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Takahashi N, Kikutani T, Ebihara K, Genkai S, Takahashi I, Kodama M, Machida R, Tohara T, Tamura F. Factors associated with the maintenance in food texture for dependent older people with dysphagia living in nursing home - A retrospective cohort study. SPECIAL CARE IN DENTISTRY 2024; 44:886-892. [PMID: 37919247 DOI: 10.1111/scd.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Maintaining the texture of the food that nursing home residents eat is critical for maintaining quality of life and preventing malnutrition. The aim of the present study was to identify the conditions necessary for maintaining food texture for this population. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 143 people for whom reevaluation 1-year post-baseline was possible from among 256 dependent older people who consumed solid food on admission to a nursing home (baseline). The age, sex, primary disease, activities of daily living, nutritional status, oral status, swallowing ability, primitive reflexes, and food texture of the participants were determined. The participants who ate pureed or jelly after 1 year were identified and evaluated to determine factors related to maintenance of a solid diet. RESULTS A total of 21 participants (14.7%) changed to a pureed or jelly diet after 1 year. Multivariate analysis showed good activities of daily living (p < .05), good swallowing ability (p < .05), and maintained nutritional status (p < .05) to be correlated with solid food maintenance. CONCLUSIONS Maintaining activities of daily living, feeding and swallowing ability, and nutritional status appear to be important factors for the maintenance of a solid diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Takahashi
- Division of Rehabilitation for Speech and Swallowing Disorders, The Nippon Dental University, Tama Oral Rehabilitation Clinic, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Rehabilitation for Speech and Swallowing Disorders, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kikutani
- Division of Rehabilitation for Speech and Swallowing Disorders, The Nippon Dental University, Tama Oral Rehabilitation Clinic, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Rehabilitation for Speech and Swallowing Disorders, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuko Ebihara
- Division of Rehabilitation for Speech and Swallowing Disorders, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sae Genkai
- Division of Rehabilitation for Speech and Swallowing Disorders, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikumi Takahashi
- Division of Rehabilitation for Speech and Swallowing Disorders, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miho Kodama
- Division of Rehabilitation for Speech and Swallowing Disorders, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Machida
- Division of Rehabilitation for Speech and Swallowing Disorders, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Tohara
- Division of Rehabilitation for Speech and Swallowing Disorders, The Nippon Dental University, Tama Oral Rehabilitation Clinic, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Rehabilitation for Speech and Swallowing Disorders, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiyo Tamura
- Division of Rehabilitation for Speech and Swallowing Disorders, The Nippon Dental University, Tama Oral Rehabilitation Clinic, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Rehabilitation for Speech and Swallowing Disorders, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Inamura N, Taniguchi H, Yoshida S, Nishioka M, Ishihara K. A comparative observational study of carbohydrate intake and continuous blood glucose levels in relation to performance in ultramarathon. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1089. [PMID: 38212465 PMCID: PMC10784534 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-51048-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Ultra-endurance events have gained global participation, whereas the critical factors of competition results remain to be well elucidated. This study used a nutritional approach to evaluate the association of competition results with carbohydrate intake and blood glucose control during a 100-mile ultramarathon. This observational study was conducted in the 2021 LAKE BIWA 100, which covered 100 miles (169 km) and 10,500 m elevation. The course was divided into 9 segments by aid station. According to the competition results, 22 participants (18 men and 4 women) were divided into higher finishers (n = 7), lower finishers (n = 9), and non-finishers (n = 6). The participants self-recorded their overall dietary intake throughout the race. Glucose levels were monitored every 15 min by a flash glucose monitoring system. Running speed in each segment was standardized to the average of the top five finishers for each gender. Among finishers, the carbohydrate intakes were significantly higher in the higher finishers than in the lower finishers during overall segments, especially in the first half of the race (p < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between running speed and carbohydrate intake in the lower finishers (rho = 0.700, p = 0.036). Two-way ANOVA analysis revealed that lowering glucose levels in each segment were more frequently observed in the lower finishers compared to the higher finishers (p = 0.012). Compared to the higher finishers, the lower finishers exhibited significantly greater fluctuations (⊿highest-lowest) in glucose levels (p < 0.001). The fluctuations in glucose levels were significantly and negatively correlated with the running speed of the finishers (rho = - 0.612, p = 0.012). Faster runners consume high amounts of carbohydrates and maintain glucose levels during the 100-mile ultramarathon on the trail, especially at the beginning. Lowering and fluctuating glucose levels during the race are associated with lower running speed in endurance athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naho Inamura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Shiga, 520-2194, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Taniguchi
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shiori Yoshida
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masato Nishioka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Shiga, 520-2194, Japan
| | - Kengo Ishihara
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Shiga, 520-2194, Japan.
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Murray BA, Machin KL. Utilizing NMR fecal metabolomics as a novel technique for detecting the physiological effects of food shortages in waterfowl. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1229152. [PMID: 38269059 PMCID: PMC10806059 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1229152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics is the study of small, endogenous metabolites that participate in metabolic reactions, including responses to stressors. Anthropogenic and environmental changes that alter habitat and food supply can act as stressors in wild waterfowl. These alterations invoke a series of physiological processes to provide energy to restore homeostasis and increase survival. In this study, we utilized fecal metabolomics to measure metabolites and identify pathways related to a 6-day feed restriction in captive mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos, n = 9). Fecal samples were collected before (baseline) and during feed restriction (treatment). H1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was performed to identify metabolites. We found that fecal metabolite profiles could be used to distinguish between the feed-restricted and baseline samples. We identified metabolites related to pathways for energy production and metabolism endpoints, and metabolites indicative of gut microbiota changes. We also demonstrated that mallard ducks could utilize endogenous reserves in times of limited caloric intake. Fecal metabolomics shows promise as a non-invasive novel tool in identifying and characterizing physiological responses associated with stressors in a captive wild bird species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen L. Machin
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Huang J, Zhang X, Hong Z, Lin X, Chen F, Lan J, Zhang Z, Deng H. Associations of plasma retinol and α-tocopherol levels with skeletal muscle health in Chinese children. Br J Nutr 2023; 130:2174-2181. [PMID: 37341020 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523001265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Childhood is a critical period for muscle accumulation. Studies in elders have reported that antioxidant vitamins could improve muscle health. However, limited studies have assessed such associations in children. This study included 243 boys and 183 girls. A seventy-nine-item FFQ was used to investigate dietary nutrients intake. Plasma levels of retinol and α-tocopherol were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography with MS. Dual X-ray absorptiometry was used to assess appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) and total body fat. The ASM index (ASMI) and ASMI Z-score were then calculated. Hand grip strength was measured using a Jamar® Plus+ Hand Dynamometer. Fully adjusted multiple linear regression models showed that for each unit increase in plasma retinol content, ASM, ASMI, left HGS and ASMI Z-score increased by 2·43 × 10-3 kg, 1·33 × 10-3 kg/m2, 3·72 × 10-3 kg and 2·45 × 10-3 in girls, respectively (P < 0·001-0·050). ANCOVA revealed a dose-response relationship between tertiles of plasma retinol level and muscle indicators (Ptrend: 0·001-0·007). The percentage differences between the top and bottom tertiles were 8·38 %, 6·26 %, 13·2 %, 12·1 % and 116 % for ASM, ASMI, left HGS, right HGS and ASMI Z-score in girls, respectively (Pdiff: 0·005-0·020). No such associations were observed in boys. Plasma α-tocopherol levels were not correlated with muscle indicators in either sex. In conclusion, high circulating retinol levels are positively associated with muscle mass and strength in school-age girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapeng Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510400, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuanrui Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510400, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Hong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510400, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Lin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510400, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengyan Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510400, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Lan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510400, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheqing Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510400, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Deng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510400, People's Republic of China
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Ferrando AA, Wolfe RR, Hirsch KR, Church DD, Kviatkovsky SA, Roberts MD, Stout JR, Gonzalez DE, Sowinski RJ, Kreider RB, Kerksick CM, Burd NA, Pasiakos SM, Ormsbee MJ, Arent SM, Arciero PJ, Campbell BI, VanDusseldorp TA, Jager R, Willoughby DS, Kalman DS, Antonio J. International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Effects of essential amino acid supplementation on exercise and performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2023; 20:2263409. [PMID: 37800468 PMCID: PMC10561576 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2263409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Position Statement: The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) presents this position based on a critical examination of literature surrounding the effects of essential amino acid (EAA) supplementation on skeletal muscle maintenance and performance. This position stand is intended to provide a scientific foundation to athletes, dietitians, trainers, and other practitioners as to the benefits of supplemental EAA in both healthy and resistant (aging/clinical) populations. EAAs are crucial components of protein intake in humans, as the body cannot synthesize them. The daily recommended intake (DRI) for protein was established to prevent deficiencies due to inadequate EAA consumption. The following conclusions represent the official position of the Society: 1. Initial studies on EAAs' effects on skeletal muscle highlight their primary role in stimulating muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and turnover. Protein turnover is critical for replacing degraded or damaged muscle proteins, laying the metabolic foundation for enhanced functional performance. Consequently, research has shifted to examine the effects of EAA supplementation - with and without the benefits of exercise - on skeletal muscle maintenance and performance. 2. Supplementation with free-form EAAs leads to a quick rise in peripheral EAA concentrations, which in turn stimulates MPS. 3. The safe upper limit of EAA intake (amount), without inborn metabolic disease, can easily accommodate additional supplementation. 4. At rest, stimulation of MPS occurs at relatively small dosages (1.5-3.0 g) and seems to plateau at around 15-18 g. 5. The MPS stimulation by EAAs does not require non-essential amino acids. 6. Free-form EAA ingestion stimulates MPS more than an equivalent amount of intact protein. 7. Repeated EAA-induced MPS stimulation throughout the day does not diminish the anabolic effect of meal intake. 8. Although direct comparisons of various formulas have yet to be investigated, aging requires a greater proportion of leucine to overcome the reduced muscle sensitivity known as "anabolic resistance." 9. Without exercise, EAA supplementation can enhance functional outcomes in anabolic-resistant populations. 10. EAA requirements rise in the face of caloric deficits. During caloric deficit, it's essential to meet whole-body EAA requirements to preserve anabolic sensitivity in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arny A. Ferrando
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Department of Geriatrics, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Robert R. Wolfe
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Department of Geriatrics, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Katie R. Hirsch
- University of South Carolina, Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - David D. Church
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Department of Geriatrics, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Shiloah A. Kviatkovsky
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Department of Geriatrics, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- University of Central Florida, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Drew E. Gonzalez
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ryan J. Sowinski
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Richard B. Kreider
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Chad M. Kerksick
- Lindenwood University, Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, College of Science, Technology, and Health, St Charles, MO, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Burd
