1
|
Valenzuela CA, Baker EJ, De Souza CO, Miles EA, Calder PC. Differential Effects of Ruminant and Industrial 18-Carbon trans-Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ( trans Vaccenic and Elaidic) on the Inflammatory Responses of an Endothelial Cell Line. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195834. [PMID: 34641380 PMCID: PMC8512072 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction and inflammation are recognised factors in the development of atherosclerosis. Evidence suggests that intake of industrial trans fatty acids (TFAs) promotes endothelial dysfunction, while ruminant TFAs may have the opposite effect. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of elaidic acid (EA (18:1n-9t); an industrially produced TFA) and trans vaccenic acid (TVA (18:1n-7t); a natural TFA found in ruminant milk and meat) on inflammatory responses of endothelial cells (ECs). ECs (EA.hy926 cells) were cultured under standard conditions and exposed to TFAs (1 to 50 μM) for 48 h. Then, the cells were cultured for a further 6 or 24 h with tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α, 1 ng/mL) as an inflammatory stimulant. ECs remained viable after treatments. TFAs were incorporated into ECs in a dose-dependent manner. Preincubation with EA (50 µM) increased production of MCP-1, RANTES, and IL-8 in response to TNF-α, while preincubation with TVA (1 µM) decreased production of ICAM-1 and RANTES in response to TNF-α. Preincubation with EA (50 µM) upregulated toll-like receptor 4 and cyclooxygenase 2 gene expression in response to TNF-α. In contrast, preincubation with TVA (1 µM) downregulated TNF-α induced nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 gene expression. Preincubation of ECs with EA (50 µM) increased THP-1 monocyte adhesion. In contrast, preincubation of ECs with TVA (1 µM) reduced THP-1 monocyte adhesion, while preincubation of ECs with TVA (50 µM) decreased the level of surface expression of ICAM-1 seen following TNF-α stimulation. The results suggest that TVA has some anti-inflammatory properties, while EA enhances the response to an inflammatory stimulus. These findings suggest differential effects induced by the TFAs tested, fitting with the idea that industrial TFAs and ruminant TFAs can have different and perhaps opposing biological actions in an inflammatory context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carina A. Valenzuela
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (E.J.B.); (C.O.D.S.); (E.A.M.); (P.C.C.)
- School of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valparaíso, Playa Ancha, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
- Correspondence:
| | - Ella J. Baker
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (E.J.B.); (C.O.D.S.); (E.A.M.); (P.C.C.)
| | - Camila O. De Souza
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (E.J.B.); (C.O.D.S.); (E.A.M.); (P.C.C.)
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo CEP 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth A. Miles
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (E.J.B.); (C.O.D.S.); (E.A.M.); (P.C.C.)
| | - Philip C. Calder
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (E.J.B.); (C.O.D.S.); (E.A.M.); (P.C.C.)
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hamzaoui S, Caja G, Such X, Albanell E, Salama AAK. Effect of Soybean Oil Supplementation on Milk Production, Digestibility, and Metabolism in Dairy Goats under Thermoneutral and Heat Stress Conditions. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020350. [PMID: 33573331 PMCID: PMC7911429 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Heat stress (HS) not only reduces milk yield but also depresses its contents of fat and protein, which might negatively impact cheese making. Dietary supplementation with soybean oil (SBO) could increase milk fat and improve milk fatty acid (FA) profiles in dairy goats. In the present study dairy goats were exposed to thermoneutral (TN; 15 to 20 °C) or HS (12 h/d at 37 °C and 12 h/d at 30 °C) conditions. In each ambient temperature, goats were fed a control diet (CON) or the same diet supplemented with SBO. Goats in HS suffered depressed feed intake and milk production, but they had greater digestibility coefficients compared to TN goats. Regardless of the HS treatment, goats supplemented with SBO produced milk with greater contents of fat, monounsaturated FA, and conjugated linoleic acid, without any negative effects on milk protein content. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with soybean oil was a useful strategy to increase milk fat and improve its fatty acid profile. Both TN and HS goats responded to soybean oil supplementation similarly since the interaction between soybean oil supplementation and temperature treatment was not significant. Abstract In a previous work, we observed that heat-stressed goats suffer reductions in milk yield and its contents of fat and protein. Supplementation with soybean oil (SBO) may be a useful strategy to enhance milk quality. In total, eight multiparous Murciano–Granadina dairy goats (42.8 ± 1.3 kg body weight; 99 ± 1 days of lactation) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with four periods; 21 d each (14 d adaptation, 5 d for measurements and 2 d transition between periods). Goats were allocated to one of four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Factors were no oil (CON) or 4% of soybean oil (SBO), and controlled thermal neutral (TN; 15 to 20 °C) or heat stress (HS; 12 h/d at 37 °C and 12 h/d at 30 °C) conditions. This resulted in four treatment combinations: TN-CON, TN-SBO, HS-CON, and HS-SBO. Compared to TN, HS goats experienced lower (p < 0.05) feed intake, body weight, N retention, milk yield, and milk protein and lactose contents. However, goats in HS conditions had greater (p < 0.05) digestibility coefficients (+5.1, +5.2, +4.6, +7.0, and +8.9 points for dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber, respectively) than TN goats. The response to SBO had the same magnitude in TN and HS conditions. Supplementation with SBO had no effects on feed intake, milk yield, or milk protein content. However, SBO supplementation increased (p < 0.05) blood non-esterified fatty acids by 50%, milk fat by 29%, and conjugated linoleic acid by 360%. In conclusion, feeding 4% SBO to dairy goats was a useful strategy to increase milk fat and conjugated linoleic acid without any negative effects on intake, milk yield, or milk protein content. These beneficial effects were obtained regardless goats were in TN or HS conditions.
Collapse
|
3
|
Nagao K, Ueno J, Yoshinaga K, Nagai T, Mizobe H, Yoshida A, Beppu F, Tanaka S, Gotoh N. Comparison of Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in Golden Syrian Hamster Administrated <i>trans- </i>Octadecenoic Acid Positional Isomers. J Oleo Sci 2021; 71:609-618. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess21348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Nagao
- Department of Applied Biochemistry and Food Science, Saga University
| | - Junya Ueno
- Department of Applied Biochemistry and Food Science, Saga University
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Seiya Tanaka
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
| | - Naohiro Gotoh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rodriguez J, Neyrinck AM, Zhang Z, Seethaler B, Nazare JA, Robles Sánchez C, Roumain M, Muccioli GG, Bindels LB, Cani PD, Maquet V, Laville M, Bischoff SC, Walter J, Delzenne NM. Metabolite profiling reveals the interaction of chitin-glucan with the gut microbiota. Gut Microbes 2020; 12:1810530. [PMID: 32893709 PMCID: PMC7524357 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1810530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary fibers are considered beneficial nutrients for health. Current data suggest that their interaction with the gut microbiota largely contributes to their physiological effects. In this context, chitin-glucan (CG) improves metabolic disorders associated with obesity in mice, but its effect on gut microbiota has never been evaluated in humans. This study explores the effect of a 3-week intervention with CG supplementation in healthy individuals on gut microbiota composition and bacterial metabolites. CG was given to healthy volunteers (n = 15) for three weeks as a supplement (4.5 g/day). Food diary, visual analog and Bristol stool form scales and a "quality of life" survey were analyzed. Among gut microbiota-derived metabolites, bile acids (BA), long- and short-chain fatty acids (LCFA, SCFA) profiling were assessed in stool samples. The gut microbiota (primary outcome) was analyzed by Illumina sequencing. A 3-week supplementation with CG is well tolerated in healthy humans. CG induces specific changes in the gut microbiota composition, with Eubacterium, Dorea and Roseburia genera showing the strongest regulation. In addition, CG increased bacterial metabolites in feces including butyric, iso-valeric, caproic and vaccenic acids. No major changes were observed for the fecal BA profile following CG intervention. In summary, our work reveals new potential bacterial genera and gut microbiota-derived metabolites characterizing the interaction between an insoluble dietary fiber -CG- and the gut microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Rodriguez
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Audrey M. Neyrinck
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Zhengxiao Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Benjamin Seethaler
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Julie-Anne Nazare
- Rhône-Alpes Research Center for Human Nutrition, Université-Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Cándido Robles Sánchez
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martin Roumain
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Giulio G. Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laure B. Bindels
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrice D. Cani
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium,WELBIO- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Martine Laville
- Rhône-Alpes Research Center for Human Nutrition, Université-Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Stephan C. Bischoff
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jens Walter
