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Maghbooli Z, Shirvani A, Moghadasi AN, Varzandi T, Hamtaei Ghashti S, Sahraian MA. Investigating the effects of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 on clinical outcomes in multiple sclerosis patients: A randomized, double-blind clinical trial- a pilot study. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2024; 87:105673. [PMID: 38759424 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2024.105673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary objective of this clinical trial was to assess whether administrating oral calcifediol (25(OH)D3) could enhance the clinical outcomes of patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. METHODS This clinical trial was designed as a randomized, double-blind, two-arm study, with 25 participants receiving daily 50 μg of calcifediol and 25 people receiving daily 50 μg of cholecalciferol. The primary outcomes were serum levels of 25(OH)D3, number of relapses, changes in Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), the 25-foot walk, and cognitive function. RESULTS At the end of the trial, delta serum concentrations of 25(OH)D3 were 85.32±40.94 ng/ml in the calcifediol group compared to 13.72±11.56 ng/ml in the cholecalciferol group; 84 % of the calcifediol group and none of the cholecalciferol group had circulating 25(OH)D3 concentrations exceeding 70 ng/ml. While both groups showed an overall trend towards improved cognitive function at the end of the study, the calcifediol group exhibited greater improvements in most cognitive tests. However, the trial had no significant beneficial effects on MS relapse, EDSS score, quality of life, or fatigue in either group, the calcifediol or cholecalciferol. CONCLUSIONS The trial shows that calcifediol is more effective in rapidly increasing 25(OH)D3 levels in MS patients compared to cholecalciferol when administrated at a similar dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhila Maghbooli
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neurosciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Shirvani
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Nutrition, Diabetes and Weight Management, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Abdorreza Naser Moghadasi
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neurosciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tarlan Varzandi
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neurosciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Hamtaei Ghashti
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neurosciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Sahraian
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neurosciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Turck D, McArdle HJ, Naska A, Neuhäuser‐Berthold M, Passeri G, Craciun I, Roldán‐Torres R, Valtueña Martínez S. Scientific and technical assistance to the evaluation of the safety of calcidiol monohydrate as a novel food. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8520. [PMID: 38273990 PMCID: PMC10809025 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
EFSA was asked by the European Commission to provide scientific assistance with respect to the EFSA adopted scientific opinion on 'Safety of calcidiol monohydrate produced by chemical synthesis as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283', including its bioavailability as a metabolite of vitamin D3 when added for nutritional purposes to food supplements. On 5 July 2023, EFSA adopted the 'Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for vitamin D, including the derivation of a conversion factor for calcidiol monohydrate'. This opinion concerns an updated exposure assessment for vitamin D and proposes a conversion factor for calcidiol monohydrate into vitamin D3 of 2.5 for labelling purposes. In addition, in reference to the EFSA opinion on the safety of calcidiol monohydrate, the Commission had received a letter from the pharmaceutical company EirGen Pharma Ltd requesting a revision of this opinion based on new data concerning calcidiol. Based on the information and data considered in this scientific technical report, EFSA concludes that the novel food calcidiol monohydrate proposed for use in food supplements is a bioavailable source of the biologically active metabolite of vitamin D, i.e. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, that a conversion factor of 2.5 reflects the relative bioavailability of calcidiol vs vitamin D3 under the proposed conditions of use and use levels, and that it is safe under the proposed conditions of use and use levels, i.e. up to 10 μg/day for children ≥ 11 years old and adults, including pregnant and lactating women, and up to 5 μg/day for children 3-10 years of age.
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McCourt AF, Mulrooney SL, O’Neill GJ, O’Riordan ED, O’Sullivan AM. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D response to vitamin D supplementation using different lipid delivery systems in middle-aged and older adults: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr 2023; 130:1548-1557. [PMID: 36912075 PMCID: PMC10551469 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523000636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Food fortification improves vitamin D intakes but is not yet mandated in many countries. Combining vitamin D with different dietary lipids altered vitamin D absorption in in vitro and postprandial studies. This randomised, placebo-controlled trial examined the effect of the lipid composition of a vitamin D-fortified dairy drink on change in 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations. Sixty-three healthy adults aged 50+ years were randomised to one of the following for 4 weeks: vitamin D-fortified olive oil dairy drink, vitamin D-fortified coconut oil dairy drink, vitamin D supplement or placebo control dairy drink. All vitamin D groups received 20 µg of vitamin D3 daily. Serum was collected at baseline and post-intervention to measure 25(OH)D concentrations and biomarkers of metabolic health. Repeated-measures general linear model ANCOVA (RM GLM ANCOVA) compared changes over time. There was a significant time × treatment interaction effect on 25(OH)D concentrations for those classified as vitamin D-insufficient (P < 0·001) and -sufficient at baseline (P = 0·004). 25(OH)D concentrations increased significantly for all insufficient participants receiving vitamin D3 in any form. However, for vitamin D-sufficient participants at baseline, 25(OH)D concentrations only increased significantly with the coconut oil dairy drink and supplement. There was no effect of vitamin D on biomarkers of metabolic health. Vitamin D fortification of lipid-containing foods may be used in lieu of supplementation when supplement adherence is low or for individuals with dysphagia. These results are important given the recent recommendation to increase vitamin D intakes to 15-20 µg for older adults in Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aislinn F. McCourt
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Steven L. Mulrooney
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Graham J. O’Neill
- TUD School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin (TUD), Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - E. Dolores O’Riordan
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Aifric M. O’Sullivan
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Republic of Ireland
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Rupprecht M, Wagenpfeil S, Schöpe J, Vieth R, Vogt T, Reichrath J. Meta-Analysis of European Clinical Trials Characterizing the Healthy-Adult Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Response to Vitamin D Supplementation. Nutrients 2023; 15:3986. [PMID: 37764770 PMCID: PMC10537880 DOI: 10.3390/nu15183986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To obtain reliable data that allow health authorities to re-evaluate recommendations for oral vitamin D uptake, we conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the impact of supplementation on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels in healthy adults in Europe. Of the publications identified (n = 4005) in our literature search (PUBMED, through 2 January 2022), 49 primary studies (7320 subjects, 73 study arms) were eligible for inclusion in our meta-analysis. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB tool based on seven categories, according to which each study is rated using three grades, and overall was rated as rather low. The median duration of intervention was 136.78 days (range, 1088 days); the mean weighted baseline 25(OH)D concentration and mean age were 33.01 vs. 33.84 nmol/L and 46.8 vs. 44.8 years in the vitamin D and placebo groups, respectively. Using random-effects models, 25(OH)D levels were increased by 36.28 nmol/L (95% CI 31.97-40.59) in the vitamin D group compared to the placebo, with a relative serum increment of 1.77 nmol/L per 2.5 μg of vitamin D daily. Notably, the relative serum 25(OH)D increment was affected by various factors, including the dosage and baseline serum 25(OH)D concentration, decreasing with increasing vitamin D doses and with increasing baseline serum levels. We estimate that supplementation in all healthy adults in Europe with appr. 25 μg of vitamin D (1000 IU) daily would raise serum 25(OH)D levels in 95% of the population to ≥50 nmol/L. Our work provides health authorities with reliable data that can help to re-evaluate recommendations for oral vitamin D supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Rupprecht
- Department of Dermatology, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg, Germany
- Health Management, German University for Prevention and Health Management (DHfPG), 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Stefan Wagenpfeil
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Epidemiology and Medical Informatics, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Jakob Schöpe
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Epidemiology and Medical Informatics, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Reinhold Vieth
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1V7, Canada
| | - Thomas Vogt
- Department of Dermatology, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Reichrath
- Department of Dermatology, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg, Germany
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5
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Turck D, Bohn T, Castenmiller J, de Henauw S, Hirsch‐Ernst K, Knutsen HK, Maciuk A, Mangelsdorf I, McArdle HJ, Pentieva K, Siani A, Thies F, Tsabouri S, Vinceti M, Lanham‐New S, Passeri G, Craciun I, Fabiani L, De Sousa RF, Martino L, Martínez SV, Naska A. Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for vitamin D, including the derivation of a conversion factor for calcidiol monohydrate. EFSA J 2023; 21:e08145. [PMID: 37560437 PMCID: PMC10407748 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Following two requests from the European Commission (EC), the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the revision of the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for vitamin D and to propose a conversion factor (CF) for calcidiol monohydrate into vitamin D3 for labelling purposes. Vitamin D refers to ergocalciferol (vitamin D2), cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), and calcidiol monohydrate. Systematic reviews of the literature were conducted to assess the relative bioavailability of calcidiol monohydrate versus vitamin D3 on serum 25(OH)D concentrations, and for priority adverse health effects of excess vitamin D intake, namely persistent hypercalcaemia/hypercalciuria and endpoints related to musculoskeletal health (i.e. falls, bone fractures, bone mass/density and indices thereof). Based on the available evidence, the Panel proposes a CF for calcidiol monohydrates of 2.5 for labelling purposes. Persistent hypercalciuria, which may be an earlier sign of excess vitamin D than persistent hypercalcaemia, is selected as the critical endpoint on which to base the UL for vitamin D. A lowest-observed-adverse-effect-level (LOAEL) of 250 μg/day is identified from two randomised controlled trials in humans, to which an uncertainty factor of 2.5 is applied to account for the absence of a no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL). A UL of 100 μg vitamin D equivalents (VDE)/day is established for adults (including pregnant and lactating women) and for adolescents aged 11-17 years, as there is no reason to believe that adolescents in the phase of rapid bone formation and growth have a lower tolerance for vitamin D compared to adults. For children aged 1-10 years, a UL of 50 μg VDE/day is established by considering their smaller body size. Based on available intake data, European populations are unlikely to exceed the UL, except for regular users of food supplements containing high doses of vitamin D.