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Stefan M. Pasiakos
- National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael J. Ormsbee
- Florida State University, Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Shawn M. Arent
- University of South Carolina, Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Paul J. Arciero
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Skidmore College, Health and Physiological Sciences, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA
| | - Bill I. Campbell
- University of South Florida, Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Trisha A. VanDusseldorp
- Bonafede Health, LLC, JDS Therapeutics, Harrison, NY, USA
- Jacksonville University, Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Darryn S. Willoughby
- University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Human Performance Lab, School of Exercise and Sport Science, Belton, TX, USA
| | - Douglas S. Kalman
- Nova Southeastern University, Dr. Kiran C Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Nutrition, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Jose Antonio
- Nova Southeastern University, Department of Health and Human Performance, Davie, FL, USA
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Al-Thani H, Wahlen BM, El-Menyar A, Asim M, Nassar LR, Ahmed MN, Nabir S, Mollazehi M, Abdelrahman H. Acute Changes in Body Muscle Mass and Fat Depletion in Hospitalized Young Trauma Patients: A Descriptive Retrospective Study. Diseases 2023; 11:120. [PMID: 37754316 PMCID: PMC10528496 DOI: 10.3390/diseases11030120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Loss of muscle mass, and its strength, is associated with adverse outcomes in many medical and surgical conditions. Trauma patients may get malnourished during their hospital course due to many interrelated contributing factors. However, there is insufficient knowledge on the acute muscle and fat changes in young trauma patients in the early days post-admission. Objective: to explore the diagnosis, feeding status, and outcome of muscle mass loss among young abdominal polytrauma patients. Methods: It was a retrospective study including hospitalized abdominal trauma patients who underwent an abdominal computerized tomographic (CT) examination initially and a follow-up one week later. CT scan-based automatic and manual analysis of the muscles and fat of the abdominal region was calculated and compared. Also, we evaluated the feeding and nutritional values to explore the adequacy of the provided calories and proteins and the potential influence of enteral feeding on the CT-based parameters for muscle loss and fat depletion. Results: There were 138 eligible subjects with a mean age of 32.8 ± 13.5 years; of them, 92% were males. Operative interventions were performed on two-thirds of the patients, including abdominal surgery (43%), orthopedic surgeries (34%), and neurosurgical procedures (8.1%). On admission, 56% received oral feeding, and this rate slightly increased to 58.4% after the first week. Enteral feed was prescribed for the remaining, except for two patients. The percentage of change in the total psoas muscle area was significantly reduced after one week of admission in patients on enteral feed as compared to those in the oral feeding group (p = 0.001). There were no statistically significant differences in the percentages of changes in the CT scan findings except for the total psoas muscle area (p = 0.001) and para-spinal muscle area (p = 0.02), which reduced significantly in the those who underwent laparotomy as compared to those who did not need laparotomy. Trauma patients who underwent emergency abdominal surgery lost muscle and fat over time. Conclusions: Loss of muscle mass and body fat is not uncommon among young trauma patients. Patients who underwent laparotomy are more likely to be affected. Further larger studies are needed to assess the specific features in the younger trauma population and how far this can be influenced by the nutrition status and its impact on the clinical outcomes. It could be early or impending stages of sarcopenia linked to trauma patients, or just acute changes in the muscle and fat, that need further investigation and follow-up after hospital discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Al-Thani
- Department of Surgery, Trauma & Vascular Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha P.O. Box 3050, Qatar;
| | - Bianca M. Wahlen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha P.O. Box 3050, Qatar;
| | - Ayman El-Menyar
- Clinical Research, Trauma & Vascular Surgery Section, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha P.O. Box 3050, Qatar;
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar
| | - Mohammad Asim
- Clinical Research, Trauma & Vascular Surgery Section, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha P.O. Box 3050, Qatar;
| | - Lena Ribhi Nassar
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha P.O. Box 3050, Qatar;
| | - Mohamed Nadeem Ahmed
- Department of Radiology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha P.O. Box 3050, Qatar; (M.N.A.); (S.N.)
| | - Syed Nabir
- Department of Radiology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha P.O. Box 3050, Qatar; (M.N.A.); (S.N.)
| | - Monira Mollazehi
- Trauma Registry, Trauma Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha P.O. Box 3050, Qatar;
| | - Husham Abdelrahman
- Department of Surgery, Trauma Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha P.O. Box 3050, Qatar;
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Pierre A, Bourel C, Favory R, Brassart B, Wallet F, Daussin FN, Normandin S, Howsam M, Romien R, Lemaire J, Grolaux G, Durand A, Frimat M, Bastide B, Amouyel P, Boulanger E, Preau S, Lancel S. Sepsis-like Energy Deficit Is Not Sufficient to Induce Early Muscle Fiber Atrophy and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in a Murine Sepsis Model. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040529. [PMID: 37106730 PMCID: PMC10136327 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis-induced myopathy is characterized by muscle fiber atrophy, mitochondrial dysfunction, and worsened outcomes. Whether whole-body energy deficit participates in the early alteration of skeletal muscle metabolism has never been investigated. Three groups were studied: “Sepsis” mice, fed ad libitum with a spontaneous decrease in caloric intake (n = 17), and “Sham” mice fed ad libitum (Sham fed (SF), n = 13) or subjected to pair-feeding (Sham pair fed (SPF), n = 12). Sepsis was induced by the intraperitoneal injection of cecal slurry in resuscitated C57BL6/J mice. The feeding of the SPF mice was restricted according to the food intake of the Sepsis mice. Energy balance was evaluated by indirect calorimetry over 24 h. The tibialis anterior cross-sectional area (TA CSA), mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry), and mitochondrial quality control pathways (RTqPCR and Western blot) were assessed 24 h after sepsis induction. The energy balance was positive in the SF group and negative in both the SPF and Sepsis groups. The TA CSA did not differ between the SF and SPF groups, but was reduced by 17% in the Sepsis group compared with the SPF group (p < 0.05). The complex-I-linked respiration in permeabilized soleus fibers was higher in the SPF group than the SF group (p < 0.05) and lower in the Sepsis group than the SPF group (p < 0.01). Pgc1α protein expression increased 3.9-fold in the SPF mice compared with the SF mice (p < 0.05) and remained unchanged in the Sepsis mice compared with the SPF mice; the Pgc1α mRNA expression decreased in the Sepsis compared with the SPF mice (p < 0.05). Thus, the sepsis-like energy deficit did not explain the early sepsis-induced muscle fiber atrophy and mitochondrial dysfunction, but led to specific metabolic adaptations not observed in sepsis.
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Widiyono I, Yanuartono Y, Purnamaningsih H, Sarmin S. Influence of refeeding on production, blood biochemistry parameters, and reproduction in underfed Kacang goat does. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2023; 107:453-462. [PMID: 35851697 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This research aimed to investigate the effect of refeeding on production, blood biochemical parameters, and reproduction in underfed Kacang goat does. Twelve 2-3-year-old Kacang goats scored (body condition score [BCS]: 1-1.5) with poor body condition but appeared healthy, gave normal births 3-4 months before but no longer nursing their youngs, and anestrus were used in this study. The experiment consisted of 110 days with 14 days of adaptation period and 96 days of feeding treatment and data collection. After the adaptation period, the animals were divided into two groups (A and B), with six animals each. During the first 40 days (underfeeding period), they were fed with kangkong (Ipomoea reptans) straw at a level of 2% of body weight (BW). For the following 56 days (refeeding period), each animal in group A was fed at the level of 4% BW per day while group B was fed at the level of 5% BW per day consisting of 50% kangkong straw and 50% concentrate. Feed intake, average daily gain, body condition, and estrus were assessed in the period of underfeeding and refeeding. Blood samples were collected at the end of the underfeeding and refeeding period for blood biochemical parameter analyses. During the underfeeding period, the animals were anestrous and had poor body condition (BCS: 1.17-1.33) and high serum levels of cortisol, progesterone, and estradiol. Refeeding resulted in a significant increase in BCS (2.75-3.0), restoring estrous cycle, and reduced serum cortisol and progesterone level (p < 0.05). The Kacang goats had good compensatory growth. It could be concluded that refeeding at the level of 4-5% BW would restore undernourished goats' clinical condition, productivity, and reproductive performance after 8 weeks of refeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irkham Widiyono
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Yanuartono Yanuartono
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Hary Purnamaningsih
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Sarmin Sarmin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Belkasmi F, Patra AK, Lourencon RV, Puchala R, Dawson LJ, dos Santos Ribeiro LP, Encinas F, Goetsch AL. Effects of the Level and Composition of Concentrate Supplements before Breeding and in Early Gestation on Production of Different Hair Sheep Breeds. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050814. [PMID: 36899671 PMCID: PMC10000197 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Female hair sheep, 27 Dorper (DOR), 41 Katahdin (KAT), and 39 St. Croix (STC), were used to determine influences of the nutritional plane before breeding and in early gestation on feed intake, body weight, body condition score, body mass indexes, blood constituent concentrations, and reproductive performance. There were 35 multiparous and 72 primiparous sheep, with initial ages of 5.6 ± 0.25 years and 1.5 ± 0.01 years, respectively (average overall initial age of 2.8 ± 0.20 years). Wheat straw (4% crude protein; dry matter [DM] basis) was consumed ad libitum and supplemented with approximately 0.15% initial body weight (BW) of soybean meal (LS) or a 1:3 mixture of soybean meal and rolled corn at 1% BW (HS; DM). The supplementation period was 162 days, with the breeding of animals in two sets sequentially, with the pre-breeding period 84 and 97 days, and that after breeding began at 78 and 65 days, respectively. Wheat straw DM intake (1.75, 1.30, 1.57, 1.15, 1.80, and 1.38% BW; SEM = 0.112) was lower (p < 0.05), but average daily gain (-46, 42, -44, 70, -47, and 51 g for DOR-LS, DOR-HS, KAT-LS, KAT-HS, STC-LS, and STC-HS, respectively; SEM = 7.3) was greater (p < 0.05) for HS than LS treatment during the supplementation period. Additionally, changes in body condition score during the supplementation period (-0.61, 0.36, -0.53, 0.27, -0.39, and -0.18; SEM = 0.058), and changes in body mass index based on height at the withers and body length from the point of the shoulder to the pin bone (BW/[height × length], g/cm2) from 7 days before supplementation (day -7) to day 162 were -1.99, 0.07, -2.19, -0.55, -2.39, and 0.17 for DOR-LS, DOR-HS, KAT-LS, KAT-HS, STC-LS, and STC-HS, respectively; (SEM = 0.297) were affected by supplement treatment. All blood constituent concentrations and characteristics addressed varied with the day of sampling (-7, 14, 49, 73, and 162) as well as the interaction between the supplement treatment and the day (p < 0.05), with few effects of interactions involving breed. Birth rate (66.7, 93.5, 84.6, 95.5, 82.8, and 100.0; SEM = 9.83) and individual lamb birth weight (4.50, 4.61, 4.28, 3.98, 3.73, and 3.88 kg; SEM = 0.201) were not affected by supplement treatment (p = 0.063 and 0.787, respectively), although litter size (0.92, 1.21, 1.17, 1.86, 1.12, and 1.82; SEM = 0.221) and total litter birth weight (5.84, 5.74, 5.92, 7.52, 5.04, and 6.78 kg for DOR-LS, DOR-HS, KAT-LS, KAT-HS, STC-LS, and STC-HS, respectively; SEM = 0.529) were greater (p < 0.05) for HS than for LS. In conclusion, although there was some compensation in wheat straw intake for the different levels of supplementation, soybean meal given alone rather than with cereal grain adversely affected BW, BCS, BMI, and reproductive performance, the latter primarily through litter size but also via a trend for an effect on the birth rate. Hence, the supplementation of low-protein and high-fiber forage such as wheat straw should include a consideration of the inclusion of a feedstuff(s) high in energy in addition to nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farida Belkasmi
- American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, Langston, OK 73050, USA
- Department of Agriculture Sciences, University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi, El Anasser 34030, Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria
| | - Amlan Kumar Patra
- American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, Langston, OK 73050, USA
- Correspondence: or
| | | | - Ryszard Puchala
- American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, Langston, OK 73050, USA
| | - Lionel James Dawson
- American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, Langston, OK 73050, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | | | - Fabiola Encinas
- American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, Langston, OK 73050, USA
| | - Arthur Louis Goetsch
- American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, Langston, OK 73050, USA
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10
