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Alim MA, Mumu TJ, Tamanna US, Khan MM, Miah MI, Islam MS, Jesmin ZA, Khan T, Hasan MR, Alam MJ, Murtaja Reza Linkon KM, Rahman MN, Begum R, Prodhan UK. Hypolipidemic effect and modulation of hepatic enzymes by different edible oils in obese Wistar rats. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25880. [PMID: 38384579 PMCID: PMC10878912 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The current study assessed the hypolipidemic effect and modulation of hepatic enzymes by different edible oils in obese Wistar rats. In order to conduct this study, 36 Wistar rats that were collected at 5 weeks of age and weighed an average of 70 g were split into two groups: 28 of them were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and 8 of them were fed a control diet. After 5 weeks of feeding, rats from the HFD (obese, n = 4) and the control diet group (n = 4) were sacrificed. Subsequently, the rest of obese rats (n = 24) were separated into six groups, including the continuing high-fat (CHF) diet group, rice bran oil (RBO) diet group, olive oil (OO) diet group, soybean oil (SO) diet group, cod liver oil (CLO) diet group, and sunflower oil (SFO) diet group, and the continuing control diet group (n = 4). Rats from each group were sacrificed following an additional 5 weeks, and all analytical tests were carried out. The results found that the interventions of RBO, CLO, and SFO in obese rats reduced their body weight non-significantly when compared with CHF. It was also observed that a non-significant reduction in weight of the heart, AAT, and EAT occurred by RBO, OO, SO, and CLO, while SFO reduced the AAT level significantly (p < 0.05). Besides, RBO, OO, SO, CLO, and SFO decreased IBAT and liver fat significantly compared to CHF. Similarly, the administration of RBO, OO, SO, and CLO reduced ALT significantly. RBO reduced GGT (p < 0.05) significantly, but other oils did not. The given oil has the efficiency to reduce TC, TAG, and LDL-C but increase HDL-C significantly. These findings suggest that different edible oils can ameliorate obesity, regulate lipid profiles, and modulate hepatic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abdul Alim
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Tarana Jannat Mumu
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
- Ahsania Mission Cancer and General Hospital, Dhaka, 1230, Bangladesh
| | - Ummay Salma Tamanna
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
- Ibn Sina Consultation Centre, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Md Moin Khan
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
- SR Ingredients Ltd., Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Md Imran Miah
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
- CSF Global-Child Sight Foundation, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shahikul Islam
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
- Akij Food and Beverage Ltd., Dhaka, 1208, Bangladesh
| | - Zannat Ara Jesmin
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Tayeba Khan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rakibul Hasan
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Md Jahangir Alam
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Khan Md Murtaja Reza Linkon
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Md Nannur Rahman
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Rokeya Begum
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Utpal Kumar Prodhan
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
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Chew SC. Cold-pressed rapeseed (Brassica napus) oil: Chemistry and functionality. Food Res Int 2020; 131:108997. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.108997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Wu H, Xu L, Ballantyne CM. Dietary and Pharmacological Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Health. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:dgz174. [PMID: 31678992 PMCID: PMC7174038 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The effects of dietary intake of different fatty acids and pharmacological use of fatty acids, specifically long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFAs), on cardiovascular health and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) prevention have been examined in a large number of observational studies and clinical trials. This review summarizes recent data and discusses potential mechanisms. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION The review is based on the authors' knowledge of the field supplemented by a PubMed search using the terms seafood, fish oil, saturated fatty acids, omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and ASCVD. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS We mainly discuss the recent clinical trials that examine the effects of different types of dietary fatty acids and pharmacological use of n-3 PUFA products on ASCVD prevention and the potential mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS While replacement of dietary saturated fat with unsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat in particular, or intake of LC n-3 PUFA-rich seafood has generally shown benefit for ASCVD prevention and is recommended for cardiovascular benefits, data on effects of n-3 PUFA products on ASCVD health are inconsistent. However, recent clinical trials support benefits of prescription EPA in ASCVD prevention. n-3 PUFAs may contribute to ASCVD prevention through multiple mechanisms, including lowering plasma triglyceride levels, anti-inflammatory effects, antithrombotic effects, and effects on endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaizhu Wu
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Lu Xu
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Sui GG, Xiao HB, Lu XY, Sun ZL. Naringin Activates AMPK Resulting in Altered Expression of SREBPs, PCSK9, and LDLR To Reduce Body Weight in Obese C57BL/6J Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:8983-8990. [PMID: 30092639 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous investigations have shown molecular cross-talk among activated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs), and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and that it may be an innovative pharmacologic objective for treating obesity. We scrutinized the beneficial effect of naringin, a flavanone-7- O-glycoside, on obesity and the mechanisms in the present study. We arbitrarily divided 50 mice into five groups ( n = 10): 25 or 50 or 100 mg/kg/day naringin-treated obese mice (gavage for 8 weeks), untreated obese mice, and C57BL/6J control. After 8 weeks, body weight was 51.8 ± 4.4 in the untreated obese mice group, while the weights were 41.4 ± 4.1, 34.6 ± 2.2, and 28.0 ± 2.3 in 25, 50,100 mg/kg naringin groups, respectively. Moreover, naringin treatment significantly decreased plasma 8-isoprostane (an indicator of the oxidative stress) level, fat weight, liver weight, hepatic total cholesterol concentration, hepatic triglyceride concentration, plasma leptin level, plasma insulin content, plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, and plasma PCSK9 production concomitantly with down-regulated expression of SREBP-2, PCSK9, and SREBP-1, and up-regulated expression of p-AMPKα and LDLR. The present results suggest that naringin activates AMPK resulting in altered expression of SREBPs, PCSK9, and LDLR to reduce the body weight of obese C57BL/6J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Guang Sui
- College of Veterinary Medicine , Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha 410128 , China
| | - Hong-Bo Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine , Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha 410128 , China
| | - Xiang-Yang Lu
- Hunan Province University Key Laboratory for Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotransformation , Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha 410128 , China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center for Ultilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients , Changsha 410128 , China
| | - Zhi-Liang Sun
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Drug , Changsha 410128 , China
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Hirotani Y, Fukamachi J, Ueyama R, Urashima Y, Ikeda K. Effects of Capsaicin Coadministered with Eicosapentaenoic Acid on Obesity-Related Dysregulation in High-Fat-Fed Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2018; 40:1581-1585. [PMID: 28867743 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b17-00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity-induced inflammation contributes to the development of metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular disease. In this study, we investigated whether the combination of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and capsaicin could protect against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and related metabolic disorders. The experiments were performed using male C57BL/6J mice that were fed one of the following diets for 10 weeks: standard chow (5.3% fat content) (normal group), a HFD (32.0% fat content) (HFD group), or a HFD supplemented with either 4% (w/w) EPA (EPA group) or a combination of 4% (w/w) EPA and 0.01% (w/w) capsaicin (EPA+Cap group). Our results indicated that the body, fat and liver tissue weights and levels of serum glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase were significantly higher in HFD group mice than in normal group mice (p<0.05 in all cases). However, the body and fat tissue weights and serum glucose levels and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance were significantly lower in EPA+Cap group mice group than in HFD and EPA group mice (p<0.05 in all cases). Thus, our study suggests that the combination of EPA and capsaicin might be beneficial for delaying the progression of obesity-related metabolic dysregulation and subsequent complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rina Ueyama
