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Poudel A, Gachumi G, Paterson PG, El-Aneed A, Badea I. Liposomal Phytosterols as LDL-Cholesterol-Lowering Agents in Diet-Induced Hyperlipidemia. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:4443-4452. [PMID: 37492942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c01072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The high blood level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is a primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Plant sterols, known as phytosterols (PSs), can reduce LDL-C in a range of 8-14%. The extent of LDL-C reduction depends on its formulation. Encapsulation into liposomes is one formulation strategy to enhance the efficiency of PSs. PSs (campesterol, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol) have frequently been assessed alone or in combination for their LDL-C-lowering ability. However, one naturally abundant PS, brassicasterol, has not yet been tested for its efficacy. We have previously developed a novel liposomal formulation containing the PS mixture present naturally in canola that is composed of brassicasterol, campesterol, and β-sitosterol. In this work, the efficacy of our novel liposomal PS formulation that includes brassicasterol was assessed in a hamster model. Animals were divided into five groups: (i) liposomal PS in orange juice, (ii) liposomal PS in water, (iii) marketed PS in orange juice, (iv) control orange juice, and (v) control water. The animals were fed a high-fat, cholesterol-supplemented (0.5%) diet to induce hypercholesterolemia. The treatment was administered orally once daily for 4 weeks. Fasting blood samples were collected at baseline, week 2, and week 4. The extent of the reduction of total cholesterol, LDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides was compared among the groups. Liposomal PSs in both orange juice and water significantly reduced LDL-C compared to their controls. Furthermore, the liposomal PS was as effective as a marketed PS-containing product in reducing LDL-C. Liposomal PSs in both orange juice and water showed similar efficacy in LDL-C reduction, highlighting that these vehicles/food matrices do not affect the efficacy of PSs. The liposomal formulation of a natural PS mixture extracted from canola oil, with brassicasterol as a major component, exhibited a significant LDL-C reduction in a hamster model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmita Poudel
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5E5, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - George Gachumi
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5E5, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Phyllis G Paterson
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5E5, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Anas El-Aneed
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5E5, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ildiko Badea
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5E5, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Ali T, Klein AN, McDonald K, Johansson L, Mukherjee PG, Hallbeck M, Doh-Ura K, Schatzl HM, Gilch S. Cellulose ether treatment inhibits amyloid beta aggregation, neuroinflammation and cognitive deficits in transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:177. [PMID: 37507761 PMCID: PMC10375631 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02858-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an incurable, progressive and devastating neurodegenerative disease. Pathogenesis of AD is associated with the aggregation and accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ), a major neurotoxic mediator that triggers neuroinflammation and memory impairment. Recently, we found that cellulose ether compounds (CEs) have beneficial effects against prion diseases by inhibiting protein misfolding and replication of prions, which share their replication mechanism with Aβ. CEs are FDA-approved safe additives in foods and pharmaceuticals. Herein, for the first time we determined the therapeutic effects of the representative CE (TC-5RW) in AD using in vitro and in vivo models. Our in vitro studies showed that TC-5RW inhibits Aβ aggregation, as well as neurotoxicity and immunoreactivity in Aβ-exposed human and murine neuroblastoma cells. In in vivo studies, for the first time we observed that single and weekly TC-5RW administration, respectively, improved memory functions of transgenic 5XFAD mouse model of AD. We further demonstrate that TC-5RW treatment of 5XFAD mice significantly inhibited Aβ oligomer and plaque burden and its associated neuroinflammation via regulating astrogliosis, microgliosis and proinflammatory mediator glial maturation factor beta (GMFβ). Additionally, we determined that TC-5RW reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced activated gliosis and GMFβ in vitro. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that CEs have therapeutic effects against Aβ pathologies and cognitive impairments, and direct, potent anti-inflammatory activity to rescue neuroinflammation. Therefore, these FDA-approved compounds are effective candidates for developing therapeutics for AD and related neurodegenerative diseases associated with protein misfolding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Ali
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada.
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Antonia N Klein
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Keegan McDonald
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Lovisa Johansson
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), Linköping University, 58185, Linköping, Sweden
| | | | - Martin Hallbeck
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), Linköping University, 58185, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Katsumi Doh-Ura
- Department of Neurochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hermann M Schatzl
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sabine Gilch
- Calgary Prion Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada.
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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Nguyen AT, Althwab SA, Qiu H, Zbasnik R, Urrea C, Carr TP, Schlegel V. Great Northern Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Lower Cholesterol in Hamsters Fed a High-Saturated-Fat Diet. J Nutr 2022; 152:2080-2087. [PMID: 35511604 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary interventions for high cholesterol, a primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease, are generally considered before prescribing drugs. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effects of whole Great Northern beans (wGNBs) and their hull (hGNB) incorporated into a high-saturated-fat (HSF) diet on cholesterol markers and hepatic/small intestinal genes involved in cholesterol regulation. METHODS Each of the 4 groups of 11 male golden Syrian hamsters at 9 wk old were fed a normal-fat [NF; 5% (wt:wt) of soybean oil], HSF [5% (wt:wt) of soybean oil + 10% (wt:wt) of coconut oil], HSF+5% (wt:wt) wGNB, or HSF+0.5% (wt:wt) hGNB diet for 4 wk. Cholesterol markers and expression of genes involved in cholesterol metabolism and absorption were analyzed from plasma, liver, intestinal, and fecal samples. Data were analyzed by 1-factor ANOVA and Pearson correlations. RESULTS Compared with the HSF group, the HSF+wGNB group had 62% and 85% lower plasma and liver cholesterol and 3.6-fold and 1.4-fold greater fecal excretion of neutral sterol and bile acid, respectively (P ≤ 0.05). The HSF+hGNB group had 54% lower plasma triglycerides (P < 0.001) and 53% lower liver esterified cholesterol (P = 0.0002) than the HSF group. Compared with the HSF group, the expression of small intestinal Niemann-Pick C1 like 1 (Npc1l1), acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase 2 (Acat2), and ATP binding cassette transporter subfamily G member 5 (Abcg5) were 75%, 70%, and 49% lower, respectively, and expression of hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (Hmgr) was 11.5-fold greater in the HSF+wGNB group (P ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Consumption of wGNBs resulted in lower cholesterol concentration in male hamsters fed an HSF diet by promoting fecal cholesterol excretion, most likely caused by Npc1l1 and Acat2 suppression. The hGNB may partially contribute to the cholesterol-lowering effect of the wGNBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- An T Nguyen
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE, USA.,Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Dalat University, Dalat, Vietnam
| | - Sami A Althwab
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE, USA.,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haowen Qiu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Richard Zbasnik
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Carlos Urrea
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Panhandle Research and Extension Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Scottsbluff, NE, USA
| | - Timothy P Carr
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Vicki Schlegel
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE, USA
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Qiao H, Zhao T, Yin J, Zhang Y, Ran H, Chen S, Wu Z, Zhang R, Wang X, Gan L, Wang J. Structural Characteristics of Inulin and Microcrystalline Cellulose and Their Effect on Ameliorating Colitis and Altering Colonic Microbiota in Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitic Mice. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:10921-10932. [PMID: 35415348 PMCID: PMC8991927 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have reported that dietary fibers (DFs) from plants may exert beneficial effects on inflammatory bowel disease. In the present study, we investigated the structural differences of soluble DF (inulin) and insoluble DF (microcrystalline cellulose, MCC) and their effects on the intestinal barrier integrity, gut microbiota community, and inflammation response in mice with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. Mice were fed for 21 days with diets containing inulin or MCC (2.5 g/kg body weight), and colitis was induced by administration of DSS (4% w/v) in drinking water during the last 8 days of experimentation. The results showed that inulin and MCC differ in morphology and structure. MCC exhibited a smaller particle size, a larger specific surface area, and higher thermal stability than inulin. In addition, both inulin and MCC restored various physical signs (body weight, colon weight and length, disease activity index score, and infiltration of inflammatory cells), gut barrier function (as evidenced by the increased expression of claudin-3, claudin-7, ZO-2, occludin, JAM-2, and MUC-3 and the decreased activity of myeloperoxidase activity), downregulation of mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines (caspase-1, NLPR3, TLR4, TNF-α, and IL-1β), and modulation of colon microbiota community. Taken together, the present study demonstrates that DFs differ in morphology and structure and ameliorate DSS-induced colitis in mice by blocking proinflammatory cytokines, reinforcing gut barrier integrity, and modulating gut microbiota. Therefore, DFs, especially inulin, are promising dietary supplements to alleviate intestinal inflammation.