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Zhou Q, Shi P. ENDURANCE TRAINING ASSOCIATED WITH A HYPOCALORIC DIET IN OBESE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202329012022_0730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: The long-term energy imbalance between intake and consumption is the main reason for obesity in college students. Therefore, weight loss should also combine an inversely proportional intervention. Based on this premise, a growing number of studies combine physical training and diet to restore physical health in this population group. Objective: Study the impacts of endurance training associated with a low-calorie diet on the constitution and metabolism of obese college students. Methods: Through a questionnaire survey and a 4-week experimental endurance training program and hypocaloric diet, 20 obese college students volunteered for the intervention project. The exercise protocol for the training composition and the diet menu followed the updated recommendations in the scientific literature. At the end of the experiment, the relevant data collected were statistically analyzed and discussed. Results: After the diet intervention associated with endurance training, the BMI index of college students reduced from 28,075 to 26,378; the basal metabolic rate increased from 1581,046 kcal to 1681,317 kcal. Conclusion: Endurance training associated with a hypocaloric diet significantly reduced fat in obese college students. The efficacy of this association promoted a better joint effect on the outcome, compared to individual weight loss plans. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhou
- Hunan University of Arts and Sciences, China
| | - Pengwei Shi
- Hunan University of Arts and Sciences, China
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11
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Prokopidis K, Witard OC. Understanding the role of smoking and chronic excess alcohol consumption on reduced caloric intake and the development of sarcopenia. Nutr Res Rev 2022; 35:197-206. [PMID: 34027849 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422421000135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This narrative review provides mechanistic insight into the biological link between smoking and/or chronic excess alcohol consumption, and increased risk of developing sarcopenia. Although the combination of excessive alcohol consumption and smoking is often associated with ectopic adipose deposition, this review is focused on the context of a reduced caloric intake (leading to energy deficit) that also may ensue due to either lifestyle habit. Smoking is a primary cause of periodontitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease that both induce swallowing difficulties, inhibit taste and mastication, and are associated with increased risk of muscle atrophy and mitochondrial dysfunction. Smoking may contribute to physical inactivity, energy deficit via reduced caloric intake, and increased systemic inflammation, all of which are factors known to suppress muscle protein synthesis rates. Moreover, chronic excess alcohol consumption may result in gut microbiota dysbiosis and autophagy-induced hyperammonemia, initiating the up-regulation of muscle protein breakdown and down-regulation of muscle protein synthesis via activation of myostatin, AMPK and REDD1, and deactivation of IGF-1. Future research is warranted to explore the link between oral healthcare management and personalised nutrition counselling in light of potential detrimental consequences of chronic smoking on musculoskeletal health outcomes in older adults. Experimental studies should investigate the impact of smoking and chronic excess alcohol consumption on the gut-brain axis, and explore biomarkers of smoking-induced oral disease progression. The implementation of behavioural change interventions and health policies regarding smoking and alcohol intake habits may mitigate the clinical and financial burden of sarcopenia on the healthcare system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Prokopidis
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, White City, London, UK
| | - Oliver C Witard
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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12
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Shen ZL, Liu Z, Zhang P, Chen WZ, Dong WX, Chen WH, Lin F, Zang WF, Yan XL, Yu Z. Prognostic significance of postoperative loss of skeletal muscle mass in patients underwent coronary artery bypass grafting. Front Nutr 2022; 9:970729. [PMID: 36118747 PMCID: PMC9478409 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.970729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing life expectancy of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) remains to be the major concern of cardiac surgeons. However, few studies have investigated the effect of postoperative skeletal muscle index (SMI) loss on prognosis. This study aims to evaluate the prognostic role of postoperative SMI loss ≥ 5% after CABG, in order to develop a novel nomogram to predict overall survival (OS). Methods Patients underwent CABG via midline sternotomy from December 2015 to March 2021 were recruited in this study. Preoperative and postoperative 3 months chest computed tomography (CT) images were compared to assess changes in SMI at T12 level. Based on this, patients were classified into the presence or absence of SMI loss ≥ 5%. The association between postoperative SMI loss ≥ 5% and OS was then analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox model. A novel nomogram incorporating independent clinical prognostic variables was also developed. Results The study enrolled 506 patients receiving CABG, of whom 98 patients experienced T12 SMI loss ≥ 5% and had a significantly worse OS (P < 0.0001). Multivariate regression analysis showed that T12 SMI per cent change (%T12 SMI-change) was an independent prognostic factor for OS (HR = 0.809, 95% CI = 0.749–0.874). The nomogram incorporating %T12 SMI-change with other variables was accurate for predicting OS. Besides, we also found that postoperative oral nutritional supplement (ONS) can rescue T12 SMI loss. Conclusion Postoperative SMI loss can predict survival outcome after CABG. The nomogram incorporating changes in SMI provides a superior performance than existing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Le Shen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhang Liu
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Zhe Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Xi Dong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wen-Hao Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wang-Fu Zang
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Wang-Fu Zang,
| | - Xia-Lin Yan
- Department of Colorectal Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Xia-Lin Yan,
| | - Zhen Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Zhen Yu,
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13
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Is Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor a Metabolic Hormone in Peripheral Tissues? BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11071063. [PMID: 36101441 PMCID: PMC9312804 DOI: 10.3390/biology11071063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The activity of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDF) in the central nervous system has been well-studied, but its physiological role in other organs has not been clearly defined. This review summarizes the current findings on the functionality of BDNF in various peripheral tissues and discusses several unresolved questions in the field. Abstract Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is an important growth factor in the central nervous system. In addition to its well-known activities in promoting neuronal survival, neuron differentiation, and synaptic plasticity, neuronal BDNF also regulates energy homeostasis by modulating the hypothalamus’s hormonal signals. In the past decades, several peripheral tissues, including liver, skeletal muscle, and white adipose tissue, were demonstrated as the active sources of BDNF synthesis in response to different metabolic challenges. Nevertheless, the functions of BDNF in these tissues remain obscure. With the use of tissue-specific Bdnf knockout animals and the availability of non-peptidyl BDNF mimetic, increasing evidence has reported that peripheral tissues-derived BDNF might play a significant role in maintaining systemic metabolism, possibly through the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics in the various tissues. This article reviews the autocrine/paracrine/endocrine functions of BDNF in non-neuronal tissues and discusses the unresolved questions about BDNF’s function.
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14
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Roth C, Schoenfeld BJ, Behringer M. Lean mass sparing in resistance-trained athletes during caloric restriction: the role of resistance training volume. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1129-1151. [PMID: 35146569 PMCID: PMC9012799 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04896-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Many sports employ caloric restriction (CR) to reduce athletes’ body mass. During these phases, resistance training (RT) volume is often reduced to accommodate recovery demands. Since RT volume is a well-known anabolic stimulus, this review investigates whether a higher training volume helps to spare lean mass during CR. A total of 15 studies met inclusion criteria. The extracted data allowed calculation of total tonnage lifted (repetitions × sets × intensity load) or weekly sets per muscle group for only 4 of the 15 studies, with RT volume being highly dependent on the examined muscle group as well as weekly training frequency per muscle group. Studies involving high RT volume programs (≥ 10 weekly sets per muscle group) revealed low-to-no (mostly female) lean mass loss. Additionally, studies increasing RT volume during CR over time appeared to demonstrate no-to-low lean mass loss when compared to studies reducing RT volume. Since data regarding RT variables applied were incomplete in most of the included studies, evidence is insufficient to conclude that a higher RT volume is better suited to spare lean mass during CR, although data seem to favor higher volumes in female athletes during CR. Moreover, the data appear to suggest that increasing RT volume during CR over time might be more effective in ameliorating CR-induced atrophy in both male and female resistance-trained athletes when compared to studies reducing RT volume. The effects of CR on lean mass sparing seem to be mediated by training experience, pre-diet volume, and energy deficit, with, on average, women tending to spare more lean mass than men. Potential explanatory mechanisms for enhanced lean mass sparing include a preserved endocrine milieu as well as heightened anabolic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Roth
- Department of Sports Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Institute of Sport Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Ginnheimer Landstrasse 39, 60487, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
| | - B J Schoenfeld
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - M Behringer
- Department of Sports Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Institute of Sport Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Ginnheimer Landstrasse 39, 60487, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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15
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Tadesse D, Puchala R, Goetsch AL. Effects of restricted feed intake on blood constituent concentrations in Dorper, Katahdin, and St. Croix sheep from different regions of the USA. Vet Anim Sci 2021; 14:100211. [PMID: 34703948 PMCID: PMC8526753 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2021.100211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Forty-six Dorper, 47 Katahdin, and 41 St. Croix female sheep (initial BW = 62, 62, and 51 kg, respectively, SEM = 1.43; 3.8 ± 0.18 yr) from farms in Midwest, Northwest, Southeast, and central Texas regions of the USA were used to evaluate effects of feed restriction on blood constituent levels. The amount of feed offered varied in the first 4 wk to achieve stable BW, and that in wk 5–10 was 55% of intake in wk 3–4. Blood was sampled at the end of wk 3, 4, 6, 8, and 10. There were relatively few effects and interactions involving region and no breed × time interactions. Breed affected the concentration of a small number of constituents, including urea N (14.0, 13.7, and 15.4 mg/dl; SEM = 0.31) and creatinine (0.945, 0.836, and 0.809 mg/dl for Dorper, Katahdin, and St. Croix, respectively; SEM = 0.0253). Also, the concentration of triglycerides in wk 4 and 10 was lowest for St. Croix (29.8, 29.5, and 26.7 mg/dl for Dorper, Katahdin, and St. Croix, respectively; SEM = 0.88). There was a trend for a difference (P = 0.051) between wk 4 and 10 in the glucose concentration (51.9 and 54.2 mg/dl; SEM = 0.90), and there were differences (P < 0.05) in lactate (23.9 and 20.3 mg/dl; SEM = 0.89), urea N (16.4 and 13.0 mg/dl; SEM = 0.25), creatinine (0.808 and 0.919 mg/dl; SEM = 0.0165), triglycerides (31.8 and 25.5 mg/dl; SEM = 0.63), and cholesterol (67.5 and 74.7 mg/dl, respectively; SEM = 1.66). In conclusion, similar responses in blood constituent levels of different hair sheep breeds to feed restriction is in accordance with comparable effects on the maintenance energy requirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Tadesse
- American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, Langston, OK, USA.,College of Agriculture, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
| | - R Puchala
- American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, Langston, OK, USA
| | - A L Goetsch
- American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, Langston, OK, USA
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16
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Dietary protein requirements and recommendations for healthy older adults: a critical narrative review of the scientific evidence. Nutr Res Rev 2021; 36:69-85. [PMID: 34666855 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422421000329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Adequate protein intake is essential for the maintenance of whole-body protein mass. Different methodological approaches are used to substantiate the evidence for the current protein recommendations, and it is continuously debated whether older adults require more protein to counteract the age-dependent loss of muscle mass, sarcopenia. Thus, the purpose of this critical narrative review is to outline and discuss differences in the approaches and methodologies assessing the protein requirements and, hence, resulting in controversies in current protein recommendations for healthy older adults. Through a literature search, this narrative review first summarises the historical development of the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization/United Nations University setting of protein requirements and recommendations for healthy older adults. Hereafter, we describe the various types of studies (epidemiological studies and protein turnover kinetic measurements) and applied methodological approaches founding the basis and the different recommendations with focus on healthy older adults. Finally, we discuss important factors to be considered in future studies to obtain evidence for international agreement on protein requirements and recommendations for healthy older adults. We conclude by proposing future directions to determine 'true' protein requirements and recommendations for healthy older adults.