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada,APC Microbiome Ireland, Department of Medicine, and School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Nathalie M. Delzenne
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium,CONTACT Nathalie M. Delzenne Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Angers P, Arul J, Jacques H. Cyclic Fatty Acid Monomers or the Potential Wild Card in
Trans
Fats. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Angers
- Department of Food Sciences Université Laval 2425 rue de l'Agriculture Québec QC G1V 0A6 Canada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods Université Laval 2440 boulevard Hochelaga Québec QC G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Joseph Arul
- Department of Food Sciences Université Laval 2425 rue de l'Agriculture Québec QC G1V 0A6 Canada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods Université Laval 2440 boulevard Hochelaga Québec QC G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Hélène Jacques
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods Université Laval 2440 boulevard Hochelaga Québec QC G1V 0A6 Canada
- School of Nutrition Université Laval 2425 rue de l'Agriculture Québec QC G1V 0A6 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ability of tannins to modulate ruminal lipid metabolism and milk and meat fatty acid profiles. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
7
|
Guillocheau E, Legrand P, Rioux V. Trans-palmitoleic acid (trans-9-C16:1, or trans-C16:1 n-7): Nutritional impacts, metabolism, origin, compositional data, analytical methods and chemical synthesis. A review. Biochimie 2019; 169:144-160. [PMID: 31837411 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Since the early 2010s, dietary trans-palmitoleic acid (trans-9-hexadecenoic acid, trans-9-C16:1 in the Δ-nomenclature, trans-C16:1 n-7 in the Ω-nomenclature, TPA) has been epidemiologically associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes in humans. Thanks to these findings, TPA has become a nutrient of interest. However, there is a lot of unresolved crucial questions about this dietary fatty acid. Is TPA a natural trans fatty acid? What kind of foods ensures intakes in TPA? What about its metabolism? How does dietary TPA act to prevent type 2 diabetes? What are the biological mechanisms involved in this physiological effect? Clearly, it is high time to answer all these questions with the very first review specifically dedicated to this intriguing fatty acid. Aiming at getting an overview, we shall try to give an answer to all these questions, relying on appropriate and accurate scientific results. Briefly, this review underlines that TPA is indeed a natural trans fatty acid which is metabolically linked to other well-known natural trans fatty acids. Knowledge on physiological impacts of dietary TPA is limited so far to epidemiological data, awaiting for supplementation studies. In this multidisciplinary review, we also emphasize on methodological topics related to TPA, particularly when it comes to the quantification of TPA in foods and human plasma. As a conclusion, we highlight promising health benefits of dietary TPA; however, there is a strong lack in well-designed studies in both the nutritional and the analytical area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Guillocheau
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Agrocampus-Ouest - Rennes, France; French Dairy Interbranch Organization (CNIEL), Technical and Scientific Department - Paris, France
| | - Philippe Legrand
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Agrocampus-Ouest - Rennes, France
| | - Vincent Rioux
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Agrocampus-Ouest - Rennes, France.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu R, Cheng M, Kothapalli KSD, Wang Z, Mendralla E, Park HG, Block RC, Wang X, Brenna JT. Glycerol derived process contaminants in refined coconut oil induce cholesterol synthesis in HepG2 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 127:135-142. [PMID: 30878531 PMCID: PMC6467815 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite its 50-year history, the conventional diet-heart hypothesis holding that dietary saturated fats raise serum cholesterol, and with it, cardiovascular risk, remains controversial. Harsh chemical and physical treatment generates process contaminants, and refined oils raise serum and tissue cholesterol in vivo independent of saturated fat content. We developed an in vitro bioassay for rapidly assessing the influence of oils on cholesterol metabolism in the human liver HepG2 cell line, and tested it using coconut oil (CO) of various stages of refinement. CO was dissolved with dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) surfactant, solvent evaporated, and emulsified into fat-free cell culture media. After 24 h treatment cellular cholesterol and triacylglycerol increased; HMG-CoA Reductase (HMGCR) increased and CYP7A1 (cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase) decreased with sequential processing steps, deacidification, bleaching, deodorization, while fatty acid profiles were not affected. Glycerol-derived process contaminants glycidyl esters and monochloropropandiol (MCPD) increased with processing. Addition of glycidyl or MCPD to virgin CO (VCO) had similar effects to processing, while addition of phenolic antioxidants to fully refined CO reduced HMGCR and increased CYP7A1. We conclude that harsh processing creates contaminants that raise cholesterol levels in vitro, consistent with a role as a contributing atherosclerotic factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruijie Liu
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA; Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition of Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu Province, PR China; Dell Pediatric Research Institute and the Depts. of Chemistry, of Pediatrics, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, TX, 78723, USA
| | - Min Cheng
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition of Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Kumar S D Kothapalli
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA; Dell Pediatric Research Institute and the Depts. of Chemistry, of Pediatrics, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, TX, 78723, USA
| | - Zhen Wang
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA; Dell Pediatric Research Institute and the Depts. of Chemistry, of Pediatrics, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, TX, 78723, USA
| | - Elizabeth Mendralla
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Hui Gyu Park
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA; Dell Pediatric Research Institute and the Depts. of Chemistry, of Pediatrics, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, TX, 78723, USA
| | - Robert C Block
- Department of Community and Preventive Medicine and Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, The University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Saunders Research Building, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Xingguo Wang
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition of Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - J Thomas Brenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA; Dell Pediatric Research Institute and the Depts. of Chemistry, of Pediatrics, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, TX, 78723, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hilali M, Rischkowsky B, Iñiguez L, Mayer H, Schreiner M. Changes in the milk fatty acid profile of Awassi sheep in response to supplementation with agro-industrial by-products. Small Rumin Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
10
|
Gotoh N, Kagiono S, Yoshinaga K, Mizobe H, Nagai T, Yoshida A, Beppu F, Nagao K. Study of Trans Fatty Acid Formation in Oil by Heating Using Model Compounds. J Oleo Sci 2018; 67:273-281. [PMID: 29459509 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess17209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The intake of trans fatty acids (TFAs) in foods changes the ratio of low density lipoprotein (LDL) to high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in blood, which causes cardiovascular disease. TFAs are formed by trans isomerization of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). The most recognized formation mechanisms of TFAs are hydrogenation of liquid oil to form partially hydrogenated oil (PHO,) and biohydrogenation of UFAs to form TFA in ruminants. Heating oil also forms TFAs; however, the mechanism of formation, and the TFA isomers formed have not been well investigated. In this study, the trans isomerization mechanism of unsaturated fatty acid formation by heating was examined using the model compounds oleic acid, trioleate, linoleic acid, and trilinoleate for liquid plant oil. The formation of TFAs was found to be suppressed by the addition of an antioxidant and argon gas. Furthermore, the quantity of formed TFAs correlated with the quantity of formed polymer in trioleate heated with air and oxygen. These results suggest that radical reactions form TFAs from UFAs by heating. Furthermore, trans isomerization by heating oleic acid and linoleic acid did not change the original double bond positions. Therefore, the distribution of TFA isomers formed was very simple. In contrast, the mixtures of TFA isomers formed from PHO and ruminant UFAs are complicated because migration of double bonds occurs during hydrogenation and biohydrogenation. These findings suggest that trans isomerization by heating is executed by a completely different mechanism than in hydrogenation and biohydrogenation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naohiro Gotoh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
| | - Satoshi Kagiono
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
| | - Kazuaki Yoshinaga
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
| | | | | | - Akihiko Yoshida
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
| | | | - Koji Nagao
- Department of Applied Biochemistry and Food Science, Saga University