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Nutritional Modulation of Gut Microbiota Alleviates Severe Gastrointestinal Symptoms in a Patient with Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome. mBio 2022; 13:e0380121. [PMID: 35254129 PMCID: PMC9040862 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03801-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increase in total coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection cases, post-acute COVID-19 syndrome, defined as experiencing ongoing health problems 4 or more weeks after the first severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, has become a new arising public health concern. As part of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome, gastrointestinal symptoms might be associated with dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, which has the potential to become a target for intervention. In this study, a patient with post-acute COVID-19 syndrome with long-lasting severe gastrointestinal symptoms was provided 2-month expanded access to a high-fiber formula with investigational new drug (IND) status developed to alleviate COVID-19-related symptoms by modulating the gut microbiota. Symptoms including severe “loss of appetite,” palpitation, and anxiety were significantly alleviated by the end of the intervention. The medication dosage for controlling nausea decreased during the intervention. The serum lipid profile, insulin level, and leptin level were improved compared to the baseline values. Significant structural changes of the patient’s gut microbiota and reduced microbial fermentation activity in the small intestine were found during the intervention. Eighteen amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene significantly responded to this nutritional intervention. Six out of the 18 ASVs were also found to be negatively correlated with symptom severity/medication dosage. Five of the six ASVs (ASV0AKS_Oscillibacter, ASV009F_Anaerofustis, ASV02YT_Blautia, ASV07LA_Blautia, and ASV0AM6_Eubacterium hallii) were potential short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria, which might be associated with the alleviation of symptoms. Our study indicates the feasibility of alleviating gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with post-acute COVID-19 syndrome by way of nutritional modulation of their gut microbiota.
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Sallam SMA, Abo-Zeid HM, Abaza MA, El-Zaiat HM. Nutrient intake, digestibility, growth performance, and carcass of sheep fed urea-based diet supplemented with natural clinoptilolite. Anim Sci J 2022; 93:e13689. [PMID: 35080091 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Forty-five male Barki lambs (30.62 ± 4.54 kg BW) were allocated into three treatments designed to evaluate the effect of replacing soybean meal nitrogen with urea supplemented with natural clinoptilolite on performance and carcass characteristics. Lambs were randomly assigned to nine pens blocked according to age and initial BW into three blocks of three pens each assigned to one of three treatments: Control diet: animals received only a basal diet ad libitum, UR diet: urea replaced 68% of SBM nitrogen in the control diet or UR-Z diet: UR diet supplemented with 20-g zeolite for 141 days. Lambs fed on UR-Z diet increased (p < 0.05) total intakes of DM, crude protein digestibility, ADG, FCR, blood glucose and cholesterol concentration. Lambs fed on UR-Z diet decreased (p < 0.05) ruminal NH3 -N concentration compared to the UR diet. Carcasses from lambs fed on UR diet had greater (p < 0.05) ether extract content, fat thickness, meat yellowness and saturation attributes than those fed on UR-Z and control diets. Sheep fed on UR-Z diet made higher economic profit than UR and control diets. Partial replacement of soybean meal with urea supplemented with zeolite seemed to be economically efficient, with comparable performance and carcass attributes in growing lambs diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobhy M A Sallam
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Production, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hassan M Abo-Zeid
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Production, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Abaza
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Production, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hani M El-Zaiat
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Production, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
- College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
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7
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Potential Applications of Biopolymers in Fisheries Industry. Biopolymers 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-98392-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Cooked Black Turtle Beans Ameliorate Insulin Resistance and Restore Gut Microbiota in C57BL/6J Mice on High-Fat Diets. Foods 2021; 10:foods10081691. [PMID: 34441468 PMCID: PMC8393191 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colored common beans are associated with health promoting and chronic disease prevention effects. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed high-fat (HF) diets supplemented with cooked black turtle beans (HFB) to prevent obesity related insulin resistance. Mice on both HF and HFB were obese compared to mice fed a low-fat (LF) diet. Plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglyceride concentrations of mice fed HFB diet were 28% and 36.6% lower than those on HF diet. Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index of mice fed HFB diet was 87% lower than that of mice fed HF diet. Diabetes related biomarkers, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), leptin, glucagon, and inflammatory cytokines interleukin 4 (IL-4) and IL-5, 10 and 12, IFN-g and TNF-α were significantly affected by HFB diet. Pparα, Cyp7a1 and Fasn were down-regulated by HFB diet while LDL-R, Srebp-2, Adipoq and Slc2a4 were up-regulated by HFB diet. The ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) was also decreased 64.1% by HFB diet compared to HF diet. The results indicated that cooked black turtle bean consumption could ameliorate insulin resistance and lower plasma LDL in mice fed HF diet through glucose signaling pathway and JNK/c-Jun pathway. Meanwhile, cooked black turtle bean consumption restored the gut microbiome.
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Pabois O, Antoine-Michard A, Zhao X, Omar J, Ahmed F, Alexis F, Harvey RD, Grillo I, Gerelli Y, Grundy MML, Bajka B, Wilde PJ, Dreiss CA. Interactions of bile salts with a dietary fibre, methylcellulose, and impact on lipolysis. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 231:115741. [PMID: 31888817 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Methylcellulose (MC) has a demonstrated capacity to reduce fat absorption, hypothetically through bile salt (BS) activity inhibition. We investigated MC cholesterol-lowering mechanism, and compared the influence of two BS, sodium taurocholate (NaTC) and sodium taurodeoxycholate (NaTDC), which differ slightly by their architecture and exhibit contrasting functions during lipolysis. BS/MC bulk interactions were investigated by rheology, and BS behaviour at the MC/water interface studied with surface pressure and ellipsometry measurements. In vitro lipolysis studies were performed to evaluate the effect of BS on MC-stabilised emulsion droplets microstructure, with confocal microscopy, and free fatty acids release, with the pH-stat method. Our results demonstrate that BS structure dictates their interactions with MC, which, in turn, impact lipolysis. Compared to NaTC, NaTDC alters MC viscoelasticity more significantly, which may correlate with its weaker ability to promote lipolysis, and desorbs from the interface at lower concentrations, which may explain its higher propensity to destabilise emulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Pabois
- Institut Laue-Langevin, Grenoble, 38000, France; Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Xi Zhao
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
| | - Jasmin Omar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
| | - Faizah Ahmed
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Richard D Harvey
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06099, Germany.
| | | | - Yuri Gerelli
- Institut Laue-Langevin, Grenoble, 38000, France.
| | - Myriam M-L Grundy
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AR, United Kingdom.
| | - Balazs Bajka
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
| | - Peter J Wilde
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UA, United Kingdom.
| | - Cécile A Dreiss
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
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Dietary Patterns and Cardiometabolic Outcomes in Diabetes: A Summary of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092209. [PMID: 31540227 PMCID: PMC6770579 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Diabetes and Nutrition Study Group (DNSG) of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) conducted a review of existing systematic reviews and meta-analyses to explain the relationship between different dietary patterns and patient-important cardiometabolic outcomes. To update the clinical practice guidelines for nutrition therapy in the prevention and management of diabetes, we summarize the evidence from these evidence syntheses for the Mediterranean, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), Portfolio, Nordic, liquid meal replacement, and vegetarian dietary patterns. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was used to assess the quality of evidence. We summarized the evidence for disease incidence outcomes and risk factor outcomes using risk ratios (RRs) and mean differences (MDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), respectively. The Mediterranean diet showed a cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence (RR: 0.62; 95%CI, 0.50, 0.78), and non-significant CVD mortality (RR: 0.67; 95%CI, 0.45, 1.00) benefit. The DASH dietary pattern improved cardiometabolic risk factors (P < 0.05) and was associated with the decreased incidence of CVD (RR, 0.80; 95%CI, 0.76, 0.85). Vegetarian dietary patterns were associated with improved cardiometabolic risk factors (P < 0.05) and the reduced incidence (0.72; 95%CI: 0.61, 0.85) and mortality (RR, 0.78; 95%CI, 0.69, 0.88) of coronary heart disease. The Portfolio dietary pattern improved cardiometabolic risk factors and reduced estimated 10-year coronary heart disease (CHD) risk by 13% (−1.34% (95%CI, −2.19 to −0.49)). The Nordic dietary pattern was correlated with decreased CVD (0.93 (95%CI, 0.88, 0.99)) and stroke incidence (0.87 (95%CI, 0.77, 0.97)) and, along with liquid meal replacements, improved cardiometabolic risk factors (P < 0.05). The evidence was assessed as low to moderate certainty for most dietary patterns and outcome pairs. Current evidence suggests that the Mediterranean, DASH, Portfolio, Nordic, liquid meal replacement and vegetarian dietary patterns have cardiometabolic advantages in populations inclusive of diabetes.