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17
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Yang Y, Cho JH. Higher Weight Variability Could Bring You a Fatty Liver. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2021; 36:766-768. [PMID: 34474514 PMCID: PMC8419621 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2021.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yeoree Yang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul,
Korea
- Catholic Smart Health Care Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Jae-Hyoung Cho
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul,
Korea
- Catholic Smart Health Care Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul,
Korea
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18
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Coleman JL, Carrigan CT, Margolis LM. Body composition changes in physically active individuals consuming ketogenic diets: a systematic review. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:41. [PMID: 34090453 PMCID: PMC8180141 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00440-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To achieve ideal strength/power to mass ratio, athletes may attempt to lower body mass through reductions in fat mass (FM), while maintaining or increasing fat-free mass (FFM) by manipulating their training regimens and diets. Emerging evidence suggests that consumption of high-fat, ketogenic diets (KD) may be advantageous for reducing body mass and FM, while retaining FFM. Methods A systematic review of the literature was conducted using PubMed and Cochrane Library databases to compare the effects of KD versus control diets (CON) on body mass and composition in physically active populations. Randomized and non-randomized studies were included if participants were healthy (free of chronic disease), physically active men or women age ≥ 18 years consuming KD (< 50 g carbohydrate/d or serum or whole blood β-hydroxybutyrate (βhb) > 0.5 mmol/L) for ≥14 days. Results Thirteen studies (9 parallel and 4 crossover/longitudinal) that met the inclusion criteria were identified. Aggregated results from the 13 identified studies show body mass decreased 2.7 kg in KD and increased 0.3 kg in CON. FM decreased by 2.3 kg in KD and 0.3 kg in CON. FFM decreased by 0.3 kg in KD and increased 0.7 kg in CON. Estimated energy balance based on changes in body composition was − 339 kcal/d in KD and 5 kcal/d in CON. Risk of bias identified some concern of bias primarily due to studies which allowed participants to self-select diet intervention groups, as well as inability to blind participants to the study intervention, and/or longitudinal study design. Conclusion KD can promote mobilization of fat stores to reduce FM while retaining FFM. However, there is variance in results of FFM across studies and some risk-of-bias in the current literature that is discussed in this systematic review. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12970-021-00440-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie L Coleman
- U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Building 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, Belcamp, MD, USA
| | - Christopher T Carrigan
- U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Building 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
| | - Lee M Margolis
- U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Building 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA.
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19
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Chennaoui M, Vanneau T, Trignol A, Arnal P, Gomez-Merino D, Baudot C, Perez J, Pochettino S, Eirale C, Chalabi H. How does sleep help recovery from exercise-induced muscle injuries? J Sci Med Sport 2021; 24:982-987. [PMID: 34074604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Athletes and military personnel may experience sleep disturbances due to conditions of training and competitions or military missions/field operations. The risk of muscle injuries is greater for them when sleep duration decreases, and training load increases simultaneously, which can be exacerbated by fatigue. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that sleep extension improved performance, pain sensitivity and GH/IGF-I anabolic responses, which may be beneficial in accelerating recovery from muscle injuries. DESIGN & METHODS This narrative review describes the importance of sleep for the recovery/prevention of exercise-induced muscle injuries and provides perspectives on the transferability of currently available scientific evidence to the field. RESULTS The first part presents the role of sleep and its interaction with the circadian system for the regulation of hormonal and immune responses, and provides information on sleep in athletes and soldiers and its relationship to injury risk. The second part is an overview of muscle injuries in sport and presents the different phases of muscle regeneration and repair, i.e. degeneration, inflammation, regeneration, remodeling and maturation. Part three provides information on the deleterious effects of sleep deprivation on muscle tissue and biological responses, and on the benefits of sleep interventions. Sleep extension could potentially help and/or prevent recovery from exercise-induced muscle-injuries through increasing local IGF-I and controlling local inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Although the science of sleep applied to sport is still an emerging field, the current scientific literature shows many potential physiological pathways between sleep and exercise-related muscle injuries. More direct studies are needed to establish clear guidelines for medical personnel and coaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounir Chennaoui
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), France; Paris University, VIgilance FAtigue SOMmeil unit (VIFASOM) EA 7330, France.
| | - Théo Vanneau
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), France; Paris University, VIgilance FAtigue SOMmeil unit (VIFASOM) EA 7330, France
| | - Aurélie Trignol
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), France; Paris University, VIgilance FAtigue SOMmeil unit (VIFASOM) EA 7330, France
| | | | - Danielle Gomez-Merino
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), France; Paris University, VIgilance FAtigue SOMmeil unit (VIFASOM) EA 7330, France
| | | | | | | | - Cristiano Eirale
- Paris Saint Germain FC, France; Aspetar Sports and Orthopedics Hospital, Qatar
| | - Hakim Chalabi
- Paris Saint Germain FC, France; Aspetar Sports and Orthopedics Hospital, Qatar.
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20
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Jodeiri Farshbaf M, Alviña K. Multiple Roles in Neuroprotection for the Exercise Derived Myokine Irisin. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:649929. [PMID: 33935687 PMCID: PMC8086837 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.649929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise has multiple beneficial effects on health including decreasing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Such effects are thought to be mediated (at least in part) by myokines, a collection of cytokines and other small proteins released from skeletal muscles. As an endocrine organ, skeletal muscle synthesizes and secretes a wide range of myokines which contribute to different functions in different organs, including the brain. One such myokine is the recently discovered protein Irisin, which is secreted into circulation from skeletal muscle during exercise from its membrane bound precursor Fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5). Irisin contributes to metabolic processes such as glucose homeostasis and browning of white adipose tissue. Irisin also crosses the blood brain barrier and initiates a neuroprotective genetic program in the hippocampus that culminates with increased expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Furthermore, exercise and FNDC5/Irisin have been shown to have several neuroprotective effects against injuries in ischemia and neurodegenerative disease models, including Alzheimer's disease. In addition, Irisin has anxiolytic and antidepressant effects. In this review we present and summarize recent findings on the multiple effects of Irisin on neural function, including signaling pathways and mechanisms involved. We also discuss how exercise can positively influence brain function and mental health via the "skeletal muscle-brain axis." While there are still many unanswered questions, we put forward the idea that Irisin is a potentially essential mediator of the skeletal muscle-brain crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karina Alviña
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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21
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Tebbe AW, Hanson J, Weiss WP. Effects of metabolizable protein concentration, amino acid profile, and fiber source on the messenger RNA expression of skeletal muscle in peripartum dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:7888-7901. [PMID: 33814155 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
After parturition, dairy cows mobilize AA from skeletal muscle to meet metabolizable protein (MP) requirements. High mobilization may compromise cow health and longer-term milk production. Postpartum diets with higher MP concentrations, improved AA profiles, or MP increased at the expense of forages rather than nonforage fiber sources may attenuate muscle catabolism; however, the molecular mechanisms responsible need investigation. We evaluated mRNA expression in the longissimus dorsi of cows fed postpartum diets differing in MP concentration, AA profile, and fiber source. From 0 to 25 d after parturition, 40 multiparous cows received the following diets: (1) 13% deficient in MP (D-MP), (2) adequate in MP using primarily soy protein (A-MP), (3) adequate in MP using blends of proteins and individual AA to improve the AA profile (Blend), or (4) similar to Blend except additional protein replaced forage (Blend-fNDF). Biopsies were taken approximately -5, 7, and 25 d relative to parturition. Greater dietary MP concentration (D-MP vs. A-MP and Blend) decreased expression of genes related to protein synthesis (MTOR, RPS6KB1) and degradation (FOXO1), inflammation (IFNG, TLR4), and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (HSPA5, DDIT) and increased genes associated with lipogenesis (PPARG) and glucose oxidation (LDH, MB). In Blend versus A-MP (i.e., effect of AA profile), expression related to apoptosis (CASP8) and inflammation (TNFA) decreased and genes associated with cell cycle progression (E2F1) and fast-twitch glycolytic muscle fiber type (MYH4) increased. Less forage (Blend-fNDF vs. Blend) decreased genes associated with lipogenesis (PPARG, ACACA) and ER stress (BCL2, DDIT3, EIF2AK3, PPP1R15A) and increased genes associated with inflammation (TNF), inhibition of myogenesis (MSTN), and autophagy (PEBP1). In summary and based on mRNA expression, increasing MP supply may attenuate muscle turnover and ER stress. However, an unbalanced AA supply reduced cell cycle progression and protein synthesis. Lower energy supplies may reduce cell growth and cause autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Tebbe
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster 44691
| | - Juliette Hanson
- Food Animal Health Research Program, The Ohio State University, Wooster 44691
| | - William P Weiss
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster 44691.
