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Hick E, Suárez M, Rey A, Mantecón L, Fernández N, Solís G, Gueimonde M, Arboleya S. Personalized Nutrition with Banked Human Milk for Early Gut Microbiota Development: In Pursuit of the Perfect Match. Nutrients 2024; 16:1976. [PMID: 38999725 PMCID: PMC11243202 DOI: 10.3390/nu16131976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The correct initial colonization and establishment of the gut microbiota during the early stages of life is a key step, with long-lasting consequences throughout the entire lifespan of the individual. This process is affected by several perinatal factors; among them, feeding mode is known to have a critical role. Breastfeeding is the optimal nutrition for neonates; however, it is not always possible, especially in cases of prematurity or early pathology. In such cases, most commonly babies are fed with infant formulas in spite of the official nutritional and health international organizations' recommendation on the use of donated human milk through milk banks for these cases. However, donated human milk still does not totally match maternal milk in terms of infant growth and gut microbiota development. The present review summarizes the practices of milk banks and hospitals regarding donated human milk, its safety and quality, and the health outcomes in infants fed with donated human milk. Additionally, we explore different alternatives to customize pasteurized donated human milk with the aim of finding the perfect match between each baby and banked milk for promoting the establishment of a beneficial gut microbiota from the early stages of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Hick
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Marta Suárez
- Pediatrics Service, Central University Hospital of Asturias (HUCA-SESPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Alejandra Rey
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Laura Mantecón
- Pediatrics Service, Central University Hospital of Asturias (HUCA-SESPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Nuria Fernández
- Pediatrics Service, University Hospital of Cabueñes (CAB-SESPA), 33394 Gijón, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Solís
- Pediatrics Service, Central University Hospital of Asturias (HUCA-SESPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Miguel Gueimonde
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Silvia Arboleya
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
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Yu J, Li C, Li X, Liu K, Liu Z, Ni W, Zhou P, Wang L, Hu S. Isolation and functional analysis of acid-producing bacteria from bovine rumen. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16294. [PMID: 37868061 PMCID: PMC10590097 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ruminants such as cattle rely mainly on microbes in the rumen to digest cellulose and hemicellulose from forage, and the digestion products are mainly absorbed and utilized by the host in the form of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). This study aimed to isolate acid-producing strains from the cattle rumen and investigate their functions. A total of 980 strains of acid-producing bacteria were isolated from cattle rumen contents using a medium supplemented with bromocresol green. Combined with the test of acid production ability and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing technology, five strains were selected based on their ability to produce relatively high levels of acid, including Bacillus pumillus, Enterococcus hirae, Enterococcus faecium, and Bacillus subtilis. Sheep were treated by gavage with a mixed bacterial suspension. The results showed that mixed bacteria significantly increased the body weight gain and feed conversion rate of sheep. To investigate the function of acid-producing bacteria in sheep, we used 16S rDNA sequencing technology to analyze the rumen microbes of sheep. We found that mixed bacteria changed the composition and abundance of sheep rumen bacteria. Among them, the abundance of Bacteroidota, Actinobacteriota, Acidobacteriota, and Proteobacteria was significantly increased, and the abundance of Firmicutes was significantly decreased, indicating that the changes in gut microbiota changed the function of the sheep rumen. The acid-producing bacteria isolated in this study can effectively promote the growth of ruminants, such as cattle and sheep, and can be used as additives to improve breeding efficiency, which lays a foundation for subsequent research on probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Yu
- College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Cunyuan Li
- College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiaoyue Li
- College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Kaiping Liu
- College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhuang Liu
- College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Wei Ni
- College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Limin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shengwei Hu
- College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
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Andres SF, Zhang Y, Kuhn M, Scottoline B. Building better barriers: how nutrition and undernutrition impact pediatric intestinal health. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1192936. [PMID: 37545496 PMCID: PMC10401430 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1192936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic undernutrition is a major cause of death for children under five, leaving survivors at risk for adverse long-term consequences. This review focuses on the role of nutrients in normal intestinal development and function, from the intestinal epithelium, to the closely-associated mucosal immune system and intestinal microbiota. We examine what is known about the impacts of undernutrition on intestinal physiology, with focus again on the same systems. We provide a discussion of existing animal models of undernutrition, and review the evidence demonstrating that correcting undernutrition alone does not fully ameliorate effects on intestinal function, the microbiome, or growth. We review efforts to treat undernutrition that incorporate data indicating that improved recovery is possible with interventions focused not only on delivery of sufficient energy, macronutrients, and micronutrients, but also on efforts to correct the abnormal intestinal microbiome that is a consequence of undernutrition. Understanding of the role of the intestinal microbiome in the undernourished state and correction of the phenotype is both complex and a subject that holds great potential to improve recovery. We conclude with critical unanswered questions in the field, including the need for greater mechanistic research, improved models for the impacts of undernourishment, and new interventions that incorporate recent research gains. This review highlights the importance of understanding the mechanistic effects of undernutrition on the intestinal ecosystem to better treat and improve long-term outcomes for survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F. Andres
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Yang Zhang
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Madeline Kuhn
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Brian Scottoline