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Cappola AR, Auchus RJ, El-Hajj Fuleihan G, Handelsman DJ, Kalyani RR, McClung M, Stuenkel CA, Thorner MO, Verbalis JG. Hormones and Aging: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:1835-1874. [PMID: 37326526 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Multiple changes occur across various endocrine systems as an individual ages. The understanding of the factors that cause age-related changes and how they should be managed clinically is evolving. This statement reviews the current state of research in the growth hormone, adrenal, ovarian, testicular, and thyroid axes, as well as in osteoporosis, vitamin D deficiency, type 2 diabetes, and water metabolism, with a specific focus on older individuals. Each section describes the natural history and observational data in older individuals, available therapies, clinical trial data on efficacy and safety in older individuals, key points, and scientific gaps. The goal of this statement is to inform future research that refines prevention and treatment strategies in age-associated endocrine conditions, with the goal of improving the health of older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne R Cappola
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Richard J Auchus
- Departments of Pharmacology and Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Section, Medical Service, LTC Charles S. Kettles Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48015, USA
| | - Ghada El-Hajj Fuleihan
- Calcium Metabolism and Osteoporosis Program, WHO Collaborating Center for Metabolic Bone Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - David J Handelsman
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney and Andrology Department, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney 2139, Australia
| | - Rita R Kalyani
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Michael McClung
- Oregon Osteoporosis Center, Portland, OR 97213, USA
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Cynthia A Stuenkel
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Michael O Thorner
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joseph G Verbalis
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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7
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Clark A, Kuznesof S, Waller A, Davies S, Wilson S, Ritchie A, Duesterloh A, Harbord L, Hill TR. The Influence of Storage and Cooking on the Vitamin D Content of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 3-Enriched Eggs. Foods 2023; 12:2522. [PMID: 37444260 DOI: 10.3390/foods12132522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Food fortification is an effective approach to improve vitamin D (VD) concentrations in foods. Eggs are a useful food vehicle for enrichment with VD via its hydroxylated metabolite, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-D3), in hen feed. This study determined the impact of time of lay, storage conditions (ambient and refrigeration) and common cooking methods (boiling, frying, scrambling, poaching and microwaving) on the vitamin D metabolite concentration of eggs enriched with 25-D3. Processed samples were freeze-dried and analysed for D3 and 25-D3 using an HPLC-MS(/MS) method. The results indicated that storage and cooking practices influence VD metabolites, with 25-D3 showing true retention of 72-111% and concentrations of 0.67-0.96 µg/100 g of whole egg. Vitamin D3 showed true retention of 50-152% and concentrations of 0.11-0.61 µg/100 g of whole egg. Depending on the storage and method of cooking applied, the calculated total VD activity of enriched eggs ranged from 3.45 to 5.43 µg/100 g of whole egg and was 22-132% higher in comparison to standardised VD content for non-enriched British eggs. The study suggests that 25-D3 is a stable metabolite in eggs following storage and cooking, and that 25-D3-enriched eggs may serve as a potent dietary source of VD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Clark
- Human Nutrition and Exercise Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Sharron Kuznesof
- Applied Social Sciences, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Anthony Waller
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Heanor, Derbyshire DE75 7SG, UK
| | - Sarah Davies
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Heanor, Derbyshire DE75 7SG, UK
| | - Simon Wilson
- Noble Foods Ltd., North Scarle, Lincolnshire LN6 9HA, UK
| | - Avril Ritchie
- Noble Foods Ltd., North Scarle, Lincolnshire LN6 9HA, UK
| | | | - Lance Harbord
- RLC & RM Harbord & Son, Bryants Court Farm, Ross-on-Wye, Herefordshire HR9 6JA, UK
| | - Thomas Robert Hill
- Human Nutrition and Exercise Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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Torregrosa JV, Bover J, Rodríguez Portillo M, González Parra E, Dolores Arenas M, Caravaca F, González Casaus ML, Martín-Malo A, Navarro-González JF, Lorenzo V, Molina P, Rodríguez M, Cannata Andia J. Recommendations of the Spanish Society of Nephrology for the management of mineral and bone metabolism disorders in patients with chronic kidney disease: 2021 (SEN-MM). Nefrologia 2023; 43 Suppl 1:1-36. [PMID: 37202281 DOI: 10.1016/j.nefroe.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
As in 2011, when the Spanish Society of Nephrology (SEN) published the Spanish adaptation to the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) universal Guideline on Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD), this document contains an update and an adaptation of the 2017 KDIGO guidelines to our setting. In this field, as in many other areas of nephrology, it has been impossible to irrefutably answer many questions, which remain pending. However, there is no doubt that the close relationship between the CKD-MBD/cardiovascular disease/morbidity and mortality complex and new randomised clinical trials in some areas and the development of new drugs have yielded significant advances in this field and created the need for this update. We would therefore highlight the slight divergences that we propose in the ideal objectives for biochemical abnormalities in the CKD-MBD complex compared to the KDIGO suggestions (for example, in relation to parathyroid hormone or phosphate), the role of native vitamin D and analogues in the control of secondary hyperparathyroidism and the contribution of new phosphate binders and calcimimetics. Attention should also be drawn to the adoption of important new developments in the diagnosis of bone abnormalities in patients with kidney disease and to the need to be more proactive in treating them. In any event, the current speed at which innovations are taking place, while perhaps slower than we might like, globally drives the need for more frequent updates (for example, through Nefrología al día).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jordi Bover
- Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
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Jodar E, Campusano C, de Jongh RT, Holick MF. Calcifediol: a review of its pharmacological characteristics and clinical use in correcting vitamin D deficiency. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:1579-1597. [PMID: 36862209 PMCID: PMC9979899 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03103-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to the role of vitamin D in bone mineralization, calcium and phosphate homeostasis, and skeletal health, evidence suggests an association between vitamin D deficiency and a wide range of chronic conditions. This is of clinical concern given the substantial global prevalence of vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D deficiency has traditionally been treated with vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) or vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol). Calcifediol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3) has recently become available more widely. METHODS By means of targeted literature searches of PubMed, this narrative review overviews the physiological functions and metabolic pathways of vitamin D, examines the differences between calcifediol and vitamin D3, and highlights clinical trials conducted with calcifediol in patients with bone disease or other conditions. RESULTS For supplemental use in the healthy population, calcifediol can be used at doses of up to 10 µg per day for children ≥ 11 years and adults and up to 5 µg/day in children 3-10 years. For therapeutic use of calcifediol under medical supervision, the dose, frequency and duration of treatment is determined according to serum 25(OH)D concentrations, condition, type of patient and comorbidities. Calcifediol differs pharmacokinetically from vitamin D3 in several ways. It is independent of hepatic 25-hydroxylation and thus is one step closer in the metabolic pathway to active vitamin D. At comparable doses to vitamin D3, calcifediol achieves target serum 25(OH)D concentrations more rapidly and in contrast to vitamin D3, it has a predictable and linear dose-response curve irrespective of baseline serum 25(OH)D concentrations. The intestinal absorption of calcifediol is relatively preserved in patients with fat malabsorption and it is more hydrophilic than vitamin D3 and thus is less prone to sequestration in adipose tissue. CONCLUSION Calcifediol is suitable for use in all patients with vitamin D deficiency and may be preferable to vitamin D3 for patients with obesity, liver disease, malabsorption and those who require a rapid increase in 25(OH)D concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Jodar
- grid.119375.80000000121738416Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Quirón Salud Madrid and Ruber Juan Bravo University Hospitals, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudia Campusano
- grid.440627.30000 0004 0487 6659Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine Section, Clínica Universidad de los Andes and School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Renate T. de Jongh
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael F. Holick
- grid.189504.10000 0004 1936 7558Vitamin D, Skin, and Bone Research Laboratory, Section Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 85 E Newton St, M-1013, Boston, MA 02118 USA
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10
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Neill HR, Gill CIR, McDonald EJ, McRoberts WC, McAleenon R, Slevin MM, Cobice D, McMurray R, Loy R, White A, Pourshahidi LK. Bioavailability of vitamin D biofortified pork meat: results of an acute human crossover study in healthy adults. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2023; 74:279-290. [PMID: 36843327 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2023.2182256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D intakes are concerningly low. Food-based strategies are urgently warranted to increase vitamin D intakes and subsequently improve 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations. This acute randomised three-way crossover study investigated the efficacy of vitamin D biofortified pork derived from pigs exposed to UVB light to increase serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations, compared to a dose-matched vitamin D3 supplement and control pork in adults (n = 14). Blood samples were obtained at baseline and then 1.5, 3, 6, 9 and 24 h postprandially. There was a significant effect of time (p < 0.01) and a significant treatment*time interaction (p < 0.05). UV pork and supplement significantly increased within-group serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations over timepoints (p < 0.05) (max. change 0.9 nmol/L (2.2%) UV pork, 1.5 nmol/L (3.5%) supplement, 0.7 nmol/L (1.9%) control). Vitamin D biofortified pork modestly increased 25(OH)D3 concentrations and produced a similar response pattern as a dose-matched vitamin D supplement, but biofortification protocols should be further optimised to ensure differentiation from standard pork.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Neill
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - C I R Gill
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - E J McDonald
- Devenish Nutrition Ltd, Lagan House, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - W C McRoberts
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - R McAleenon
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - M M Slevin
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - D Cobice
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - R McMurray
- Devenish Nutrition Ltd, Lagan House, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - R Loy
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - A White
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - L K Pourshahidi
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
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11
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Vitamin D composition of Australian game products. Food Chem 2022; 387:132965. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Lütke-Dörhoff M, Schulz J, Westendarp H, Visscher C, Wilkens MR. Dietary supplementation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol as an alternative to cholecalciferol in swine diets: A review. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2022; 106:1288-1305. [PMID: 36045590 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3 ) formed via hepatic hydroxylation from vitamin D, cholecalciferol, represents the precursor of the biologically active vitamin D hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Due to a higher absorption rate and the omission of one hydroxylation, dietary supplementation of 25-OHD3 instead of vitamin D3 is considered to be more efficient as plasma concentrations of 25-OHD3 are increased more pronounced. The present review summarises studies investigating potential beneficial effects on mineral homeostasis, bone metabolism, health status and performance in sows, piglets and fattening pigs. Results are inconsistent. While most studies could not demonstrate any or only a slight impact of partial or total replacement of vitamin D3 by 25-OHD3 , some experiments indicated that 25-OHD3 might alter physiological processes when animals are challenged, for example, by a restricted mineral supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lütke-Dörhoff
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany.,Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Landscape Architecture, Hochschule Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Jochen Schulz
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Heiner Westendarp
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Landscape Architecture, Hochschule Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Christian Visscher
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Mirja R Wilkens
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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13
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Comparative Study of the Effects of Two Dietary Sources of Vitamin D on the Bone Metabolism, Welfare and Birth Progress of Sows Fed Protein- and Phosphorus-Reduced Diets. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12131678. [PMID: 35804577 PMCID: PMC9265063 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the influence of two dietary sources of vitamin D on the vitamin D status, bone metabolism, welfare and birth progress of gestating and lactating sows, forty-nine multiparous sows were randomly assigned to one of two diets: “CON” (n = 25; 50 μg vitamin D3/kg feed) and “HYD” (n = 24; 50 μg 25-hydroxycholecalciferol/kg feed). The basal diets were protein- and phosphorus-reduced. The trial started on day 3 ante insemination of the sows and ended with weaning of the piglets on day 28 postpartum. Dietary supplementation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol resulted in improved maternal vitamin D status (p < 0.001), fewer gait changes (p < 0.01) and longer standing time after feeding (day 5 ante partum; p < 0.05) compared to vitamin D3. However, the bone markers CrossLaps and osteocalcin were not affected. Overall, the present results suggest that sows fed 25-hydroxycholecalciferol instead of vitamin D3 showed improved locomotion and stance strength. However, this outcome is probably not related to altered bone metabolism. The underlying mechanisms must be investigated in further studies.