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University
| | | | - Kenji Ikeda
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University
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Capel F, Geloen A, Vaysse C, Pineau G, Demaison L, Chardigny JM, Michalski MC, Malpuech-Brugère C. Rapeseed oil fortified with micronutrients can reduce glucose intolerance during a high fat challenge in rats. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2018; 15:22. [PMID: 29568317 PMCID: PMC5859643 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-018-0259-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Better choices of dietary lipid sources and substitution of refined by fortified oils could reduce the intake of saturated fatty acids (FA) and increase the intake of omega 3 FA concomitantly to healthy bioactive compounds. Methods The development of obesity and metabolic disturbances was explored in rats fed during 11 weeks with a high fat diet (HFD) in which the amount of saturated and polyunsaturated FA was respectively reduced and increased, using rapeseed oil as lipid source. This oil was used in a refined form (R) or fortified (10 fold increase in concentration) with endogenous micronutrients (coenzyme Q10 + tocopherol only (RF) only and also with canolol (RFC)). The effect of substituting palm by rapeseed oil was analysed using a student t test, oil fortification was analysed using ANOVA statistical test. Results Despite a similar weight gain, diets R, RF and RFC improved glucose tolerance (+ 10%) of the rats compared to a standard HFD with palm and sunflower oils as lipid source. Plasma glucose was lowered in RF and RFC groups (- 15 and 23% respectively), although triacylglycerol level was only reduced in group RFC (- 33%) compared to R. The fortification with canolol promoted the activation of Akt and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in skeletal muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue respectively. Canolol supplementation also led to reduce p38 MAPK activation in skeletal muscle. Conclusions This study suggests that the presence of endogenous micronutrients in rapeseed oil promotes cellular adaptations to reverse glucose intolerance and improve the metabolism of insulin sensitive tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Capel
- 1INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Université Clermont Auvergne, 58 rue Montalembert - BP 321, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alain Geloen
- 2Laboratoire CarMeN, INRA UMR1397, INSERM U1060, Univ-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA-Lyon, IMBL, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Carole Vaysse
- 3ITERG-ENMS, Université de Bordeaux, rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Gaelle Pineau
- 2Laboratoire CarMeN, INRA UMR1397, INSERM U1060, Univ-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA-Lyon, IMBL, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Luc Demaison
- 1INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Université Clermont Auvergne, 58 rue Montalembert - BP 321, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Michel Chardigny
- 1INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Université Clermont Auvergne, 58 rue Montalembert - BP 321, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Present address : Centre de Recherche INRA Bourgogne Franche Comté Bâtiment Le Magnen, 17 rue Sully BP 86510, 21065 DIJON Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Caroline Michalski
- 2Laboratoire CarMeN, INRA UMR1397, INSERM U1060, Univ-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA-Lyon, IMBL, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Corinne Malpuech-Brugère
- 1INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Université Clermont Auvergne, 58 rue Montalembert - BP 321, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Orr JS, Kennedy AJ, Hill AA, Anderson-Baucum EK, Hubler MJ, Hasty AH. CC-chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) deficiency alters adipose tissue leukocyte populations in mice. Physiol Rep 2018; 4:4/18/e12971. [PMID: 27655794 PMCID: PMC5037919 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which macrophages and other immune cells accumulate in adipose tissue (AT) has been an area of intense investigation over the past decade. Several different chemokines and their cognate receptors have been studied for their role as chemoattractants in promoting recruitment of immune cells to AT. However, it is also possible that chemoattractants known to promote clearance of immune cells from tissues to regional lymph nodes might be a critical component to overall AT immune homeostasis. In this study, we evaluated whether CCR7 influences AT macrophage (ATM) or T‐cell (ATT) accumulation. CCR7−/− and littermate wild‐type (WT) mice were placed on low‐fat diet (LFD) or high‐fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks. CCR7 deficiency did not impact HFD‐induced weight gain, hepatic steatosis, or glucose intolerance. Although lean CCR7−/− mice had an increased proportion of alternatively activated ATMs, there were no differences in ATM accumulation or polarization between HFD‐fed CCR7−/− mice and their WT counterparts. However, CCR7 deficiency did lead to the preferential accumulation of CD8+ATT cells, which was further exacerbated by HFD feeding. Finally, expression of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, such as Tnf, Il6, Il1β, Ccl2, and Ccl3, was equally elevated in AT by HFD feeding in CCR7−/− and WT mice, while Ifng and Il18 were elevated by HFD feeding in CCR7−/− but not in WT mice. Together, these data suggest that CCR7 plays a role in CD8+ATT cell egress, but does not influence ATM accumulation or the metabolic impact of diet‐induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeb S Orr
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Arion J Kennedy
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Andrea A Hill
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Emily K Anderson-Baucum
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Merla J Hubler
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Alyssa H Hasty
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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Bahreini M, Ramezani AH, Shishehbor F, Mansoori A. The Effect of Omega-3 on Circulating Adiponectin in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Can J Diabetes 2018; 42:553-559. [PMID: 29567080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Whether consumption of omega-3 affects circulating adiponectin has not been established. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of omega-3 (food or supplement) on circulating adiponectin in patients with type 2 diabetes through a systematic review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science were searched for relevant studies through May 2016. Two researchers screened and abstracted the literature independently. Pooled estimates were obtained using the random-effects models. Overall, omega-3 increased adiponectin by 0.57 µg/mL (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.15 to 1.31; p=0.01, I-square=74.2% p for heterogeneity <0.001). The source of observed heterogeneity was explored by subgroup analyses. In subgroup analyses, adiponectin levels increased only in those who had consumed omega-3 for more than 8 weeks. This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials suggests that omega-3 in patients with type 2 diabetes increases circulating adiponectin. These findings support the potentially beneficial effects of dietary omega-3 in patients with type 2 diabetes on pathways related to adiponectin metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Bahreini
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Amir-Hossein Ramezani
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Farideh Shishehbor
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Nutrition, School of Para-Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Anahita Mansoori
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Nutrition, School of Para-Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Saarinen HJ, Husgafvel S, Pohjantähti-Maaroos H, Wallenius M, Palomäki A. Improved insulin sensitivity and lower postprandial triglyceride concentrations after cold-pressed turnip rapeseed oil compared to cream in patients with metabolic syndrome. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2018; 10:38. [PMID: 29755591 PMCID: PMC5935965 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-018-0340-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to compare acute effects of turnip rapeseed oil rich with mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids and cream on postprandial triglyceride levels and post-glucose load measures of insulin sensitivity in population of men with metabolic syndrome. METHODS This open-label balanced crossover study included 37 men with metabolic syndrome. They underwent an oral glucose-fat tolerance test where they ingested 75 g of glucose with either 240 mL of cream or 84 mL of turnip rapeseed oil depending on the study arm. Hourly postprandial blood samples were drawn up to 5 h after this oral glucose-fat tolerance test to determine the changes in triglyceride concentrations and to measure insulin sensitivity. Changes in insulin sensitivity were calculated with different insulin sensitivity indices (OGIS, Stumvoll, Gutt and McAuley scores) derived from measured insulin and glucose concentrations. The oral glucose-fat tolerance test was preceded by a period during which the participants consumed a daily portion of either 35 mL of turnip rapeseed oil or 37.5 g of butter depending on the study arm in addition to their habitual diets. Both dietary periods lasted from 6 to 8 weeks. After an 8-week wash-out period the subjects crossed over to the other study arm and underwent the same process with the other fat adjunct. RESULTS The area under the curve for hourly triglyceride concentrations was 16% smaller after turnip rapeseed oil than after cream (13.86 [interquartile range 8.54] vs. 16.41 [9.09] mmol/l, p < 0.001). The insulin sensitivity markers of OGIS (324 [38.97] vs. 377 [68.38] p < 0.001), Stumvoll score (0.079 [0.029] vs. 0.085 [0.029], p = 0.038) and Gutt score (67.0 ± 2.78 vs. 78.8 ± 4.97 p = 0.001) were higher after turnip rapeseed oil period than after butter period. There was a non-significant change in the McAuley score. CONCLUSION Dietary turnip rapeseed oil improved postprandially measured insulin sensitivity and triglyceride concentrations compared to cream and butter. This provides a possible efficient dietary mean to treat cardiovascular risk factors.Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01119690 (05-06-2010).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sari Husgafvel