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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Bakshi S, Paswan VK, Yadav SP, Bhinchhar BK, Kharkwal S, Rose H, Kanetkar P, Kumar V, Al-Zamani ZAS, Bunkar DS. A comprehensive review on infant formula: nutritional and functional constituents, recent trends in processing and its impact on infants' gut microbiota. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1194679. [PMID: 37415910 PMCID: PMC10320619 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1194679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk is considered the most valuable form of nutrition for infants for their growth, development and function. So far, there are still some cases where feeding human milk is not feasible. As a result, the market for infant formula is widely increasing, and formula feeding become an alternative or substitute for breastfeeding. The nutritional value of the formula can be improved by adding functional bioactive compounds like probiotics, prebiotics, human milk oligosaccharides, vitamins, minerals, taurine, inositol, osteopontin, lactoferrin, gangliosides, carnitine etc. For processing of infant formula, diverse thermal and non-thermal technologies have been employed. Infant formula can be either in powdered form, which requires reconstitution with water or in ready-to-feed liquid form, among which powder form is readily available, shelf-stable and vastly marketed. Infants' gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem and the nutrient composition of infant formula is recognized to have a lasting effect on it. Likewise, the gut microbiota establishment closely parallels with host immune development and growth. Therefore, it must be contemplated as an important factor for consideration while developing formulas. In this review, we have focused on the formulation and manufacturing of safe and nutritious infant formula equivalent to human milk or aligning with the infant's needs and its ultimate impact on infants' gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Bakshi
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Vinod Kumar Paswan
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Satya Prakash Yadav
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Basant Kumar Bhinchhar
- Department of Livestock Production Management, Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner, India
| | - Sheela Kharkwal
- Department of Agriculture Economics, Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner, India
| | - Hency Rose
- Division of Dairy Technology, ICAR—National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Prajasattak Kanetkar
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Vishal Kumar
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Zakarya Ali Saleh Al-Zamani
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
- Department of Food Technology and Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Ibb University, Ibb, Yemen
| | - Durga Shankar Bunkar
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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de Oliveira-Silva J, Lisboa PC, Lotufo-Denucci B, Fraga M, de Moura EG, Nunes FC, Ribeiro-Carvalho A, Filgueiras CC, Abreu-Villaça Y, Manhães AC. Maternal protein restriction during the lactation period disrupts the ontogenetic development of behavioral traits in male Wistar rat offspring. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2023:1-12. [PMID: 37185045 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174423000107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal undernutrition in rats results in short- and long-term behavioral and hormonal alterations in the offspring. It is not clear, however, whether these effects are present since the original insult or if they develop at some specific age later in life. Here, we assessed the ontogenetic profile of behavioral parameters associated with anxiety, exploration and memory/learning of Wistar rat offspring that were subjected to protein malnutrition during lactation. Dams and respective litters were separated into two groups: (1) protein-restricted (PR), which received a hypoproteic chow (8% protein) from birth to weaning [postnatal day (PN) 21]; (2) control (C), which received normoproteic chow. Offspring's behaviors, corticosterone, catecholamines, T3 and T4 levels were assessed at PN21 (weaning), PN45 (adolescence), PN90 (young adulthood) or PN180 (adulthood). PR offspring showed an age-independent reduction in the levels of anxiety-like behaviors in the Elevated Plus Maze and better memory performance in the Radial Arm Water Maze. PR offspring showed peak exploratory activity in the Open Field earlier in life, at PN45, than C, which showed theirs at PN90. Corticosterone was reduced in PR offspring, particularly at young adulthood, while catecholamines were increased at weaning and adulthood. The current study shows that considerable age-dependent variations in the expression of the observed behaviors and hormonal levels exist from weaning to adulthood in rats, and that protein restriction during lactation has complex variable-dependent effects on the ontogenesis of the assessed parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana de Oliveira-Silva
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Centro Biomédico, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Prof. Manoel de Abreu 444, 5 andar - Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Patrícia C Lisboa
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Centro Biomédico, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Prof. Manoel de Abreu 444, 5 andar - Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Bruna Lotufo-Denucci
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Centro Biomédico, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Prof. Manoel de Abreu 444, 5 andar - Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Mabel Fraga
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Centro Biomédico, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Prof. Manoel de Abreu 444, 5 andar - Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Egberto G de Moura
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Centro Biomédico, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Prof. Manoel de Abreu 444, 5 andar - Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Fernanda C Nunes
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Centro Biomédico, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Prof. Manoel de Abreu 444, 5 andar - Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Anderson Ribeiro-Carvalho
- Departamento de Ciências, Faculdade de Formação de Professores da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Dr. Francisco Portela 1470 - Patronato, São Gonçalo, RJ, 24435-005, Brazil
| | - Cláudio C Filgueiras
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Centro Biomédico, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Prof. Manoel de Abreu 444, 5 andar - Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Yael Abreu-Villaça
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Centro Biomédico, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Prof. Manoel de Abreu 444, 5 andar - Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Alex C Manhães
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Centro Biomédico, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Prof. Manoel de Abreu 444, 5 andar - Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-170, Brazil