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14
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Buttriss JL, Lanham-New SA, Steenson S, Levy L, Swan GE, Darling AL, Cashman KD, Allen RE, Durrant LR, Smith CP, Magee P, Hill TR, Uday S, Kiely M, Delamare G, Hoyland AE, Larsen L, Street LN, Mathers JC, Prentice A. Implementation strategies for improving vitamin D status and increasing vitamin D intake in the UK: current controversies and future perspectives: proceedings of the 2nd Rank Prize Funds Forum on vitamin D. Br J Nutr 2022; 127:1567-1587. [PMID: 34284830 PMCID: PMC8376911 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521002555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A multi-disciplinary expert group met to discuss vitamin D deficiency in the UK and strategies for improving population intakes and status. Changes to UK Government advice since the 1st Rank Forum on Vitamin D (2009) were discussed, including rationale for setting a reference nutrient intake (10 µg/d; 400 IU/d) for adults and children (4+ years). Current UK data show inadequate intakes among all age groups and high prevalence of low vitamin D status among specific groups (e.g. pregnant women and adolescent males/females). Evidence of widespread deficiency within some minority ethnic groups, resulting in nutritional rickets (particularly among Black and South Asian infants), raised particular concern. Latest data indicate that UK population vitamin D intakes and status reamain relatively unchanged since Government recommendations changed in 2016. Vitamin D food fortification was discussed as a potential strategy to increase population intakes. Data from dose-response and dietary modelling studies indicate dairy products, bread, hens' eggs and some meats as potential fortification vehicles. Vitamin D3 appears more effective than vitamin D2 for raising serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration, which has implications for choice of fortificant. Other considerations for successful fortification strategies include: (i) need for 'real-world' cost information for use in modelling work; (ii) supportive food legislation; (iii) improved consumer and health professional understanding of vitamin D's importance; (iv) clinical consequences of inadequate vitamin D status and (v) consistent communication of Government advice across health/social care professions, and via the food industry. These areas urgently require further research to enable universal improvement in vitamin D intakes and status in the UK population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy L. Buttriss
- British Nutrition Foundation, London, UK
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Susan A. Lanham-New
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | | | | | | | - Andrea L. Darling
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Kevin D. Cashman
- Cork Centre for Vitamin D and Nutrition Research, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
| | | | - Louise R. Durrant
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
- Yakult, London, UK
| | - Collin P. Smith
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Pamela Magee
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food & Health, Ulster University at Coleraine, Coleraine, UK
| | - Tom R. Hill
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Suma Uday
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mairead Kiely
- Cork Centre for Vitamin D and Nutrition Research, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | - John C. Mathers
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Ann Prentice
- MRC Nutrition and Bone Health Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
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15
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Kessi-Pérez EI, González A, Palacios JL, Martínez C. Yeast as a biological platform for vitamin D production: A promising alternative to help reduce vitamin D deficiency in humans. Yeast 2022; 39:482-492. [PMID: 35581681 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is an important human hormone, known primarily to be involved in the intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate, but it is also involved in various non-skeletal processes (molecular, cellular, immune, and neuronal). One of the main health problems nowadays is the vitamin D deficiency of the human population due to lack of sun exposure, with estimates of one billion people worldwide with vitamin D deficiency, and the consequent need for clinical intervention (i.e., prescription of pharmacological vitamin D supplements). An alternative to reduce vitamin D deficiency is to produce good dietary sources of it, a scenario in which the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae seems to be a promising alternative. This review focuses on the potential use of yeast as a biological platform to produce vitamin D, summarizing both the biology aspects of vitamin D (synthesis, ecology and evolution, metabolism, and bioequivalence) and the work done to produce it in yeast (both for vitamin D2 and for vitamin D3 ), highlighting existing challenges and potential solutions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo I Kessi-Pérez
- Centro de Estudios en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CECTA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - Adens González
- Centro de Estudios en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CECTA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - José Luis Palacios
- Centro de Estudios en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CECTA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Martínez
- Centro de Estudios en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CECTA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
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16
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Dunlop E, James AP, Cunningham J, Rangan A, Daly A, Kiely M, Nowson CA, Adorno P, Atyeo P, Black LJ. Vitamin D Fortification of Milk Would Increase Vitamin D Intakes in the Australian Population, but a More Comprehensive Strategy Is Required. Foods 2022; 11:foods11091369. [PMID: 35564091 PMCID: PMC9102334 DOI: 10.3390/foods11091369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Low vitamin D status (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration < 50 nmol/L) is prevalent in Australia, ranging between 15% and 32% in the adolescent and adult populations. Vitamin D intakes are also low across the population and were recently estimated at 1.8−3.2 µg/day on average, assuming equal bioactivity of the D vitamers. In combination, these findings strongly suggest that data-driven nutrition policy is needed to increase vitamin D intake and improve status in the Australian population. Food fortification is a potential strategy. We used up-to-date vitamin D food composition data for vitamin D3, 25(OH)D3, vitamin D2, and 25(OH)D2, and nationally representative food and supplement consumption data from the 2011−2013 Australian Health Survey, to model a fortification scenario of 0.8 µg/100 mL vitamin D for fluid dairy milks and alternatives. Under the modelled fortification scenario, the mean vitamin D intake increased by ~2 µg/day from baseline to 4.9 µg/day from food only (7.2 µg/day including supplements). Almost all individual intakes remained substantially below 10 µg/day, which is the Estimated Average Requirement in North America. In conclusion, this modelling showed that fortification of fluid milks/alternatives with vitamin D at the current permitted level would produce a meaningful increase in vitamin D intake, which could be of potential benefit to those with a low vitamin D status. However, this initial step would be insufficient to ensure that most of the population achieves the North American EAR for vitamin D intake. This approach could be included as an effective component of a more comprehensive strategy that includes vitamin D fortification of a range of foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Dunlop
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; (E.D.); (A.P.J.); (J.C.); (A.D.)
| | - Anthony P. James
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; (E.D.); (A.P.J.); (J.C.); (A.D.)
| | - Judy Cunningham
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; (E.D.); (A.P.J.); (J.C.); (A.D.)
| | - Anna Rangan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Alison Daly
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; (E.D.); (A.P.J.); (J.C.); (A.D.)
| | - Mairead Kiely
- Cork Centre for Vitamin D and Nutrition Research, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland;
| | - Caryl A. Nowson
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia;
| | - Paul Adorno
- National Measurement Institute, 1/153 Bertie Street, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia;
| | - Paul Atyeo
- Australian Bureau of Statistics, 45 Benjamin Way, Belconnen, ACT 2617, Australia;
| | - Lucinda J. Black
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; (E.D.); (A.P.J.); (J.C.); (A.D.)
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI), Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
- Correspondence:
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17
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Treatment of Vitamin D Deficiency with Calcifediol: Efficacy and Safety Profile and Predictability of Efficacy. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091943. [PMID: 35565910 PMCID: PMC9102909 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcifediol (25-OH-vitamin D3) is the prohormone of the vitamin D endocrine system. It is used to prevent and treat vitamin D deficiency. Calcifediol, as well as cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), is efficient and safe in the general population, although calcifediol has certain advantages over cholecalciferol, such as its rapid onset of action and greater potency. This review analyzed studies comparing the efficacy and safety of both calcifediol and cholecalciferol drugs in the short and long term (>6 months). Calcifediol was found to be more efficacious, with no increase in toxicity. We also assessed the predictability of both molecules. A 25OHD increase depends on the dose and frequency of calcifediol administration. In contrast, after cholecalciferol administration, 25OHD increase depends on more factors than dose and frequency of administration, also phenotypic aspects (such as obesity and malabsorption), and genotypic factors impacts in this increase.
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18
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Gázquez A, Sánchez-Campillo M, Barranco A, Rueda R, Chan JP, Kuchan MJ, Larqué E. Calcifediol During Pregnancy Improves Maternal and Fetal Availability of Vitamin D Compared to Vitamin D3 in Rats and Modifies Fetal Metabolism. Front Nutr 2022; 9:871632. [PMID: 35495908 PMCID: PMC9040672 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.871632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The fetus depends on the transplacental transfer of vitamin D. Calcifediol (25-OH-D3) is the vitamin D metabolite that crosses the placenta. Previously, oral 25-OH-D3 improved serum 25-OH-D3 compared to vitamin D3 in non-pregnant subjects, although no studies are available in pregnant women. We evaluated the availability of oral 25-OH-D3 compared to vitamin D3 during pregnancy, as well as, their levels in the fetus and effect on metabolism-related proteins. Twenty female rats per group were fed with 25 μg/kg of diet of vitamin D3 (1,000 UI vitamin D/kg diet) or with 25 μg/kg diet of 25-OH-D3. We analyzed 25-OH-D3 levels in maternal and fetal plasma; protein levels of vitamin D receptor (VDR), fatty acid translocase (FAT), and scavenger-receptor class B type-1 (SR-B1) in both maternal liver and placenta; and protein levels of VDR and Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD67) in fetal brain. 25-OH-D3 doubled the concentration of 25-OH-D3 in both maternal and fetal plasma compared to vitamin D3. In addition, maternal liver VDR, FAT, and SR-BI increased significantly in the 25-OH-D3 group, but no changes were found in the placenta. Interestingly, 25-OH-D3 decreased GAD67 expression in the fetal brain and it also tended to decrease VDR (P = 0.086). In conclusion, 25-OH-D3 provided better vitamin D availability for both mother and fetus when administered during pregnancy compared to vitamin D3. No adverse effects on pregnancy outcomes were observed. The effects of 25-OH-D3 on the expression of VDR and GAD67 in fetal brain require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gázquez
- Department of Animal Physiology, School of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Alejandro Barranco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ricardo Rueda
- Research and Development Department, Abbott Nutrition SL, Granada, Spain
| | - Jia P. Chan
- Research and Development Department, Abbott Nutrition SL, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Matthew J. Kuchan
- Research and Development Department, Abbott Nutrition SL, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Elvira Larqué
- Department of Animal Physiology, School of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Elvira Larqué,
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19
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Daly RM, De Ross B, Gianoudis J, Tan SY. Dose-Response Effect of Consuming Commercially Available Eggs on Wintertime Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations in Young Australian Adults: a 12-Week Randomized Controlled Trial. J Nutr 2022; 152:1702-1710. [PMID: 35218193 PMCID: PMC9258551 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D deficiency is a common health concern during winter. Eggs are one of the few rich dietary sources of vitamin D, containing cholecalciferol (vitamin D-3) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D-3 [25(OH)D3], with the latter reported to be 5 times more potent at increasing serum 25(OH)D concentrations, the major circulating form of vitamin D. However, whether there is an optimal dose of eggs to increase or maintain 25(OH)D concentrations during wintertime is not known. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the dose-response effect of consuming 2, 7, or 12 commercially available eggs per week on serum 25(OH)D concentrations during the autumn-winter months in young adults. Secondary aims were to investigate changes in serum lipids, and the feasibility (adherence) and acceptability to consuming the eggs. METHODS In a 12-wk randomized controlled trial, 51 adults aged 25-40 y were randomly assigned to consume 2 eggs/wk (control, n = 17), 7 eggs/wk (n = 17), or 12 eggs/wk (n = 17). Change in serum 25(OH)D was the primary outcome as assessed by LC/MS/MS. Serum lipids were assessed using standard techniques, and acceptability to consuming the eggs was assessed via a questionnaire. RESULTS Forty-two (82%) participants completed the study. Mean adherence to the eggs was 83% for controls, 86% for 7 eggs/wk, and 83% for 12 eggs/wk. Mean serum 25(OH)D concentrations did not change significantly in either the 7-eggs/wk (-8.3 nmol/L; 95% CI: -17.0, 0.4 nmol/L) or 12-eggs/wk (-7.2 nmol/L; 95% CI: -18.6, 4.3 nmol/L) groups, but decreased by 28.6 nmol/L (95% CI: -38.1, -18.9 nmol/L) in controls, which led to a significant (P = 0.003) between-group difference for the change after 12 wk. Serum lipids did not differ between the groups, and acceptability profiles to consuming the eggs were positive and similar for all 3 groups. CONCLUSIONS Consuming 7 commercially available eggs per week for 12 wk was effective for attenuating the wintertime decline in circulating vitamin D concentrations in young Australian adults, with 12 eggs/wk not providing any additional benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Belinda De Ross
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jenny Gianoudis
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sze-Yen Tan
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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20
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Nutrient-Optimized Beef Enhances Blood Levels of Vitamin D and Selenium among Young Women. Foods 2022; 11:foods11050631. [PMID: 35267264 PMCID: PMC8909616 DOI: 10.3390/foods11050631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine meat provides healthy nutrients but has also been negatively linked to greenhouse gases and non-communicable diseases. A double-blind intervention study was carried out to compare beef meat from bulls fed with feed supplemented with selenium, vitamin D, E, K (SeDEK-feed), and n-3, or REGULAR feed. Thirty-four young healthy women (19–29 years old) consumed 300 g of these beef types per day for 6 days in a cross-over design. Diet registrations, blood samples, anthropometric measurements, and clinical data were collected four times. Both beef diets were higher than their habitual diet in protein, fat, saturated fat, and several micronutrients; contained more vegetables and fewer carbohydrates and were followed by a higher feeling of satiety. The SeDEK beef had higher amounts of selenium, vitamin 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3), E, and K (MK4), and increased serum selenium and 25(OH)D3 from the participants’ normal values if they were below 85 µg/L of selenium and 30 nmol of 25(OH)D3/L, respectively. Our study showed that optimized beef increased serum selenium in young women having moderate selenium levels and improved blood 25(OH)D3 in a woman having low to normal 25(OH)D3. Meat should be optimized to increase specific consumer groups’ needs for selenium and vitamin D.