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Screening for Cholesterol-Lowering Probiotics from Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Corn Silage Based on Three Hypothesized Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092073. [PMID: 31035460 PMCID: PMC6539855 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 85 strains of lactic acid bacteria were isolated from corn silage in this study and analyzed in vitro for their cholesterol removal, NPC1L1 protein down-regulation and bile salt deconjugation ability, respectively. Nineteen strains were selected for further analysis for their probiotic potential. Finally, 3 strains showing better probiotic potential were evaluated for their cholesterol-lowering activity in hamsters. The strains showing the greater cholesterol removal and NPC1L1 protein down-regulation activity had no significant effects on serum and hepatic cholesterol levels in hamsters (p > 0.05). However, Lactobacillus plantarum CAAS 18008 (1 × 109 CFU/d) showing the greater bile salt deconjugation ability significantly reduced serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, and hepatic total cholesterol levels by 28.8%, 21.7%, and 30.9%, respectively (p < 0.05). The cholesterol-lowering mechanism was attributed to its bile salt hydrolase activity, which enhanced daily fecal bile acid excretion levels and thereby accelerated new bile acid synthesis from cholesterol in liver. This study demonstrated that the strains showing greater cholesterol removal and NPC1L1 protein down-regulation activity in vitro hardly reveal cholesterol-lowering activity in vivo, whereas the strains showing greater bile salt deconjugation ability in vitro has large potential to decrease serum cholesterol levels in vivo.
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Isoflavones enhance pharmacokinetic exposure of active lovastatin acid via the upregulation of carboxylesterase in high-fat diet mice after oral administration of Xuezhikang capsules. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:1804-1815. [PMID: 29921884 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Xuezhikang capsule (XZK) is a traditional Chinese medicine that contains lovastatin (Lv) for hyperlipidemia treatment, although it has fewer side effects than Lv. However, the pharmacokinetic mechanisms contributing to its distinct efficacy and low side effects are unclear. Mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 6 weeks to induce hyperlipidemia. We first conducted the pharmacokinetic studies in HFD mice following oral administration of Lv (10 mg/kg, i.g.) and found that HFD remarkably decreased the active form of Lv (the lovastatin acid, LvA) exposure in the circulation system, especially in the targeting organ liver, with a declined conversion from Lv to LvA, whereas the Lv (responsible for myotoxicity) exposure in muscle markedly increased. Then we compared the pharmacokinetic profiles of Lv in HFD mice after the oral administration of XZK (1200 mg/kg, i.g.) or an equivalent dose of Lv (10 mg/kg, i.g.). A higher exposure of LvA and lower exposure of Lv were observed after XZK administration, suggesting a pharmacokinetic interaction of some ingredients in XZK. Further studies revealed that HFD promoted the inflammation and inhibited carboxylesterase (CES) activities in the intestine and the liver, thus contributing to the lower transformation of Lv into LvA. In contrast, XZK inhibited the inflammation and upregulated CES in the intestine and the liver. Finally, we evaluated the effects of monacolins and phytosterols, the fractional extracts of isoflavones, on inflammatory LS174T or HepG2 cells, which showed that isoflavones inhibited inflammation, upregulated CES, and markedly enhanced the conversion of Lv into LvA. For the first time, we provide evidence that isoflavones and Lv in XZK act in concert to enhance the efficacy and reduce the side effects of Lv.
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Effects of prebiotic inulin addition to low- or high-fat diet on maternal metabolic status and neonatal traits of offspring in a pregnant sow model. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Elkahoui S, Bartley GE, Yokoyama WH, Friedman M. Dietary Supplementation of Potato Peel Powders Prepared from Conventional and Organic Russet and Non-organic Gold and Red Potatoes Reduces Weight Gain in Mice on a High-Fat Diet. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:6064-6072. [PMID: 29877090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the potential of potato peel powders, high in bioactive phenolic compounds and glycoalkaloids, to reduce weight gain in mice consuming a high-fat diet. Potato peel powders were prepared from the following fresh commercial potato varieties by hand-peeling and then freeze-drying and grinding the peels into powder: non-organic (conventionally grown) gold, red, and Russet and organically grown Russet. Mice diets (25% fat by weight) were supplemented with either 10 or 20% potato peel powders for 3 weeks. In comparison to the control diet, the isocaloric and isonitrogenous peel-containing diets induced a reduction in weight gain that ranged from 17-45% (10% peel diets) to 46-73% (20% peel diets), suggesting that differences in weight gain are associated with the potato peel source and peel concentration of the diet. Weight reductions were accompanied by reduced epididymal white adipose tissue ranging from 22 to 80% as well as changes in the microbiota analyzed using next-generation sequencing and in obesity-associated genetic biomarkers determined by the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Safety aspects and possible mechanisms of the antiobesity effects are discussed in terms of the composition of the bioactive potato peel compounds, which were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. The results suggest that potato peels, a major peeling byproduct of potato processing used to prepare fries, chips, and potato flour, that showed exceptionally high antiobesity properties in fat mice, have the potential to serve as an antiobesity functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salem Elkahoui
- Laboratory of Bioactive Substances , Center of Biotechnology of Borj Cédria , BP 901, 2050 Hammam-Lif , Tunisia
| | - Glenn E Bartley
- Healthy Processed Foods Research, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture , Albany , California 94710 , United States
| | - Wallace H Yokoyama
- Healthy Processed Foods Research, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture , Albany , California 94710 , United States
| | - Mendel Friedman
- Healthy Processed Foods Research, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture , Albany , California 94710 , United States
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15
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Gil-Ramírez A, Morales D, Soler-Rivas C. Molecular actions of hypocholesterolaemic compounds from edible mushrooms. Food Funct 2018; 9:53-69. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fo00835j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Edible mushrooms contain bioactive compounds able to modulate the expression of genes related to absorption, biosynthesis and transport of cholesterol and regulation of its homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Gil-Ramírez
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods
- CIAL – Research Institute in Food Science (UAM+CSIC)
- C/Nicolas Cabrera 9
- Campus de Cantoblanco
- Universidad Autonoma de Madrid
| | - Diego Morales
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods
- CIAL – Research Institute in Food Science (UAM+CSIC)
- C/Nicolas Cabrera 9
- Campus de Cantoblanco
- Universidad Autonoma de Madrid
| | - Cristina Soler-Rivas
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods
- CIAL – Research Institute in Food Science (UAM+CSIC)
- C/Nicolas Cabrera 9
- Campus de Cantoblanco
- Universidad Autonoma de Madrid
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16
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Carboxymethylation of polysaccharide from Morchella angusticepes Peck enhances its cholesterol-lowering activity in rats. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 172:85-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Abstract
Consumption of dietary soluble fibers has been associated with health benefits such as reduced lipid levels, lower blood pressure, improved blood glucose control, weight loss, improved immune function, and reduced inflammation. Many of these health benefits relate to a reduced risk of developing cardiovascular disease. In this paper, we have reviewed recent studies on the hypocholesterolemic effects of dietary soluble fibers as well as fiber-rich foods. Findings include the following: (a) consumption of water-soluble, viscous-forming fibers can reduce total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels by about 5-10 %; (b) minimal changes of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or triglyceride levels were observed; (c) cholesterol-lowering properties of soluble fibers depend on their physical and chemical properties; and (d) medium to high molecular weight fibers are more effective in reducing lipid levels. Hypocholesterolemic benefits were also observed with some fiber-rich foods, such as whole oats, whole barley, legumes, peas, beans, flax seeds, apples, and citrus foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanth Surampudi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Byambaa Enkhmaa
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Erdembileg Anuurad