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Protein-caloric restriction induced HPA axis activation and altered the milk composition imprint metabolism of weaned rat offspring. Nutrition 2023; 108:111945. [PMID: 36696704 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Maternal protein-caloric restriction during lactation can malprogram offspring into having a lean phenotype associated with metabolic dysfunction in early life and adulthood. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between nutritional stress, maternal behavior and metabolism, milk composition, and offspring parameters. Additionally, we focused on the role of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis hyperactivation during lactation. METHODS Dams were fed a low-protein diet (4% protein) during the first 2 wk of lactation or a normal-protein diet (20% protein) during all lactation. Analyses of dams, milk, and offspring were conducted on postnatal days (PD) 7, 14, and 21. RESULTS Body weight and food intake decreased in dams, which was associated with reduced fat pad stores and increased corticosterone levels at PD 14. The stressed low-protein diet dams demonstrated alterations in behavior and offspring care. Despite nutritional deprivation, dams adapted their metabolism to provide adequate energy supply through milk; however, we demonstrated elevated corticosterone and total fat levels in milk at PD 14. Male offspring also showed increased corticosterone at PD 7, associated with a lean phenotype and alterations in white and brown adipose tissue morphology at PD 21. CONCLUSION Exposure to protein-caloric restriction diet of dams during lactation increased the glucocorticoid levels in dams, milk, and offspring, which is associated with alterations in maternal behavior and milk composition. Thus, glucocorticoids and milk composition may play an important role in metabolic programming induced by maternal undernutrition.
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Pintus R, Dessì A, Mussap M, Fanos V. Metabolomics can provide new insights into perinatal nutrition. Acta Paediatr 2023; 112:233-241. [PMID: 34487568 PMCID: PMC10078676 DOI: 10.1111/apa.16096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal nutrition is a key factor related to the Developmental Origin of Health and Disease hypothesis, which states that each and every event that happens during the periconceptional period and pregnancy can affect the health status of an individual. Metabolomics can be a very useful tool for gathering information about the effect of perinatal nutrition on both mothers and newborn infants. This non-systematic review focuses on the main metabolites detected by this technique, with regard to gestational diabetes, intrauterine growth restriction and breast milk. Conclusion. Nutrition, metabolome and microbiome interactions are gaining interest in the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Pintus
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, AOU Cagliari Department of Surgery, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Angelica Dessì
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, AOU Cagliari Department of Surgery, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Michele Mussap
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, AOU Cagliari Department of Surgery, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Vassilios Fanos
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, AOU Cagliari Department of Surgery, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Han Q, Zhang X, Nian H, Liu H, Li X, Zhang R, Bao J. Artificial rearing alters intestinal microbiota and induces inflammatory response in piglets. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1002738. [PMID: 36274738 PMCID: PMC9584613 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1002738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
With the ongoing genetic selection for high prolificacy in sow lines and the improvements in environment and farm management, litter size has increased in recent years. Artificial rearing is becoming widely used to raise the surplus piglets in pig industry. This study aimed to investigate the changes that happened in the morphology, microbiota, mucosal barrier function, and transcriptome caused by artificial rearing in piglet colon. Two hundred and forty newborn piglets were randomly assigned into three treatments, sow rearing until weaning (CON group), artificial rearing from day 21 (AR21 group), and artificial rearing from day 7 (AR7 group). On day 35, the piglets were euthanized to collect colon samples. The results showed that the artificially reared-piglets displayed increased pre-weaning diarrhea incidence and reduced growth performance. Artificial rearing changed the diversity and structure of colonic microbiota and increased relative abundance of harmful bacteria, such as Escherichia-Shigella. In addition, the morphological disruption was observed in AR7 group, which was coincided with decreased tight junction proteins and goblet cell numbers. Moreover, the expression of TNFSF11, TNF-α, IL-1β, TLR2, TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB, COX-2, PTGEs, iNOS, IL-2, IL-6, IL-17A, and IFN-γ was upregulated in the colon of the artificially reared-piglets, while the expression of IL-1Ra and IκBα was downregulated, indicating that artificial rearing induced inflammatory response through the activation of NF-κB pathway. Furthermore, artificial rearing regulated SLC family members, which affected solute transport and destroyed intestinal homeostasis. In conclusion, artificial rearing caused microbiota alteration, morphology disruption, the destruction of mucosal barrier function, and inflammatory response, and thus, led to subsequent increased diarrhea incidence and reduced growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Haoyang Nian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Honggui Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Swine Facilities Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China
| | - Xiang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Swine Facilities Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China
| | - Runxiang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jun Bao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Swine Facilities Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China
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Exploring the Potential of Human Milk and Formula Milk on Infants’ Gut and Health. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14173554. [PMID: 36079814 PMCID: PMC9460722 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-life gut microbiota plays a role in determining the health and risk of developing diseases in later life. Various perinatal factors have been shown to contribute to the development and establishment of infant gut microbiota. One of the important factors influencing the infant gut microbial colonization and composition is the mode of infant feeding. While infant formula milk has been designed to resemble human milk as much as possible, the gut microbiome of infants who receive formula milk differs from that of infants who are fed human milk. A diverse microbial population in human milk and the microbes seed the infant gut microbiome. Human milk contains nutritional components that promote infant growth and bioactive components, such as human milk oligosaccharides, lactoferrin, and immunoglobulins, which contribute to immunological development. In an attempt to encourage the formation of a healthy gut microbiome comparable to that of a breastfed infant, manufacturers often supplement infant formula with prebiotics or probiotics, which are known to have a bifidogenic effect and can modulate the immune system. This review aims to elucidate the roles of human milk and formula milk on infants’ gut and health.