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21
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Physiological significance of vitamin D produced in skin compared with oral vitamin D. J Nutr Sci 2022; 11:e13. [PMID: 35291276 PMCID: PMC8889086 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2022.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Since the discovery of vitamin D, it has been accepted that its physiological supply is either from food or by endogenous synthesis in skin exposed to solar UV light. Yet vitamin D is a component of very few foods and its supply as a natural nutrient is unable to maintain good vitamin D status for human populations. One aspect of vitamin D physiology that has been ignored is that the mechanisms for its transport and processing from these two sources are quite different. Excess intake of vitamin D causes hypercalcaemic toxicity. However, experiments with different animal species have shown that long-term supply of oral vitamin D in apparently non-toxic amounts causes atherosclerosis in large arteries. A mechanism for this toxicity is proposed. Alternative strategies for addressing widespread vitamin D deficiency by food fortification should be considered in light of the angiotoxicity caused by oral vitamin D in animal experiments.
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22
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Okoye C, Calsolaro V, Niccolai F, Calabrese AM, Franchi R, Rogani S, Coppini G, Morelli V, Caraccio N, Monzani F. A Randomized, Open-Label Study to Assess Efficacy of Weekly Assumption of Cholecalciferol versus Calcifediol in Older Patients with Hypovitaminosis D. Geriatrics (Basel) 2022; 7:geriatrics7010013. [PMID: 35076537 PMCID: PMC8788272 DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics7010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this single-center, open-label, randomized controlled study was to evaluate which formulation of vitamin D—between cholecalciferol and calcifediol—is most effective in the treatment of hypovitaminosis D in older adults. Demographic characteristics, clinical history, and comprehensive geriatric assessment were recorded at admission. Eligible patients were randomly assigned an equivalent vitamin D supplement, either with cholecalciferol or calcifediol, from the time of hospital admission to three months after discharge. Among the 140 older patients included (mean age 83 ± 6.6 years, 57.8% females), 69 received cholecalciferol and 71 received calcifediol. The mean plasma values of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OH-vitamin D3) found at the time of enrollment were 16.8 ± 9.9 ng/mL in patients receiving cholecalciferol and 18.8 ± 13.3 ng/mL in those treated with calcifediol (p = 0.31). At the three month follow-up, the mean concentration of 25OH-vitamin D3 was significantly higher in patients treated with calcifediol than in those receiving cholecalciferol (30.7 ± 8.4 vs. 45.4 ± 9.8 ng/mL, respectively; p < 0.001). Supplementation with either cholecalciferol or calcifediol effectively results in reaching the optimal circulating values of 25OH-vitamin D3 in older patients suffering from hypovitaminosis D. However, supplementation with calcifediol led to average circulating values of 25OH-vitamin D3 that were significantly higher (over 50%) than those obtained with cholecalciferol.
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23
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Neill HR, Gill CIR, McDonald EJ, McRoberts WC, Pourshahidi LK. Vitamin D Biofortification of Pork May Offer a Food-Based Strategy to Increase Vitamin D Intakes in the UK Population. Front Nutr 2021; 8:777364. [PMID: 34926552 PMCID: PMC8679618 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.777364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypovitaminosis D is prevalent worldwide, with many populations failing to achieve the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) for vitamin D (10-20 μg/day). Owing to low vitamin D intakes, limited exposure to ultraviolet-B (UVB) induced dermal synthesis, lack of mandatory fortification and poor uptake in supplement advice, additional food-based strategies are warranted to enable the UK population to achieve optimal vitamin D intakes, thus reducing musculoskeletal risks or suboptimal immune functioning. The aims of the current study were to (1) determine any changes to vitamin D intake and status over a 9-year period, and (2) apply dietary modeling to predict the impact of vitamin D biofortification of pork and pork products on population intakes. Data from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (Year 1-9; 2008/09-2016/17) were analyzed to explore nationally representative mean vitamin D intakes and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations (n = 13,350). Four theoretical dietary scenarios of vitamin D pork biofortification were computed (vitamin D content +50/100/150/200% vs. standard). Vitamin D intake in the UK population has not changed significantly from 2008 to 2017 and in 2016/17, across all age groups, 13.2% were considered deficient [25(OH)D <25 nmol/L]. Theoretically, increasing vitamin D concentrations in biofortified pork by 50, 100, 150, and 200%, would increase vitamin population D intake by 4.9, 10.1, 15.0, and 19.8% respectively. When specifically considering the impact on gender and age, based on the last scenario, a greater relative change was observed in males (22.6%) vs. females (17.8%). The greatest relative change was observed amongst 11-18 year olds (25.2%). Vitamin D intakes have remained stable in the UK for almost a decade, confirming that strategies are urgently required to help the population achieve the RNI for vitamin D. Biofortification of pork meat provides a proof of concept, demonstrating that animal-based strategies may offer an important contribution to help to improve the vitamin D intakes of the UK population, particularly adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly R Neill
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Chris I R Gill
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - L Kirsty Pourshahidi
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
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24
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Fraser DR. Vitamin D toxicity related to its physiological and unphysiological supply. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:929-940. [PMID: 34518055 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D is defined as a nutrient despite its rare occurrence in food. Vitamin D status is determined mainly by solar UV light action in skin. However, the strategy to combat vitamin D deficiency has been to increase oral intake of vitamin D in greater amounts than could be obtained from food. Persistent large intakes of vitamin D can cause hypercalcaemic toxicity. Although the amounts recommended to prevent deficiency are far less than those causing such toxicity, the possibility of other toxic actions from increased intake of vitamin D has been ignored. Animal experiments have demonstrated that moderate amounts of oral vitamin D over time result in atherosclerosis. Differences in the fate of vitamin D could explain this angiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Fraser
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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25
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Upadhaya SD, Chung TK, Jung YJ, Kim IH. Dietary 25(OH)D3 supplementation to gestating and lactating sows and their progeny affects growth performance, carcass characteristics, blood profiles and myogenic regulatory factor- related gene expression in wean-finish pigs. Anim Biosci 2021; 35:461-474. [PMID: 34727644 PMCID: PMC8902224 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This experiment investigated the effects of supplementing vitamin D3-fortified sow and progeny diets with 25(OH)D3 on growth performance, carcass characteristics, immunity, and pork meat quality. Methods The present study involved the assessment of supplementing the diet of sows and their progeny with or without 25 (OH)D3 in a 2×2 factorial arrangement on the performance and production characteristics of wean-finish pigs. Forty-eight multiparous sows were assigned to a basal diet containing 2000 IU/kg vitamin D3 and supplemented without (CON) or with (TRT) 50 μg/kg 25 (OH)D3. At weaning, a total of 80 pigs each from CON and TRT sows were allocated to weaning and growing-finishing basal diets fortified with 2,500 and 1,750 IU/kg vitamin D3 respectively and supplemented without or with 50 μg/kg 25(OH)D3. Results Sows fed 25(OH)D3-supplemented diets improved pre-weaning growth rate of nursing piglets. A significant sow and pig weaning diet effect was observed for growth rate and feed efficiency (p<0.05) during days 1 to 42 post-weaning. Pigs consuming 25(OH)D3-supplemented diets gained weight faster (p = 0.016), ate more (p = 0.044) and tended to convert feed to gain more efficiently (p = 0.088) than those fed CON diet between days 98 and 140 post-weaning. Supplemental 25(OH)D3 improved water holding capacity and reduced drip loss of pork meat, increased serum 25(OH)D3 level, produced higher interleukin-1 and lower interleukin-6 concentrations in blood circulation, downregulated myostatin (MSTN) and upregulated myogenic differentiation (MYOD) and myogenic factor 5 (MYF5) gene expressions (p<0.05). Conclusion Supplementing vitamin D3-fortified sow and wean-finish pig diets with 50 μg/kg 25(OH)D3 significantly improved production performance suggesting their current dietary vitamin D3 levels are insufficient. In fulfilling the total need for vitamin D, it is strongly recommended to add 50 μg/kg 25(OH)D3 “on top” to practical vitamin D3-fortified sow and wean-finish pig diets deployed under commercial conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santi Devi Upadhaya
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Korea
| | - Thau Kiong Chung
- DSM Nutritional Products Asia Pacific, Mapletree Business City, Singapore 117440, MapleTree Business City, Singapore
| | - Yeon Jae Jung
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Korea
| | - In Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Korea
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26
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Pérez-Castrillón JL, Dueñas-Laita A, Brandi ML, Jódar E, Del Pino-Montes J, Quesada-Gómez JM, Cereto Castro F, Gómez-Alonso C, Gallego López L, Olmos Martínez JM, Alhambra Expósito MR, Galarraga B, González-Macías J, Bouillon R, Hernández-Herrero G, Fernández-Hernando N, Arranz-Gutiérrez P, Chinchilla SP. Calcifediol is superior to cholecalciferol in improving vitamin D status in postmenopausal women: a randomized trial. J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:1967-1978. [PMID: 34101900 PMCID: PMC8597097 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D has shown to play a role in multiple diseases due to its skeletal and extraskeletal actions. Furthermore, vitamin D deficiency has become a worldwide health issue. Few supplementation guidelines mention calcifediol treatment, despite being the direct precursor of calcitriol and the biomarker of vitamin D status. This 1-year, phase III-IV, double-blind, randomized, controlled, multicenter clinical trial assessed the efficacy and safety of calcifediol 0.266 mg soft capsules in vitamin D-deficient postmenopausal women, compared to cholecalciferol. Results reported here are from a prespecified interim analysis, for the evaluation of the study's primary endpoint: the percentage of patients with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels above 30 ng/ml after 4 months. A total of 303 patients were enrolled, of whom 298 were included in the intention-to-treat (ITT) population. Patients with baseline levels of serum 25(OH)D <20 ng/ml were randomized 1:1:1 to calcifediol 0.266 mg/month for 12 months, calcifediol 0.266 mg/month for 4 months followed by placebo for 8 months, and cholecalciferol 25,000 IU/month for 12 months. At month 4, 35.0% of postmenopausal women treated with calcifediol and 8.2% of those treated with cholecalciferol reached serum 25(OH)D levels above 30 ng/ml (p < 0.0001). The most remarkable difference between both drugs in terms of mean change in serum 25(OH)D levels was observed after the first month of treatment (mean ± standard deviation change = 9.7 ± 6.7 and 5.1 ± 3.5 ng/ml in patients treated with calcifediol and cholecalciferol, respectively). No relevant treatment-related safety issues were reported in any of the groups studied. These results thus confirm that calcifediol is effective, faster, and more potent than cholecalciferol in raising serum 25(OH)D levels and is a valuable option for the treatment of vitamin D deficiency. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Pérez-Castrillón