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lars Berglund
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA. .,2UC Davis Medical Center, CTSC, 2921 Stockton Blvd, Suite 1400, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
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18
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Effect of gelatin supplementation on growth performance and blood metabolites of broiler chickens fed diets varying in crude protein. Livest Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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19
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Nsor-Atindana J, Chen M, Goff HD, Zhong F, Sharif HR, Li Y. Functionality and nutritional aspects of microcrystalline cellulose in food. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 172:159-174. [PMID: 28606522 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is among the most commonly used cellulose derivatives in the food industry. In order assess the recent advances of MCC in food product development and its associated nutraceutical implications, google scholar and database of journals subscribed by Jiangnan university, China were used to source literature. Recently published research articles that reported physicochemical properties of MCC for food application or potential application in food and nutraceutical functions were reviewed and major findings outlined. The selected literature reviewed demonstrated that the material has been extensively explored as a functional ingredient in food including meat products, emulsions, beverages, dairy products, bakery, confectionary and filling. The carbohydrate polymer also has many promising applications in functional and nutraceutical food industries. Though widely used as control for many dietary fiber investigations, MCC has been shown to provide positive effects on gastrointestinal physiology, and hypolipidemic effects, influencing the expression of enzymes involved in lipid metabolism. These techno-functional and nutraceutical properties of MCC are influenced by the physicochemical of the material, which are defined by the raw material source and processing conditions. Apart from these functional properties, this review also highlighted limitations and gaps regarding the application of material in food and nutritional realms. Functional, Nutritional and health claims of MCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Nsor-Atindana
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, 214122 Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Maoshen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, 214122 Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - H Douglas Goff
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Canada
| | - Fang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, 214122 Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Hafiz Rizwan Sharif
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, 214122 Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, 214122 Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
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20
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Yang TH, Yao HT, Chiang MT. Red algae (Gelidium amansii) hot-water extract ameliorates lipid metabolism in hamsters fed a high-fat diet. J Food Drug Anal 2017; 25:931-938. [PMID: 28987370 PMCID: PMC9328878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Gelidium amansii (GA) hot-water extracts (GHE) on lipid metabolism in hamsters. Six-week-old male Syrian hamsters were used as the experimental animals. Hamsters were divided into four groups: (1) control diet group (CON); (2) high-fat diet group (HF); (3) HF with GHE diet group (HF + GHE); (4) HF with probucol diet group (HF + PO). All groups were fed the experimental diets and drinking water ad libitum for 6 weeks. The results showed that GHE significantly decreased body weight, liver weight, and adipose tissue (perirenal and paraepididymal) weight. The HF diet induced an increase in plasma triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. However, GHE supplementation reversed the increase of plasma lipids caused by the HF diet. In addition, GHE increased fecal cholesterol, TG and bile acid excretion. Lower hepatic TC and TG levels were found with GHE treatment. GHE reduced hepatic sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBP) including SREBP 1 and SREBP 2 protein expressions. The phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) protein expression in hamsters was decreased by the HF diet; however, GHE supplementation increased the phosphorylation of AMPK protein expression. Our results suggest that GHE may ameliorate lipid metabolism in hamsters fed a HF diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Han Yang
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung,
Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsien-Tsung Yao
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung,
Taiwan, ROC
| | - Meng-Tsan Chiang
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung,
Taiwan, ROC
- Corresponding author. Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road, Keelung, Taiwan, ROC. E-mail address: (M.-T. Chiang)
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21
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Shao D, Yao L, Riaz MS, Zhu J, Shi J, Jin M, Huang Q, Yang H. Simulated microgravity affects some biological characteristics of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 101:3439-3449. [PMID: 28013406 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-8059-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The effects of weightlessness on enteric microorganisms have been extensively studied, but have mainly been focused on pathogens. As a major component of the microbiome of the human intestinal tract, probiotics are important to keep the host healthy. Accordingly, understanding their changes under weightlessness conditions has substantial value. This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of Lactobacillus acidophilus, a typical probiotic for humans, under simulated microgravity (SMG) conditions. The results revealed that SMG had no significant impact on the morphology of L. acidophilus, but markedly shortened its lag phase, enhanced its growth rate, acid tolerance ability up to pH < 2.5, and the bile resistance at the bile concentration of <0.05%. SMG also decreased the sensitivity of L. acidophilus to cefalexin, sulfur gentamicin, and sodium penicillin. No obvious effect of SMG was observed on the adhesion ability of L. acidophilus to Caco-2 cells. Moreover, after SMG treatment, both the culture of L. acidophilus and its liquid phase exhibited higher antibacterial activity against S. typhimurium and S. aureus in a time-dependent manner. The SMG treatment also increased the in vitro cholesterol-lowering ability of L. acidophilus by regulating the expression of the key cholesterol metabolism genes CYP7A1, ABCB11, LDLR, and HMGCR in the HepG2 cell line. Thus, the SMG treatment did have considerable influence on some biological activities and characteristics of L. acidophilus related to human health. These findings provided valuable information for understanding the influence of probiotics on human health under simulated microgravity conditions, at least.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyan Shao
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China
| | - Linbo Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, 28 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Muhammad Shahid Riaz
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China
| | - Junling Shi
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China.
| | - Mingliang Jin
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China
| | - Qingsheng Huang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China
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22
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Chardonnay Grape Seed Flour Ameliorates Hepatic Steatosis and Insulin Resistance via Altered Hepatic Gene Expression for Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Lipid and Ceramide Synthesis in Diet-Induced Obese Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167680. [PMID: 27977712 PMCID: PMC5157984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To identify differentially expressed hepatic genes contributing to the improvement of high-fat (HF) diet-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance following supplementation of partially defatted flavonoid-rich Chardonnay grape seed flour (ChrSd), diet-induced obese (DIO) mice were fed HF diets containing either ChrSd or microcrystalline cellulose (MCC, control) for 5 weeks. The 2-h insulin area under the curve was significantly lowered by ChrSd, indicating that ChrSd improved insulin sensitivity. ChrSd intake also significantly reduced body weight gain, liver and adipose tissue weight, hepatic lipid content, and plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, despite a significant increase in food intake. Exon microarray analysis of hepatic gene expression revealed down-regulation of genes related to triglyceride and ceramide synthesis, immune response, oxidative stress, and inflammation and upregulation of genes related to fatty acid oxidation, cholesterol, and bile acid synthesis. In conclusion, the effects of ChrSd supplementation in a HF diet on weight gain, insulin resistance, and progression of hepatic steatosis in DIO mice were associated with modulation of hepatic genes related to oxidative stress, inflammation, ceramide synthesis, and lipid and cholesterol metabolism.