- Central Hospital of Kanta-Häme, Ahvenistontie 20, 13530 Hämeenlinna, Finland
- Linnan Klinikka, Raatihuoneenkatu 10, 13100 Hämeenlinna, Finland
- Central Hospital of Päijät-Häme, Keskussairaalankatu 7, 15850 Lahti, Finland
| | - Hanna Pohjantähti-Maaroos
- Central Hospital of Kanta-Häme, Ahvenistontie 20, 13530 Hämeenlinna, Finland
- Linnan Klinikka, Raatihuoneenkatu 10, 13100 Hämeenlinna, Finland
- Heart Center, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 1777, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marja Wallenius
- Linnan Klinikka, Raatihuoneenkatu 10, 13100 Hämeenlinna, Finland
| | - Ari Palomäki
- Central Hospital of Kanta-Häme, Ahvenistontie 20, 13530 Hämeenlinna, Finland
- Linnan Klinikka, Raatihuoneenkatu 10, 13100 Hämeenlinna, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland
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Fujimoto E, Imai A, Utsuyama M, Sato K. Effects of in vitro heat shock on immune cells in diet-induced obese mice. J Therm Biol 2017; 69:124-131. [PMID: 29037372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has been associated with impaired immune responses and inflammation. The mechanisms underlying these immune disturbances in obesity are not yet clarified. This study investigated the effects of in vitro heat shock (HS) on immune cells from the point of view of thymocyte apoptosis and T-cell mitogen-stimulated splenocyte cytokine production as well as the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) protein levels in diet-induced obese mice to explore a possible association between the disturbance of T cell immunity and HS response in obesity. Obese mice had increased apoptotic and necrotic thymocytes populations and increased splenocyte cytokine production of both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines compared with lean mice. The in vitro HS at 42°C decreased the rate of live cells in thymocytes, and the degree of the decrease was larger in obese mice compared with lean mice. The in vitro HS increased the intracellular and extracellular HSP70 protein levels in thymocytes and splenocytes, while the effects of obesity on the HSP70 protein levels were not obvious. The in vitro HS prior to T cell mitogen stimulation decreased IFN-γ and IL-10 production by mitogen-stimulated splenocytes. This change in cytokine production due to HS was not affected by obesity. The obvious alteration of the HSP70 protein levels and association between cytokine production and the HS response in obesity were not found in this obesity model; however, our results indicate an association between the viability of thymocytes and an altered HS response in obesity and provide evidence that the increase in thymocyte apoptosis and acceleration of thymus involution in obesity could be, in part, due to the alteration of the HS response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eka Fujimoto
- Division of Human Development, Graduate School of Human Life Science, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Imai
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Utsuyama
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuto Sato
- Division of Human Development, Graduate School of Human Life Science, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Saraswathi V, Perriotte-Olson C, Ganesan M, Desouza CV, Alnouti Y, Duryee MJ, Thiele GM, Nordgren TM, Clemens DL. A combination of dietary N-3 fatty acids and a cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitor attenuates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 42:149-159. [PMID: 28187366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We sought to determine whether a combination of purified n-3 fatty acids (n-3) and SC-560 (SC), a cyclooxygenase-1-specific inhibitor, is effective in ameliorating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in obesity. Female wild-type mice were fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet (HF) supplemented with n-3 in the presence or absence of SC. Mice treated with SC alone exhibited no change in liver lipids, whereas n-3-fed mice tended to have lower hepatic lipids. Mice given n-3+SC had significantly lower liver lipids compared with HF controls indicating enhanced lipid clearance. Total and sulfated bile acids were significantly higher only in n-3+SC-treated mice compared with chow diet (CD) controls. Regarding mechanisms, the level of pregnane X receptor (PXR), a nuclear receptor regulating drug/bile detoxification, was significantly higher in mice given n-3 or n-3+SC. Studies in precision-cut liver slices and in cultured hepatoma cells showed that n-3+SC enhanced not only the expression/activation of PXR and its target genes but also the expression of farnesoid X receptor (FXR), another regulator of bile synthesis/clearance, indicating that n-3+SC can induce both PXR and FXR. The mRNA level of FGFR4 which inhibits bile formation showed a significant reduction in Huh 7 cells upon n-3 and n-3+SC treatment. PXR overexpression in hepatoma cells confirmed that n-3 or SC each induced the expression of PXR target genes and in combination had an enhanced effect. Our findings suggest that combining SC with n-3 potentiates its lipid-lowering effect, in part, by enhanced PXR and/or altered FXR/FGFR4 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viswanathan Saraswathi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Curtis Perriotte-Olson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Murali Ganesan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Cyrus V Desouza
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Yazen Alnouti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Michael J Duryee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Geoffrey M Thiele
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Tara M Nordgren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Dahn L Clemens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
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12
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Oliveira LS, Souza LL, Souza AFP, Cordeiro A, Kluck GEG, Atella GC, Trevenzoli IH, Pazos-Moura CC. Perinatal maternal high-fat diet promotes alterations in hepatic lipid metabolism and resistance to the hypolipidemic effect of fish oil in adolescent rat offspring. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:2493-2504. [PMID: 27342757 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Maternal high-fat diet (HFD) promotes obesity and metabolic disturbances in offspring at weaning and adult life. We investigated metabolic consequences of maternal HFD in adolescent rat offspring and the potential benefic effects of fish oil (FO) (n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid source). METHODS AND RESULTS Female rats received isocaloric, standard diet (STD: 9% fat) or HFD (28.6%) before mating, and throughout pregnancy and lactation. After weaning, male offspring received standard diet and, from 25th to 45th day, received oral administration of soybean oil (SO) or FO. HFD offspring showed higher body weight and adiposity, which was not attenuated by FO. In STD offspring, FO reduced serum triglyceride and cholesterol, as expected, but not in HFD offspring. Liver of HFD offspring groups showed increased free cholesterol and FO-treated HFD group showed lower expression of Abcg8, suggesting decreased cholesterol biliary excretion. HFD offspring presented higher hepatic expression of lipogenic markers, Srebf1 mRNA and acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC). Serum n-3 PUFA were decreased in FO-treated HFD compared to FO-treated STD offspring, which may explain the reduced hypolipidemic FO effect. CONCLUSION Maternal HFD impaired the ability of FO to reduce adiposity and serum lipids in adolescent offspring, suggesting a potential predisposition to future development of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine S Oliveira
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luana L Souza
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Aline F P Souza
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Aline Cordeiro
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - George E G Kluck
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Georgia C Atella
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Isis H Trevenzoli
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carmen C Pazos-Moura
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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13