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22
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Kim B, Kim HR, Kim KH, Ji SY, Kim M, Lee Y, Lee SD, Jeong JY. Effects of acute heat stress on salivary metabolites in growing pigs: an analysis using nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics profiling. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:319-331. [PMID: 33987607 PMCID: PMC8071736 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) causes adverse impacts on pig production and health. A potential
biomarker of HS is required to predict its occurrence and thereby better manage
pigs under HS. Information about the saliva metabolome in heat-stressed pigs is
limited. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the effects of acute HS
on the saliva metabolome and identify metabolites that could be used as
potential biomarkers. Growing pigs (n = 6, 3 boars, and 3 gilts) were raised in
a thermal neutral (TN; 25°C) environment for a 5-d adaptation period
(CON). After adaptation, the pigs were first exposed to HS (30°C; HS30)
and then exposed to higher HS (33°C; HS33) for 24 h. Saliva was collected
after adaptation, first HS, and second HS, respectively, for metabolomic
analysis using 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Four
metabolites had significantly variable importance in the projection (VIP
> 1; p < 0.05) different levels in TN compared to
HS groups from all genders (boars and gilts). However, sex-specific
characteristics affected metabolites (glutamate and leucine) by showing the
opposite results, indicating that HS was less severe in females than in males. A
decrease in creatine levels in males and an increase in creatine phosphate
levels in females would have contributed to a protective effect from protein
degradation by muscle damage. The results showed that HS led to an alteration in
metabolites related to energy and protein. Protection from muscle damage may be
attributed to the alteration in protein-related metabolites. However,
energy-related metabolites showed opposing results according to sex-specific
characteristics, such as sex hormone levels and subcutaneous fat layer. This
study had shown that saliva samples could be used as a noninvasive method to
evaluate heat-stressed pigs. And the results in this study could be contributed
to the development of a diagnostic tool as a noninvasive biomarker for managing
heat-stressed pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeonghyeon Kim
- Animal Nutrition & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Hye Ran Kim
- Animal Nutrition & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- Animal Welfare Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Sang Yun Ji
- Animal Nutrition & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Minji Kim
- Animal Nutrition & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Yookyung Lee
- Animal Nutrition & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Sung Dae Lee
- Animal Nutrition & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Jin Young Jeong
- Animal Nutrition & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
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23
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Martínez-Gómez MG, Roberts BM. Metabolic Adaptations to Weight Loss: A Brief Review. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 36:2970-2981. [PMID: 33677461 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Martínez-Gómez, MG and Roberts, BM. Metabolic adaptations to weight loss: A brief review. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2021-As the scientific literature has continuously shown, body mass loss attempts do not always follow a linear fashion nor always go as expected even when the intervention is calculated with precise tools. One of the main reasons why this tends to happen relies on our body's biological drive to regain the body mass we lose to survive. This phenomenon has been referred to as "metabolic adaptation" many times in the literature and plays a very relevant role in the management of obesity and human weight loss. This review will provide insights into some of the theoretical models for the etiology of metabolic adaptation as well as a quick look into the physiological and endocrine mechanisms that underlie it. Nutritional strategies and dietetic tools are thus necessary to confront these so-called adaptations to body mass loss. Among some of these strategies, we can highlight increasing protein needs, opting for high-fiber foods or programming-controlled diet refeeds, and diet breaks over a large body mass loss phase. Outside the nutritional aspects, it might be wise to increase the physical activity and thus the energy flux of an individual when possible to maintain diet-induced body mass loss in the long term. This review will examine these protocols and their viability in the context of adherence and sustainability for the individual toward successful body mass loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario G Martínez-Gómez
- CarloSportNutrition, Spain; and University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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24
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Reduced Endurance Capacity and Suboptimal Energy Availability in Top-Level Female Cyclists. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:1194–1203. [PMID: 33626509 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Women's professional cycling has grown in popularity, and this increase is also apparent in Brazil, which has increased its female cycling calendar in recent years. The aim of this observational study was to (1) determine training and competition loads of a top-level Brazilian female cycling team, (2) evaluate nutrition and clinical health, and (3) measure whether exercise capacity changed throughout the season. METHODS Training and competition data were collected over the season using global positioning system monitors, while laboratory-based physiological and performance measures (incremental cycling test, 30-s Wingate, 4-km time trial) and clinical and nutritional analyses were performed at time points throughout the season. RESULTS Total distance covered over the year was 11,124 (2895) km (7382-14,698 km). Endurance capacity was reduced over the season (P = .005) but not anaerobic power (all P > .05). Nutrition and stress markers remained largely unchanged throughout the season, although there were some individual fluctuations in some measures, and testosterone concentration was low for some. Median estimated energy availability ranged between 32.3 and 56.8 kcal·kgLBM-1·d-1 during training and 26.4 and 53.8 kcal·kgLBM-1·d-1 during competition. Percentage of training spent in optimal estimated energy availability was generally low, with 3 athletes spending <35% within the optimal intake. CONCLUSIONS Substantial training and competition loads of the monitored professional Brazilian female cyclists may have reduced exercise capacity toward the end of the season, indicative of a grueling yearlong schedule. Several athletes may have had suboptimal energy availability during the season, potentially affecting testosterone concentration. These data demonstrate the difficulties in maintaining optimal nutrition, health, and performance throughout a season in professional female cycling and highlight the need for quality sport-science support for this type of top-level athlete.
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25
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Kulvanich S, Ito K, Takei E, Sakai H, Suzumi R, Magara J, Tsujimura T, Inoue M. Impact of Oral and Swallowing Function on the Feeding Status of Older Adults in Nursing Homes. Gerontology 2021; 67:168-176. [PMID: 33454716 DOI: 10.1159/000511912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, there have been few guidelines proposed for adjustment of the food consistency, particularly to match the oral function of older adults, which will guide clinicians and caregivers in appropriately modifying food. OBJECTIVE We investigated how oral, swallowing, and cognitive conditions of older adults who required daily nursing care in a nursing home were associated with different dietary food consistencies. METHODS Clinical examinations to record dentition status, swallowing, and cognitive functions were performed, and the feeding status, including the food consistencies and need for assistance at lunchtime, was evaluated in 37 older residents in nursing homes. The swallowing function was assessed by performing a modified water-swallowing test, and food swallowing was tested using pudding and rice crackers. The χ2 test was used to determine the relationships among the parameters. RESULTS No participants were able to take cooked rice, nor regular and soft side dishes. There was no significant relationship between dentition status and feeding status. Of the participants, 95% ate pudding without any problems and 49% ate rice crackers without any signs of swallowing difficulty such as coughing or stopping chewing. There was a significant relationship between the food test score using a rice cracker and the level of food consistencies, and between the same test score and the level of mealtime assistance, whereby the better the score of the food test using a rice cracker, the better was the level of food consistencies including use of a thickening agent and the better was the level of mealtime assistance. CONCLUSION The results strongly suggest that the food test using a rice cracker was associated with the level of food consistency and mealtime assistance for older adults in nursing homes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirima Kulvanich
- Division of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Department of Community Dentistry & Gerodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kayoko Ito
- Oral Rehabilitation, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Eri Takei
- Division of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Haruka Sakai
- Division of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Risa Suzumi
- Division of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Jin Magara
- Division of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takanori Tsujimura
- Division of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Makoto Inoue
- Division of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan,
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26
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Subias-Gusils A, Boqué N, Caimari A, Del Bas JM, Mariné-Casadó R, Solanas M, Escorihuela RM. A restricted cafeteria diet ameliorates biometric and metabolic profile in a rat diet-induced obesity model. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2021; 72:767-780. [PMID: 33427533 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2020.1870037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The administration of anti-obesity bioactive compounds and/or functional foods in rodents fed energy restriction diets based on chow food can be difficult to interpret. We propose an energy restricted cafeteria (CAF) diet as a dietetic intervention to be combined with other therapies. Postweaning male rats were fed standard chow, CAF diet or 30% energy restricted CAF diet (CAF-R) for 8 weeks. The CAF-R diet lowered energy intake and the increase of body weight and body mass index due to the CAF diet, lead to an intermediate feed efficiency, and dampened the CAF diet-induced alterations on body composition, serum levels of triacylglycerides and NEFAs, and insulin resistance. These effects were associated with diminished Ucp1, Nrf1 and Tfam1 gene expression in brown adipose tissue. In conclusion, the CAF-R diet ameliorated obesity and related metabolic disorders induced by a regular CAF diet, turning it in a useful tool to study anti-obesity compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Subias-Gusils
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Psiquiatria i Medicina Legal, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Noemí Boqué
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Technological Unit of Nutrition and Health, Reus, Spain
| | - Antoni Caimari
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Biotechnology Area and Technological Unit of Nutrition and Health, Reus, Spain
| | - Josep M Del Bas
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Technological Unit of Nutrition and Health, Reus, Spain
| | - Roger Mariné-Casadó
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Technological Unit of Nutrition and Health, Reus, Spain
| | - Montserrat Solanas
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Rosa M Escorihuela
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Psiquiatria i Medicina Legal, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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27
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Hinde KL, O'Leary TJ, Greeves JP, Wardle SL. Measuring Protein Turnover in the Field: Implications for Military Research. Adv Nutr 2020; 12:887-896. [PMID: 33079983 PMCID: PMC8166569 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein turnover reflects the continual synthesis and breakdown of body proteins, and can be measured at a whole-body (i.e. aggregated across all body proteins) or tissue (e.g. skeletal muscle only) level using stable isotope methods. Evaluating protein turnover in free-living environments, such as military training, can help inform protein requirements. We undertook a narrative review of published literature with the aim of reviewing the suitability of, and advancements in, stable isotope methods for measuring protein turnover in field research. The 2 primary approaches for measuring protein turnover are based on precursor- and end-product methods. The precursor method is the gold-standard for measuring acute (over several hours) skeletal muscle protein turnover, whereas the end-product method measures chronic (over several weeks) skeletal muscle protein turnover and provides the opportunity to monitor free-living activities. Both methods require invasive procedures such as the infusion of amino acid tracers and muscle biopsies to assess the uptake of the tracer into tissue. However, the end-product method can also be used to measure acute (over 9-24 h) whole-body protein turnover noninvasively by ingesting 15N-glycine, or equivalent isotope tracers, and collecting urine samples. The end-product method using 15N-glycine is a practical method for measuring whole-body protein turnover in the field over short (24 h) time frames and has been used effectively in recent military field research. Application of this method may improve our understanding of protein kinetics during conditions of high physiological stress in free-living environments such as military training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina L Hinde
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas J O'Leary
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, United Kingdom,Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julie P Greeves