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23
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Mu S, Li M, Guo M, Yang W, Wang Y, Li J, Fu Q, He Z. Spironolactone nanocrystals for oral administration: Different pharmacokinetic performances induced by stabilizers. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 147:73-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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24
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Shao D, Wang Y, Huang Q, Shi J, Yang H, Pan Z, Jin M, Zhao H, Xu X. Cholesterol-Lowering Effects and Mechanisms in View of Bile Acid Pathway of Resveratrol and Resveratrol Glucuronides. J Food Sci 2016; 81:H2841-H2848. [PMID: 27735997 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol (Res) was previously reported to be capable of lowering plasma TC and LDL-C. The mechanism behind Res is not clearly understood, although it is presumed to have an effect on bile acid metabolism in the liver: a significant way in eliminating cholesterol from the body. As one of the major metabolites of Res in the liver, resveratrol glucuronides (Gres) is suspected to also contribute to the overall cholestrol-lowering activity of Res, which needs to be studied. In this research, when HepG2 steatosis hepatic cells were treated with Res and Gres at different concentration levels, Res and Gres showed similar activity in lowering cellular TC content. The presence of Res and Gres caused a significant increase in hepatic CYP7A1 and BSEP, indicating the increase in the synthesis and efflux of bile acids, respectively. The reduction of HMG-CoAR tied to a decrease in de novo synthesis of cholesterol and the increase of ABCG5 suggested the increase of direct efflux of cholesterol. All above variations reduced the hepatic cholesterol level, which triggered the significant enhancement of LDLR, illustrating the improvement of clearance of LDL-C from the plasma and prevention of atherosclerosis. Overall, this study demonstrated both Res and Gres might have capabilities in lowering hepatic cholesterol through increasing in the synthesis and efflux of bile acids, and decreasing in synthesis and increasing in the efflux of cholesterol. Gres would have preferred potential than Res because of its lower cytotoxicity, which indicated that the action of the metabolites should also be considered in the future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyan Shao
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical Univ, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Yilin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical Univ, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingsheng Huang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical Univ, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Junling Shi
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical Univ, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Yang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical Univ, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongli Pan
- Dept. of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Univ. of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Healthy Processed Foods Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - Mingliang Jin
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical Univ, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Haobin Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical Univ, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoguang Xu
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical Univ, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, People's Republic of China
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25
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Identification of liver CYP51 as a gene responsive to circulating cholesterol in a hamster model. J Nutr Sci 2016; 5:e16. [PMID: 27110359 PMCID: PMC4831128 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2016.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolaemia is a risk factor for CVD, which is a leading cause of death in industrialised societies. The biosynthetic pathways for cholesterol metabolism are well understood; however, the regulation of circulating cholesterol by diet is still not fully elucidated. The present study aimed to gain more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between circulating cholesterol levels and molecular effects in target tissues using the hamster model. Male golden Syrian hamsters were fed with chow or diets containing 36 % energy from fat with or without 1 % cholesteyramine (CA) as a modulator of circulating cholesterol levels for 35 d. It was revealed that the expression of lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) instead of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase mRNA expression was responsive to circulating cholesterol in hamsters fed hypercholesterolaemic diets. The high-fat diet increased circulating cholesterol and down-regulated CYP51, but not HMG-CoA reductase. The CA diet decreased cholesterol and increased CYP51 expression, but HMG-CoA reductase expression was not affected. The high-fat diet and CA diet altered the expression level of cholesterol, bile acids and lipid metabolism-associated genes (LDL receptor, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), liver X receptor (LXR) α, and ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 5/8 (ABCG5/8)) in the liver, which were significantly correlated with circulating cholesterol levels. Correlation analysis also showed that circulating cholesterol levels were regulated by LXR/retinoid X receptor and PPAR pathways in the liver. Using the hamster model, the present study provided additional molecular insights into the influence of circulating cholesterol on hepatic cholesterol metabolism pathways during hypercholesterolaemia.
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Key Words
- ABCG5/, ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 5/8
- CA, cholestyramine
- CYP51
- CYP51, lanosterol 14α-demethylase
- CYP7A1, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase
- Circulating cholesterol
- HF + CA, high-fat + cholestyramine
- HF, high-fat
- HMG, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl
- Hamsters
- Hypercholesterolaemia
- IPA, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis
- LXRα, liver X receptor α
- RXR, retinoid X receptor
- SREBP, sterol regulatory element-binding protein
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Khalaji S, Manafi M, Olfati Z, Hedyati M, latifi M, Veysi A. Replacing soybean meal with gelatin extracted from cow skin and corn protein concentrate as a protein source in broiler diets. Poult Sci 2016; 95:287-97. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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van der Gronde T, Hartog A, van Hees C, Pellikaan H, Pieters T. Systematic review of the mechanisms and evidence behind the hypocholesterolaemic effects of HPMC, pectin and chitosan in animal trials. Food Chem 2015; 199:746-59. [PMID: 26776032 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fibres have diverse mechanisms in reducing plasma cholesterol, which could be useful for treating high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). The objective of this review is to determine the state of the evidence for the cholesterol-lowering effects of three selected fibres and their mechanisms, using the most recent animal trials. Therefore, a systematic review was conducted for hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), pectin and chitosan in Pubmed, Embase and the Cochrane Library. All fibres reviewed reduced total cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) and LDL-C. Pectin gave a small, and chitosan an impressive rise in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). A limitation of this study is the variety of animal models, each with distinct cholesterol profiles. Possible publication bias was also detected. In conclusion, chitosan seems to be the most promising of the studied fibres. A dietary fibre could be designed that yields the best cholesterol-lowering effect, using experiences in tailoring physicochemical properties and primarily exploiting the biophysical mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toon van der Gronde
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anita Hartog
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3583 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte van Hees
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Toine Pieters
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Freudenthal Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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28
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Feng D, Sun JG, Sun RB, Ou-Yang BC, Yao L, Aa JY, Zhou F, Zhang JW, Zhang J, Wang GJ. Isoflavones and phytosterols contained in Xuezhikang capsules modulate cholesterol homeostasis in high-fat diet mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2015; 36:1462-72. [PMID: 26592515 PMCID: PMC4816241 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2015.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Xuezhikang (XZK), an extract of red yeast rice, has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat cardiovascular disease. Three fractions F1, F2 and F3 (primarily containing isoflavones, monacolins or phytosterols, respectively) are extracted from Xuezhikang capsules. In this study we evaluated the lipid-lowering effects of these fractions and explored the potential mechanisms of actions. METHODS Mice treated with a high-fat diet (HFD) were orally administered lovastatin (10 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1)), XZK (1200 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1)), F1 (27.5 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1)), F2 (11.3 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1)) or F3 (35 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1)) for 10 weeks. Lipids were measured using commercial enzymatic kits, and the mRNA and protein levels of genes involved in cholesterol and bile acid homeostasis were evaluated using qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. RESULTS XZK increased the fecal excretion of lipids and bile acids, reduced serum TC, TG and LDL-C levels by 40%, 55% and 46%, respectively, and increased serum HDL-C by 31%. Administration of F1 repressed serum TC and TG by 24% and 52%, respectively, and elevated hepatic synthesis of CYP7A1. It also increased hepatic elimination of bile acids in the fecal excretions by 79% through upregulating BSEP and downregulating NTCP. Administration of F3 decreased serum TC, TG and LDL-C levels by 33%, 29% and 39%, respectively, and increased serum HDL-C by 28%, significantly reduced intestinal absorption of cholesterol by inhibiting the transcription of NPC1L1, and elevated excretion of TC, FC and CE by 96%, 72% and 101%, respectively. Administration of F2 showed pharmacological effects similar to those of lovastatin. CONCLUSION Isoflavones and phytosterols in XZK exert cholesterol-lowering effects in HFD mice through mechanisms that differ from those of lovastatin. Isoflavones and phytosterols act in a complimentary manner: through enhancing the elimination of bile acids and reducing intestinal cholesterol absorption, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Feng