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li J, Hu SB, He YM, Zhuo CF, Zhou RL, Chen F, Li HY, Deng ZY. 9c11tCLA modulates 11t18:1 and 9t18:1 induced inflammations differently in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1535. [PMID: 29367652 PMCID: PMC5784167 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19729-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial inflammation is recognized as the initial stage of a multistep process leading to coronary heart disease (CHD). Recently, the different effects of industrial trans fatty acids (elaidic acid, 9t18:1) and ruminant trans fatty acids (vaccenic acid, 11t18:1) on CHD have been reported in epidemiological and animal studies, however, the mechanism was not fully studied. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore the underlying mechanism by which 9t18:1 and 11t18:1 affect human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) inflammation. We found that 9c11t-CLA modulated the inflammation of HUVECs induced by 9t18:1 and 11t18:1. Fatty acid composition, pro-inflammatory factors, phosphorylation of MAPKs, and the TLR4 level in HUVECs altered by 11t18:1 induction, collectively suggest that the bio-conversion of 11t18:1 to 9c11tCLA might be the cause why 11t18:1 and 9t18:1 have distinct influences on endothelial injuries. It was concluded that it is biosynthesis of 9c11t CLA from11t18:1, and the modulation of TLR4-MAPK pathway by 9c11t CLA, which at least partially account for the slight effect of 11t18:1 on endothelial inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Sheng-Ben Hu
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Yue-Ming He
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Cheng-Fei Zhuo
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Ruo-Lin Zhou
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Fang Chen
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Hong-Yan Li
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Ze-Yuan Deng
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China. .,Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nagao K, Yoshinaga K, Nagai T, Mizobe H, Yoshida A, Beppu F, Gotoh N. Comparison of the Effect of trans Fatty Acid Isomers on Apolipoprotein A1 and B Secretion in HepG2 Cells. J Oleo Sci 2017; 66:1175-1181. [PMID: 28924084 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess17074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intake of trans fatty acid (TFA) is believed to change the ratio of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) to high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in blood, which leads to cardiovascular disease. In this study, thirteen types of TFA including monoene type TFA (trans-octadecenoic fatty acid isomers, t-18:1 isomers), diene type TFA (t9,t12-18:2), and triene type TFA (t-18:3) were added to cultured HepG2 cells to compare the amount of apolipoprotein A1 and B (those relating to levels of HDL and LDL cholesterol in blood, respectively) being secreted. We found that trans-5-18:1 increased the secretion of apolipoprotein B relative to oleic acid (cis-9-18:1, control). Secretion of apolipoprotein B was also increased by t-18:3; however, the amount was not significant compared with that observed in the control. The secretion amount of apolipoprotein B tended to increase with the number of double bonds in TFA among trans-9-18:1, t9,t12-18:2, and t-18:3. The secretion amount of apolipoprotein A1 after TFA treatment was also measured. No significant difference was detected among t-18:1 groups; however, t-18:3 increased the amount significantly compared to that in the control. These results suggest that the effect of TFA isomers on the ratio of LDL to HDL cholesterol in the blood follows a mechanism different from that in cultured cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Nagao
- Department of Applied Biochemistry and Food Science, Saga University
| | | | | | | | | | - Fumiaki Beppu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
| | - Naohiro Gotoh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
The effects of trans-fatty acids on TAG regulation in mice depend on dietary unsaturated fatty acids. Br J Nutr 2017; 116:611-20. [PMID: 27464460 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516002415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of trans-fatty acids (TFA) on liver and serum TAG regulation in mice fed diets containing different proportions of n-3, n-6 and n-9 unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) from olive (O), maize (C) or rapeseed (R) oils partially substituted or not with TFA (Ot, Ct and Rt, respectively). Male CF1 mice were fed (30 d) one of these diets. The effects of the partial substitution (1 %, w/w) of different UFA with TFA on the activity and expression of hepatic enzymes involved in lipogenesis and fatty acids oxidation were evaluated, as well as their transcription factor expressions. Some of the mechanisms involved in the serum TAG regulation, hepatic VLDL rich in TAG (VLDL-TAG) secretion rate and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity were assessed. In liver, TFA induced an increase in TAG content in the Ot and Rt groups, and this effect was associated with an imbalance between lipogenesis and β-oxidation. In the Ot group, exacerbated lipogenesis may be one of the mechanisms responsible for the liver steatosis induced by TFA, whereas in Rt it has been related to a decreased β-oxidation, compared with their respective controls. The enhanced hepatic VLDL-TAG secretion in the Ot and Rt groups was compensated with a differential removal of TAG by LPL enzyme in extrahepatic tissues, leading to unchanged serum TAG levels. In brief, the effects of low levels of TFA on liver and serum TAG regulation in mice depend on the dietary proportions of n-3, n-6 and n-9 UFA.
Collapse
|
14
|
Wada Y, Yoshida-Yamamoto S, Wada Y, Nakayama M, Mitsuda N, Kitajima H. Trans fatty acid accumulation in the human placenta. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2017; 52:139-143. [PMID: 28124800 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Trans fatty acid may impair fetal growth and infant neurodevelopment, but the quantity in a placenta and human tissues remains unknown. To address the issue, a simple and reliable method of quantification is needed. We established a method of quantifying trans-octadecenoic acids (trans-6,8,9,11 18:1 fatty acids, TOAs), a major component of trans fatty acid, in human tissue samples, and then determined the TOAs level in the placenta. Oleic acid (OA) (C18:1(9c)) was measured by isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the TOAs level was subsequently calculated based on the ratio of the peak areas for TOAs and OA (TOAs/OA) in the mass chromatogram. Lipids were extracted from 28 human placentas at different gestational ages from 28 to 41 weeks, and the TOAs and OA levels were measured. In method validation, the limit of detection for elaidic acid (trans-9,18:1 fatty acid), a major component of TOAs, was 0.57 ng, and linearity of calibration ranging from 7.7 to 68.0 μg/g placenta for TOAs. In human placenta analysis, the TOAs level was significantly higher in term (n = 15, 40.2 ± 9.7 μg/g placenta) than in preterm placentas (n = 13, 18.9 ± 7.4 μg/g placenta) (p < 0.001), while OA levels were similar in term (n = 15, 863 ± 132 μg/g placenta) and preterm (n = 13, 743 ± 283 μg/g placenta) placentas (p = 0.15). TOAs accumulate in the placenta as pregnancy progresses and have a fate different from that of OA in vivo. To our knowledge, this is the first report of TOA quantification in human tissue samples. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro Wada
- Pediatrics, Rinku General Medical Center, 2-23, Rinku Ourai Kita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8577, Japan
| | - Shumi Yoshida-Yamamoto
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Mukogawa Women's University, 6-46, Ikebirakicho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8558, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Wada
- Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, 840, Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka, 594-1101, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakayama
- Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, 840, Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka, 594-1101, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Mitsuda
- Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, 840, Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka, 594-1101, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kitajima
- Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, 840, Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka, 594-1101, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Vahmani P, Meadus WJ, da Silva ML, Mitchell AD, Mapiye C, Duff P, Rolland DC, Dugan ME. A trans10-18:1 enriched fraction from beef fed a barley grain-based diet induces lipogenic gene expression and reduces viability of HepG2 cells. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 7:84-90. [PMID: 28955893 PMCID: PMC5613299 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Beef fat is a natural source of trans (t) fatty acids, and is typically enriched with either t10-18:1 or t11-18:1. Little is known about the bioactivity of individual t-18:1 isomers, and the present study compared the effects of t9-18:1, cis (c)9-18:1 and trans (t)-18:1 fractions isolated from beef fat enriched with either t10-18:1 (HT10) or t11-18:1 (HT11). All 18:1 isomers resulted in reduced human liver (HepG2) cell viability relative to control. Both c9-18:1 and HT11were the least toxic, t9-18:1had dose response increased toxicity, and HT10 had the greatest toxicity (P<0.05). Incorporation of t18:1 isomers was 1.8-2.5 fold greater in triacylglycerol (TG) than phospholipids (PL), whereas Δ9 desaturation products were selectively incorporated into PL. Culturing HepG2 cells with t9-18:1 and HT10 increased (P<0.05) the Δ9 desaturation index (c9-16:1/16:0) compared to other fatty acid treatments. HT10 and t9-18:1 also increased expression of lipogenic genes (FAS, SCD1, HMGCR and SREBP2) compared to control (P<0.05), whereas c9-18:1 and HT11 did not affect the expression of these genes. Our results suggest effects of HT11 and c9-18:1 were similar to BSA control, whereas HT10 and t-9 18:1 (i.e. the predominant trans fatty acid isomer found in partially hydrogenated vegetable oils) were more cytotoxic and led to greater expression of lipogenic genes.