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, United Kingdom,Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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28
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Aragon AA, Schoenfeld BJ. Magnitude and Composition of the Energy Surplus for Maximizing Muscle Hypertrophy: Implications for Bodybuilding and Physique Athletes. Strength Cond J 2020. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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29
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Sase K, Kido K, Ato S, Fujita S. Effect of resistance training on rat skeletal muscle during severe food restriction. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Sase
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science Ritsumeikan University Kusatsu Shiga Japan
| | - Kohei Kido
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science Ritsumeikan University Kusatsu Shiga Japan
| | - Satoru Ato
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science Ritsumeikan University Kusatsu Shiga Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science Ritsumeikan University Kusatsu Shiga Japan
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30
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Pasiakos SM. Nutritional Requirements for Sustaining Health and Performance During Exposure to Extreme Environments. Annu Rev Nutr 2020; 40:221-245. [PMID: 32530730 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-011720-122637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dietary guidelines are formulated to meet minimum nutrient requirements, which prevent deficiencies and maintain health, growth, development, and function. These guidelines can be inadequate and contribute to disrupted homeostasis, lean body mass loss, and deteriorated performance in individuals who are working long, arduous hours with limited access to food in environmentally challenging locations. Environmental extremes can elicit physiological adjustments that alone alter nutrition requirements by upregulating energy expenditure, altering substrate metabolism, and accelerating body water and muscle protein loss. The mechanisms by which the environment, including high-altitude, heat, and cold exposure, alters nutrition requirements have been studied extensively. This contemporary review discusses physiological adjustments to environmental extremes, particularly when those adjustments alter dietary requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan M Pasiakos
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts 01760, USA;
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31
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Ramsey KA, Meskers CGM, Trappenburg MC, Verlaan S, Reijnierse EM, Whittaker AC, Maier AB. Malnutrition is associated with dynamic physical performance. Aging Clin Exp Res 2020; 32:1085-1092. [PMID: 31429000 PMCID: PMC7260152 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-019-01295-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malnutrition and poor physical performance are both conditions that increase in prevalence with age; however, their interrelation in a clinically relevant population has not been thoroughly studied. AIMS This study aimed to determine the strength of the association between malnutrition and measures of both static and dynamic physical performance in a cohort of geriatric outpatients. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 286 older adults (mean age 81.8, SD 7.2 years, and 40.6% male) who were referred to geriatric outpatient mobility clinics. The presence of malnutrition was determined using the Short Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire (SNAQ, cut-off ≥ 2 points). Measures of dynamic physical performance included timed up and go (TUG), 4-m walk test, and chair stand test (CST). Static performance encompassed balance tests and hand grip strength (HGS). Physical performance was standardized into sex-specific Z-scores. The association between malnutrition and each individual measure of physical performance was assessed using linear regression analysis. RESULTS 19.9% of the cohort was identified as malnourished. Malnutrition was most strongly associated with CST and gait speed; less strong but significant associations were found between malnutrition and TUG. There was no significant association between malnutrition and HGS or balance. DISCUSSION Physical performance was associated with malnutrition, specifically, dynamic rather than static measures. This may reflect muscle power being more impacted by nutritional status than muscle strength; however, this needs to be further addressed. CONCLUSIONS Malnutrition is associated with dynamic physical performance in geriatric outpatients, which should inform diagnosis and treatment/prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keenan A Ramsey
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, @AgeAmsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carel G M Meskers
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, @AgeAmsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marijke C Trappenburg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amstelland Hospital, Amstelveen, The Netherlands
| | - Sjors Verlaan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amstelland Hospital, Amstelveen, The Netherlands
| | - Esmee M Reijnierse
- Department of Medicine and Aged Care, @AgeMelbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne Health, City Campus, Level 6 North, 300 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia
| | - Anna C Whittaker
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrea B Maier
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, @AgeAmsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Medicine and Aged Care, @AgeMelbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne Health, City Campus, Level 6 North, 300 Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia.
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32
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Gogulothu R, Nagar D, Gopalakrishnan S, Garlapati VR, Kallamadi PR, Ismail A. Disrupted expression of genes essential for skeletal muscle fibre integrity and energy metabolism in Vitamin D deficient rats. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 197:105525. [PMID: 31705962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D, a secosteroid that regulates mineral homeostasis via its actions in intestine, bone, kidneys and parathyroid glands, has many other target tissues, including skeletal muscle. In the present study, we used rats to examine if diet-induced vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency altered protein synthesis in muscle via the mTOR pathway, and impaired skeletal muscle quality by changing expression of genes needed for its function. Vitamin D deficiency resulted in reduced levels of phosphorylated mTOR, and suppressed mTOR-dependent phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 and p70-S6K, implying a decrease in activity of the protein synthesis machinery. These changes were coupled with up regulation of genes that are negative regulators of muscle growth (Fbxo32 & Trim63), leading to a net loss of skeletal muscle mass. Vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency also led to a decrease in expression of both myosin and actin-associated proteins (Myh1, Myh2, Myh7, Tnnc1& Tnnt1), which are essential for generation of the mechanical force needed for muscle contraction. We also detected a decrease in expression of glycolytic and oxidative enzyme genes (Hk2, Pfkm, Cs, Pdk4 & βHad) and transcriptional coactivator genes (Ppargc-1α & Ppargc-1β) which indicate a low oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle in the vitamin D deficient state. Furthermore, decreased citrate synthase activity corroborates a decrease in mitochondrial density and aerobic capacity of the muscle. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that chronic vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency reduced the size of skeletal muscle fibres, altered their composition, and decreased their oxidative potential. Most of the changes observed were reversible, either partially or completely, by restoring vitamin D to the diet of the deficient rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Gogulothu
- Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | - Devika Nagar
- Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Venkat R Garlapati
- Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Ayesha Ismail
- Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India.
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33
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Webb L, Sadri H, Schuh K, Egert S, Stehle P, Meyer I, Koch C, Dusel G, Sauerwein H. Branched-chain amino acids: Abundance of their transporters and metabolizing enzymes in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and liver of dairy cows at high or normal body condition. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:2847-2863. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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34
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Saxena R, Saxena VK, Tripathi V, Mir NA, Dev K, Begum J, Agarwal R, Goel A. Dynamics of gene expression of hormones involved in the growth of broiler chickens in response to the dietary protein and energy changes. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 288:113377. [PMID: 31881203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.113377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The synergy between the genetic potential and the nutrient intake determines the growth performance of meat-type chicken and nutrigenomics approach helps us understand the response of candidate genes of growth in chicken to dietary manipulations. The current study aimed to assess the growth performance and expression of hepatic growth related genes in the naked neck broiler chicken in response to different dietary energy and protein levels with a hypothesis that high plane of nutrition enhances both of these positively. The results revealed that birds have shown significantly better growth performance under high protein (HP) and high energy (HE) dietary regime. The expression profiles of the genes studied revealed upregulation of IGF-1, IGF-2, and GH under dietary HP and HE regime relative to other protein and energy levels with greater upregulation at 3rd week than the 1st and 5th week of age of birds. The IGFR and GHR mRNA expression was significantly higher under HP and HE dietary regimen with an increasing and decreasing trend from 1st to 5th week of age, respectively. A consistent and significant downregulation of IGFBP-2 was observed under HP and HE regime throughout the feeding trial. The myostatin expression was higher at 3rd week of age followed by 1st week expression. The HP and HE as well as LP (Low protein) and HE diet resulted in significant upregulation of myostatin gene expression in liver. In support to the set hypothesis of this study the high protein and high energy diet resulted in better growth performance of broiler chickens with corresponding upregulation of IGF-1, IGF-2, IGFR, GH, GHR, and Myostatin gene expression and downregulation of IGFBP-2 in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Saxena
- ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P. 243122, India
| | - V K Saxena
- ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P. 243122, India
| | - V Tripathi
- Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, U.P. 243006, India
| | - Nasir Akbar Mir
- ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P. 243122, India.
| | - Kapil Dev
- ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P. 243122, India
| | - Jubeda Begum
- College of Veterinary Sciences, GBPUAT, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand 263145, India
| | - Radha Agarwal
- Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, U.P. 243006, India
| | - Akshat Goel
- ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P. 243122, India
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35
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Chapman S, Roberts J, Smith L, Rawcliffe A, Izard R. Sex differences in dietary intake in British Army recruits undergoing phase one training. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2019; 16:59. [PMID: 31823790 PMCID: PMC6905050 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-019-0327-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background British Army Phase One training exposes men and women to challenging distances of 13.5 km·d− 1 vs. 11.8 km·d− 1 and energy expenditures of ~ 4000 kcal·d− 1 and ~ 3000 kcal·d− 1, respectively. As such, it is essential that adequate nutrition is provided to support training demands. However, to date, there is a paucity of data on habitual dietary intake of British Army recruits. The aims of this study were to: (i) compare habitual dietary intake in British Army recruits undergoing Phase One training to Military Dietary Reference Values (MDRVs), and (ii) establish if there was a relative sex difference in dietary intake between men and women. Method Researcher led weighed food records and food diaries were used to assess dietary intake in twenty-eight women (age 21.4 ± 3.0 yrs., height: 163.7 ± 5.0 cm, body mass 65.0 ± 6.7 kg), and seventeen men (age 20.4 ± 2.3 yrs., height: 178.0 ± 7.9 cm, body mass 74.6 ± 8.1 kg) at the Army Training Centre, Pirbright for 8-days in week ten of training. Macro and micronutrient content were estimated using dietary analysis software (Nutritics, Dublin) and assessed via an independent sample t-test to establish if there was a sex difference in daily energy, macro or micronutrient intakes. Results Estimated daily energy intake was less than the MDRV for both men and women, with men consuming a greater amount of energy compared with women (2846 ± 573 vs. 2207 ± 585 kcal·day− 1, p < 0.001). Both sexes under consumed carbohydrate (CHO) when data was expressed relative to body mass with men consuming a greater amount than women (4.8 ± 1.3 vs. 3.8 ± 1.4 g·kg− 1·day− 1, p = 0.025, ES = 0.74). Both sexes also failed to meet MDRVs for protein intake with men consuming more than women (1.5 ± 0.3 vs. 1.3 ± 0.3 g·kg− 1·day− 1, p > 0.030, ES = 0.67). There were no differences in dietary fat intake between men and women (1.5 ± 0.2 vs. 1.5 ± 0.5 g·kg− 1·day− 1, p = 0.483, ES = 0.00). Conclusions Daily EI in men and women in Phase One training does not meet MDRVs. Interventions to increase macronutrient intakes should be considered along with research investigating the potential benefits for increasing different macronutrient intakes on training adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Chapman
- HQ Army Recruiting and Initial Training Command, UK Ministry of Defence, Upavon, UK. .,Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge, CB1 1PT, England.
