
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang-Yuan Mao
- National Engineering Research Centre of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Ping Lv
- National Engineering Research Centre of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Sheng Teng
- National Engineering Research Centre of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Wu Yu
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- National Engineering Research Centre of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yong-Liang Zhao
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|