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Łoniewski I, Skonieczna-Żydecka K, Stachowska L, Fraszczyk-Tousty M, Tousty P, Łoniewska B. Breastfeeding Affects Concentration of Faecal Short Chain Fatty Acids During the First Year of Life: Results of the Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Nutr 2022; 9:939194. [PMID: 35898706 PMCID: PMC9310010 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.939194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are important metabolites of the gut microbiota. It has been shown that the microbiota and its metabolic activity in children are highly influenced by the type of diet and age. Our aim was to analyse the concentration of fecal SCFAs over two years of life and to evaluate the influence of feeding method on the content of these compounds in feces. We searched PubMed/MEDLINE/Embase/Ebsco/Cinahl/Web of Science from the database inception to 02/23/2021 without language restriction for observational studies that included an analysis of the concentration of fecal SCFAs in healthy children up to 3 years of age. The primary outcome measures-mean concentrations-were calculated. We performed a random-effects meta-analysis of outcomes for which ≥2 studies provided data. A subgroup analysis was related to the type of feeding (breast milk vs. formula vs. mixed feeding) and the time of analysis (time after birth). The initial search yielded 536 hits. We reviewed 79 full-text articles and finally included 41 studies (n = 2,457 SCFA analyses) in the meta-analysis. We found that concentrations of propionate and butyrate differed significantly in breastfed infants with respect to time after birth. In infants artificially fed up to 1 month of age, the concentration of propionic acid, butyric acid, and all other SCFAs is higher, and acetic acid is lower. At 1–3 months of age, a higher concentration of only propionic acid was observed. At the age of 3–6 months, artificial feeding leads to a higher concentration of butyric acid and the sum of SCFAs. We concluded that the type of feeding influences the content of SCFAs in feces in the first months of life. However, there is a need for long-term evaluation of the impact of the observed differences on health later in life and for standardization of analytical methods and procedures for the study of SCFAs in young children. These data will be of great help to other researchers in analyzing the relationships between fecal SCFAs and various physiologic and pathologic conditions in early life and possibly their impact on health in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Łoniewski
- Department of Biochemical Science, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka
- Department of Biochemical Science, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
- *Correspondence: Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka
| | - Laura Stachowska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Tousty
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Beata Łoniewska
- Department of Neonatal Diseases, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
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Ma J, Li Z, Zhang W, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Mei H, Zhuo N, Wang H, Wu D. Comparison of the Gut Microbiota in Healthy Infants With Different Delivery Modes and Feeding Types: A Cohort Study. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:868227. [PMID: 35722310 PMCID: PMC9204251 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.868227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To compare the gut microbiota of healthy infants based on specific interactions of delivery modes and feeding types, we recruited 62 healthy babies who were followed up for 2 years from our previous cohort study of 91 infants (the rest were lost to follow-up). They were exclusively fed breast milk or specific formulas for more than 4 months after birth. The fecal bacterial composition was tested at 40 days, 3 months, and 6 months of age. Solid foods were introduced from 4 to 6 months of age and thus did not affect the microbiota before 4 months of age. According to the different delivery modes (i.e., vaginal delivery, VD, or cesarean section delivery, CS) and feeding types (i.e., breast-fed, br, or formula-fed, fo), the infants were assigned to four different groups, namely, the VD-br, VD-fo, CS-br, and CS-fo groups. We found that at 40 days of age, the α diversity (reported as the Shannon index) was lower in the br infants than in the fo infants. At 3 months of age, the α diversity was significantly lower in the CS-br group, although significant differences were not observed after solid food introduction. Bifidobacterium represented the most predominant genus in all groups at all time points, followed by Enterobacteriaceae. At 40 days of age, the abundance of Bifidobacterium was much higher in the CS-br group than in the CS-fo group but did not differ between the VD-br and VD-fo groups. The differences in Bifidobacterium disappeared at 3 and 6 months of age among the different groups. At 40 days of age, the abundance of Streptococcus and Enterococcus was much lower in the br infants than in the CS-fo group. At 3 months of age, Enterococcus was significantly lower in the CS-br group than in the fo infants, although for infants delivered by VD, the difference between feeding types was not significant. The specific interaction of delivery modes and feeding types has a large impact on the infants' gut microbiota. Breastfeeding and VD may decrease the potential adverse effects of formula feeding or CS delivery on gut microbiota, thus leading to a more stable and beneficial gut environment for infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingran Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenghong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhenghong Li