Collapse
Key Words
- ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxylase
- Ag+-SPE, silver ion solid phase extraction
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- Beef
- Cell culture
- Cytotoxicity
- FAS, fatty acid synthase
- Fatty acid metabolism
- HMGCR, 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA reductase
- HT10, high-t10 fraction
- HT11, high-t11 fraction
- Liver
- MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids
- PHVO, partially hydrogenated vegetable oils
- PL, phospholipid
- PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids
- SCD1, stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1
- SFA, saturated fatty acid
- SREBP1c, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c
- SREBP2, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2
- TG, triacylglycerol
- TLC, thin layer chromatography
- Trans fatty acids
- c,, cis
- t, trans
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Payam Vahmani
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada
| | - William J. Meadus
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada
| | - Maria L.P. da Silva
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Alec D. Mitchell
- Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Cletos Mapiye
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, P. Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Pascale Duff
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada
| | - David C. Rolland
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael E.R. Dugan
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jacome-Sosa M, Vacca C, Mangat R, Diane A, Nelson RC, Reaney MJ, Shen J, Curtis JM, Vine DF, Field CJ, Igarashi M, Piomelli D, Banni S, Proctor SD. Vaccenic acid suppresses intestinal inflammation by increasing anandamide and related N-acylethanolamines in the JCR:LA-cp rat. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:638-49. [PMID: 26891736 PMCID: PMC4808772 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m066308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccenic acid (VA), the predominant ruminant-derived trans fat in the food chain, ameliorates hyperlipidemia, yet mechanisms remain elusive. We investigated whether VA could influence tissue endocannabinoids (ECs) by altering the availability of their biosynthetic precursor, arachidonic acid (AA), in membrane phospholipids (PLs). JCR:LA-cp rats were assigned to a control diet with or without VA (1% w/w), cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) (1% w/w) or VA+CLA (1% + 0.5% w/w) for 8 weeks. VA reduced the EC, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), in the liver and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) relative to control diet (P < 0.001), but did not change AA in tissue PLs. There was no additive effect of combining VA+CLA on 2-AG relative to VA alone (P > 0.05). Interestingly, VA increased jejunal concentrations of anandamide and those of the noncannabinoid signaling molecules, oleoylethanolamide and palmitoylethanolamide, relative to control diet (P < 0.05). This was consistent with a lower jejunal protein abundance (but not activity) of their degrading enzyme, fatty acid amide hydrolase, as well as the mRNA expression of TNFα and interleukin 1β (P < 0.05). The ability of VA to reduce 2-AG in the liver and VAT provides a potential mechanistic explanation to alleviate ectopic lipid accumulation. The opposing regulation of ECs and other noncannabinoid lipid signaling molecules by VA suggests an activation of benefit via the EC system in the intestine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Jacome-Sosa
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease Laboratory, Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Alberta Diabetes and Mazankowski Heart Institutes, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Claudia Vacca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Rabban Mangat
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease Laboratory, Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Alberta Diabetes and Mazankowski Heart Institutes, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Abdoulaye Diane
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease Laboratory, Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Alberta Diabetes and Mazankowski Heart Institutes, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Randy C Nelson
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease Laboratory, Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Alberta Diabetes and Mazankowski Heart Institutes, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Martin J Reaney
- Department of Plant Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jianheng Shen
- Department of Plant Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jonathan M Curtis
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Donna F Vine
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease Laboratory, Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Alberta Diabetes and Mazankowski Heart Institutes, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Catherine J Field
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Miki Igarashi
- Laboratory for Medical Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Pharmacology, and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Sebastiano Banni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Spencer D Proctor
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease Laboratory, Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Alberta Diabetes and Mazankowski Heart Institutes, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mozaffarian D. Natural trans fat, dairy fat, partially hydrogenated oils, and cardiometabolic health: the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health Study. Eur Heart J 2015; 37:1079-81. [PMID: 26582177 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dariush Mozaffarian
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science & Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Beppu F, Asanuma M, Kawamura Y, Nagai T, Yoshinaga K, Mizobe H, Kojima K, Kasatani S, Nagao K, Kubo A, Kanda J, Gotoh N. Trans-octadecenoic Acid Positional Isomers Have Different Accumulation and Catabolism Properties in Mice. J Oleo Sci 2015; 64:1159-67. [PMID: 26521809 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess15139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trans fatty acids (TFA) are considered risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), while the details of distribution and metabolism of the individual isomers are not clear. Here we investigated the accumulation and catabolic rate of TFA positional isomers of octadecenoic acid (18:1) in mice. ICR mice were fed deuterium- and [1-(13)C] stable isotope-labeled trans-9-18:1 (9t-18:1*), trans-10-18:1 (10t-18:1*), or trans-11-18:1 (11t-18:1*) for 2 or 4 weeks, or a TFA mixture (9t-18:1*, 10t-18:1*, and 11t-18:1*) for 3 weeks. Analysis of whole-body tissues by gas chromatography-chemical ionization mass spectrometry revealed the highest 9t-18:1* levels in the heart. Significant differences in the accumulation of the respective trans-18:1 were observed in the heart and erythrocytes, where 9t- > 11t- > 10t-18:1*, but no significant difference was observed in the liver or white adipose tissue (WAT). Mice fed on 11t-18:1 demonstrated accumulation of endogenously synthesized conjugated linoleic acid in the liver, WAT, and heart, but any other metabolites were not found in other groups. Furthermore, we analyzed catabolic rates of single-dose-administered trans-18:1* isomers into [(13)C]-labeled CO2 using isotope-ratio mass spectrometry, and the 10t-18:1*catabolic rate was significantly higher than those of 9t- and 11t-18:1*. We found that the accumulation and catabolism of trans-18:1 positional isomers varied in these mice. Differential accumulation in tissues suggests that individual TFA positional isomers may play different roles in human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Beppu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Double Bond Position Plays an Important Role in Delta-9 Desaturation and Lipogenic Properties of Trans 18:1 Isomers in Mouse Adipocytes. Lipids 2015; 50:1253-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4080-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
20
|
Mapiye C, Vahmani P, Mlambo V, Muchenje V, Dzama K, Hoffman L, Dugan M. The trans-octadecenoic fatty acid profile of beef: Implications for global food and nutrition security. Food Res Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
21
|
Commentary on ‘Influence of virgin coconut oil-enriched diet on the transcriptional regulation of fatty acid synthesis and oxidation in rats – a comparative study’ by Sakunthala Arunima and Thankappan Rajamohan. Br J Nutr 2014; 112:1425-6. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514002505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
22
|
Jacome-Sosa MM, Borthwick F, Mangat R, Uwiera R, Reaney MJ, Shen J, Quiroga AD, Jacobs RL, Lehner R, Proctor SD, Nelson RC. Diets enriched in trans-11 vaccenic acid alleviate ectopic lipid accumulation in a rat model of NAFLD and metabolic syndrome. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 25:692-701. [PMID: 24775093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Trans11-18:1 (vaccenic acid, VA) is one of the most predominant naturally occurring trans fats in our food chain and has recently been shown to exert hypolipidemic effects in animal models. In this study, we reveal new mechanism(s) by which VA can alter body fat distribution, energy utilization and dysfunctional lipid metabolism in an animal model of obesity displaying features of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). Obese JCR:LA-cp rats were assigned to a control diet that included dairy-derived fat or the control diet supplemented with 1% VA. VA reduced total body fat (-6%), stimulated adipose tissue redistribution [reduced mesenteric fat (-17%) while increasing inguinal fat mass (29%)] and decreased adipocyte size (-44%) versus control rats. VA supplementation also increased metabolic rate (7%) concomitantly with an increased preference for whole-body glucose utilization for oxidation and increased insulin sensitivity [lower HOMA-IR (-59%)]. Further, VA decreased nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity scores (-34%) and reduced hepatic (-27%) and intestinal (-39%) triglyceride secretion relative to control diet, while exerting differential transcriptional regulation of SREBP1 and FAS amongst other key genes in the liver and the intestine. Adding VA to dairy fat alleviates features of MetS potentially by remodeling adipose tissue and attenuating ectopic lipid accumulation in a rat model of obesity and MetS. Increasing VA content in the diet (naturally or by fortification) may be a useful approach to maximize the health value of dairy-derived fats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Miriam Jacome-Sosa
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease Laboratory, Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Alberta Diabetes and Mazankowski Heart Institutes, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Faye Borthwick
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease Laboratory, Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Alberta Diabetes and Mazankowski Heart Institutes, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Rabban Mangat
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease Laboratory, Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Alberta Diabetes and Mazankowski Heart Institutes, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Richard Uwiera
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Martin J Reaney
- Department of Plant Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jianheng Shen
- Department of Plant Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Ariel D Quiroga
- Department of Pediatrics, Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, AB, Canada
| | - René L Jacobs
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease Laboratory, Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Alberta Diabetes and Mazankowski Heart Institutes, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Richard Lehner
- Department of Pediatrics, Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, AB, Canada
| | - Spencer D Proctor
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease Laboratory, Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Alberta Diabetes and Mazankowski Heart Institutes, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tsiplakou E, Zervas G. The effect of fish and soybean oil inclusion in goat diet on their milk and plasma fatty acid profile. Livest Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2013.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
24
|
Current issues surrounding the definition of trans-fatty acids: implications for health, industry and food labels. Br J Nutr 2013; 110:1369-83. [PMID: 23597388 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513001086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The definition of trans-fatty acids (TFA) was established by the Codex Alimentarius to guide nutritional and legislative regulations to reduce TFA consumption. Currently, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is excluded from the TFA definition based on evidence (primarily preclinical studies) implying health benefits on weight management and cancer prevention. While the efficacy of CLA supplements remains inconsistent in randomised clinical trials, evidence has emerged to associate supplemental CLA with negative health outcomes, including increased subclinical inflammation and oxidative stress (particularly at high doses). This has resulted in concerns regarding the correctness of excluding CLA from the TFA definition. Here we review recent clinical and preclinical literature on health implications of CLA and ruminant TFA, and highlight several issues surrounding the current Codex definition of TFA and how it may influence interpretation for public health. We find that CLA derived from ruminant foods differ from commercial CLA supplements in their isomer composition/distribution, consumption level and bioactivity. We conclude that health concerns associated with the use of supplemental CLA do not repudiate the exclusion of all forms of CLA from the Codex TFA definition, particularly when using the definition for food-related purposes. Given the emerging differential bioactivity of TFA from industrial v. ruminant sources, we advocate that regional nutrition guidelines/policies should focus on eliminating industrial forms of trans-fat from processed foods as opposed to all TFA per se.