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, Valladolid, Spain.,School of Medicine, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Antonio Dueñas-Laita
- School of Medicine, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Clinical Toxicology Unit, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sperimentali e Cliniche "Mario Serio", Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Esteban Jódar
- Department of Endocrinology & Clinical Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Universitario Quironsalud Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,School of Health Sciences, Universidad Europea, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Del Pino-Montes
- School of Medicine, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - José Manuel Quesada-Gómez
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Gómez-Alonso
- Bone Metabolism Unit, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias - ISPA, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - José Manuel Olmos Martínez
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla - IDIVAL, Santander, Spain.,School of Medicine, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - María Rosa Alhambra Expósito
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Bernat Galarraga
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Quirónsalud Bizkaia, Erandio, Spain
| | - Jesús González-Macías
- School of Medicine, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - Roger Bouillon
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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27
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Charoenngam N, Kalajian TA, Shirvani A, Yoon GH, Desai S, McCarthy A, Apovian CM, Holick MF. A pilot-randomized, double-blind crossover trial to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of orally administered 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and vitamin D3 in healthy adults with differing BMI and in adults with intestinal malabsorption. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 114:1189-1199. [PMID: 34008842 PMCID: PMC8408845 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obese and malabsorptive patients have difficulty increasing serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] after taking vitamin D supplementation. Since 25(OH)D is more hydrophilic than vitamin D, we hypothesized that oral 25(OH)D supplementation is more effective in increasing serum 25(OH)D concentrations in these patients. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetics of oral 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] and oral vitamin D3 in healthy participants with differing BMI and malabsorptive patients. METHODS A randomized, double-blind crossover trial was performed in 6 malabsorptive patients and 10 healthy participants who were given 900 µg of either vitamin D3 or 25(OH)D3 orally followed by a pharmacokinetic study (PKS). After ≥28 d from the first dosing, each participant returned to receive the other form of vitamin D and undergo another PKS. For each PKS, serum vitamin D3 and 25(OH)D3 were measured at baseline and at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 h and days 1, 2, 3, 7, and 14. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. RESULTS Data were expressed as means ± SEMs. The PKS of 900 µg vitamin D3 revealed that malabsorptive patients had 64% lower AUC than healthy participants (1177 ± 425 vs. 3258 ± 496 ng · h/mL; P < 0.05). AUCs of 900 µg 25(OH)D3 were not significantly different between the 2 groups (P = 0.540). The 10 healthy participants were ranked by BMI and categorized into higher/lower BMI groups (5/group). The PKS of 900 µg vitamin D3 showed that the higher BMI group had 53% lower AUC than the lower BMI group (2089 ± 490 vs. 4427 ± 313 ng · h/mL; P < 0.05), whereas AUCs of 900 µg 25(OH)D3 were not significantly different between the 2 groups (P = 0.500). CONCLUSIONS Oral 25(OH)D3 may be a good choice for managing vitamin D deficiency in malabsorption and obesity. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as (NCT03401541.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nipith Charoenngam
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition, and Weight Management, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tyler A Kalajian
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition, and Weight Management, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Arash Shirvani
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition, and Weight Management, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Grace H Yoon
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition, and Weight Management, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Suveer Desai
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition, and Weight Management, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ashley McCarthy
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caroline M Apovian
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael F Holick
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition, and Weight Management, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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28
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Gonnelli S, Tomai Pitinca MD, Camarri S, Lucani B, Franci B, Nuti R, Caffarelli C. Pharmacokinetic profile and effect on bone markers and muscle strength of two daily dosage regimens of calcifediol in osteopenic/osteoporotic postmenopausal women. Aging Clin Exp Res 2021; 33:2539-2547. [PMID: 33506314 PMCID: PMC8429405 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-020-01779-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background At present, although cholecalciferol represents the form of vitamin D of choice for the treatment of vitamin D deficiency, there is a growing interest in calcifediol. Aims This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and the safety of two different daily doses of calcifediol. Methods Fifty osteopenic/osteoporotic women with serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) between 10 and 20 ng/ml were randomized to a 6-month treatment with oral calcifediol 20 µg/day (n = 25) or oral calcifediol 30 µg/day (n = 25). In all, we measured the time course of the levels of 25OHD and other biochemical parameters. Moreover, we evaluated handgrip strength and serum levels of myostatin. Results The peak increase in 25OHD levels was reached after 90 days of treatment in group 1 (59.3 ng/ml) and after only 60 days in group 2 (72.3 ng/ml); thereafter in both groups, the levels of 25OHD showed a tendency towards stabilization. After 30 days, all the patients treated with 30 µg/day had values of 25OHD > 30 ng/ml. Handgrip strength showed a modest but progressive increase which reached the statistical significance in the 30 µg/day group. This latter group also presented a modest and non-significant decrease in serum levels of myostatin. Conclusions Calcifediol is able to rapidly normalize the vitamin D deficiency, and the 30 µg daily dosage could be suggested in those patients who need to rapidly reach optimal 25OHD levels. Moreover, the 6-month treatment with calcifediol at a dose of 30 µg results in a modest but significant increase in upper limb strength.
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29
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Neill HR, Gill CIR, McDonald EJ, McRoberts WC, Pourshahidi LK. The future is bright: Biofortification of common foods can improve vitamin D status. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:505-521. [PMID: 34291674 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1950609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is a global concern, linked to suboptimal musculoskeletal health and immune function, with status inadequacies owing to variations in UV dependent cutaneous synthesis and limited natural dietary sources. Endogenous biofortification, alongside traditional fortification and supplement usage is urgently needed to address this deficit. Evidence reviewed in the current article clearly demonstrates that feed modification and UV radiation, either independently or used in combination, effectively increases vitamin D content of primary produce or ingredients, albeit in the limited range of food vehicles tested to date (beef/pork/chicken/eggs/fish/bread/mushrooms). Fewer human trials have confirmed that consumption of these biofortified foods can increase circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations (n = 10), which is of particular importance to avoid vitamin D status declining to nadir during wintertime. Meat is an unexplored yet plausible food vehicle for vitamin D biofortification, owing, at least in part, to its ubiquitous consumption pattern. Consumption of PUFA-enriched meat in human trials demonstrates efficacy (n = 4), lighting the way for exploration of vitamin D-biofortified meats to enhance consumer vitamin D status. Response to vitamin D-biofortified foods varies by food matrix, with vitamin D3-enriched animal-based foods observing the greatest effect in maintaining or elevating 25(OH)D concentrations. Generally, the efficacy of biofortification appears to vary dependent upon vitamer selected for animal feed supplementation (vitamin D2 or D3, or 25(OH)D), baseline participant status and the bioaccessibility from the food matrix. Further research in the form of robust human clinical trials are required to explore the contribution of biofortified foods to vitamin D status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly R Neill
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Chris I R Gill
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | | | | | - L Kirsty Pourshahidi
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
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30
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Turck D, Castenmiller J, De Henauw S, Hirsch‐Ernst KI, Kearney J, Maciuk A, Mangelsdorf I, McArdle HJ, Naska A, Peláez C, Pentieva K, Siani A, Thies F, Tsabouri S, Vinceti M, Cubadda F, Frenzel T, Heinonen M, Marchelli R, Neuhauser‐Berthold M, Poulsen M, Maradona MP, Schlatter JR, van Loveren H, Dumas C, Roldán‐Torres R, Steinkellner H, Knutsen HK. Safety of calcidiol monohydrate produced by chemical synthesis as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06660. [PMID: 34249156 PMCID: PMC8247530 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on the safety of calcidiol monohydrate as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283, including its bioavailability as a metabolite of vitamin D3 when added for nutritional purposes to food supplements. The NF is produced chemically. It is proposed in food supplements up to 10 μg/day for individuals ≥ 11 years of age, including pregnant and lactating women and up to 5 μg/day in 3- to 10-year-old children. The production process, composition, specifications and stability of the NF do not raise safety concerns. Animal and human data indicate efficient absorption. The NF contains a fraction of nanoparticles, which are fat soluble and unlikely to reach systemic distribution. There are no concerns regarding genotoxicity. Human adult studies do not raise safety concerns. Combined intake estimates of calcidiol from the NF and calcidiol and vitamin D from the diet were below the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for vitamin D for subjects above 11 years of age. The achieved mean serum 25(OH)D concentration in adults supplemented with 10 μg NF per day remained below 200 nmol/L. The Panel concludes that the NF is safe under the proposed conditions of use and use levels for individuals ≥ 11 years old, including pregnant and lactating women. The applicant did not provide data on the bioavailability and safety of the NF in children. The combined intake estimation in children (3-10 years) is close to the UL for vitamin D. Therefore, the Panel could not conclude on the safety of consumption of the NF in children (3-10 years) at the proposed daily intake. The NF is a bioavailable source of the biologically active metabolite of vitamin D, i.e. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D.