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, China
| | - Chunli Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, China
| | - Yuheng Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Hua Mei
- Department of Neonatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Na Zhuo
- Department of Neonatology, Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Hohhot, China
| | - Hongyun Wang
- Department of Neonatology, Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Hohhot, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Neonatology, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, China
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Rubio-Del-Campo A, Gozalbo-Rovira R, Moya-Gonzálvez EM, Alberola J, Rodríguez-Díaz J, Yebra MJ. Infant gut microbiota modulation by human milk disaccharides in humanized microbiome mice. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1-20. [PMID: 33938391 PMCID: PMC8096338 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1914377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk glycans present a unique diversity of structures that suggest different mechanisms by which they may affect the infant microbiome development. A humanized mouse model generated by infant fecal transplantation was utilized here to evaluate the impact of fucosyl-α1,3-GlcNAc (3FN), fucosyl-α1,6-GlcNAc, lacto-N-biose (LNB) and galacto-N-biose on the fecal microbiota and host-microbiota interactions. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing showed that certain bacterial genera significantly increased (Ruminococcus and Oscillospira) or decreased (Eubacterium and Clostridium) in all disaccharide-supplemented groups. Interestingly, cluster analysis differentiates the consumption of fucosyl-oligosaccharides from galactosyl-oligosaccharides, highlighting the disappearance of Akkermansia genus in both fucosyl-oligosaccharides. An increment of the relative abundance of Coprococcus genus was only observed with 3FN. As well, LNB significantly increased the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium, whereas the absolute levels of this genus, as measured by quantitative real-time PCR, did not significantly increase. OTUs corresponding to the species Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Ruminococcus gnavus were not present in the control after the 3-week intervention, but were shared among the donor and specific disaccharide groups, indicating that their survival is dependent on disaccharide supplementation. The 3FN-feeding group showed increased levels of butyrate and acetate in the colon, and decreased levels of serum HDL-cholesterol. 3FN also down-regulated the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and up-regulated the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-13, and the Toll-like receptor 2 in the large intestine tissue. The present study revealed that the four disaccharides show efficacy in producing beneficial compositional shifts of the gut microbiota and in addition, the 3FN demonstrated physiological and immunomodulatory roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Rubio-Del-Campo
- Laboratorio de Bacterias Lácticas y Probióticos, Departamento de Biotecnología de Alimentos, IATA-CSIC, Paterna, Spain
| | - Roberto Gozalbo-Rovira
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eva M. Moya-Gonzálvez
- Laboratorio de Bacterias Lácticas y Probióticos, Departamento de Biotecnología de Alimentos, IATA-CSIC, Paterna, Spain
| | - Juan Alberola
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jesús Rodríguez-Díaz
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - María J. Yebra
- Laboratorio de Bacterias Lácticas y Probióticos, Departamento de Biotecnología de Alimentos, IATA-CSIC, Paterna, Spain,CONTACT María J. Yebra Laboratorio De Bacterias Lácticas Y Probióticos, Departamento De Biotecnología De Alimentos, IATA-CSIC, Agustín Escardino 7, 46980Paterna, Spain
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Parkar SG, Rosendale DI, Stoklosinski HM, Jobsis CMH, Hedderley DI, Gopal P. Complementary Food Ingredients Alter Infant Gut Microbiome Composition and Metabolism In Vitro. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9102089. [PMID: 34683410 PMCID: PMC8540059 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the prebiotic potential of 32 food ingredients on the developing infant microbiome using an in vitro gastroileal digestion and colonic fermentation model. There were significant changes in the concentrations of short-chain fatty-acid metabolites, confirming the potential of the tested ingredients to stimulate bacterial metabolism. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing for a subset of the ingredients revealed significant increases in the relative abundances of the lactate- and acetate-producing Bifidobacteriaceae, Enterococcaceae, and Lactobacillaceae, and lactate- and acetate-utilizing Prevotellaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Veillonellaceae. Selective changes in specific bacterial groups were observed. Infant whole-milk powder and an oat flour enhanced Bifidobacteriaceae and lactic acid bacteria. A New Zealand-origin spinach powder enhanced Prevotellaceae and Lachnospiraceae, while fruit and vegetable powders increased a mixed consortium of beneficial gut microbiota. All food ingredients demonstrated a consistent decrease in Clostridium perfringens, with this organism being increased in the carbohydrate-free water control. While further studies are required, this study demonstrates that the selected food ingredients can modulate the infant gut microbiome composition and metabolism in vitro. This approach provides an opportunity to design nutrient-rich complementary foods that fulfil infants’ growth needs and support the maturation of the infant gut microbiome.