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Jump DB, Depner CM, Tripathy S, Lytle KA. Potential for dietary ω-3 fatty acids to prevent nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and reduce the risk of primary liver cancer. Adv Nutr 2015; 6:694-702. [PMID: 26567194 PMCID: PMC4642422 DOI: 10.3945/an.115.009423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has increased in parallel with central obesity, and its prevalence is anticipated to increase as the obesity epidemic remains unabated. NAFLD is now the most common cause of chronic liver disease in developed countries and is defined as excessive lipid accumulation in the liver, that is, hepatosteatosis. NAFLD ranges in severity from benign fatty liver to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and NASH is characterized by hepatic injury, inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis. NASH can progress to cirrhosis, and cirrhosis is a risk factor for primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The prevention of NASH will lower the risk of cirrhosis and NASH-associated HCC. Our studies have focused on NASH prevention. We developed a model of NASH by using mice with the LDL cholesterol receptor gene ablated fed the Western diet (WD). The WD induces a NASH phenotype in these mice that is similar to that seen in humans and includes robust induction of hepatic steatosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis. With the use of transcriptomic, lipidomic, and metabolomic approaches, we examined the capacity of 2 dietary ω-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5ω-3; EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6ω-3; DHA), to prevent WD-induced NASH. Dietary DHA was superior to EPA at attenuating WD-induced changes in plasma lipids and hepatic injury and at reversing WD effects on hepatic metabolism, oxidative stress, and fibrosis. The outcome of these studies suggests that DHA may be useful in preventing NASH and reducing the risk of HCC.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Diet, Western/adverse effects
- Dietary Fats, Unsaturated/administration & dosage
- Dietary Fats, Unsaturated/therapeutic use
- Disease Models, Animal
- Docosahexaenoic Acids
- Eicosapentaenoic Acid
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/administration & dosage
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/therapeutic use
- Fatty Liver
- Hepatitis
- Humans
- Liver Cirrhosis
- Liver Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Obese
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/etiology
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/prevention & control
- Obesity/complications
- Obesity/epidemiology
- Obesity/etiology
- Oxidative Stress
- Receptors, LDL/deficiency
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Risk Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald B Jump
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Christopher M Depner
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Sasmita Tripathy
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Kelli A Lytle
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
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14
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Hill AA, Reid Bolus W, Hasty AH. A decade of progress in adipose tissue macrophage biology. Immunol Rev 2015; 262:134-52. [PMID: 25319332 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
One decade has passed since seminal publications described macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue (AT) as a key contributor to inflammation and obesity-related insulin resistance. Currently, a PubMed search for 'adipose tissue inflammation' reveals over 3500 entries since these original reports. We now know that resident macrophages in lean AT are alternatively activated, M2-like, and play a role in AT homeostasis. In contrast, the macrophages in obese AT are dramatically increased in number and are predominantly classically activated, M1-like, and promote inflammation and insulin resistance. Mediators of AT macrophage (ATM) phenotype include adipokines and fatty acids secreted from adipocytes as well as cytokines secreted from other immune cells in AT. There are several mechanisms that could explain the large increase in ATMs in obesity. These include recruitment-dependent mechanisms such as adipocyte death, chemokine release, and lipolysis of fatty acids. Newer evidence also points to recruitment-independent mechanisms such as impaired apoptosis, increased proliferation, and decreased egress. Although less is known about the homeostatic function of M2-like resident ATMs, recent evidence suggests roles in AT expansion, thermoregulation, antigen presentation, and iron homeostasis. The field of immunometabolism has come a long way in the past decade, and many exciting new discoveries are bound to be made in the coming years that will expand our understanding of how AT stands at the junction of immune and metabolic co-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea A Hill
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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15
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Hirotani Y, Ozaki N, Tsuji Y, Urashima Y, Myotoku M. Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on hepatic dyslipidemia and oxidative stress in high fat diet-induced steatosis. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2015; 66:569-73. [DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2015.1042848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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16
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Franekova V, Angin Y, Hoebers NTH, Coumans WA, Simons PJ, Glatz JFC, Luiken JJFP, Larsen TS. Marine omega-3 fatty acids prevent myocardial insulin resistance and metabolic remodeling as induced experimentally by high insulin exposure. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015; 308:C297-307. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00073.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is an important risk factor for the development of several cardiac pathologies, thus advocating strategies for restoring insulin sensitivity of the heart in these conditions. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs), mainly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3), have been shown to improve insulin sensitivity in insulin-sensitive tissues, but their direct effect on insulin signaling and metabolic parameters in the myocardium has not been reported previously. The aim of this study was therefore to examine the ability of EPA and DHA to prevent insulin resistance in isolated rat cardiomyocytes. Primary rat cardiomyocytes were made insulin resistant by 48 h incubation in high insulin (HI) medium. Parallel incubations were supplemented by 200 μM EPA or DHA. Addition of EPA or DHA to the medium prevented the induction of insulin resistance in cardiomyocytes by preserving the phosphorylation state of key proteins in the insulin signaling cascade and by preventing persistent relocation of fatty acid transporter CD36 to the sarcolemma. Only cardiomyocytes incubated in the presence of EPA, however, exhibited improvements in glucose and fatty acid uptake and cell shortening. We conclude that ω-3 PUFAs protect metabolic and functional properties of cardiomyocytes subjected to insulin resistance-evoking conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Franekova
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Health Sciences Faculty, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Yeliz Angin
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; and
| | - Nicole T. H. Hoebers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; and
| | - Will A. Coumans
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; and
| | | | - Jan F. C. Glatz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; and
| | - Joost J. F. P. Luiken
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; and
| | - Terje S. Larsen
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Health Sciences Faculty, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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17
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Yamazaki T, Ohki T, Taguchi H, Yamamoto A, Okazaki M, Sakamoto T, Mitsumoto A, Kawashima Y, Kudo N. Effects of dietary fish oil on cytochrome P450 3A expression in the liver of SHR/NDmcr-cp ( cp/ cp) rats, an animal model for metabolic syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.2131/fts.2.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Takashi Ohki
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | | | | | - Mari Okazaki
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | | | | | | | - Naomi Kudo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
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18
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Lionetti L, Mollica MP, Sica R, Donizzetti I, Gifuni G, Pignalosa A, Cavaliere G, Putti R. Differential effects of high-fish oil and high-lard diets on cells and cytokines involved in the inflammatory process in rat insulin-sensitive tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:3040-63. [PMID: 24562331 PMCID: PMC3958898 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15023040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary fat sources may differentially affect the development of inflammation in insulin-sensitive tissues during chronic overfeeding. Considering the anti-inflammatory properties of ω-3 fatty acids, this study aimed to compare the effects of chronic high-fish oil and high-lard diets on obesity-related inflammation by evaluating serum and tissue adipokine levels and histological features in insulin-sensitive tissues (white adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and liver). As expected, a high-lard diet induced systemic and peripheral inflammation and insulin resistance. Conversely, compared with a high-lard diet, a high-fish oil diet resulted in a lower degree of systemic inflammation and insulin resistance that were associated with a lower adipocyte diameter as well as lower immunoreactivity for transforming growth factor β 1 (TGFβ1) in white adipose tissue. A high-fish oil diet also resulted in a lower ectopic lipid depot, inflammation degree and insulin resistance in the skeletal muscle and liver. Moreover, a high-fish oil diet attenuated hepatic stellate cell activation and fibrogenesis in the liver, as indicated by the smooth muscle α-actin (α-SMA) and TGFβ1 levels. The replacement of lard (saturated fatty acids) with fish oil (ω-3 fatty acids) in chronic high-fat feeding attenuated the development of systemic and tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillà Lionetti
- Department of Biology, Via Mezzocannone 8, University of Naples "Federico II", 80134 Naples, Italy.