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31
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Clark A, Kuznesof S, Davies S, Waller A, Ritchie A, Wilson S, Harbord L, Hill T. Egg enrichment with vitamin D: The Sunshine Eggs projects. NUTR BULL 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Clark
- Human Nutrition Research Centre Population Health Sciences Institute Faculty of Medical Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Sharron Kuznesof
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science, Agriculture and Engineering Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Sarah Davies
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd Heanor Derbyshire UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Tom Hill
- Human Nutrition Research Centre Population Health Sciences Institute Faculty of Medical Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
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32
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Galassi A, Ciceri P, Porata G, Iatrino R, Boni Brivio G, Fasulo E, Magagnoli L, Stucchi A, Frittoli M, Cara A, Cozzolino M. Current treatment options for secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with stage 3 to 4 chronic kidney disease and vitamin D deficiency. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2021; 20:1333-1349. [PMID: 33993809 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2021.1931117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) represents a complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Vitamin D system is altered since early CKD, and vitamin D deficiency is an established trigger of SHPT. Although untreated SHPT may degenerate into tertiary hyperparathyroidism with detrimental consequences in advanced CKD, best treatments for counteracting SHPT from stage 3 CKD are still debated. Enthusiasm on prescription of vitamin D receptor activators (VDRA) in non-dialysis renal patients, has been mitigated by the risk of low bone turnover and positive calcium-phosphate balance. Nutritional vitamin D is now suggested as first-line therapy to treat SHPT with low 25(OH)D insufficiency. However, no high-grade evidence supports the best choice between ergocalciferol, cholecalciferol, and calcifediol (in its immediate or extended-release formulation).Areas covered: The review discusses available data on safety and efficacy of nutritional vitamin D, VDRA and nutritional therapy in replenishing 25(OH)D deficiency and counteracting SHPT in non-dialysis CKD patients.Expert opinion: Best treatment for low 25(OH)D and SHPT remains unknown, due to incomplete understanding of the best homeostatic, as mutable, adaptation of mineral metabolism to CKD progression. Nutritional vitamin D and nutritional therapy appear safest interventions, whenever contextualized with single-patient characteristics. VDRA should be restricted to uncontrolled SHPT by first-line therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Galassi
- Renal and Dialysis Unit, ASST Santi Paolo E Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Ciceri
- Renal Research Laboratory, Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and Fondazione D'Amico per La Ricerca Sulle Malattie Renali, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Porata
- Renal and Dialysis Unit, ASST Santi Paolo E Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Boni Brivio
- Renal and Dialysis Unit, ASST Santi Paolo E Carlo, Milan, Italy.,Department of Health and Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Eliana Fasulo
- Renal and Dialysis Unit, ASST Santi Paolo E Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenza Magagnoli
- Renal and Dialysis Unit, ASST Santi Paolo E Carlo, Milan, Italy.,Department of Health and Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Stucchi
- Renal and Dialysis Unit, ASST Santi Paolo E Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Frittoli
- Renal and Dialysis Unit, ASST Santi Paolo E Carlo, Milan, Italy.,Department of Health and Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Anila Cara
- Renal and Dialysis Unit, ASST Santi Paolo E Carlo, Milan, Italy.,Department of Health and Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Cozzolino
- Renal and Dialysis Unit, ASST Santi Paolo E Carlo, Milan, Italy.,Department of Health and Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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33
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Dominguez LJ, Farruggia M, Veronese N, Barbagallo M. Vitamin D Sources, Metabolism, and Deficiency: Available Compounds and Guidelines for Its Treatment. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11040255. [PMID: 33924215 PMCID: PMC8074587 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11040255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies on vitamin/hormone D deficiency have received a vast amount of attention in recent years, particularly concerning recommendations, guidelines, and treatments. Moreover, vitamin D’s role as a hormone has been confirmed in various enzymatic, metabolic, physiological, and pathophysiological processes related to many organs and systems in the human body. This growing interest is mostly due to the evidence that modest-to-severe vitamin D deficiency is widely prevalent around the world. There is broad agreement that optimal vitamin D status is necessary for bones, muscles, and one’s general health, as well as for the efficacy of antiresorptive and anabolic bone-forming treatments. Food supplementation with vitamin D, or the use of vitamin D supplements, are current strategies to improve vitamin D levels and treat deficiency. This article reviews consolidated and emerging concepts about vitamin D/hormone D metabolism, food sources, deficiency, as well as the different vitamin D supplements available, and current recommendations on the proper use of these compounds.
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Dunlop E, James AP, Cunningham J, Strobel N, Lucas RM, Kiely M, Nowson CA, Rangan A, Adorno P, Atyeo P, Black LJ. Vitamin D composition of Australian foods. Food Chem 2021; 358:129836. [PMID: 33933982 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Australia needs accurate vitamin D food composition data to support public health initiatives. Previously, limitations in analytical methodology have precluded development of a comprehensive database. We used liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-QQQ) to analyse 149 composite samples representing 98 foods (primary samples n = 896) in duplicate for vitamin D3, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3), vitamin D2, 25(OH)D2. The greatest concentrations of vitamin D3 were found in canned salmon and a malted chocolate drink powder (fortified); chicken eggs and chicken leg meat contained the most 25(OH)D3. Margarine (fortified) and chocolate contained the greatest concentrations of vitamin D2, with smaller amounts found in various meat products. 25(OH)D2 was detected in various foods, including meats, and was quantitated in lamb liver. These data advance knowledge of dietary vitamin D in Australia and highlight the importance of analysis of these four forms of vitamin D to accurately represent the vitamin D content of food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Dunlop
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Anthony P James
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Judy Cunningham
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Norbert Strobel
- National Measurement Institute, 1/153 Bertie Street, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia.
| | - Robyn M Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2600, Australia; Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Mairead Kiely
- Cork Centre for Vitamin D and Nutrition Research, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Caryl A Nowson
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia.
| | - Anna Rangan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Paul Adorno
- National Measurement Institute, 1/153 Bertie Street, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia.
| | - Paul Atyeo
- Australian Bureau of Statistics, 45 Benjamin Way, Belconnen, ACT 2617, Australia.
| | - Lucinda J Black
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia.
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Zhang L, Liu S, Piao X. Dietary 25-hydroxycholecalciferol supplementation improves performance, immunity, antioxidant status, intestinal morphology, and bone quality in weaned piglets. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:2592-2600. [PMID: 33063320 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol (25OHD3 ) is a new feed additive, which is a potential alternative to vitamin D3 in swine nutrition. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different doses of 25OHD3 supplementation on performance, immunity, antioxidant capacity, intestinal morphology and bone quality in piglets. RESULTS As dietary 25OHD3 supplementation increased, the average daily gain (ADG) improved (P < 0.05) quadratically during days 1-14, and tended to increase (P = 0.06) quadratically during the overall period of the experiment. Increasing 25OHD3 supplementation increased (linear effect, P < 0.05) the serum 25OHD3 level and serum glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity. On day 14, serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) was increased (linear and quadratic effects, P < 0.05) as dietary 25OHD3 supplementation increased. On day 28, serum IgA level was higher (P < 0.05) linearly and the complement 3 (C3) level was reduced (P < 0.05) linearly as dietary supplementation of 25OHD3 increased. The mucosal GSH-Px activity of the small intestine was higher (quadratic effect, P < 0.05) with increasing 25OHD3 supplementation. Jejunal villus height (P = 0.06) and villus height to crypt depth ratio (P = 0.07) tended to increase quadratically, and the villus height to crypt-depth ratio of the ileum increased (P < 0.05) linearly and quadratically with increasing 25OHD3 supplementation. Dietary supplementation with an increasing level of 25OHD3 increased breaking strength of tibias and femurs (quadratic effect, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Increasing dietary 25OHD3 supplementation partly improved performance, immunity, antioxidant status, intestinal morphology, and bone properties of weaned piglets. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Sujie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangshu Piao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Rapid improvement in vitamin D status with dietary 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in vitamin D insufficient dogs. J Nutr Sci 2021; 10:e12. [PMID: 33889395 PMCID: PMC8057436 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2021.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D insufficiency is associated with various disease processes. We determined whether consumption of a diet supplemented with HyD®, a 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D3) source, would safely increase plasma 25(OH)D3 concentrations in Golden Retrievers with low vitamin D status. We hypothesised that dietary supplementation with HyD® would rapidly increase and sustain plasma 25(OH)D3 levels in healthy Golden Retrievers with low vitamin D status compared with supplementation with vitamin D3. Of fifty-seven privately owned dogs recruited with written owner consent, eighteen dogs with low vitamin D status were identified and sorted between two groups to have similar initial plasma 25(OH)D3 concentrations, sex distributions, ages and body weights. Dogs of each group were fed a dry dog food supplemented with either 16 μg/kg of 25(OH)D3 as HyD® (n 10) or 81 μg/kg of cholecalciferol (D3) (n 8) for 4 months. Plasma 25(OH)D3 concentrations were determined monthly. A significant time effect (P < 0⋅001) and time by group interaction (P = 0⋅0045) were found for monthly determined plasma 25(OH)D3 concentrations. Dogs fed the HyD®-supplemented diet experienced a 40⋅5 % rise in plasma 25(OH)D3 values after 1 month (P < 0⋅001) and no change thereafter. Plasma 25(OH)D3 values of dogs supplemented with vitamin D3 did not increase (P > 0⋅05) and were less than values of dogs supplemented with HyD® (P = 0⋅044). With few exceptions, average haematologic, biochemical and urinalyses results remained within the reference range for both groups. Dietary supplementation with HyD® is sufficient to safely increase and sustain plasma 25(OH)D3 levels in healthy dogs.
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Comparison of Vitamin D and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations in Human Breast Milk between 1989 and 2016-2017. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020573. [PMID: 33572283 PMCID: PMC7915017 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast milk is considered the optimal source of nutrition during infancy. Although the vitamin D concentration in human breast milk is generally considered poor for infants, vitamin D in breast milk is an important source for exclusively breastfed infants. Increases in vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in lactating mothers may reduce vitamin D concentrations in breast milk. This study aimed to compare vitamin D and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentrations in breast milk collected in 1989 and 2016-2017 and simultaneously analyze them with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS); the association between the lifestyle of recent lactating mothers (2016-2017) and vitamin D status in human breast milk was also evaluated. METHOD Lactating mothers were recruited from three regions of Japan in 1989 (n = 72) and 2016-2017 (n = 90), and milk from 3-4 months was collected in summer and winter. The samples were strictly sealed and stored at -80℃ until measurement. Breast milk vitamin D and 25OHD concentrations were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Vitamin D intake, sun exposure, and sunscreen use of the lactating mothers in 2016-2017 were assessed. RESULTS Both vitamin D and 25OHD concentrations in breast milk were higher in the summer regardless of the survey year. Significantly lower vitamin D and 25OHD concentrations were observed in 2016-2017 compared with 1989 in summer, but no survey year difference was observed in winter. The stepwise multiple regression analyses identified season, daily outdoor activity, and suntan in the last 12 months as independent factors associated with vitamin D3 concentrations. CONCLUSION The results suggest that low vitamin D status in recent lactating mothers may have decreased vitamin D and 25OHD concentrations in breast milk compared with the 1980s. These results are helpful for developing public health strategies to improve vitamin D status in lactating mothers and infants.