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14
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Xi M, Zhao S, Ge W, Chen Y, Cui X, Sun Q. Effects of stachyose on the intestinal microbiota and barrier in antibiotic-treated mice. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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15
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Xi M, Tang H, Zhang Y, Ge W, Chen Y, Cui X. Microbiome-metabolomic analyses of the impacts of dietary stachyose on fecal microbiota and metabolites in infants intestinal microbiota-associated mice. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:3336-3347. [PMID: 33222240 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intestinal microbiota and metabolites play an important role in human health and immunity. However, few studies have investigated the long-term effects of stachyose on the human intestinal microbiota and metabolism. Therefore, in this study, the feces of infants were transplanted into germ-free mice, and the effect of long-term stachyose intake on intestinal metabolism was examined by comparing the results of microbiome and metabolome analyses. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was used to study the effects of stachyose intake on the metabolites and metabolic pathways of the transplanted human intestinal microbiota. RESULTS We observed that stachyose significantly altered the composition of the intestinal microbiota and metabolites, up-regulated production of the metabolite taurocholic acid, down-regulated amino acid metabolism, and significantly regulated the metabolism of taurine and hydroxytaurine, pantothenate and coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthesis, and other signaling pathways. CONCLUSION These findings may provide a basis for elucidating the mechanism by which stachyose promotes host health. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglu Xi
- Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Haixia Tang
- Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Quality inspection department, Shaanxi Goat Milk Products Testing and Testing Center, Xian, China
| | - Wupeng Ge
- Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ying Chen
- R & D department, Shaanxi Provincial Market Supervision Bureau North West National Center of Metrology, Xian, China
| | - Xiuxiu Cui
- R & D department, Xi'an Baiyue Goat Dairy Group Co., Ltd, Xian, China
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16
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Comparison of gut microbiota in exclusively breast-fed and formula-fed babies: a study of 91 term infants. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15792. [PMID: 32978424 PMCID: PMC7519658 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72635-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To compare gut microbiota of healthy infants that were exclusively breast-fed or formula-fed, we recruited 91 infants, who were assigned into three different groups and fed by breast milk (30 babies), formula A (30 babies) or formula B (31 babies) exclusively for more than 4 months after birth. Faecal bacterial composition was tested. Among different groups, α diversity was lower in breast-fed group than formula-fed groups in 40 days of age, but increased significantly in 6 months of age. The Bifidobacterium represented the most predominant genus and Enterobacteriaceae the second in all groups. In 40 days of age, Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides were significantly higher, while Streptococcus and Enterococcus were significantly lower in breast-fed group than they were in formula A-fed group. Lachnospiraceae was lower in breast-fed than formula B-fed group. Veillonella and Clostridioides were lower in breast-fed than formula-fed groups. In 3 months of age there were less Lachnospiraceae and Clostridioides in breast-fed group than formula-fed groups. There were also significant differences of microbiota between formula A-fed and formula B-fed groups. Those differences may have impacts on their long-term health.
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17
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Phan M, Momin SR, Senn MK, Wood AC. Metabolomic Insights into the Effects of Breast Milk Versus Formula Milk Feeding in Infants. Curr Nutr Rep 2020; 8:295-306. [PMID: 31203566 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-019-00284-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes the latest scientific evidence for the presence of metabolomic differences between infants fed breast milk (I-BM) and infants fed formula milk (I-FM). RECENT FINDINGS Across the studies included in this review, a total of 261 metabolites were analyzed, of which 151 metabolites were reported as significantly associated with infant feeding modality (BM versus FM). However, taken as a whole, the relevant literature was notable both for methodological limitations, such as small sample sizes, and heterogeneity between the studies. This may be why many associations between infant metabolite profile and feeding modality have not replicated across studies. To our knowledge, this is the first review to integrate the available literature on metabolomic differences between I-BM versus I-FM. This narrative review synthesized the data across studies and identified those metabolites which show the most robust associations with infant feeding modality. Methodological limitations of the current studies are identified, followed by recommendations for how to address these in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Phan
- USDA / ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shabnam R Momin
- USDA / ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Mackenzie K Senn
- USDA / ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Alexis C Wood
- USDA / ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Kortekangas E, Kamng'ona AW, Fan Y, Cheung YB, Ashorn U, Matchado A, Poelman B, Maleta K, Dewey KG, Ashorn P. Environmental exposures and child and maternal gut microbiota in rural Malawi. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2020; 34:161-170. [PMID: 32011017 PMCID: PMC7154550 DOI: 10.1111/ppe.12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut microbiota composition is associated with child health, but the effect of the environment on microbiota composition is not well understood. Few studies have been conducted in low-income settings where childhood malnutrition is common and possibly related to microbiota composition. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether gut microbiota composition in young children and their mothers is associated with different environmental exposures in rural Malawi. We hypothesized that more adverse environmental exposures would be associated with lower levels of microbiota maturity and diversity. METHODS Faecal samples from up to 631 children and mothers participating in a nutrition intervention trial were collected at 1, 6, 12, 18, and 30 months (children) and at 1 month (mothers) after birth and analysed for microbiota composition with 16S rRNA sequencing. Bacterial OTU and genus abundances, measures of microbiota maturity and diversity, and UniFrac distances were compared between participants with different environmental exposures. The exposure variables included socio-economic status, water source, sanitary facility, domestic animals, maternal characteristics, season, antibiotic use, and delivery mode. RESULTS Measures of microbiota maturity and diversity in children were inversely associated with maternal education at 6, 18, and 30 months and did not otherwise differ consistently between participants with different environmental exposures. Phylogenetic distance was related to season of stool sample collection at all time points. At the level of individual OTUs and genera, season of stool sample collection, type of water source, and maternal education showed most associations with child gut microbiota, while HIV status was the most important predictor of relative OTU and genus abundances in mothers. CONCLUSION The results do not support the hypothesis that adverse environmental exposures are broadly associated with lower microbiota maturity and diversity but suggest that environmental exposures influence the abundance of several bacterial OTUs and genera and that low maternal education is associated with higher microbiota maturity and diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Kortekangas