Collapse
|
25
|
Changes in milk and plasma fatty acid profile in response to fish and soybean oil supplementation in dairy sheep. J DAIRY RES 2013; 80:205-13. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022029913000137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
An effective strategy for enhancing the bioactive fatty acids (FA) in sheep milk could be dietary supplementation with a moderate level of a combination of soybean oil with fish oil (SFO) without negative effects on milk yield and its chemical composition. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of a moderate forage diet supplementation with SFO on milk chemical composition and FA profile, as well as on plasma FA. Twelve dairy sheep were assigned to two homogenous sub-groups. Treatments involved a control diet without added oil, and a diet supplemented with 23·6 g soybean oil and 4·7 g fish oil per kg dry matter (DM) of the total ration. The results showed that SFO diet had no effect on milk yield and chemical composition. In blood plasma the concentrations oftrans-11C18:2(VA), C18:2n-6, C20:5n-3(EPA) and C22:6n-3(DHA) were significantly higher while those of C14:0, C16:0and C18:0were lower in sheep fed with SFO diet compared with control. The SFO supplementation of sheep diet increased the concentrations of VA,cis-9, trans-11C18:2CLA,trans-10, cis-12, C18:2CLA, EPA, DHA, monounsaturated FA (MUFA), polyusaturated fatty acids (PUFA) andn-3 FA and decreased those of short chain FA (SCFA), medium chain FA (MCFA), the saturated/unsaturated ratio and the atherogenicity index value in milk compared with the control. In conclussion, the SFO supplementation at the above levels in a sheep diet, with moderate forage to concentrate ratio, improved the milk FA profile from human health standpoint without negative effects on its chemical composition.
Collapse
|
26
|
Iwasaki T, Higashikawa K, Reddy VP, Ho WWS, Fujimoto Y, Fukase K, Terao J, Kuniyasu H, Kambe N. NickelButadiene Catalytic System for the Cross-Coupling of Bromoalkanoic Acids with Alkyl Grignard Reagents: A Practical and Versatile Method for Preparing Fatty Acids. Chemistry 2013; 19:2956-60. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201204222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
27
|
Herrera-Meza MS, Mendoza-López MR, García-Barradas O, Sanchez-Otero MG, Silva-Hernández ER, Angulo JO, Oliart-Ros RM. Dietary anhydrous milk fat naturally enriched with conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid modify cardiovascular risk biomarkers in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2013; 64:575-86. [DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2013.763908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
28
|
Rice BH, Kraft J, Destaillats F, Bauman DE, Lock AL. Ruminant-produced trans-fatty acids raise plasma HDL particle concentrations in intact and ovariectomized female Hartley guinea pigs. J Nutr 2012; 142:1679-83. [PMID: 22810990 PMCID: PMC3417830 DOI: 10.3945/jn.112.160077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death among women worldwide, and risk for developing CVD increases postmenopause. Consumption of trans-fatty acids (tFA) has been positively associated with CVD incidence and mortality. The current study was designed to assess the effects of diets high in industrially produced (IP)-tFA, from partially hydrogenated vegetable oils (PHVO), and ruminant-produced (RP)-tFA, from butter oil (BO), on risk factors for CVD. Thirty-two female Hartley guinea pigs, one-half of which were ovariectomized (OVX) to mimic the postmenopausal condition, were fed hypercholesterolemic diets containing 9% by weight PHVO or BO (n = 8/diet and ovariectomy) for 8 wk. The plasma and hepatic lipids did not differ between IP- and RP-tFA groups or between intact and OVX guinea pigs. The BO diet resulted in higher concentrations of plasma total and small HDL particle subclass concentrations than the PHVO diet regardless of ovariectomy status. The intact BO group had higher concentrations of large HDL particles than the intact PHVO group. HDL mean particle size tended to be larger (P = 0.07) in the PHVO groups compared with the BO groups regardless of ovariectomy status. There was a trend toward an interaction between diet and ovariectomy status for LDL mean particle size, which tended to be larger in OVX guinea pigs fed PHVO (P = 0.07). In summary, consumption of IP- and RP-tFA resulted in differential effects on HDL particle subclass profiles in female guinea pigs. The effect of tFA consumption and hormonal status on HDL particle subclass metabolism and the subsequent impact on CVD in females warrants further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beth H. Rice
- Department of Animal Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - Jana Kraft
- Department of Animal Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | | | - Dale E. Bauman
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; and
| | - Adam L. Lock
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wang Y, Jacome-Sosa MM, Ruth MR, Lu Y, Shen J, Reaney MJ, Scott SL, Dugan MER, Anderson HD, Field CJ, Proctor SD, Vine DF. The intestinal bioavailability of vaccenic acid and activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α and -γ in a rodent model of dyslipidemia and the metabolic syndrome. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 56:1234-46. [PMID: 22714958 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Evidence suggests a neutral to beneficial role of certain trans fatty acids (TFA) from natural ruminant sources. Trans11-18:1 (vaccenic acid, VA), the most predominant ruminant TFA and a precursor to conjugated linoleic acid, has been shown to improve atherogenic dyslipidemia and symptoms of hepatic steatosis in animal models. The objective of this study was to assess the intestinal bioavailability of various VA sources including synthetic free fatty acid (FFA) and natural ruminant triglyceride forms, as well as the mechanistic pathways that mediate VA's bioactivity. METHODS AND RESULTS VA acts as a partial agonist to both peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR)-α and PPAR-γ in vitro, with similar affinity compared to commonly known PPAR agonists. It was further confirmed that VA at 30 and 100 μM concentrations suppressed cardiomyocyte hypertrophy vitro in a PPAR-α- and PPAR-γ-dependent manner. In vivo, feeding of VA (1%, w/w) resulted in increased mRNA and protein expression of PPAR-γ in the mucosa of JCR:LA-cp rats, a model of the metabolic syndrome (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively) compared to control. In addition, VA from a triglyceride source had greater intestinal bioavailability in vivo compared to VA provided in an FFA form (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION The activation of PPAR-α- and PPAR-γ-dependent pathways provides a mechanistic explanation of how VA improves blood lipids and related metabolic disorders during conditions of hyperlipidemia. This report also supports the consideration of differential reporting of industrially produced versus natural TFA on food nutrient labels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wang
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease Laboratory, Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids Group, Alberta Diabetes and Mazankowski Heart Institutes, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
The role of ruminant trans fat as a potential nutraceutical in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
31
|
Fievez V, Colman E, Castro-Montoya J, Stefanov I, Vlaeminck B. Milk odd- and branched-chain fatty acids as biomarkers of rumen function—An update. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
32
|
Renna M, Cornale P, Lussiana C, Malfatto V, Fortina R, Mimosi A, Battaglini LM. Use of Pisum sativum (L.) as alternative protein resource in diets for dairy sheep: Effects on milk yield, gross composition and fatty acid profile. Small Rumin Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
33
|
RENNA MANUELA, CORNALE PAOLO, LUSSIANA CAROLA, MALFATTO VANDA, MIMOSI ANTONIO, BATTAGLINI LUCAM. Fatty acid profile of milk from goats fed diets with different levels of conserved and fresh forages. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0307.2011.00754.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
34
|