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Upadhaya SD, Jung YJ, Kim YM, Chung TK, Kim IH. Effects of dietary supplementation with 25-OH-D3 during gestation and lactation on reproduction, sow characteristics and piglet performance to weaning. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Upadhaya SD, Kim IH. Importance of micronutrients in bone health of monogastric animals and techniques to improve the bioavailability of micronutrient supplements - A review. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2020; 33:1885-1895. [PMID: 32164057 PMCID: PMC7649403 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vitamins and minerals categorized as micronutrients are the essential components of animal feed for maintaining health and improving immunity. Micronutrients are important bioactive molecules and cofactors of enzymes as well. Besides being cofactors for enzymes, some vitamins such as the fat-soluble vitamins, vitamin A and D have been shown to exhibit hormone-like functions. Although they are required in small amount, they play an influential role in the proper functioning of a number of enzymes which are involved in many metabolic, biochemical and physiological processes that contribute to growth, production and health. Micronutrients can potentially have a positive impact on bone health, preventing bone loss and fractures, decreasing bone resorption and increasing bone formation. Thus, micronutrients must be provided to livestock in optimal concentrations and according to requirements that change during the rapid growth and development of the animal and the production cycle. The supply of nutrients to the animal body not only depends on the amount of the nutrient in a food, but also on its bioavailability. The bioavailability of these micronutrients is affected by several factors. Therefore, several technologies such as nanoparticle, encapsulation, and chelation have been developed to improve the bioavailability of micronutrients associated with bone health. The intention of this review is to provide an updated overview of the importance of micronutrients on bone health and methods applied to improve their bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santi Devi Upadhaya
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - In Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
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Zhang L, Liu S, Li M, Piao X. Effects of maternal 25-hydroxycholecalciferol during the last week of gestation and lactation on serum parameters, intestinal morphology and microbiota in suckling piglets. Arch Anim Nutr 2020; 74:445-461. [PMID: 33198510 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2020.1822710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to test the effects of maternal 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25OHD3) supplementation on serum parameters, intestinal morphology and microbiota in suckling piglets. The experiment started on day 107 of gestation and lasted until piglets were weaned on day 21 of lactation. Thirty-two sows were allocated randomly to two treatments (ND diet, basal diet with 2000 IU/kg of vitamin D3; 25-D diet, basal diet with 50 μg/kg 25OHD3). Results showed that maternal 25-D treatment increased (p < 0.05) serum 25OHD3 concentration in the umbilical cords, which led to higher (p < 0.05) serum 25OHD3 concentration of suckling piglets from 25-D sows. The GSH-Px activity in colostrum was higher (p < 0.05), as well as SOD and GSH-Px activities in milk, were higher (p < 0.05) in 25-D sows than ND sows. Compared with piglets suckling ND sows, piglets suckling 25-D sows had higher (p < 0.05) serum SOD activity on day 7, 14 and 21 of lactation. On day 21 of lactation, piglets form 25-D sows had greater (p < 0.05) serum levels of GH and IGF-I and lower (p < 0.05) serum DAO activity than those from ND sows. Piglets from 25-D sows had higher (p < 0.05) jejunal villus height than those from ND sows. Feeding 25OHD3 to sows tended to increase (p < 0.10) the species richness in the colonic digesta of suckling piglets, as reflected by the α-diversity index of Chao-1. In the caecal digesta, the α-diversity for bacterial community analysis of Simpson and Shannon was lower (p < 0.05) in 25-D piglets than ND piglets. The relative abundances of colonic Alloprevotella and caecal Lactobacillus were significantly higher, while the population of caecal [Eubacterium]_coprostanoligenes_group was lower (p < 0.05) in 25-D piglets than ND piglets. In conclusion, maternal 25OHD3 supplementation partly improved antioxidant status in sows and suckling piglets and altered gut microbiota in the hindgut of piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University , Beijing, China
| | - Sujie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University , Beijing, China
| | - Miao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University , Beijing, China
| | - Xiangshu Piao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University , Beijing, China
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Riccardi C, Perrone L, Napolitano F, Sampaolo S, Melone MAB. Understanding the Biological Activities of Vitamin D in Type 1 Neurofibromatosis: New Insights into Disease Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Design. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2965. [PMID: 33066259 PMCID: PMC7602022 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble steroid hormone playing a pivotal role in calcium and phosphate homeostasis as well as in bone health. Vitamin D levels are not exclusively dependent on food intake. Indeed, the endogenous production-occurring in the skin and dependent on sun exposure-contributes to the majority amount of vitamin D present in the body. Since vitamin D receptors (VDRs) are ubiquitous and drive the expression of hundreds of genes, the interest in vitamin D has tremendously grown and its role in different diseases has been extensively studied. Several investigations indicated that vitamin D action extends far beyond bone health and calcium metabolism, showing broad effects on a variety of critical illnesses, including cancer, infections, cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases. Epidemiological studies indicated that low circulating vitamin D levels inversely correlate with cutaneous manifestations and bone abnormalities, clinical hallmarks of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). NF1 is an autosomal dominant tumour predisposition syndrome causing significant pain and morbidity, for which limited treatment options are available. In this context, vitamin D or its analogues have been used to treat both skin and bone lesions in NF1 patients, alone or combined with other therapeutic agents. Here we provide an overview of vitamin D, its characteristic nutritional properties relevant for health benefits and its role in NF1 disorder. We focus on preclinical and clinical studies that demonstrated the clinical correlation between vitamin D status and NF1 disease, thus providing important insights into disease pathogenesis and new opportunities for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Riccardi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia 21, I-80126 Naples, Italy;
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, 2nd Division of Neurology, Center for Rare Diseases and InterUniversity Center for Research in Neurosciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, via Sergio Pansini 5, I-80131 Naples, Italy; (L.P.); (F.N.); (S.S.)
| | - Lorena Perrone
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, 2nd Division of Neurology, Center for Rare Diseases and InterUniversity Center for Research in Neurosciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, via Sergio Pansini 5, I-80131 Naples, Italy; (L.P.); (F.N.); (S.S.)
| | - Filomena Napolitano
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, 2nd Division of Neurology, Center for Rare Diseases and InterUniversity Center for Research in Neurosciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, via Sergio Pansini 5, I-80131 Naples, Italy; (L.P.); (F.N.); (S.S.)
| | - Simone Sampaolo
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, 2nd Division of Neurology, Center for Rare Diseases and InterUniversity Center for Research in Neurosciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, via Sergio Pansini 5, I-80131 Naples, Italy; (L.P.); (F.N.); (S.S.)
| | - Mariarosa Anna Beatrice Melone
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, 2nd Division of Neurology, Center for Rare Diseases and InterUniversity Center for Research in Neurosciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, via Sergio Pansini 5, I-80131 Naples, Italy; (L.P.); (F.N.); (S.S.)
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biology, Temple University, BioLife Building (015-00), 1900 North 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122-6078, USA
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Cashman KD, O'Sullivan SM, Galvin K, Ryan M. Contribution of Vitamin D 2 and D 3 and Their Respective 25-Hydroxy Metabolites to the Total Vitamin D Content of Beef and Lamb. Curr Dev Nutr 2020; 4:nzaa112. [PMID: 32704612 PMCID: PMC7366049 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzaa112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red meat and meat products can contribute meaningfully to the mean daily intake of vitamin D. Beef and lamb can contain vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] but also potentially vitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 [25(OH)D2], all of which contribute to meat's vitamin D activity. OBJECTIVES We aimed to measure the vitamin D3, vitamin D2, 25(OH)D3, and 25(OH)D2 content of Irish beef and lamb. METHODS Full striploin steaks (longissimus dorsi) (n = 39) from beef cattle slaughtered in winter, spring, summer, and autumn as well as lamb steaks (hind leg) from sheep slaughtered in autumn (n = 8) were sourced and homogenized. The contents of all 4 vitamin D-related compounds were analyzed using an LC-tandem MS method in conjunction with the National Institute of Standards and Technology's standard reference material no. 1546a-Meat Homogenate. The total vitamin D activity of meat was defined as: {vitamin D3 + [25(OH)D3 × 5] + vitamin D2 + [25(OH)D2 × 5]}. RESULTS The median (IQR) total vitamin D activity of striploin beef steak (n = 39, irrespective of season) was 0.56 (0.37-0.91) μg/100 g. The content of all 4 vitamin D compounds in beef steak varied significantly (P < 0.0001) with season (n = 8-11/season group). Median total vitamin D activity of beef steak increased in a stepwise manner (P < 0.0001) from winter to the following autumn (increasing from 0.31 to 1.07 μg/100 g). The mean total vitamin D activity of lamb samples (n = 8) from autumn was 0.47 μg/100 g. CONCLUSIONS About one-third of the total vitamin D activity of Irish beef was attributable to its combined vitamin D2 and 25(OH)D2 content, estimates of which are largely or completely missed in food composition tables. There was significant seasonal variation in all 4 vitamin D compounds as well as in total vitamin D activity, which has implications for vitamin D nutrient claims for beef.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Cashman
- Cork Centre for Vitamin D and Nutrition Research, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Siobhan M O'Sullivan
- Cork Centre for Vitamin D and Nutrition Research, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Karen Galvin
- Cork Centre for Vitamin D and Nutrition Research, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Michelle Ryan
- Cork Centre for Vitamin D and Nutrition Research, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Cashman KD, Kiely ME, Andersen R, Grønborg IM, Madsen KH, Nissen J, Tetens I, Tripkovic L, Lanham-New SA, Toxqui L, Vaquero MP, Trautvetter U, Jahreis G, Mistry VV, Specker BL, Hower J, Knoll A, Wagner D, Vieth R, Öhlund I, Karlsland Åkeson P, Brett NR, Weiler HA, Ritz C. Individual participant data (IPD)-level meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials with vitamin D-fortified foods to estimate Dietary Reference Values for vitamin D. Eur J Nutr 2020; 60:939-959. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02298-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Cholecalciferol or Calcifediol in the Management of Vitamin D Deficiency. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061617. [PMID: 32486496 PMCID: PMC7352679 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is a global health problem due to its high prevalence and its negative consequences on musculoskeletal and extra-skeletal health. In our comparative review of the two exogenous vitamin D supplementation options most used in our care setting, we found that cholecalciferol has more scientific evidence with positive results than calcifediol in musculoskeletal diseases and that it is the form of vitamin D of choice in the most accepted and internationally recognized clinical guidelines on the management of osteoporosis. Cholecalciferol, unlike calcifediol, guarantees an exact dosage in IU (International Units) of vitamin D and has pharmacokinetic properties that allow either daily or even weekly, fortnightly, or monthly administration in its equivalent doses, which can facilitate adherence to treatment. Regardless of the pattern of administration, cholecalciferol may be more likely to achieve serum levels of 25(OH)D (25-hydroxy-vitamin D) of 30-50 ng/mL, an interval considered optimal for maximum benefit at the lowest risk. In summary, the form of vitamin D of choice for exogenous supplementation should be cholecalciferol, with calcifediol reserved for patients with liver failure or severe intestinal malabsorption syndromes.