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jian-guo Sun
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Run-bin Sun
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Bing-chen Ou-Yang
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lan Yao
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ji-ye Aa
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Fang Zhou
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Jing-wei Zhang
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology for TCM Research School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Guang-ji Wang
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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Flavonoid-rich Chardonnay grape seed flour supplementation ameliorates diet-induced visceral adiposity, insulin resistance, and glucose intolerance via altered adipose tissue gene expression. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Kim H, Kim DH, Seo KH, Chon JW, Nah SY, Bartley GE, Arvik T, Lipson R, Yokoyama W. Modulation of the intestinal microbiota is associated with lower plasma cholesterol and weight gain in hamsters fed chardonnay grape seed flour. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:1460-1467. [PMID: 25598538 DOI: 10.1021/jf5026373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between the intestinal microbiota and the hypocholesterolemic and antiobesity effects of whole grape seed flour from white and red winemaking was evaluated. Male Golden Syrian hamsters were fed a high-fat (HF) control diet or a HF diet supplemented with 10% partially defatted grape seed flours from either Chardonnay (ChrSd) or Cabernet Sauvignon (CabSd) grapes for 3 weeks. The numbers of total bacteria and relative abundances of Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus spp., and Firmicutes in feces were significantly lower, while the relative abundance of Bacteroides fragilis was greater than the control from feeding the ChrSd diet. The ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) was lower in the ChrSd diet. There were significantly positive correlations between Lactobacillus spp., ratio of F/B, and plasma total- and LDL-cholesterol and liver weight. The reduction of Lactobacillus spp. by the ChrSd diet was accompanied by inhibition of Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) signaling in the intestine as expression of intestinal fibrablast growth factor (FGF)15, positively regulated by FXR, was decreased. Expression of CYP7A1, negatively regulated by FGF15, was up-regulated in the liver, which indicates that alteration of the intestinal microbiota may regulate bile acid and lipid metabolism. These findings suggest that beneficial health effects of Chardonnay grape seed flour on HF-induced metabolic disease relate in part to modulation of intestinal microbiota and their metabolic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsook Kim
- Department of Nutrition, UC Davis , Davis, California 95616, United States
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Kim H, Wang Q, Shoemaker CF, Zhong F, Bartley GE, Yokoyama WH. Polysaccharide gel coating of the leaves of Brasenia schreberi lowers plasma cholesterol in hamsters. J Tradit Complement Med 2014; 5:56-61. [PMID: 26151010 PMCID: PMC4488095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brasenia schreberi (蓴菜 chún cài) is an invasive aquatic weed found in the USA, but the plant has economic value in Asia where it is cultivated for food. The young leaves of B. schreberi are coated with gelatinous water-insoluble mucilage. This mucilage is a polysaccharide composed of galactose, mannose, fucose, and other monosaccharides. Because some carbohydrate gels are hypocholesterolemic, we evaluated their cholesterol-lowering properties in male hamsters fed hypercholesterolemic diets containing 2% gel coat from B. schreberi (GEL), or 1% cholestyramine (CA), or 5% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and compared them to 5% microcrystalline cellulose (control) for 3 weeks. We found that very-low-density lipoprotein-, low-density lipoprotein-, and total-cholesterol concentrations in plasma were significantly lowered by GEL, CA, and HPMC compared to control. High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentration was lowered by CA and HPMC. Body weights and abdominal adipose tissue weight of GEL and control group animals were greater than those of the CA and HPMC groups. Fecal lipid excretion was greater in the CA and HPMC groups than in the control group. Expression of hepatic CYP51 and CYP7A1 mRNA was upregulated by CA, HPMC, and GEL, indicating increased hepatic cholesterol and bile acid synthesis. Expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor mRNA was upregulated by all treatments. These results suggest that modulation of hepatic expression of cholesterol and bile acid metabolism-regulated genes contributes to the cholesterol-lowering effects of GEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsook Kim
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA ; Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Food Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Charles F Shoemaker
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Fang Zhong
- Department of Food Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Glenn E Bartley
- USDA, ARS, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, USA
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Hypolipidemic effect of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) extracts via fecal lipid excretion in C57BL/6 mice fed an atherogenic diet. Food Sci Biotechnol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-014-0113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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Kim H, Bartley GE, Arvik T, Lipson R, Nah SY, Seo K, Yokoyama W. Dietary supplementation of chardonnay grape seed flour reduces plasma cholesterol concentration, hepatic steatosis, and abdominal fat content in high-fat diet-induced obese hamsters. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:1919-1925. [PMID: 24517872 DOI: 10.1021/jf404832s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms for the hypocholesterolemic and antiobesity effects of grape seed flours derived from white and red winemaking processing were investigated using male Golden Syrian hamsters fed high-fat (HF) diets supplemented with 10% partially defatted grape seed flours from Chardonnay (ChrSd), Cabernet Sauvignon (CabSd), or Syrah (SyrSd) pomace as compared to a HF control diet for 3 weeks. Hamsters fed the ChrSd diet had significantly lowered plasma total-, VLDL-, and LDL-cholesterol concentrations compared to the CabSd, SyrSd, and control diets. The improved plasma cholesterol after ChrSd was correlated with the up-regulation of hepatic genes related to cholesterol (CYP51) and bile acid (CYP7A1) synthesis as well as LDL-cholesterol uptake (LDLR). A reduction of hepatic lipid content was associated with altered expression of the genes related to lipid metabolism. However, fecal total lipid content was not changed. Expression of ileal apical sodium bile acid transporter (ASBT) was not affected by ChrSd, indicating unchanged ileal bile acid reabsorption. The antiobesity effect of the ChrSd diet appears to be related to expression of adipogenesis- and inflammation-related genes in adipose tissue. These findings suggest that flavonoid-rich Chardonnay grape seed flour induced cholesterol-lowering, antiobesity, and anti-inflammatory health benefits and attenuation of hepatic steatosis via regulation of gene expression related to cholesterol, bile acid, and lipid metabolism in liver and adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsook Kim
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Hsieh YL, Yeh YH, Lee YT, Hsieh CH. Ameliorative effect of Pracparatum mungo extract on high cholesterol diets in hamsters. Food Funct 2014; 5:149-57. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60445d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Zhang H, Bartley GE, Zhang H, Jing W, Fagerquist CK, Zhong F, Yokoyama W. Peptides identified in soybean protein increase plasma cholesterol in mice on hypercholesterolemic diets. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:8389-8395. [PMID: 23937379 DOI: 10.1021/jf4022288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro micellar cholesterol displacement assay has been used to identify peptides that may potentially reduce cholesterol in vivo. Two of these peptides, LPYPR and WGAPSL, derived from soybean protein (SP) that have been reported to displace cholesterol from micelles were tested by feeding them as a part of a hypercholesterolemic diet to mice for 3 weeks. Except reduction of very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) and triglyceride contents, the peptide-containing diets increased plasma cholesterol content with the increasing dose of the peptides. Mice fed diets supplemented with the peptides also had lower fecal bile acid excretion. Negative correlations between fecal bile acid excretion and plasma total cholesterol content (r = -0.876, P = 0.062) and non-HDL-C content (r = -0.831, P = 0.084) were observed. The mRNA levels of the genes for cholesterol and bile acid metabolism, CYP51, LDLR, CYP7A1, and LPL, were up-regulated in mice fed diets supplemented with peptides except the group fed the low dose of WGAPSL. The results suggested that higher plasma total cholesterol content possibly due to lower fecal steroid excretion as well as lower VLDL-C and triglyceride contents might due to the up-regulated expression levels of the genes CYP51, LDLR, and LPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Zhang
- Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Technology and Business University , Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
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Shao D, Bartley GE, Yokoyama W, Pan Z, Zhang H, Zhang A. Plasma and hepatic cholesterol-lowering effects of tomato pomace, tomato seed oil and defatted tomato seed in hamsters fed with high-fat diets. Food Chem 2013; 139:589-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Kim H, Bartley GE, Young SA, Seo KH, Yokoyama W. Altered hepatic gene expression profiles associated with improved fatty liver, insulin resistance, and intestinal permeability after hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) supplementation in diet-induced obese mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:6404-6411. [PMID: 23742138 DOI: 10.1021/jf400545w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) on hepatic gene expression was analyzed by exon microarray and real-time PCR from livers of diet-induced obese (DIO) mice fed a high-fat (HF) diet supplemented with either 6% HPMC or 6% microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). HPMC-fed mice exhibited significantly reduced body weight gain (55% lower compared to MCC), liver weight (13%), plasma LDL-cholesterol concentration (45%), and HF diet-increased intestinal permeability (48%). HPMC significantly reduced areas under the curve for 2 h insulin and glucose responses, indicating enhanced insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. HPMC up-regulated hepatic genes related to fatty acid oxidation, cholesterol and bile acid synthesis, and cellular activation of glucocorticoid (bile acid recycling) and down-regulated genes related to oxidative stress, triglyceride synthesis, and polyunsaturated fatty acid elongation. In conclusion, HPMC consumption ameliorates the effects of a HF diet on intestinal permeability, insulin resistance, hepatic lipid accumulation, glucocorticoid-related bile acid recycling, oxidative stress, and weight gain in DIO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsook Kim