| | - Maria Pina Mollica
- Department of Biology, Via Mezzocannone 8, University of Naples "Federico II", 80134 Naples, Italy.
| | - Raffaella Sica
- Department of Biology, Via Mezzocannone 8, University of Naples "Federico II", 80134 Naples, Italy.
| | - Immacolata Donizzetti
- Department of Biology, Via Mezzocannone 8, University of Naples "Federico II", 80134 Naples, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Gifuni
- Department of Biology, Via Mezzocannone 8, University of Naples "Federico II", 80134 Naples, Italy.
| | - Angelica Pignalosa
- Department of Biology, Via Mezzocannone 8, University of Naples "Federico II", 80134 Naples, Italy.
| | - Gina Cavaliere
- Department of Biology, Via Mezzocannone 8, University of Naples "Federico II", 80134 Naples, Italy.
| | - Rosalba Putti
- Department of Biology, Via Mezzocannone 8, University of Naples "Federico II", 80134 Naples, Italy.
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19
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Saraswathi V, Ramnanan CJ, Wilks AW, Desouza CV, Eller AA, Murali G, Ramalingam R, Milne GL, Coate KC, Edgerton DS. Impact of hematopoietic cyclooxygenase-1 deficiency on obesity-linked adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic disorders in mice. Metabolism 2013; 62:1673-85. [PMID: 23987235 PMCID: PMC4845736 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adipose tissue (AT)-specific inflammation is considered to mediate the pathological consequences of obesity and macrophages are known to activate inflammatory pathways in obese AT. Because cyclooxygenases play a central role in regulating the inflammatory processes, we sought to determine the role of hematopoietic cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) in modulating AT inflammation in obesity. MATERIALS/METHODS Bone marrow transplantation was performed to delete COX-1 in hematopoietic cells. Briefly, female wild type (wt) mice were lethally irradiated and injected with bone marrow (BM) cells collected from wild type (COX-1+/+) or COX-1 knock-out (COX-1-/-) donor mice. The mice were fed a high fat diet for 16 weeks. RESULTS The mice that received COX-1-/- bone marrow (BM-COX-1-/-) exhibited a significant increase in fasting glucose, total cholesterol and triglycerides in the circulation compared to control (BM-COX-1+/+) mice. Markers of AT-inflammation were increased and were associated with increased leptin and decreased adiponectin in plasma. Hepatic inflammation was reduced with a concomitant reduction in TXB2 levels. The hepatic mRNA expression of genes involved in lipogenesis and lipid transport was increased while expression of genes involved in regulating hepatic glucose output was reduced in BM-COX-1-/- mice. Finally, renal inflammation and markers of renal glucose release were increased in BM-COX-1-/- mice. CONCLUSION Hematopoietic COX-1 deletion results in impairments in metabolic homeostasis which may be partly due to increased AT inflammation and dysregulated adipokine profile. An increase in renal glucose release and hepatic lipogenesis/lipid transport may also play a role, at least in part, in mediating hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viswanathan Saraswathi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics; Department of Internal Medicine/Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism; Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center; VA Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE.
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20
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Hadad N, Burgazliev O, Elgazar-Carmon V, Solomonov Y, Wueest S, Item F, Konrad D, Rudich A, Levy R. Induction of cytosolic phospholipase a2α is required for adipose neutrophil infiltration and hepatic insulin resistance early in the course of high-fat feeding. Diabetes 2013; 62:3053-63. [PMID: 23670971 PMCID: PMC3749346 DOI: 10.2337/db12-1300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In established obesity, inflammation and macrophage recruitment likely contribute to the development of insulin resistance. In the current study, we set out to explore whether adipose tissue infiltration by neutrophils that occurs early (3 days) after initiating a high-fat diet (HFD) could contribute to the early occurrence of hepatic insulin resistance and to determine the role of cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α) in this process. The 3-day HFD caused a significant upregulation of cPLA2α in periepididymal fat and in the liver. A specific antisense oligonucleotide (AS) effectively prevented cPLA2α induction, neutrophil infiltration into adipose tissue (likely involving MIP-2), and protected against 3-day HFD-induced impairment in hepatic insulin signaling and glucose over-production from pyruvate. To sort out the role of adipose neutrophil infiltration independent of cPLA2α induction in the liver, mice were injected intraperitoneally with anti-intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) antibodies. This effectively prevented neutrophil infiltration without affecting cPLA2α or MIP-2, but like AS, prevented impairment in hepatic insulin signaling, the enhanced pyruvate-to-glucose flux, and the impaired insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic glucose production (assessed by clamp), which were induced by the 3-day HFD. Adipose tissue secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was increased by the 3-day HFD, but not if mice were treated with AS or ICAM-1 antibodies. Moreover, systemic TNF-α neutralization prevented 3-day HFD-induced hepatic insulin resistance, suggesting its mediatory role. We propose that an acute, cPLA2α-dependent, neutrophil-dominated inflammatory response of adipose tissue contributes to hepatic insulin resistance and glucose overproduction in the early adaptation to high-fat feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurit Hadad
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Laboratory, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Soroka Medical University Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Olga Burgazliev
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Laboratory, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Soroka Medical University Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Vered Elgazar-Carmon
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Laboratory, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Soroka Medical University Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Yulia Solomonov
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Laboratory, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Soroka Medical University Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Stephan Wueest
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology and Children Research’s Centre, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Flurin Item
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology and Children Research’s Centre, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Konrad
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology and Children Research’s Centre, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Assaf Rudich
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Soroka Medical University Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Rachel Levy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Laboratory, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Soroka Medical University Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- Corresponding author: Rachel Levy,
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21
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Cleverley K, Du X, Premecz S, Le K, Zeglinski M, Nicholson T, Goh CY, Lu Y, Anderson HD, Moghadasian MH, Jassal DS. The effects of fish oil consumption on cardiovascular remodeling in ApoE deficient mice. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2013; 91:960-5. [PMID: 24117264 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2013-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Owing to their spontaneous development of atherosclerosis, apolipoprotein E knockout mice (ApoE(KO)) are one of the best studied animal models for this disease. Little is known about the utility of various omega-3 fatty acid regimens, in particular fish oils, in preventing cardiac disease in ApoE(KO) mice. The purpose of this study was to determine the cardiovascular effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation with either safflower oil (control), fish oil, flaxseed oil, or designed oil in ApoE(KO) mice fed a high-fat diet for a total of 16 weeks. In-vivo cardiac function was assessed weekly using murine echocardiography. Blood pressure, plasma lipid levels, and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) were serially measured. The results show that ApoE(KO) mice fed fish oil demonstrated an increase in left ventricular wall thickness as a result of increased afterload. Despite chronic treatment with fish oil over 16 weeks, blood pressure increased in ApoE(KO) mice by 20% compared with the baseline. Both echocardiographic evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy and biochemical increase in BNP levels confirmed diastolic dysfunction in ApoE(KO) mice fed fish oil. This suggests that high-fat diet supplemented with fish oil may lead to adverse cardiovascular effects in ApoE deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelby Cleverley
- a Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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22