| | - Justin Roberts
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge, CB1 1PT, England
| | - Lee Smith
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge, CB1 1PT, England
| | - Alex Rawcliffe
- HQ Army Recruiting and Initial Training Command, UK Ministry of Defence, Upavon, UK
| | - Rachel Izard
- HQ Army Recruiting and Initial Training Command, UK Ministry of Defence, Upavon, UK
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36
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Yang X, Brobst D, Chan WS, Tse MCL, Herlea-Pana O, Ahuja P, Bi X, Zaw AM, Kwong ZSW, Jia WH, Zhang ZG, Zhang N, Chow SKH, Cheung WH, Louie JCY, Griffin TM, Nong W, Hui JHL, Du GH, Noh HL, Saengnipanthkul S, Chow BKC, Kim JK, Lee CW, Chan CB. Muscle-generated BDNF is a sexually dimorphic myokine that controls metabolic flexibility. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/594/eaau1468. [PMID: 31409756 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aau1468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ability of skeletal muscle to switch between lipid and glucose oxidation for ATP production during metabolic stress is pivotal for maintaining systemic energy homeostasis, and dysregulation of this metabolic flexibility is a dominant cause of several metabolic disorders. However, the molecular mechanism that governs fuel selection in muscle is not well understood. Here, we report that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a fasting-induced myokine that controls metabolic reprograming through the AMPK/CREB/PGC-1α pathway in female mice. Female mice with a muscle-specific deficiency in BDNF (MBKO mice) were unable to switch the predominant fuel source from carbohydrates to fatty acids during fasting, which reduced ATP production in muscle. Fasting-induced muscle atrophy was also compromised in female MBKO mice, likely a result of autophagy inhibition. These mutant mice displayed myofiber necrosis, weaker muscle strength, reduced locomotion, and muscle-specific insulin resistance. Together, our results show that muscle-derived BDNF facilitates metabolic adaption during nutrient scarcity in a gender-specific manner and that insufficient BDNF production in skeletal muscle promotes the development of metabolic myopathies and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuying Yang
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., BMSB 634, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research, Institute of Materia Medica of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Daniel Brobst
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., BMSB 634, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Wing Suen Chan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, 6N01 Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Margaret Chui Ling Tse
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Oana Herlea-Pana
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., BMSB 634, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Palak Ahuja
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, 6N01 Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Xinyi Bi
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, 6N01 Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Aung Moe Zaw
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, 6N01 Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Zara Sau Wa Kwong
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, 6N01 Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Wei-Hua Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research, Institute of Materia Medica of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhong-Gou Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Oncological Surgery, Large-Scale Data Analysis Center of Cancer Precision Medicine, Cancer Hospital of Chinese Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Cancer Institute and Hospital, Shenyang 110042, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 5/F Lui Che Woo Clinical Sciences Building, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Simon Kwoon Ho Chow
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 5/F Lui Che Woo Clinical Sciences Building, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Wing Hoi Cheung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 5/F Lui Che Woo Clinical Sciences Building, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Jimmy Chun Yu Louie
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, 6N01 Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Timothy M Griffin
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., BMSB 634, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.,Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Wenyan Nong
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Jerome Ho Lam Hui
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Guan-Hua Du
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research, Institute of Materia Medica of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hye Lim Noh
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Suchaorn Saengnipanthkul
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Billy K C Chow
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, 6N01 Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Jason K Kim
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Chi Wai Lee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Chi Bun Chan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, 6N01 Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong. .,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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37
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Morales-Suarez-Varela M, Peraita-Costa I, Guillamon Escudero C, Llopis-Morales A, Llopis-Gonzalez A. Total body skeletal muscle mass and diet in children aged 6-8 years: ANIVA Study. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 44:944-951. [PMID: 31389713 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to assess if there was any relationship between the amount of skeletal muscle mass (SMM) in children aged 6-8 years and their nutritional intake. The Valencian Anthropometry and Child Nutrition (ANIVA) study is a cross-sectional study with children aged between 6-8 years (n = 1988) from schools in Valencia. Children were distributed into 4 groups for comparison: normal and high SMM and by sex. Anthropometric data were obtained following World Health Organization protocols. Nutritional intake was measured using a prospective 3-day food journal and the KIDMED questionnaire. Of the whole child sample, 63.9% had high SMM values. No differences were found in adherence to a Mediterranean diet or absolute energy intake. Significant differences were found in the proportion of energy intake in relation to estimated energy requirements and between nutritional intake of certain macro or micronutrients with SMM. This study provides values of SMM for children. Children's adherence to a Mediterranean diet was not related to total SMM. At the same time, the consumption of excess calories or overeating is associated with SMM, with those children overeating more having lower SMM values. The differences in the intake of the other macro- and micronutrients were not associated with children's SMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Morales-Suarez-Varela
- Public Health and Environmental Care Unit, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Spain.,CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Peraita-Costa
- Public Health and Environmental Care Unit, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Spain.,CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Guillamon Escudero
- Public Health and Environmental Care Unit, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Agustin Llopis-Morales
- Public Health and Environmental Care Unit, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Agustin Llopis-Gonzalez
- Public Health and Environmental Care Unit, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Spain.,CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0 28029 Madrid, Spain
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38
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Abstract
The objective of this study was to test the association of the variation in a 360 bp region in exon 2 of the ovine bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) gene with growth performance (birth weight, pre-weaning average daily gain, weaning weight, post-weaning average daily gain and marketing weight) and body conformational traits (height at withers, height at hips, body length, heart girth, thigh circumference, body mass index, skeletal muscle index, body index and relative body index) in 242 Barki lambs using polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformational polymorphism (PCR-SSCP). Two variants (A and B) and three genotypes (AA, AB and BB) were detected. The BMP4 genotype significantly affected (p < .05 or p < .01) post-weaning daily gain, marketing weight, height at hips, thigh circumference, body mass index and skeletal muscle index. The results provided valuable information indicating selection for the BMP4 genotype might increase growth and muscularity in Barki lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel H M Ibrahim
- Department of Animal Breeding, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
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39
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[Muscle, metabolic paradigm in nutritional recovery]. NUTR HOSP 2019; 36:4-11. [PMID: 31189319 DOI: 10.20960/nh.02675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Skeletal muscle is a tissue that represents the majority of total body mass and proteins in healthy humans. Muscle mass is the results of balance between synthesis and proteolysis, both processes being sensitive to a variety of factors including nutritional status, hormonal balance, physical activity and exercise, and disease. Indeed, muscle mass loss is associated with several infectious, traumatic and chronic pathologies. Likewise, sarcopenia is a progressive and generalized skeletal muscle disorder appearing with ageing associated with increased likelihood of adverse outcomes including falls, fractures, physical disability, and mortality. Hence, recovery of muscle mass and functionality is a key factor to improve undernutrition associated with many pathological conditions. The aim of the present article is to summarize the most important substrates, metabolic and cell signaling pathways involved in the synthesis, degradation and turnover in skeletal muscle. Moreover, the importance of some myokines in the interaction between skeletal muscle and other tissues, and in the maintenance of homeostasis is highlighted. A great number of positive regulators for muscle protein synthesis has been reported. Especially, during energy restriction, branched chain amino acids, e.g. leucine, contribute majorly to muscle protein synthesis as well as to attenuate nitrogen body excretion and muscle proteolysis.
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40
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Natural Isotope Abundances of Carbon and Nitrogen in Tissue Proteins and Amino Acids as Biomarkers of the Decreased Carbohydrate Oxidation and Increased Amino Acid Oxidation Induced by Caloric Restriction under a Maintained Protein Intake in Obese Rats. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051087. [PMID: 31100870 PMCID: PMC6567081 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence supports a role for tissue-to-diet 15N and 13C discrimination factors (Δ15N and Δ13C), as biomarkers of metabolic adaptations to nutritional stress, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In obese rats fed ad libitum or subjected to gradual caloric restriction (CR), under a maintained protein intake, we measured Δ15N and Δ13C levels in tissue proteins and their constitutive amino acids (AA) and the expression of enzymes involved in the AA metabolism. CR was found to lower protein mass in the intestine, liver, heart and, to a lesser extent, some skeletal muscles. This was accompanied by Δ15N increases in urine and the protein of the liver and plasma, but Δ15N decreases in the proteins of the heart and the skeletal muscles, alongside Δ13C decreases in all tissue proteins. In Lys, Δ15N levels rose in the plasma, intestine, and some muscles, but fell in the heart, while in Ala, and to a lesser extent Glx and Asx, Δ13C levels fell in all these tissues. In the liver, CR was associated with an increase in the expression of genes involved in AA oxidation. During CR, the parallel rises of Δ15N in urine, liver, and plasma proteins reflected an increased AA catabolism occurring at the level of the liver metabolic branch point, while Δ15N decreases in cardiac and skeletal muscle proteins indicated increased protein and AA catabolism in these tissues. Thus, an increased protein and AA catabolism results in opposite Δ15N effects in splanchnic and muscular tissues. In addition, the Δ13C decrease in all tissue proteins, reflects a reduction in carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation and routing towards non-indispensable AA, to achieve fuel economy.