Kraft J, Spiltoir JI, Salter AM, Lock AL. Differential effects of the trans-18:1 isomer profile of partially hydrogenated vegetable oils on cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism in male F1B hamsters. J Nutr 2011; 141:1819-26. [PMID: 21880955 DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.143776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Trans-fatty acid consumption from partially hydrogenated vegetable oil (PHVO) has been positively associated with multiple cardiovascular disease risk factors and events. This study was designed to examine the effects of trans-fatty acid isomer profile of PHVO on plasma lipids and lipoproteins and hepatic expression of key genes involved in cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism. Thirty-three male F(1)B strain Syrian Golden Hamsters were allocated to 1 of 3 hypercholesterolemic diets containing (5% by weight): 1) tristearin [control fat (CON)]; 2) partially hydrogenated high-oleic acid sunflower oil (PH-SUN); or 3) partially hydrogenated high-linoleic acid safflower oil (PH-SAF). PH-SUN contained more trans-4 to trans-10 18:1 compared with PH-SAF, which contained more trans-11 to trans-16 18:1. The addition of both PHVO to the diet increased plasma total cholesterol concentrations relative to CON, but only PH-SUN increased the plasma ratio of non-HDL:HDL cholesterol compared with CON. PH-SUN increased VLDL (total, large, and medium) and IDL particle concentrations while decreasing total, medium, and small HDL particle concentrations relative to CON. Both PHVO diets increased the hepatic cholesterol ester concentration, whereas the hepatic TG concentration was lower in PH-SUN compared with PH-SAF and CON. Levels of hepatic LDL receptor, HMG-CoA reductase, and sterol response element binding protein 1 mRNA were specifically reduced in the PH-SUN group compared to the CON group. Expression of SREBP1c was upregulated in both PHVO groups compared to CON, whereas only the PH-SAF group had higher levels of the lipogenic enzymes acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 compared to CON. These results indicate that differences in the trans-fatty acid profile of PHVO can differentially affect lipid and lipoprotein metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Kraft
- Department of Animal Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Gebauer SK, Chardigny JM, Jakobsen MU, Lamarche B, Lock AL, Proctor SD, Baer DJ. Effects of ruminant trans fatty acids on cardiovascular disease and cancer: a comprehensive review of epidemiological, clinical, and mechanistic studies. Adv Nutr 2011; 2:332-54. [PMID: 22332075 PMCID: PMC3125683 DOI: 10.3945/an.111.000521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There are 2 predominant sources of dietary trans fatty acids (TFA) in the food supply, those formed during the industrial partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils (iTFA) and those formed by biohydrogenation in ruminants (rTFA), including vaccenic acid (VA) and the naturally occurring isomer of conjugated linoleic acid, cis-9, trans-11 CLA (c9,t11-CLA). The objective of this review is to evaluate the evidence base from epidemiological and clinical studies to determine whether intake of rTFA isomers, specifically VA and c9,t11-CLA, differentially affects risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer compared with iTFA. In addition, animal and cell culture studies are reviewed to explore potential pro- and antiatherogenic mechanisms of VA and c9,t11-CLA. Some epidemiological studies suggest that a positive association with coronary heart disease risk exists between only iTFA isomers and not rTFA isomers. Small clinical studies have been conducted to establish cause-and-effect relationships between these different sources of TFA and biomarkers or risk factors of CVD with inconclusive results. The lack of detection of treatment effects reported in some studies may be due to insufficient statistical power. Many studies have used doses of rTFA that are not realistically attainable via diet; thus, further clinical studies are warranted. Associations between iTFA intake and cancer have been inconsistent, and associations between rTFA intake and cancer have not been well studied. Clinical studies have not been conducted investigating the cause-and-effect relationship between iTFA and rTFA intake and risk for cancers. Further research is needed to determine the health effects of VA and c9,t11-CLA in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. Gebauer
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Jean-Michel Chardigny
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marianne Uhre Jakobsen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Benoît Lamarche
- Institute on Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A
| | - Adam L. Lock
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48864
| | - Spencer D. Proctor
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Laboratory, Alberta Institute for Human Nutrition and Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, AB, Canada T6G2P5
| | - David J. Baer
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Du ZY, Degrace P, Gresti J, Loreau O, Clouet P. Vaccenic and elaidic acid equally esterify into triacylglycerols, but differently into phospholipids of fed rat liver cells. Lipids 2011; 46:647-57. [PMID: 21614647 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-011-3569-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Elaidic acid (trans-9-C₁₈:₁ or trans-9) is assumed to exert atherogenic effects due to its double bond configuration. The possibility that trans-9 and vaccenic acid (trans-11-C₁₈:₁ or trans-11), its positional isomer, were biochemically equivalent and interchangeable compounds, was investigated by reference to their cis-isomers through esterification-related activities using rat liver cells and subcellular fractions. In hepatocytes, both trans-C₁₈:₁ were incorporated to the same extent in triacylglycerols, but trans-9 was more esterified than trans-11 into phospholipids (P < 0.05). Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase activity in microsomes was lower with trans-11 than with trans-9, while this activity in mitochondria was ~40% greater with trans-11 than with trans-9 (P < 0.05). Activity of 2-lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase in microsomes was of comparable extent with both trans isomers, but activity of 2-lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase was significantly greater with trans-9 than with trans-11 at P < 0.01. Lipoproteins secreted by hepatocytes reached equivalent levels in the presence of any isomers, but triacylglycerol production was more elevated with trans-11 than with trans-9 at P < 0.05. Cholesterol efflux from previously labelled hepatocytes was lower with trans-11 than with trans-9. When these cells were exposed to either trans-C₁₈:₁, the gene expression of proteins involved in fatty acid esterification and lipoprotein synthesis was unaffected, which indicates that the biochemical differences essentially depended on enzyme/substrate affinities. On the whole, vaccenic and elaidic acid were shown to incorporate cell phospholipids unequally, at least in vitro, which suggests they can differently affect lipid metabolic pathways in normal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yu Du
- Faculté des Sciences Gabriel, UMR 866, INSERM-UB, 21000, Dijon, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Xiangdong L, Yuanwu L, Hua Z, Liming R, Qiuyan L, Ning L. Animal models for the atherosclerosis research: a review. Protein Cell 2011; 2:189-201. [PMID: 21468891 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-011-1016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of death worldwide, and its mechanisms are still unclear. However, various animal models have significantly advanced our understanding of the mechanisms involved in atherosclerosis and have allowed the evaluation of therapeutic options. The aim of this paper is to review those animal models (i.e., rabbits, mice, rats, guinea pigs, hamsters, avian, carnivores, swine, and, non-human primates) that have been used to study atherosclerosis. Though there is no single perfect animal model that completely replicates the stages of human atherosclerosis, cholesterol feeding and mechanical endothelial injury are two common features shared by most models of atherosclerosis. Further, with the development of genetically modified animals, these models are significantly broadening our understanding of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiangdong
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Dillard A, Matthan NR, Lichtenstein AH. Use of hamster as a model to study diet-induced atherosclerosis. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2010; 7:89. [PMID: 21143982 PMCID: PMC3004901 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-7-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Golden-Syrian hamsters have been used as an animal model to assess diet-induced atherosclerosis since the early 1980s. Advantages appeared to include a low rate of endogenous cholesterol synthesis, receptor-mediated uptake of LDL cholesterol, cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity, hepatic apoB-100 and intestinal apoB-48 secretion, and uptake of the majority of LDL cholesterol via the LDL receptor pathway. Early work suggested hamsters fed high cholesterol and saturated fat diets responded similarly to humans in terms of lipoprotein metabolism and aortic lesion morphology. Recent work has not consistently replicated these findings. Reviewed was the literature related to controlled hamster feeding studies that assessed the effect of strain, background diet (non-purified, semi-purified) and dietary perturbation (cholesterol and/or fat) on plasma lipoprotein profiles and atherosclerotic lesion formation. F1B hamsters fed a non-purified cholesterol/fat-supplemented diet had more atherogenic lipoprotein profiles (nHDL-C > HDL-C) than other hamster strains or hamsters fed cholesterol/fat-supplemented semi-purified diets. However, fat type; saturated (SFA), monounsaturated or n-6 polyunsaturated (PUFA) had less of an effect on plasma lipoprotein concentrations. Cholesterol- and fish oil-supplemented semi-purified diets yielded highly variable results when compared to SFA or n-6 PUFA, which were antithetical to responses observed in humans. Dietary cholesterol and fat resulted in inconsistent effects on aortic lipid accumulation. No hamster strain was reported to consistently develop lesions regardless of background diet, dietary cholesterol or dietary fat type amount. In conclusion, at this time the Golden-Syrian hamster does not appear to be a useful model to determine the mechanism(s) of diet-induced development of atherosclerotic lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Dillard
- Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Nirupa R Matthan
- Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Alice H Lichtenstein
- Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Poad BLJ, Pham HT, Thomas MC, Nealon JR, Campbell JL, Mitchell TW, Blanksby SJ. Ozone-induced dissociation on a modified tandem linear ion-trap: observations of different reactivity for isomeric lipids. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2010; 21:1989-1999. [PMID: 20869881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2010.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Ozone-induced dissociation (OzID) exploits the gas-phase reaction between mass-selected lipid ions and ozone vapor to determine the position(s) of unsaturation. In this contribution, we describe the modification of a tandem linear ion-trap mass spectrometer specifically for OzID analyses wherein ozone vapor is supplied to the collision cell. This instrumental configuration provides spatial separation between mass-selection, the ozonolysis reaction, and mass-analysis steps in the OzID process and thus delivers significant enhancements in speed and sensitivity (ca. 30-fold). These improvements allow spectra revealing the double-bond position(s) within unsaturated lipids to be acquired within 1 s: significantly enhancing the utility of OzID in high-throughput lipidomic protocols. The stable ozone concentration afforded by this modified instrument also allows direct comparison of relative reactivity of isomeric lipids and reveals reactivity trends related to (1) double-bond position, (2) substitution position on the glycerol backbone, and (3) stereochemistry. For cis- and trans-isomers, differences were also observed in the branching ratio of product ions arising from the gas-phase ozonolysis reaction, suggesting that relative ion abundances could be exploited as markers for double-bond geometry. Additional activation energy applied to mass-selected lipid ions during injection into the collision cell (with ozone present) was found to yield spectra containing both OzID and classical-CID fragment ions. This combination CID-OzID acquisition on an ostensibly simple monounsaturated phosphatidylcholine within a cow brain lipid extract provided evidence for up to four structurally distinct phospholipids differing in both double-bond position and sn-substitution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berwyck L J Poad
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Gwynneville, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Rice BH, Kraft J, Destaillats F, Bauman DE, Lock AL. Ruminant-produced trans-fatty acids raise plasma total and small HDL particle concentrations in male Hartley guinea pigs. J Nutr 2010; 140:2173-9. [PMID: 20980644 PMCID: PMC2981004 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.127258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although trans-fatty acid (tFA) intake has been positively associated with coronary heart disease (CHD), the relative effect of consuming industrially produced (IP)- compared with ruminant-produced (RP)-tFA on CHD risk factors is unclear. This study was designed to examine the effects of feeding partially hydrogenated vegetable oil (PHVO), IP-tFA source, and butter oil (BO), RP-tFA source, on the development of atherosclerosis and risk factors associated with CHD. Forty-eight male Hartley guinea pigs were fed a hypercholesterolemic diet containing (9% by weight) PHVO, BO, coconut oil (CO; positive control), or soybean oil (SO; negative control) for 8 or 12 wk (n = 6/group). Morphological analysis revealed that none of the groups developed atherosclerosis. Plasma and hepatic lipids did not differ between the tFA groups, but total and small HDL particles were significantly higher in the BO group than in the PHVO group and mean HDL particle size was significantly smaller in the BO group than in the PHVO group. Compared with the other treatment groups, the SO treatment resulted in significantly lower total cholesterol (TC) and LDL cholesterol in plasma, whereas hepatic TC was significantly higher in the SO group than in the other treatment groups. Plasma and hepatic cholesterol concentrations did not differ between the tFA and CO treatments. These results demonstrate that when fed at a high dose, IP- and RP-tFA had the same effect on established CHD risk factors in male Hartley guinea pigs. The effects of RP-tFA on HDL particle sizes and concentrations warrant further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beth H. Rice
- Department of Animal Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Jana Kraft
- Department of Animal Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | | | - Dale E. Bauman
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Adam L. Lock
- Department of Animal Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405,Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Lecker JL, Matthan NR, Billheimer JT, Rader DJ, Lichtenstein AH. Impact of dietary fat type within the context of altered cholesterol homeostasis on cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism in the F1B hamster. Metabolism 2010; 59:1491-501. [PMID: 20197195 PMCID: PMC2891578 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2010.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol status and dietary fat alter several metabolic pathways reflected in lipoprotein profiles. To assess plasma lipoprotein response and mechanisms by which cholesterol and dietary fat type regulate expression of genes involved in lipoprotein metabolism, we developed an experimental model system using F1B hamsters fed diets (12 weeks) enriched in 10% (wt/wt) coconut, olive, or safflower oil with either high cholesterol (0.1%; cholesterol supplemented) or low cholesterol coupled with cholesterol-lowering drugs 10 days before killing (0.01% cholesterol, 0.15% lovastatin, 2% cholestyramine; cholesterol depleted). Irrespective of dietary fat, cholesterol depletion, relative to supplementation, resulted in lower plasma non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL) and HDL cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations (all Ps < .05). In the liver, these differences were associated with higher sterol regulatory element binding protein-2, low-density lipoprotein receptor, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, and 7α-hydroxylase messenger RNA (mRNA) levels; higher scavenger receptor B1 and apolipoprotein A-I mRNA and protein levels; lower apolipoprotein E protein levels; and in intestine, modestly lower sterol transporters adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC) A1, ABCG5, and ABCG8 mRNA levels. Irrespective of cholesterol status, coconut oil, relative to olive and safflower oils, resulted in higher non-HDL cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations (both Ps < .05) and modestly higher sterol regulatory element binding protein-2 mRNA levels. These data suggest that, in F1B hamsters, differences in plasma lipoprotein profiles in response to cholesterol depletion are associated with changes in the expression of genes involved in cholesterol metabolism, whereas the effect of dietary fat type on gene expression was modest, which limits the usefulness of the experimental animal model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime L. Lecker
- Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston MA
| | - Nirupa R. Matthan
- Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston MA
| | - Jeffrey T. Billheimer
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA
| | - Daniel J. Rader
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA
| | - Alice H. Lichtenstein