- Center for Child Health ResearchFaculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere UniversityTampereFinland
| | - Arox W. Kamng'ona
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCollege of MedicineUniversity of MalawiBlantyreMalawi,Program in International and Community NutritionUniversity of California DavisDavisCAUSA
| | - Yue‐Mei Fan
- Center for Child Health ResearchFaculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere UniversityTampereFinland
| | - Yin Bun Cheung
- Program in Health Services & Systems Research and Centre for Quantitative MedicineDuke‐NUS Medical SchoolSingaporeSingapore
| | - Ulla Ashorn
- Center for Child Health ResearchFaculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere UniversityTampereFinland
| | - Andrew Matchado
- Program in International and Community NutritionUniversity of California DavisDavisCAUSA,School of Public Health and Family MedicineUniversity of Malawi College of MedicineBlantyreMalawi
| | - Basho Poelman
- Center for Child Health ResearchFaculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere UniversityTampereFinland
| | - Kenneth Maleta
- School of Public Health and Family MedicineUniversity of Malawi College of MedicineBlantyreMalawi
| | | | - Per Ashorn
- Center for Child Health ResearchFaculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere UniversityTampereFinland,Department of PaediatricsTampere University HospitalTampereFinland
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19
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Francisquini JD, Nunes L, Martins E, Stephani R, Perrone ÍT, Carvalho AFD. How the heat treatment affects the constituents of infant formulas: a review. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1981-6723.27219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Breast milk as the children’s primary source of nutrition fulfills the babies’ needs and can also provide immune protection. In some cases, when mothers are not able to breastfeed, an equivalent substitute is required. Nowadays, the best substitutes of the human breast milk are infant formulas. Different technological routes may be designed to produce infant formulas according to the main challenges: the compromise between food safety and heat treatment damage. This article aimed to review the current scientific knowledge about how heat treatment affects the macro and micronutrients of milk, extrapolating the expected effects on infant formulas. The covered topics were: The definition and composition of infant formulas, industrial methods of infant formulas production, the effects of heat treatment on milk macro and micronutrients.
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20
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Bardanzellu F, Peila C, Fanos V, Coscia A. Clinical insights gained through metabolomic analysis of human breast milk. Expert Rev Proteomics 2019; 16:909-932. [PMID: 31825672 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2019.1703679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Among the OMICS technologies, that have emerged in recent years, metabolomics has allowed relevant step forwards in clinical research. Several improvements in disease diagnosis and clinical management have been permitted, even in neonatology. Among potentially evaluable biofluids, breast milk (BM) results are highly interesting, representing a fluid of conjunction between mothers newborns, describing their interaction.Areas covered: in this review, updating a previous review article, we discuss research articles and reviews on BM metabolomics and found in MEDLINE using metabolomics, breast milk, neonatal nutrition, breastfeeding, human milk composition, and preterm neonates as keywords.Expert opinion: Our research group has a profound interest in metabolomics research. In 2012, we published the first metabolomic analysis on BM samples, reporting interesting data on its composition and relevant differences with formula milk (FM), useful to improve FM composition. As confirmed by successive studies, such technology can detect the specific BM composition and its dependence on several variables, including lactation stage, gestational age, maternal or environmental conditions. Moreover, since BM contaminants or drug levels can be detected, metabolomics also results useful to determine BM safety. These are only a few practical applications of BM analysis, which will be reviewed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaminia Bardanzellu
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, AOU University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Chiara Peila
- Neonatology Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Vassilios Fanos
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, AOU University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Alessandra Coscia
- Neonatology Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
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21
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Lipidomics of Brain Tissues in Rats Fed Human Milk from Chinese Mothers or Commercial Infant Formula. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9110253. [PMID: 31661817 PMCID: PMC6918239 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9110253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Holistic benefits of human milk to infants, particularly brain development and cognitive behavior, have stipulated that infant formula be tailored in composition like human milk. However, the composition of human milk, especially lipids, and their effects on brain development is complex and not fully elucidated. We evaluated brain lipidome profiles in weanling rats fed human milk or infant formula using non-targeted UHPLC-MS techniques. We also compared the lipid composition of human milk and infant formula using conventional GC-FID and HPLC-ELSD techniques. The sphingomyelin class of lipids was significantly higher in brains of rats fed human milk. Lipid species mainly comprising saturated or mono-unsaturated C18 fatty acids contributed significantly higher percentages to their respective classes in human milk compared to infant formula fed samples. In contrast, PUFAs contributed significantly higher percentages in brains of formula fed samples. Differences between human milk and formula lipids included minor fatty acids such as C8:0 and C12:0, which were higher in formula, and C16:1 and C18:1 n11, which were higher in human milk. Formula also contained higher levels of low- to medium-carbon triacylglycerols, whereas human milk had higher levels of high-carbon triacylglycerols. All phospholipid classes, and ceramides, were higher in formula. We show that brain lipid composition differs in weanling rats fed human milk or infant formula, but dietary lipid compositions do not necessarily manifest in the brain lipidome.