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Bouillon R, Antonio L. Nutritional rickets: Historic overview and plan for worldwide eradication. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 198:105563. [PMID: 31809867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Rickets was first described in great detail in the mid 17th century and was affecting a great number of children in major European cities. The disease, however, existed already in the Roman times. The etiology of this disease remained enigmatic until the 1920s when two different mechanisms, lack of exposure to sunlight and lack of a dietary factor were finally solved by the discovery of vitamin D and its dual origin. Soon thereafter, the implementation of vitamin D supplementation for all infants and small children largely eliminated nutritional rickets in Europe and North America. It took nearly a century to elucidate the complex chemistry, metabolism, mode and spectrum of activity of the vitamin D endocrine system. Nutritional rickets, whether due to simple vitamin D or calcium deficiency or both, remains widely ravaging many infants and children around the world. Asian countries and the Middle East are mainly confronted with vitamin D deficiency whereas many African and some Asian countries face calcium deficiency rickets. Immigrants and refugees or in general people with a darker skin living in moderate climate zone are also confronted with this disease. There is great consensus how this disease could be prevented or cured. In collaboration with most international professional societies, we prepare a memorandum, in line with the successful battle against iodine deficiency disorders, to convince the World Health Organization and its member states to start an implementation program to eradicate nutritional rickets by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Bouillon
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Leen Antonio
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU, Leuven, Belgium
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Reynolds CJ, Koszewski NJ, Horst RL, Beitz DC, Goff JP. Oral 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol Acts as an Agonist in the Duodenum of Mice and as Modeled in Cultured Human HT-29 and Caco2 Cells. J Nutr 2020; 150:427-433. [PMID: 31665381 PMCID: PMC7443726 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol [25(OH)D] is the predominant circulating metabolite of vitamin D and serves as the precursor for 1α,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25(OH)2D], the hormonally active form. The presence of 1α-hydroxylase (1α-OHase) in the intestine suggests that 1,25(OH)2D can be produced from 25(OH)D, but the effects of oral 25(OH)D on the intestine have not been determined. OBJECTIVES We investigated the acute intestinal response to orally consumed 25(OH)D in mice by assessing mRNA induction of cytochrome p450 family 24 subfamily A member 1 (Cyp24), a vitamin D-dependent gene. The mechanism of action then was determined through in vitro analyses with Caco2 and HT-29 cells. METHODS Adult male C57BL6 mice were given a single oral dose of 40, 80, 200, or 400 ng 25(OH)D (n = 4 per dose) or vehicle (n = 3), and then killed 4 h later to evaluate the duodenal expression of Cyp24 mRNA by qPCR and RNA in situ hybridization. The 25(OH)D-mediated response was also evaluated with Caco2 and HT-29 cells by inhibition assay and dose-response analysis. A cytochrome p450 family 27 subfamily B member 1 (CYP27B1) knockdown of HT-29 was created to compare the dose-response parameters with wild-type HT-29 cells. RESULTS Oral 25(OH)D induced expression of Cyp24 mRNA in the duodenum of mice with 80 ng 25(OH)D by 3.3 ± 0.8 ΔΔCt compared with controls (P < 0.05). In vitro, both Caco2 and HT-29 cells responded to 25(OH)D treatment with 200-fold and 175-fold greater effective concentration at 50% maximal response than 1,25(OH)2D, yet inhibition of 1α-OHase and knockdown of CYP27B1 had no effect on the responses. CONCLUSIONS In mice, orally consumed 25(OH)D elicits a vitamin D-mediated response in the duodenum. In vitro assessments suggest that the response from 25(OH)D does not require activation by 1α-OHase and that 25(OH)D within the intestinal lumen acts as a vitamin D receptor agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen J Reynolds
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, XSUSA
| | - Nicholas J Koszewski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- GlycoMyr, Inc., Ames, IA, USA
| | - Ronald L Horst
- GlycoMyr, Inc., Ames, IA, USA
- Heartland Assays, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Donald C Beitz
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, XSUSA
| | - Jesse P Goff
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- GlycoMyr, Inc., Ames, IA, USA
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47
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Giampà E, Di Bonito M, Ferretti V, Nuvoli G, Paoletti F, Piazzini M, Ranieri M, Tuveri MA, Vinicola V. Effects of alendronate and calcifediol compared to alendronate and cholecalciferol in osteoporotic patients. MINERVA ENDOCRINOL 2020; 44:344-350. [PMID: 31971357 DOI: 10.23736/s0391-1977.19.03052-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several formulations of vitamin D and alendronate are available for the treatment of osteoporosis. The objective of this study was to examine efficacy and safety of calcifediol (25(OH)D) compared to cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) and also the relationship between different formulations of alendronate and adverse reactions. METHODS We observed a population of women diagnosed with postmenopausal osteoporosis or osteopenia treated with alendronate 70 mg weekly associated to vitamin D3 or 25(OH)D at monthly total dose of 625 µg. Data collected both at baseline (T0) and at follow-up after at least 12 months of therapy (T1) were: demographic characteristics, BMI, full medical history, lumbar T-score, femur T-score, calcium, osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase, PTH and vitamin D blood level. RESULTS A total of 362 patients were enrolled in the study. Alendronate 70 mg + calcifediol (A+25(OH)D) group consisted of 202 patients while 160 patients were treated with alendronate 70 mg + cholecalciferol (A+D3). In the A+25(OH)D group, we observed a significant increase in lumbar T-score value (0.26±0.35 vs. 0.13±0.3) and serum vitamin D (20.64±20.71 vs. 6.07±7.61 ng/mL) levels compared to the A+D3 group (P<0.05). The lowest incidence of gastrointestinal adverse reactions was observed among patients taking alendronate 70 mg in drinkable solution form (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Alendronate 70 mg with calcifediol gives a better outcome in the treatment of osteoporosis according to lumbar T-score and vitamin D serum level observed at one-year follow-up compared to alendronate 70 mg with cholecalciferol. Both vitamin D formulations did not show to cause hypercalcemia in this study. Alendronate 70 mg in drinkable solution form is also associated with lowest incidence of gastrointestinal adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Franco Paoletti
- Service of Rheumatology, Azienda Sanitaria Regionale del Molise, S.F. Caracciolo Hospital, Agnone, Isernia, Italy
| | | | - Mauro Ranieri
- Presidio Territoriale di Assistenza Tagliacozzo, Tagliacozzo, L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Vinicola
- Ambulatory of Osteoporosis, Unit of Medicine, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
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48
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Graeff-Armas LA, Bendik I, Kunz I, Schoop R, Hull S, Beck M. Supplemental 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol Is More Effective than Cholecalciferol in Raising Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations in Older Adults. J Nutr 2020; 150:73-81. [PMID: 31518424 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are few studies directly comparing the pharmacokinetics of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol [25(OH)D3] to cholecalciferol (D3). OBJECTIVES The primary objectives were to compare the effectiveness of D3 and 25(OH)D3 in raising 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] serum concentrations and achieving steady state. METHODS This was a randomized, double-blind, active comparator trial of 91 participants (53 females, 38 males), aged 63.3 ± 7.9 y. 25(OH)D3 (10, 15, and 20 µg) and D3 (20 µg) were dosed daily for 6 mo followed by 6 mo of washout. Frequent measurements of serum 25(OH)D were performed. Pharmacokinetic parameters were fitted for each individual and the treatment average was modeled with linear regression using the individual baseline level, sex, and gender as covariates. RESULTS Mean baseline 25(OH)D was similar in all groups (47.1-49.5 nmol/L). Increases in 25(OH)D to steady state were higher in the 25(OH)D3 groups than in the D3 group [least squares (LS) means (95% CI): 50.1 (43.3-58.0), 72.5 (64.3-81.7), 97.4 (86.6-109.6) nmol/L in 10, 15, and 20 µg/d and 38.7 (33.1-45.2) nmol/L in the D3 group; P = 0.0173, P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001]. The rate to reach steady state was similar in all groups, but the time to reach 25(OH)D concentrations of 75 nmol/L was faster in the higher-dosed 25(OH)D3 groups than in the D3 group (7 and 10 d compared with 40 d, P < 0.0001 and P < 0.0001 for 15 and 20 µg/d). The rate of elimination was 59-109% higher in the 25(OH)D3 groups than in the D3 group. The area under the curve (AUC)/µg dose demonstrated that 25(OH)D3 was 3 times as effective as D3 at raising 25(OH)D concentrations. CONCLUSIONS 25(OH)D3 is ∼3 times as effective as D3 at raising 25(OH)D concentrations. Once supplementation is discontinued, the elimination rate of 25(OH)D3 is faster than D3. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02333682.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Graeff-Armas
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Igor Bendik
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Iris Kunz
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rotraut Schoop
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Hull
- Leatherhead Food Research, Surrey, United Kingom
| | - Mareike Beck
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland
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49
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Kühn J, Wassermann C, Ebschke S, Schutkowski A, Thamm K, Wensch-Dorendorf M, von Borell E, Stangl GI. Feasibility of artificial light regimes to increase the vitamin D content in indoor-laid eggs. Poult Sci 2019; 98:5177-5187. [PMID: 31041442 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D insufficiency is prevalent worldwide. Recently, we showed that exposure of laying hens to sunlight or artificial ultraviolet B (UVB) light is an efficient strategy to increase the vitamin D content in eggs. In the current study, using 2 different chicken genotypes and stocking densities, we addressed the question of whether different UVB-emitting regimes work under real indoor housing conditions in a floor system or in furnished cages. Here, we found a 3.7-fold increase in the egg vitamin D content in Lohmann Selected Leghorn hens and a 4.2-fold increase in Lohmann Brown hens after UVB exposure for 6 h/d. The data further reveal that UVB exposure under high stocking density is equally effective compared to that at low stocking density. The different light regimes were not associated with changes in the behavior of these animals. To conclude, artificial UVB-emitting light regimes are a practical strategy to increase the vitamin D content in indoor-laid eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kühn
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Corinna Wassermann
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Stephan Ebschke
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Alexandra Schutkowski
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Katrin Thamm
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
| | - Monika Wensch-Dorendorf
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Eberhard von Borell
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Gabriele I Stangl
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.,Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
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50
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Rondanelli M, Faliva MA, Gasparri C, Peroni G, Spadaccini D, Maugeri R, Nichetti M, Infantino V, Perna S. Current opinion on dietary advice in order to preserve fat-free mass during a low-calorie diet. Nutrition 2019; 72:110667. [PMID: 31962189 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2019.110667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The loss of fat-free mass (FFM) that occurs during weight loss secondary to low-calorie diet can lead to numerous and deleterious consequences. We performed a review to evaluate the state of the art on metabolic and nutritional correlates of loss of fat free mass during low calorie diet and treatment for maintaining fat free mass. METHODS This review included 44 eligible studies. There are various diet strategies to maintain FFM during a low-calorie diet, including adoption of a very low carbohydrate ketogenic diet (VLCKD) and taking an adequate amount of specific nutrients (vitamin D, leucine, whey protein). RESULTS Regarding the numerous and various low-calorie diet proposals for achieving weight loss, the comparison of VLCKD with prudent low-calorie diet found that FFM was practically unaffected by VLCKD. There are numerous possible mechanisms for this, involving insulin and the insulin-like growth factor-1-growth hormone axis, which acts by stimulating protein synthesis. CONCLUSIONS Considering protein and amino acids intake, an adequate daily intake of leucine (4 g/d) and whey protein (20 g/d) is recommended. Regarding vitamin D, if the blood vitamin D has low values (<30 ng/mL), it is mandatory that adequate supplementation is provided, specifically calcifediol, because in the obese patient this form is recommended to avoid seizure in the adipose tissue; 3 to 4 drops/d or 20 to 30 drops/wk of calcifediol are generally adequate to restore normal 25(OH)D plasma levels in obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Rondanelli
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Unit of Human and Clinical Nutrition, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Milena Anna Faliva
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Section of Human Nutrition, Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona (ASP), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Clara Gasparri
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Section of Human Nutrition, Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona (ASP), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Gabriella Peroni
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Section of Human Nutrition, Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona (ASP), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniele Spadaccini
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Section of Human Nutrition, Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona (ASP), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberto Maugeri
- Research and Clinical Investigation Department, Company Medical Dietetics, Savigliano, Italy
| | - Mara Nichetti
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Section of Human Nutrition, Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona (ASP), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Vittoria Infantino
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Simone Perna
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir, Kingdom of Bahrain
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