- Corresponding author. Alice H. Lichtenstein, DSc., JM USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111. Tel. 617-556-3127.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Jacome-Sosa MM, Lu J, Wang Y, Ruth MR, Wright DC, Reaney MJ, Shen J, Field CJ, Vine DF, Proctor SD. Increased hypolipidemic benefits of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid in combination with trans-11 vaccenic acid in a rodent model of the metabolic syndrome, the JCR:LA-cp rat. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2010; 7:60. [PMID: 20633302 PMCID: PMC3161353 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-7-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conjugated linoleic acid (cis-9, trans-11 CLA) and trans-11 vaccenic acid (VA) are found naturally in ruminant-derived foods. CLA has been shown to have numerous potential health related effects and has been extensively investigated. More recently, we have shown that VA has lipid-lowering properties associated with reduced hepatic lipidogenesis and chylomicron secretion in the JCR:LA-cp rat. The aim of this study was to evaluate potential additional hypolipidemic effects of purified forms of CLA and VA in an animal model of the metabolic syndrome (the JCR:LA-cp rat). METHODS Twenty four obese JCR:LA-cp rats were randomized and assigned to one of three nutritionally adequate iso-caloric diets containing 1% w/w cholesterol and 15% w/w fat for 16 wk: 1) control diet (CD), 2) 1.0% w/w cis-9, trans-11 CLA (CLA), 3) 1.0% w/w VA and 1% w/w cis-9, trans-11 CLA (VA+CLA). Lean rats were fed the CD to represent normolipidemic conditions. RESULTS Fasting plasma triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentrations were reduced in obese rats fed either the CLA diet or the VA+CLA diet as compared to the obese control group (p < 0.05, p < 0.001; p < 0.001, p < 0.01; p < 0.01, p < 0.001, respectively). The VA+CLA diet reduced plasma TG and LDL-cholesterol to the level of the normolipidemic lean rats and further decreased nonesterified fatty acids compared to the CLA diet alone. Interestingly, rats fed the VA+CLA diet had a higher food intake but lower body weight than the CLA fed group (P < 0.05). Liver weight and TG content were lower in rats fed either CLA (p < 0.05) or VA+CLA diets (p < 0.001) compared to obese control, consistent with a decreased relative protein abundance of hepatic acetyl-CoA carboxylase in both treatment groups (P < 0.01). The activity of citrate synthase was increased in liver and adipose tissue of rats fed, CLA and VA+CLA diets (p < 0.001) compared to obese control, suggesting increased mitochondrial fatty acid oxidative capacity. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that the hypolipidemic effects of chronic cis-9, trans-11 CLA supplementation on circulating dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis are enhanced by the addition of VA in the JCR:LA-cp rat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Miriam Jacome-Sosa
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Du ZY, Degrace P, Gresti J, Loreau O, Clouet P. Dissimilar properties of vaccenic versus elaidic acid in beta-oxidation activities and gene regulation in rat liver cells. Lipids 2010; 45:581-91. [PMID: 20508999 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-010-3428-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vaccenic acid (trans-11-C(18:1)) chemically resembles elaidic acid (trans-9-C(18:1)) which is assumed to increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases, and thus could exert similar effects. Possible different oxidation rates of vaccenic versus elaidic acid were checked in muscles and liver, and through related gene expression in normal rat liver cells. In hepatic mitochondria, carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) I exhibited comparable activity rates with both trans-isomers. CPT II activity was 30% greater (P < 0.05) with vaccenic than with elaidic acid as nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) or acyl-CoAs. Activity of the first beta-oxidation step was similar between the isomers in all the tissue slices and liver extracts assayed. Respiration rates were comparable with both trans-isomers as NEFAs in various liver extracts, but were 30% greater (P < 0.05) with vaccenoyl-CoA than with elaidoyl-CoA in liver mitochondria. Vaccenic acid was oxidised 25% more (P < 0.05) by liver peroxisomes than elaidic acid. In hepatocytes cultured with trans- and corresponding cis-C(18:1) isomers, gene expression of CPT I, hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase was at least 100% increased (P < 0.05), but was unchanged with vaccenic acid, relative to controls. In conclusion, the position and geometry of the double bonds in acyl chains are suggested to confer on vaccenic and elaidic acid specific biochemical properties that might differently affect their fates in tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yu Du
- Faculté des Sciences Gabriel, UMR 866, INSERM-UB, Equipe Physiopathologie des dyslipidémies, Université de Bourgogne, 21000, Dijon, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Wang Y, Jacome-Sosa MM, Vine DF, Proctor SD. Beneficial effects of vaccenic acid on postprandial lipid metabolism and dyslipidemia: Impact of natural trans
-fats to improve CVD risk. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/lite.201000016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
45
|
Ruth MR, Wang Y, Yu HM, Goruk S, Reaney MJ, Proctor SD, Vine DF, Field CJ. Vaccenic and elaidic acid modify plasma and splenocyte membrane phospholipids and mitogen-stimulated cytokine production in obese insulin resistant JCR: LA-cp rats. Nutrients 2010; 2:181-97. [PMID: 22254015 PMCID: PMC3257632 DOI: 10.3390/nu2020181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the long-term effects of dietary vaccenic acid (VA) and elaidic acid (EA) on plasma and splenocyte phospholipid (PL) composition and related changes in inflammation and splenocyte phenotypes and cytokine responses in obese/insulin resistant JCR:LA-cp rats. Relative to lean control (Ctl), obese Ctl rats had higher serum haptoglobin and impaired T-cell-stimulated cytokine responses. VA and EA diets improved T-cell-stimulated cytokine production; but, only VA normalized serum haptoglobin. However, EA- and VA-fed rats had enhanced LPS-stimulated cytokine responses. The changes elicited by VA were likely due changes in essential fatty acid composition in PL; whereas EA-induced changes may due to direct incorporation into membrane PL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan R. Ruth
- Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Robinson 4400, Boston, MA, 02118, USA;
| | - Ye Wang
- Alberta Institute for Human Nutrition, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada; (Y.W.), (H.-M.Y), (S.G.), (S.D.P.), (D.F.V.)
| | - Howe-Ming Yu
- Alberta Institute for Human Nutrition, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada; (Y.W.), (H.-M.Y), (S.G.), (S.D.P.), (D.F.V.)
| | - Susan Goruk
- Alberta Institute for Human Nutrition, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada; (Y.W.), (H.-M.Y), (S.G.), (S.D.P.), (D.F.V.)
| | - Martin J. Reaney
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada;
| | - Spencer D. Proctor
- Alberta Institute for Human Nutrition, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada; (Y.W.), (H.-M.Y), (S.G.), (S.D.P.), (D.F.V.)
| | - Donna F. Vine
- Alberta Institute for Human Nutrition, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada; (Y.W.), (H.-M.Y), (S.G.), (S.D.P.), (D.F.V.)
| | - Catherine J. Field
- Alberta Institute for Human Nutrition, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada; (Y.W.), (H.-M.Y), (S.G.), (S.D.P.), (D.F.V.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Anadón A, Martínez-Larrañaga MR, Martínez MA, Ares I, Ramos E, Gómez-Cortés P, Juárez M, De la Fuente MA. Acute oral safety study of dairy fat rich in trans-10 C18:1 versus vaccenic plus conjugated linoleic acid in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:591-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
47
|
Wang Y, Jacome-Sosa MM, Ruth MR, Goruk SD, Reaney MJ, Glimm DR, Wright DC, Vine DF, Field CJ, Proctor SD. Trans-11 vaccenic acid reduces hepatic lipogenesis and chylomicron secretion in JCR:LA-cp rats. J Nutr 2009; 139:2049-54. [PMID: 19759243 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.109488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trans-11 vaccenic acid (VA) is the predominant trans isomer in ruminant fat and a major precursor to the endogenous synthesis of cis9,trans11-conjugated linoleic acid in humans and animals. We have previously shown that 3-wk VA supplementation has a triglyceride (TG)-lowering effect in a rat model of dyslipidemia, obesity, and metabolic syndrome (JCR:LA-cp rats). The objective of this study was to assess the chronic effect (16 wk) of VA on lipid homeostasis in both the liver and intestine in obese JCR:LA-cp rats. Plasma TG (P < 0.001), total cholesterol (P < 0.001), LDL cholesterol (P < 0.01), and nonesterified fatty acid concentrations, as well as the serum haptoglobin concentration, were all lower in obese rats fed the VA diet compared with obese controls (P < 0.05). In addition, there was a decrease in the postprandial plasma apolipoprotein (apo)B48 area under the curve (P < 0.05) for VA-treated obese rats compared with obese controls. The hepatic TG concentration and the relative abundance of fatty acid synthase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase proteins were all lower (P < 0.05) in the VA-treated group compared with obese controls. Following acute gastrointestinal infusion of a VA-triolein emulsion in obese rats that had been fed the control diet for 3 wk, the TG concentration was reduced by 40% (P < 0.05) and the number of chylomicron (CM) particles (apoB48) in nascent mesenteric lymph was reduced by 30% (P < 0.01) relative to rats infused with a triolein emulsion alone. In conclusion, chronic VA supplementation significantly improved dyslipidemia in both the food-deprived and postprandial state in JCR:LA-cp rats. The appreciable hypolipidemic benefits of VA may be attributed to a reduction in both intestinal CM and hepatic de novo lipogenesis pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wang
- Alberta Institute for Human Nutrition, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|