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Wu JHY, Cahill LE, Mozaffarian D. Effect of fish oil on circulating adiponectin: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:2451-9. [PMID: 23703724 PMCID: PMC3667269 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-3899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Seafood long-chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) improve insulin sensitivity in animal experiments, but findings remain inconsistent in humans. Adiponectin is a robust marker for insulin sensitivity and adipocyte function. Whether n-3 PUFAs affect adiponectin in humans is unknown. OBJECTIVE Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, the objective of the study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials (RCTs) to determine the effect of n-3 PUFA consumption on circulating adiponectin in humans. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE, EMBASE, CABI (CAB abstracts), Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials, ClinicalTrials.gov, SIGLE, and Faculty of 1000 were searched through to June 2012, supplemented with author contact and reference list searches. STUDY SELECTION RCTs of either fish oil supplementation or isocaloric fish meal feeding that evaluated adiponectin as an outcome were selected for the study. DATA EXTRACTION Two investigators independently extracted the data. Effect estimates were pooled using inverse-variance weighted, random-effects meta-analysis. Heterogeneity was assessed by the I(2) and Q statistic. Prespecified sources of heterogeneity were investigated by meta-regression. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and Egger's test. DATA SYNTHESIS Of 110 studies, 14 RCTs met inclusion criteria. Fourteen trial arms evaluated fish oil (fish oil, n = 682; placebo, n = 641). Fish oil increased adiponectin by 0.37 μg/mL [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.07; 0.67, P = .02]. Although effects in 11 of 14 trials were 0 or greater, statistical heterogeneity was evident (I(2) = 72.9%), unexplained by n-3 PUFA dose or duration, study quality score, study location, or baseline body mass index (meta-regression P > .05 each). The funnel plot was asymmetric in favor of smaller trials with greater effects (Egger's P = .11); the fill-and-trim method suggested a theoretical pooled effect of 0.18 μg/mL (95% CI -0.15; +0.52, P = .28). Only 2 trial arms evaluated fish feeding (n = 136 intervention and 68 control subjects), for which the pooled effect on adiponectin was not statistically significant (-0.01 μg/mL, 95% CI -0.65; 0.64, P = 0.99), although CIs were broad due to the small number of subjects. CONCLUSIONS In placebo-controlled RCTs, fish oil moderately increases circulating adiponectin, although with unexplained heterogeneity as well as potential publication bias. These findings provide no evidence for harm and support possible benefits of n-3 PUFA consumption on insulin sensitivity and adipocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason H Y Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Dessì M, Noce A, Bertucci P, Manca di Villahermosa S, Zenobi R, Castagnola V, Addessi E, Di Daniele N. Atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia, and inflammation: the significant role of polyunsaturated Fatty acids. ISRN INFLAMMATION 2013; 2013:191823. [PMID: 24049656 PMCID: PMC3767348 DOI: 10.1155/2013/191823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipids play an essential role in cell membrane structure and function. The length and number of double bonds of fatty acids in membrane phospholipids are main determinants of fluidity, transport systems, activity of membrane-bound enzymes, and susceptibility to lipid peroxidation. The fatty acid profile of serum lipids, especially the phospholipids, reflects the fatty acid composition of cell membranes. Moreover, long-chain n-3 polyunsatured fatty acids decrease very-low-density lipoprotein assembly and secretion reducing triacylglycerol production. N-6 and n-3 polyunsatured fatty acids are the precursors of signalling molecules, termed "eicosanoids," which play an important role in the regulation of inflammation. Eicosanoids derived from n-6 polyunsatured fatty acids have proinflammatory actions, while eicosanoids derived from n-3 polyunsatured fatty acids have anti-inflammatory ones. Previous studies showed that inflammation contributes to both the onset and progression of atherosclerosis: actually, atherosclerosis is predominantly a chronic low-grade inflammatory disease of the vessel wall. Several studies suggested the relationship between long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammation, showing that fatty acids may decrease endothelial activation and affect eicosanoid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariarita Dessì
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University Hospital, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Noce
- Nephrology and Hypertension Unit, Department of System Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University Hospital, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Pierfrancesco Bertucci
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University Hospital, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Manca di Villahermosa
- Nephrology and Hypertension Unit, Department of System Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University Hospital, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Zenobi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University Hospital, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Castagnola
- Nephrology and Hypertension Unit, Department of System Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University Hospital, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Eliana Addessi
- Nephrology and Hypertension Unit, Department of System Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University Hospital, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Di Daniele
- Nephrology and Hypertension Unit, Department of System Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University Hospital, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Abstract
Fatty acid regulation of hepatic gene transcription was first reported in the early 1990s. Several transcription factors have been identified as targets of fatty acid regulation. This regulation is achieved by direct fatty acid binding to the transcription factor or by indirect mechanisms where fatty acids regulate signaling pathways controlling the expression of transcription factors or the phosphorylation, ubiquitination, or proteolytic cleavage of the transcription factor. Although dietary fatty acids are well-established regulators of hepatic transcription factors, emerging evidence indicates that endogenously generated fatty acids are equally important in controlling transcription factors in the context of glucose and lipid homeostasis. Our first goal in this review is to provide an up-to-date examination of the molecular and metabolic bases of fatty acid regulation of key transcription factors controlling hepatic metabolism. Our second goal is to link these mechanisms to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a growing health concern in the obese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald B Jump
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Science, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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25
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Hirabara SM, Folador A, Fiamoncini J, Lambertucci RH, Rodrigues CF, Rocha MS, Aikawa J, Yamazaki RK, Martins AR, Rodrigues AC, Carpinelli AR, Pithon-Curi TC, Fernandes LC, Gorjão R, Curi R. Fish oil supplementation for two generations increases insulin sensitivity in rats. J Nutr Biochem 2012; 24:1136-45. [PMID: 23246156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of fish oil supplementation for two consecutive generations on insulin sensitivity in rats. After the nursing period (21 days), female rats from the same prole were divided into two groups: (a) control group and (b) fish oil group. Female rats were supplemented with water (control) or fish oil at 1 g/kg body weight as a single bolus for 3 months. After this period, female rats were mated with male Wistar rats fed on a balanced chow diet (not supplemented). Female rats continued to receive supplementation throughout gestation and lactation periods. The same treatment was performed for the next two generations (G1 and G2). At 75 days of age, male offspring from G1 and G2 generations from both groups were used in the experiments. G1 rats did not present any difference with control rats. However, G2 rats presented reduction in glycemia and lipidemia and improvement in in vivo insulin sensitivity (model assessment of insulin resistance, insulin tolerance test) as well as in vitro insulin sensitivity in soleus muscle (glucose uptake and metabolism). This effect was associated with increased insulin-stimulated p38 MAP kinase phosphorylation and lower n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio, but not with activation of proteins from insulin signaling (IR, IRS-1 and Akt). Global DNA methylation was decreased in liver but not in soleus muscle. These results suggest that long-term fish oil supplementation improves insulin sensitivity in association with increased insulin-stimulated p38 activation and decreased n-6:n-3 ratio in skeletal muscle and decreased global DNA methylation in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro M Hirabara
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sport, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil.