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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Cooked rice prevents hyperlipidemia in hamsters fed a high-fat/cholesterol diet by the regulation of the expression of hepatic genes involved in lipid metabolism. Nutr Res 2013; 33:572-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Khalaji S, Zaghari M, Ganjkhanloo M, Ghaziani F. Arginine, soy isoflavone and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose have protective effects against obesity in broiler breeder hens fed on high-energy diets. Br Poult Sci 2013; 54:766-79. [PMID: 24397513 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2013.843070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
1. The present study was undertaken to determine the effects of arginine, soy isoflavone (ISF) and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) on obesity in broiler breeder hens. 2. A total of 320 Cobb 500 hens, 45 weeks of age, were assigned to 64 floor pens. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomised design in a factorial arrangement (2 × 2 × 2 × 2) with 4 replicates of 5 hens in each pen. Factors included two concentrations of HPMC (0 and 1%), two concentrations of arginine (8.4 and 12 g/kg), two concentrations of ISF (zero and three times more than that present in basal diets) and two contents of energy (11.7 and 14.6 MJ/kg). Performance criteria and blood characteristics of hens were measured during the experimental period. Expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism was determined in the liver at 55 weeks of age. 3. Hens given high-energy diets showed increased BW (body weight), ovary weight and abdominal fat pad and enhanced plasma glucose, triglyceride (TG), cholesterol, haemoglobin, haematocrit and low lymphocyte percentages. The expression of malic enzyme, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) and inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) increased and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP1c) decreased with increasing energy content of diets. Arginine addition decreased TG, cholesterol and A1-c haemoglobin concentration and increased PPARα, PPARγ and iNOS expression. Inclusion of ISF and HPMC decreased BW, egg weight, plasma TG, cholesterol and increased egg production and also enhanced PPARγ and iNOS expression. Significant interactions were observed between energy concentration and ISF and HPMC on BW. 4. The results of the current study revealed that ISF, HPMC and arginine have beneficial effects on controlling the metabolism of obese broiler breeder hens and using a mix of these products minimises the harmful effects of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Khalaji
- a Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resource , University of Tehran , Karaj 31587-11167 , Iran
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Brockman DA, Chen X, Gallaher DD. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, a viscous soluble fiber, reduces insulin resistance and decreases fatty liver in Zucker Diabetic Fatty rats. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2012; 9:100. [PMID: 23146593 PMCID: PMC3565887 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-9-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diets producing a high glycemic response result in exaggerated insulin secretion which induces hepatic lipogenesis, contributing to development of insulin resistance and fatty liver. Viscous dietary fibers blunt the postprandial rise in blood glucose, however their effect on type 2 diabetes and obesity are not entirely known. This study examined the effect of chronic consumption of the viscous, non-fermentable dietary fiber, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), on glucose control, insulin resistance and liver lipids in an obese diabetic rat model. Methods Three groups of Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats were fed diets containing either 5% non-viscous cellulose (control), low viscosity HPMC (LV-HPMC) or high viscosity HPMC (HV- HPMC) for six weeks. Zucker lean littermates consuming cellulose served as a negative control. Markers of glucose control, including oral glucose tolerance test, glycated hemoglobin and urinary glucose, were measured as well as adiposity and the accumulation of liver lipids. Results The HPMC diets increased the viscosity of the small intestinal contents and reduced the postprandial rise in blood glucose. The food efficiency ratio was greater with HPMC feeding compared to the obese control and urinary excretion of glucose and ketone bodies was reduced. The two HPMC groups had lower glycated hemoglobin and kidney weights and a reduced area under the curve during a glucose tolerance test, indicating improved glucose control. Epididymal fat pad weight as percent of body weight was reduced in the HV-HPMC group compared to the obese control group. The HV-HPMC group also had lower concentrations of liver lipid and cholesterol and reduced liver weight. However, HV-HPMC feeding did not affect hepatic gene expression of SREBP-1c or FAS. Muscle concentration of acylcarnitines, a lipid intermediate in fatty acid β-oxidation, was not different between the HPMC groups and obese control, suggesting no change in muscle fatty acid oxidation by HPMC. Conclusions Consumption of the viscous non-fermentable fiber HPMC decreased diabetic wasting, improved glucose control and reduced insulin resistance and fatty liver in a model of obesity with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Brockman
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 1334 Eckles Avenue, St, Paul, MN 55108-1038, USA.
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Hung SC, Yokoyama W, Kim H, Bartley G, Anderson WHK, Albers DR, Langhorst ML, Williams DM, Stott W, Turowski M, Young SA. Effects of cationic hydroxyethyl cellulose on dyslipidemia in hamsters. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:11149-11156. [PMID: 23083223 DOI: 10.1021/jf302095c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cationic hydroxyethyl cellulose (cHEC) was supplemented in a high-fat diet to determine if this new soluble fiber had an effect on hypercholesterolemia and dyslipidemia associated with cardiovascular disease using Golden Syrian hamster as an animal model. Supplementation of 3-5% cHEC in a high-fat diet for 4 weeks led to significant weight gain reduction in hamsters. In addition, significant decreases in adipose and liver weights, concentrations of plasma total, VLDL, and LDL cholesterol, and hepatic lipids were shown. No significant improvements in glucose and insulin levels were observed with cHEC; however, a significant increase in plasma adiponectin and a decrease in leptin were observed. As compared with controls, 8% cHEC-fed hamsters had greater levels of mRNA for CYP7A1 (cytochrome P450 7A1; 2-fold of control; P < 0.05), CYP51 (lanosterol 14α-demethylase; 6-fold of control; P < 0.05), and LDLR (LDL receptor; 1.5-fold of control) in the liver. These findings suggest the possibility of the use of cHEC for cholesterol reduction and beneficial effects on the cardiovascular risk factors.
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Kaczmarczyk MM, Miller MJ, Freund GG. The health benefits of dietary fiber: beyond the usual suspects of type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and colon cancer. Metabolism 2012; 61:1058-66. [PMID: 22401879 PMCID: PMC3399949 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dietary fiber (DF) is deemed to be a key component in healthy eating. DF is not a static collection of undigestible plant materials that pass untouched or unencumbered through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract; instead, DFs are a vast array of complex saccharide-based molecules that can bind potential nutrients and nutrient precursors to prevent their absorption. Some DFs are fermentable, and the GI tract catabolism leads to the generation of various bioactive materials, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), that can markedly augment the GI tract biomass and change the composition of the GI tract flora. The health benefits of DFs include the prevention and mitigation of type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and colon cancer. By modulating food ingestion, digestion, absorption and metabolism, DFs reduce the risk of hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia and hyperglycemia. Emerging research has begun to investigate the role of DFs in immunomodulation. If substantiated, DFs could facilitate many biologic processes, including infection prevention and the improvement of mood and memory. This review describes the accepted physiologic functions of DFs and explores their new potential immune-based actions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J. Miller
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA
| | - Gregory G. Freund
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA
- Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA
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Young SA, Hung SC, Anderson WHK, Albers DR, Langhorst ML, Yokoyama W. Effects of cationic hydroxyethyl cellulose on glucose metabolism and obesity in a diet-induced obesity mouse model. J Diabetes 2012; 4:85-94. [PMID: 21895999 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-0407.2011.00157.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the effect of a new soluble fiber, namely cationic hydroxyethyl cellulose (cHEC), on weight loss and metabolic disorders associated with obesity using a high-fat diet-induced obese mouse model. METHODS Obese male C57BL/6J (B6) mice were fed high-fat (60% kcal) diets supplemented with cHEC for 5 weeks. Body weight, energy intake, mesenteric adipose and liver weights, plasma cholesterol, plasma insulin, glucose, adiponectin, and leptin were assessed to determine the effects of cHEC. Hepatic and fecal lipids were also analyzed to investigate the effect of cHEC on lipid absorption and metabolism. RESULTS Supplementation of the high-fat diet with cHEC resulted in significant weight loss in obese mice. In addition, significant decreases were seen in mesenteric adipose and liver weights, as well as concentrations of plasma cholesterol and hepatic lipids. A significant improvement in glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, and leptin concentrations were observed at 4% cHEC. Moreover, increases in fecal excretion of total bile acids, sterols, and fats indicated altered fat absorption when cHEC was supplemented in the diet. CONCLUSIONS We have shown in the present study that cHEC reduces body weight, improves insulin sensitivity, and prevents the development of metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, the effects of cHEC on glucose and lipid homeostasis in B6 mice are mediated by improvements in leptin sensitivity resulting from reduced fat absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Young
- The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, USA.