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41
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Carbone JW, McClung JP, Pasiakos SM. Recent Advances in the Characterization of Skeletal Muscle and Whole-Body Protein Responses to Dietary Protein and Exercise during Negative Energy Balance. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:70-79. [PMID: 30596808 PMCID: PMC6370268 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In a review published in 2012, we concluded that higher-protein diets preserve muscle mass during energy deficit via stimulated mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling, coincident increased muscle protein synthesis (PS), inhibited ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, and suppressed muscle protein breakdown (PB). Since then, there have been significant advances in understanding the fundamental effects of higher-protein diets, with or without exercise training, on muscle and whole-body protein homeostasis during negative energy balance. Therefore, an update on the evolution of this field of research is warranted to better inform recommendations on best practices for healthy weight loss and muscle preservation. We will review the most recent studies examining the effects of higher-protein diets and negative energy balance on body composition, muscle PS, muscle PB, associated intracellular regulatory pathway activities, and whole-body protein homeostasis. In addition to critically analyzing contemporary findings, knowledge gaps and opportunities for continued research will be identified. Overall, the newest research confirms that consuming higher-protein diets, particularly when coupled with resistance exercise, preserves muscle mass and maintains whole-body protein homeostasis during moderate energy deficits (i.e., normal weight loss). However, these newer findings also indicate that as the magnitude of energy deficit increases, the efficacy of higher-protein diets for mitigating losses of fat-free mass is diminished. Further, recent results suggest that alterations in muscle PS, more so than muscle PB, may be primarily responsible for changes in muscle mass that occur in response to negative energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Carbone
- School of Health Sciences, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI,Address correspondence to JWC (e-mail: )
| | - James P McClung
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA
| | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA
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42
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Protein synthesis signaling in skeletal muscle is refractory to whey protein ingestion during a severe energy deficit evoked by prolonged exercise and caloric restriction. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 43:872-882. [PMID: 30242237 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0174-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise and protein ingestion preserve muscle mass during moderate energy deficits. OBJECTIVE To determine the molecular mechanisms by which exercise and protein ingestion may spare muscle mass during severe energy deficit (5500 kcal/day). DESIGN Fifteen overweight, but otherwise healthy men, underwent a pre-test (PRE), caloric restriction (3.2 kcals/kg body weight/day) + exercise (45 min one-arm cranking + 8 h walking) for 4 days (CRE), followed by a control diet (CD) for 3 days, with a caloric content similar to pre-intervention while exercise was reduced to less than 10,000 steps per day. During CRE, participants ingested either whey protein (PRO, n = 8) or sucrose (SU, n = 7) (0.8 g/kg body weight/day). Muscle biopsies were obtained from the trained and untrained deltoid, and vastus lateralis. RESULTS Following CRE and CD, serum concentrations of leptin, insulin, and testosterone were reduced, whereas cortisol and the catabolic index (cortisol/total testosterone) increased. The Akt/mTor/p70S6K pathway and total eIF2α were unchanged, while total 4E-BP1 and Thr37/464E-BP1 were higher. After CRE, plasma BCAA and EAA were elevated, with a greater response in PRO group, and total GSK3β, pSer9GSK3β, pSer51eIF2α, and pSer51eIF2α/total eIF2α were reduced, with a greater response of pSer9GSK3β in the PRO group. The changes in signaling were associated with the changes in leptin, insulin, amino acids, cortisol, cortisol/total testosterone, and lean mass. CONCLUSIONS During severe energy deficit, pSer9GSK3β levels are reduced and human skeletal muscle becomes refractory to the anabolic effects of whey protein ingestion, regardless of contractile activity. These effects are associated with the changes in lean mass and serum insulin, testosterone, and cortisol concentrations.
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43
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Bariatric Surgery Resistance: Using Preoperative Lifestyle Medicine and/or Pharmacology for Metabolic Responsiveness. Obes Surg 2018; 27:3281-3291. [PMID: 29058238 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-017-2966-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bariatric surgery is an effective and durable treatment for individuals with obesity and its associated comorbidities. However, not all patients meet weight loss and/or cardiometabolic goals following bariatric surgery, suggesting that some people are bariatric surgery resistant. The reason for this resistance is unclear, but potential factors, such as adiposity-derived inflammation, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and aerobic fitness prior to surgery, have been related to blunted surgery responsiveness. Exercise, diet, and/or pharmacology are effective at reducing inflammation and improving insulin action as well as physical function. Herein, we present data that supports the novel hypothesis that intervening prior to surgery can enhance disease resolution in people who are resistant to bariatric surgery.
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44
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N 1-methylnicotinamide is a signalling molecule produced in skeletal muscle coordinating energy metabolism. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3016. [PMID: 29445118 PMCID: PMC5813101 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21099-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major health problem, and although caloric restriction and exercise are successful strategies to lose adipose tissue in obese individuals, a simultaneous decrease in skeletal muscle mass, negatively effects metabolism and muscle function. To deeper understand molecular events occurring in muscle during weight-loss, we measured the expressional change in human skeletal muscle following a combination of severe caloric restriction and exercise over 4 days in 15 Swedish men. Key metabolic genes were regulated after the intervention, indicating a shift from carbohydrate to fat metabolism. Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) was the most consistently upregulated gene following the energy-deficit exercise. Circulating levels of N1-methylnicotinamide (MNA), the product of NNMT activity, were doubled after the intervention. The fasting-fed state was an important determinant of plasma MNA levels, peaking at ~18 h of fasting and being lowest ~3 h after a meal. In culture, MNA was secreted by isolated human myotubes and stimulated lipolysis directly, with no effect on glucagon or insulin secretion. We propose that MNA is a novel myokine that enhances the utilization of energy stores in response to low muscle energy availability. Future research should focus on applying MNA as a biomarker to identify individuals with metabolic disturbances at an early stage.
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45
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Shimizu A, Maeda K, Tanaka K, Ogawa M, Kayashita J. Texture-modified diets are associated with decreased muscle mass in older adults admitted to a rehabilitation ward. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 18:698-704. [DOI: 10.1111/ggi.13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akio Shimizu
- Department of Nutrition; Shigei Hospital; Kurashiki Japan
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Culture and Science; Prefectural University of Hiroshima; Hiroshima Japan
| | - Keisuke Maeda
- Department of Nutrition and Dysphagia Rehabilitation; Tamana Regional Health Medical Center; Tamana Japan
- Palliative Care Center; Aichi Medical University; Nagakute Japan
| | - Kei Tanaka
- Department of Internal Medicine; Shigei Hospital; Kurashiki Japan
| | - Mei Ogawa
- Department of Rehabilitation; Shigei Hospital; Kurashiki Japan
| | - Jun Kayashita
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Culture and Science; Prefectural University of Hiroshima; Hiroshima Japan
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46
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Pasiakos SM, Berryman CE, Carrigan CT, Young AJ, Carbone JW. Muscle Protein Turnover and the Molecular Regulation of Muscle Mass during Hypoxia. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:1340-1350. [PMID: 28166119 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
: Effects of environmental hypoxia on fat-free mass are well studied. Negative energy balance, increased nitrogen excretion, and fat-free mass loss are commonly observed in lowlanders sojourning at high altitude. Reductions in fat-free mass can be minimized if energy consumption matches energy expenditure. However, in nonresearch settings, achieving energy balance during high-altitude sojourns is unlikely, and myofibrillar protein mass is usually lost, but the mechanisms accounting for the loss of muscle mass are not clear. At sea level, negative energy balance reduces basal and blunts postprandial muscle protein synthesis, with no relevant change in muscle protein breakdown. Downregulations in muscle protein synthesis and loss of fat-free mass during energy deficit at sea level are largely overcome by consuming at least twice the recommended dietary allowance for protein. Hypoxia may increase or not affect resting muscle protein synthesis, blunt postexercise muscle protein synthesis, and markedly increase proteolysis independent of energy status. Hypoxia-induced mTORC1 dysregulation and an upregulation in calpain- and ubiquitin proteasome-mediated proteolysis may drive catabolism in lowlanders sojourning at high altitude. However, the combined effects of energy deficit, exercise, and dietary protein manipulations on the regulation of muscle protein turnover have never been studied at high altitude. This article reviews the available literature related to the effects of high altitude on fat-free mass, highlighting contemporary studies that assessed the influence of altitude exposure (or hypoxia) on muscle protein turnover and intramuscular regulation of muscle mass. Knowledge gaps are addressed, and studies to identify effective and feasible countermeasures to hypoxia-induced muscle loss are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan M Pasiakos
- 1Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA; 2Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN; and 3School of Health Sciences, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI
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Karl JP, Margolis LM, Murphy NE, Carrigan CT, Castellani JW, Madslien EH, Teien HK, Martini S, Montain SJ, Pasiakos SM. Military training elicits marked increases in plasma metabolomic signatures of energy metabolism, lipolysis, fatty acid oxidation, and ketogenesis. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:e13407. [PMID: 28899914 PMCID: PMC5599865 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Military training studies provide unique insight into metabolic responses to extreme physiologic stress induced by multiple stressor environments, and the impacts of nutrition in mediating these responses. Advances in metabolomics have provided new approaches for extending current understanding of factors modulating dynamic metabolic responses in these environments. In this study, whole-body metabolic responses to strenuous military training were explored in relation to energy balance and macronutrient intake by performing nontargeted global metabolite profiling on plasma collected from 25 male soldiers before and after completing a 4-day, 51-km cross-country ski march that produced high total daily energy expenditures (25.4 MJ/day [SD 2.3]) and severe energy deficits (13.6 MJ/day [SD 2.5]). Of 737 identified metabolites, 478 changed during the training. Increases in 88% of the free fatty acids and 91% of the acylcarnitines, and decreases in 88% of the mono- and diacylglycerols detected within lipid metabolism pathways were observed. Smaller increases in 75% of the tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, and 50% of the branched-chain amino acid metabolites detected were also observed. Changes in multiple metabolites related to lipid metabolism were correlated with body mass loss and energy balance, but not with energy and macronutrient intakes or energy expenditure. These findings are consistent with an increase in energy metabolism, lipolysis, fatty acid oxidation, ketogenesis, and branched-chain amino acid catabolism during strenuous military training. The magnitude of the energy deficit induced by undereating relative to high energy expenditure, rather than macronutrient intake, appeared to drive these changes, particularly within lipid metabolism pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Philip Karl
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Lee M Margolis
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - Nancy E Murphy
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Christopher T Carrigan
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - John W Castellani
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Svein Martini
- Norwegian Defense Research Establishment, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Scott J Montain
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
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Yang CW, Li CI, Li TC, Liu CS, Lin CH, Lin WY, Lin CC. The joint association of insulin sensitivity and physical activity on the skeletal muscle mass and performance in community-dwelling older adults. Exp Gerontol 2017; 95:34-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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A 7-day high protein hypocaloric diet promotes cellular metabolic adaptations and attenuates lean mass loss in healthy males. CLINICAL NUTRITION EXPERIMENTAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yclnex.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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A Diet Diverse in Bamboo Parts is Important for Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) Metabolism and Health. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3377. [PMID: 28611401 PMCID: PMC5469786 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03216-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the metabolic response in giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) to the consumption of certain parts of bamboo above ground growth. Giant pandas were provisioned with three species of bamboo: Phyllostachys bissetii, of which they only consume the culm (culm group); Bashania fargesii, of which they only consume the leaves (leaf group); and Qiongzhuea opienensis, of which they only consume the shoots (shoot group). The “culm” group absorbed the highest amount of calories and fiber, but was in short energy supply (depressed tricarboxylic acid cycle activity), and high fiber level diet might reduce the digestibility of protein. The “culm” and “leaf” groups absorbed less protein, and had a lower rate of body mass growth than the “shoot” group. Digestion of fiber requires energy input and yields low caloric extraction from the culm and leaf, and protein intake is important for increasing body mass. However, long-term consumption of shoots may have a potentially negative effect on the health because of high protein composition. Therefore, a balanced diet consisting of diverse plant parts of bamboo is important for the overall metabolic function and health of captive giant pandas.
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