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26
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Orr JS, Puglisi MJ, Ellacott KL, Lumeng CN, Wasserman DH, Hasty AH. Toll-like receptor 4 deficiency promotes the alternative activation of adipose tissue macrophages. Diabetes 2012; 61:2718-27. [PMID: 22751700 PMCID: PMC3478520 DOI: 10.2337/db11-1595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by adipose tissue (AT) macrophage (ATM) accumulation, which promotes AT inflammation and dysfunction. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) deficiency attenuates AT inflammation in obesity but does not impede the accumulation of ATMs. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether TLR4 deficiency alters ATM polarization. TLR4(-/-) and wild-type mice were fed a low-fat, high-monounsaturated fat (HF(MUFA)), or a high-saturated fat (HF(SFA)) diet for 16 weeks. Further, we used a bone marrow transplant model to determine the influence of hematopoietic cell TLR4 signaling. The metabolic and inflammatory responses to high-fat feeding and ATM phenotype were assessed. Global and hematopoietic cell TLR4 deficiency, irrespective of recipient genotype, produced a shift in ATM phenotype toward an alternatively activated state, which was accompanied by reduced AT inflammation. Despite the observed shift in ATM phenotype, neither global nor hematopoietic cell TLR4 deficiency influenced systemic insulin sensitivity after high-fat feeding. Results of the current study suggest that TLR4 directly influences ATM polarization but question the relevance of TLR4 signaling to systemic glucose homeostasis in obesity.
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27
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Jump DB, Depner CM, Tripathy S. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and cardiovascular disease. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:2525-45. [PMID: 22904344 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r027904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies on Greenland Inuits in the 1970s and subsequent human studies have established an inverse relationship between the ingestion of omega-3 fatty acids [C(20-22) ω 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)], blood levels of C(20-22) ω 3 PUFA, and mortality associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). C(20-22) ω 3 PUFA have pleiotropic effects on cell function and regulate multiple pathways controlling blood lipids, inflammatory factors, and cellular events in cardiomyocytes and vascular endothelial cells. The hypolipemic, anti-inflammatory, anti-arrhythmic properties of these fatty acids confer cardioprotection. Accordingly, national heart associations and government agencies have recommended increased consumption of fatty fish or ω 3 PUFA supplements to prevent CVD. In addition to fatty fish, sources of ω 3 PUFA are available from plants, algae, and yeast. A key question examined in this review is whether nonfish sources of ω 3 PUFA are as effective as fatty fish-derived C(20-22) ω 3 PUFA at managing risk factors linked to CVD. We focused on ω 3 PUFA metabolism and the capacity of ω 3 PUFA supplements to regulate key cellular events linked to CVD. The outcome of our analysis reveals that nonfish sources of ω 3 PUFA vary in their capacity to regulate blood levels of C(20-22) ω 3 PUFA and CVD risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald B Jump
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, The Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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28
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Murali G, Milne GL, Webb CD, Stewart AB, McMillan RP, Lyle BC, Hulver MW, Saraswathi V. Fish oil and indomethacin in combination potently reduce dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis in LDLR(-/-) mice. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:2186-2197. [PMID: 22847176 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m029843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish oil (FO) is a potent anti-inflammatory and lipid-lowering agent. Because inflammation can modulate lipid metabolism and vice versa, we hypothesized that combining FO with cyclooxygenase inhibitors (COXIBs), well-known anti-inflammatory drugs, can enhance the anti-inflammatory and lipid-lowering effect of FO. LDLR(-/-) mice were fed a high-fat diet supplemented with 6% olive oil or FO for 12 wk in the presence or absence of indomethacin (Indo, 6 mg/l drinking water). FO reduced plasma total cholesterol by 30% but, in combination with Indo, exerted a greater decrease (44%). The reduction of liver cholesterol ester (CE) and triglycerides (TG) by FO (63% and 41%, respectively) was enhanced by Indo (80% in CE and 64% in TG). FO + Indo greatly increased the expression of genes modulating lipid metabolism and reduced the expression of inflammatory genes compared with control. The mRNA and/or protein expression of pregnane X receptor (PXR) and cytochrome P450 isoforms that alter inflammation and/or lipid metabolism are increased to a greater extent in mice that received FO + Indo. Moroever, the nuclear level of PXR is significantly increased in FO + Indo group. Combining FO with COXIBs may exert their beneficial effects on inflammation and lipid metabolism via PXR and cytochrome P450.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesan Murali
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Nebraska Medical Center and the VA Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE
| | - Ginger L Milne
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Corey D Webb
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; and
| | - Ann B Stewart
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; and
| | - Ryan P McMillan
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise and The Virginia Tech Metabolic Phenotyping Core, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Brandon C Lyle
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; and
| | - Matthew W Hulver
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise and The Virginia Tech Metabolic Phenotyping Core, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Viswanathan Saraswathi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; and.
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29
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Fu J, Zhang XW, Liu K, Li QS, Zhang LR, Yang XH, Zhang ZM, Li CZ, Luo Y, He ZX, Zhu HL. Hypolipidemic Activity in Sprague-Dawley Rats and Constituents of a Novel Natural Vegetable Oil from Cornus Wilsoniana Fruits. J Food Sci 2012; 77:H160-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02786.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Abstract
The ability of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to prevent high fat diet-induced obesity in rodents is well documented. Evidence for a similar effect in humans is, however, limited. Intervention studies in humans are inconclusive and epidemiological studies are dichotomous. Our recent finding that sucrose and other high glycemic index carbohydrates abrogate the antiobesity effect of n-3 PUFAs might, at least in part, provide an explanation to the apparent discrepancy between human and rodent intervention studies, and the lack of effect in some human trials. In addition to the amount and type of carbohydrates, the levels of n-6 PUFAs, linoleic acid in particular, in the background diet might influence the antiobesogenic effect of n-3 PUFAs. Lastly, it is plausible that the quantity of persistent organic pollutants in fish oil, and seafood rich in n-3 PUFAs, might have an influence on the outcome of the trials.
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31
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Siriwardhana N, Kalupahana NS, Fletcher S, Xin W, Claycombe KJ, Quignard-Boulange A, Zhao L, Saxton AM, Moustaid-Moussa N. n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids differentially regulate adipose angiotensinogen and other inflammatory adipokines in part via NF-κB-dependent mechanisms. J Nutr Biochem 2012; 23:1661-7. [PMID: 22475809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 10/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Excessive secretion of proinflammatory adipokines has been linked to metabolic disorders. We have previously documented anti-inflammatory effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) in adipose tissue; however, the mechanisms by which these fatty acids regulate adipokine secretion remain unclear. Here, we determined differential effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, n-3 PUFA) vs. arachidonic acid (AA, n-6 PUFA) on expression and secretion of angiotensinogen (Agt), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP-1) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. While both PUFAs increased intracellular Agt protein and mRNA expression, Agt secretion into culture media was increased only by AA treatment, which in turn was prevented by co-treatment with EPA. At various AA/EPA ratios, increasing AA concentrations significantly increased secretion of the above three adipokines, whereas increasing EPA dose-dependently, while lowering AA, decreased their secretion. Moreover, IL-6 and MCP-1 were more significantly reduced by EPA treatment compared to Agt (IL-6>MCP>Agt). Next, we tested whether nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), a major proinflammatory transcription factor, was involved in regulation of these adipokines by PUFAs. EPA significantly inhibited NF-κB activation compared to control or AA treatments. Moreover, EPA attenuated tumor necrosis factor-α-induced MCP-1 and further reduced its secretion in the presence of an NF-κB inhibitor. Taken together, we reported here novel beneficial effects of EPA in adipocytes. We demonstrated direct anti-inflammatory effects of EPA, which are at least in part due to the inhibitory effects of this n-3 PUFA on the NF-κB pathway in adipocytes. In conclusion, these studies further support beneficial effects of n-3 PUFAs in adipocyte inflammation and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalin Siriwardhana
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee (UT), Knoxville, TN, USA
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32
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Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: effects on risk factors, molecular pathways, and clinical events. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 58:2047-67. [PMID: 22051327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1139] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We reviewed available evidence for cardiovascular effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) consumption, focusing on long chain (seafood) n-3 PUFA, including their principal dietary sources, effects on physiological risk factors, potential molecular pathways and bioactive metabolites, effects on specific clinical endpoints, and existing dietary guidelines. Major dietary sources include fatty fish and other seafood. n-3 PUFA consumption lowers plasma triglycerides, resting heart rate, and blood pressure and might also improve myocardial filling and efficiency, lower inflammation, and improve vascular function. Experimental studies demonstrate direct anti-arrhythmic effects, which have been challenging to document in humans. n-3 PUFA affect a myriad of molecular pathways, including alteration of physical and chemical properties of cellular membranes, direct interaction with and modulation of membrane channels and proteins, regulation of gene expression via nuclear receptors and transcription factors, changes in eicosanoid profiles, and conversion of n-3 PUFA to bioactive metabolites. In prospective observational studies and adequately powered randomized clinical trials, benefits of n-3 PUFA seem most consistent for coronary heart disease mortality and sudden cardiac death. Potential effects on other cardiovascular outcomes are less-well-established, including conflicting evidence from observational studies and/or randomized trials for effects on nonfatal myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, atrial fibrillation, recurrent ventricular arrhythmias, and heart failure. Research gaps include the relative importance of different physiological and molecular mechanisms, precise dose-responses of physiological and clinical effects, whether fish oil provides all the benefits of fish consumption, and clinical effects of plant-derived n-3 PUFA. Overall, current data provide strong concordant evidence that n-3 PUFA are bioactive compounds that reduce risk of cardiac death. National and international guidelines have converged on consistent recommendations for the general population to consume at least 250 mg/day of long-chain n-3 PUFA or at least 2 servings/week of oily fish.