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Zhang H, Bartley GE, Mitchell CR, Zhang H, Yokoyama W. Lower weight gain and hepatic lipid content in hamsters fed high fat diets supplemented with white rice protein, brown rice protein, soy protein, and their hydrolysates. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:10927-10933. [PMID: 21913675 DOI: 10.1021/jf202721z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The physiological effects of the hydrolysates of white rice protein (WRP), brown rice protein (BRP), and soy protein (SP) hydrolyzed by the food grade enzyme, alcalase2.4 L, were compared to the original protein source. Male Syrian Golden hamsters were fed high-fat diets containing either 20% casein (control) or 20% extracted proteins or their hydrolysates as the protein source for 3 weeks. The brown rice protein hydrolysate (BRPH) diet group reduced weight gain 76% compared with the control. Animals fed the BRPH supplemented diet also had lower final body weight, liver weight, very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), and liver cholesterol, and higher fecal fat and bile acid excretion than the control. Expression levels of hepatic genes for lipid oxidation, PPARα, ACOX1, and CPT1, were highest for hamsters fed the BRPH supplemented diet. Expression of CYP7A1, the gene regulating bile acid synthesis, was higher in all test groups. Expression of CYP51, a gene coding for an enzyme involved in cholesterol synthesis, was highest in the BRPH diet group. The results suggest that BRPH includes unique peptides that reduce weight gain and hepatic cholesterol synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, PR China
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Yokoyama W, Anderson WHK, Albers DR, Hong YJ, Langhorst ML, Hung SC, Lin JT, Young SA. Dietary hydroxypropyl methylcellulose increases excretion of saturated and trans fats by hamsters fed fast food diets. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:11249-11254. [PMID: 21913668 DOI: 10.1021/jf2020914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In animal studies, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) intake results in increased fecal fat excretion; however, the effects on dietary saturated fatty acids (SATs) and trans-fatty acids (TRANS) remain unknown. This study investigated the effect of HPMC on digestion and absorption of lipids in male Golden Syrian hamsters fed either freeze-dried ground pizza (PZ), pound cake (PC), or hamburger and fries (BF) supplemented with dietary fiber from either HPMC or microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) for 3 weeks. We observed greater excretion of SATs and TRANS by both diets supplemented with HPMC or MCC as compared to the feed. SAT, TRANS, and unsaturated fatty acids (UNSAT) contents of feces of the PZ diet supplemented with HPMC were 5-8 times higher than diets supplemented with MCC and tended to be higher in the PC- and BF-HPMC supplemented diets as well. We also observed significant increases in fecal excretion of bile acids (2.6-3-fold; P < 0.05), sterols (1.1-1.5-fold; P < 0.05), and unsaturated fatty acids (UNSAT, 1.7-4.5-fold; P < 0.05). The animal body weight gain was inversely correlated with the excretion of fecal lipid concentrations of bile acids (r = -0.56; P < 0.005), sterols (r = -0.48; P < 0.005), SAT (r = -0.69; P < 0.005), UNSAT (r = -0.67; P < 0.005), and TRANS (r = -0.62; P < 0.005). Therefore, HPMC may be facilitating fat excretion in a biased manner with preferential fecal excretion of both TRANS and SAT in hamsters fed fast food diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wallace Yokoyama
- Processed Foods Research, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California 94710, United States
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Hsu CL, Chang YY, Chiu CH, Yang KT, Wang Y, Fu SG, Chen YC. Cardiovascular protection of deep-seawater drinking water in high-fat/cholesterol fed hamsters. Food Chem 2011; 127:1146-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.01.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kim H, Turowski M, Anderson WHK, Young SA, Kim Y, Yokoyama W. Supplementation of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose into yeast leavened all-whole grain barley bread potentiates cholesterol-lowering effect. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:7672-7678. [PMID: 21671634 DOI: 10.1021/jf104821b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We investigated in Syrian Golden hamsters the biological impact and its underlying mechanism of single whole grain breads supplemented with 2-3% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), a semisynthetic viscous soluble dietary fiber (SDF) as a substitute for gluten. Hamsters were fed high-fat diets supplemented with 48-65% (w/w) differently ground, freeze-dried single grain breads including whole grain wheat, barley, barley supplemented with HPMC, debranned oat, and oat supplemented with HPMC which were compared to a diet containing microcrystalline cellulose (control). All single grain breads significantly lowered plasma LDL-cholesterol concentrations compared to the control. Enrichment with HPMC further lowered plasma and hepatic cholesterol concentrations. Despite the reduced molecular weight of naturally occurring soluble (1--->3),(1--->4)-β-d-glucan (β-glucan) caused by the bread-making process, whole grain barley breads downregulated hepatic expression of CYP7A1 and HMG-CoAR genes that are responsible for bile acid and cholesterol synthesis, suggesting a possible role of bioactive compounds such as short-chain fatty acids and phenolic compounds from barley bread. Barley bread enriched with HPMC downregulated expression of ABCG5 gene. Taken together, it appears that distinctive modulation of synthesis and excretion of hepatic cholesterol and bile acid contributes to the cholesterol-lowering properties of whole grain barley breads and breads enriched with HPMC. These data suggests that alternative whole grain breads supplemented with HPMC may provide consumers with a staple food that can assist in cholesterol management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsook Kim
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
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Hung SC, Anderson WHK, Albers DR, Langhorst ML, Young SA. Effect of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose on obesity and glucose metabolism in a diet-induced obesity mouse model. J Diabetes 2011; 3:158-67. [PMID: 21599870 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-0407.2011.00118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the effect of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) on weight loss and metabolic disorders associated with obesity using a high-fat diet-induced obese mouse model under a high-fat diet regimen. METHODS Obese male C57BL/6J (B6) mice were fed either a high-fat (60% kcal), low-fat (10% kcal), or high-fat diet plus HPMC (4% and 8%) for 5 weeks. Body, mesenteric adipose, and liver weights were determined at the end of the study. In addition, plasma cholesterol, insulin, glucose, adiponectin, and leptin were analyzed to determine the effects of HPMC. Hepatic and fecal lipids were measured to determine the effect of HPMC on lipid absorption and metabolism. RESULTS Supplementation of the high-fat diet with 4% and 8% HPMC resulted in significant weight loss in obese B6 mice. Furthermore, significant decreases were seen in adipose (30%-40%), liver weights (15%-26%), and concentrations of plasma cholesterol (13%-20%) and hepatic lipids (13%-36%). Supplementation with 8% HPMC led to significant improvements in glucose homeostasis and leptin concentrations. Reductions in plasma cholesterol, glucose, and insulin levels were strongly correlated with reduced leptin concentrations. Moreover, increases in fecal secretion of total bile acids, sterols, and fats indicated altered fat absorption when HPMC was incorporated in the diet. CONCLUSION The data indicate that HPMC not only reduces body weight, but also normalizes the metabolic abnormalities associated with obesity and suggest that the effects of HPMC on glucose and lipid homeostasis in B6 mice are mediated by improvements in leptin sensitivity resulting from reduced fat absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Ching Hung
- The Dow Chemical Company, Analytical Sciences, Midland, Michigan 48667, USA
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NISHIMURA N, TANABE H, YAMAMOTO T, FUKUSHIMA M. Raw Chinese Yam (Dioscorea opposita) Promotes Cecal Fermentation and Reduces Plasma Non-HDL Cholesterol Concentration in Rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2011; 57:340-7. [DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.57.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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