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33
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Adrenal cortex. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2011; 18:231-3. [PMID: 21522003 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3283457c7d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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34
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Shiba S, Tsunoda N, Ito K, Wakutsu M, Muraki E, Sonoda M, Tam PSY, Fujiwara Y, Ikemoto S, Kasono K. Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Fish Oil Play a Role in Adequate Fat Distribution to Plasma, Liver and White Adipose Tissue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.57.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Shiba
- Department of Clinical Dietetics and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | - Nobuyo Tsunoda
- Department of Clinical Dietetics and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | - Kanako Ito
- Department of Clinical Dietetics and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | - Masaki Wakutsu
- Department of Clinical Dietetics and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | - Etsuko Muraki
- Department of Clinical Dietetics and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | - Mariko Sonoda
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Human Life and Environmental Sciences, Ochanomizu University
| | - Phyllis S. Y. Tam
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Human Life and Environmental Sciences, Ochanomizu University
| | - Yoko Fujiwara
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Human Life and Environmental Sciences, Ochanomizu University
| | - Shinji Ikemoto
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Human Life and Environmental Sciences, Ochanomizu University
- Present address: Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Human Nutrition, Seitoku University
| | - Keizo Kasono
- Department of Clinical Dietetics and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
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Mong MC, Chao CY, Yin MC. Histidine and carnosine alleviated hepatic steatosis in mice consumed high saturated fat diet. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 653:82-8. [PMID: 21167151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The effects of histidine, alanine and carnosine on activity and/or mRNA expression of lipogenic enzymes and sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) in liver and adipose tissue from high fat diet treated mice were examined. Histidine, alanine or carnosine, each agent at 1g/l was added into drinking water for 8-wk supplement. Histidine or carnosine supplement increased hepatic levels of alanine, histidine and carnosine. High fat diet evoked lipogenesis via raising the activity and mRNA expression of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, fatty acid synthase (FAS), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, SREBP-1a, -1c and -2 in liver and adipose tissue (P<0.05), which consequently increased mice body weight, epididymal fat, and hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol contents (P<0.05). The intake of histidine or carnosine significantly diminished the activity and mRNA expression of malic enzyme, FAS, HMG-CoA reductase, SREBP-1c and SREBP-2, which led to lower body weight, epididymal fat, and hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol levels (P<0.05). Mice consumed high fat diet exhibited hyper-insulinemia, hyper-leptinemia, hypo-adiponectinemia and hypo-ghrelinemia. Histidine or carnosine treatments significantly improved insulin sensitivity and attenuated hyper-insulinemia (P<0.05). These results support that histidine and carnosine are effective agents for mitigating high fat diet induced hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-chin Mong
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung County, Taiwan, ROC
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36
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Puglisi MJ, Hasty AH, Saraswathi V. The role of adipose tissue in mediating the beneficial effects of dietary fish oil. J Nutr Biochem 2010; 22:101-8. [PMID: 21145721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fish oil improves several features of metabolic syndrome (MetS), such as dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. Fish oil may mediate some of its beneficial effects by modulating the storage and/or secretory functions of adipose tissue (AT). The storage of triglycerides in AT is regulated by the availability of free fatty acids and the degree of lipolysis in AT. Fish oil has been shown to reduce lipolysis in several studies, indicating improved triglyceride storage. Importantly, AT secretes a variety of adipokines and fish oil feeding is associated with remarkable changes in the plasma levels of two key adipokines, adiponectin and leptin. Much attention has been focused on the contribution of adiponectin in fish oil-mediated improvements in MetS. However, emerging evidence also indicates a role of leptin in modulating the components of the MetS upon fish oil feeding. In addition to improving the storage and secretory functions of AT, fish oil, and the n-3 fatty acids found in fish oil, has been shown to reduce inflammation in AT. These effects may be in part a result of activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ or inhibition of Toll-like receptor 4. Thus, there is compelling evidence that fish oil mediates its beneficial effects on MetS by improving AT storage and secretory functions and by reducing inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Puglisi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-0615, USA
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Kalupahana NS, Claycombe K, Newman SJ, Stewart T, Siriwardhana N, Matthan N, Lichtenstein AH, Moustaid-Moussa N. Eicosapentaenoic acid prevents and reverses insulin resistance in high-fat diet-induced obese mice via modulation of adipose tissue inflammation. J Nutr 2010; 140:1915-22. [PMID: 20861209 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.125732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on prevention (P) and reversal (R) of high saturated-fat (HF) diet-induced obesity and glucose-insulin homeostasis. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed low-fat (LF; 10% energy from fat), HF (45% energy from fat), or a HF-EPA-P (45% energy from fat; 36 g/kg EPA) diet for 11 wk. A 4th group was initially fed HF for 6 wk followed by the HF-EPA-R diet for 5 wk. As expected, mice fed the HF diet developed obesity and glucose intolerance. In contrast, mice fed the HF-EPA-P diet maintained normal glucose tolerance despite weight gain compared with the LF group. Whereas the HF group developed hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, both HF-EPA groups (P and R) exhibited normal glycemia and insulinemia. Further, plasma adiponectin concentration was lower in the HF group but was comparable in the LF and HF-EPA groups, suggesting a role of EPA in preventing and improving insulin resistance induced by HF feeding. Further analysis of adipose tissue adipokine levels and proteomic studies in cultured adipocytes indicated that dietary EPA supplementation of HF diets was associated with reduced adipose inflammation and lipogenesis and elevated markers of fatty acid oxidation. In C57BL/6J mice, EPA minimized saturated fat-induced insulin resistance and this is in part mediated by its effects on fatty acid oxidation and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishan S Kalupahana
- Department of Animal Science, Obesity Research Center, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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