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22
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Wazed MA, Farid M. Hypoallergenic and Low-Protein Ready-to-Feed (RTF) Infant Formula by High Pressure Pasteurization: A Novel Product. Foods 2019; 8:E408. [PMID: 31547383 PMCID: PMC6770407 DOI: 10.3390/foods8090408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infant milk formula (IMF) is designed to mimic the composition of human milk (9-11 g protein/L); however, the standard protein content of IMF (15 g/L) is still a matter of controversy. In contrast to breastfed infants, excessive protein in IMF is associated with overweight and symptoms of metabolic syndrome in formula-fed infants. Moreover, the beta-lactoglobulin (β-Lg) content in cow milk is 3-4 g/L, whereas it is not present in human milk. It is considered to be a major reason for cow milk allergy in infants. In this respect, to modify protein composition, increasing the ratio of alpha-lactalbumin (α-Lac) to β-Lg would be a pragmatic approach to develop a hypoallergenic IMF with low protein content. Such a formula would ensure the necessary balance of essential amino acids, as 123 and 162 amino acid residues are available in α-Lac and β-Lg, respectively. Hence, in this study, a pasteurized form of hypoallergenic and low-protein ready-to-feed (RTF) formula, a new product, is developed to retain heat-sensitive bioactives and other components. Therefore, the effects of high pressure processing (HPP) under 300-600 MPa at approximately 20-40 °C and HTST pasteurization (72 °C for 15 and 30 s) were investigated and compared. The highest ratio of α-Lac to β-Lg was achieved after HPP (600 MPa for 5 min applied at 40.4 °C), which potentially explains the synergistic effect of HPP and heat on substantial denaturation of β-Lg, with significant retention of α-Lac in reconstituted IMF. Industrial relevance: This investigation showed the potential production of a pasteurized RTF formula, a niche product, with a reduced amount of allergenic β-Lg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abdul Wazed
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Mohammed Farid
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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23
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Effects of maternal protein restriction during pregnancy and lactation on milk composition and offspring development. Br J Nutr 2019; 122:141-151. [PMID: 31345278 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519001120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Before weaning, breast milk is the physiological form of neonatal nutrition, providing pups with all nutrient requirements. Maternal low-protein diet (LPD) during pregnancy and lactation induces adverse changes in key maternal organs, which have negative effects on pup development. We studied the effects of maternal LPD on liver weight, mammary gland (MG) cell differentiation, milk composition and production and pup development throughout lactation. We fed rats with control (C) or LPD (R) during pregnancy and lactation. At 7 d early, 14 d mid and 21 d late lactation stages, maternal biochemical parameters, body, liver and MG weights were analysed. MG cell differentiation was analysed by haematoxylin and eosin staining; milk nutrient composition and production were studied; pup body, liver and brain weights, hippocampal arachidonic acid (AA) and DHA were quantified. Results showed lower body and liver weights, minor MG cell differentiation and lower serum insulin and TAG in R compared with C. R milk contained less protein and higher AA at early and mid stages compared with C. R pup milk and fat intake were lower at all stages. R protein intake at early and mid stages and DHA intake at mid and late stages were lower compared with C. In R pups, lower body, liver and brain weights were associated with decreased hippocampal AA and DHA. We conclude that maternal LPD impairs liver and MG function and induces significant changes in maternal milk composition, pup milk intake and organ development.
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Liu Z, Subbaraj A, Fraser K, Jia H, Chen W, Day L, Roy NC, Young W. Human milk and infant formula differentially alters the microbiota composition and functional gene relative abundance in the small and large intestines in weanling rats. Eur J Nutr 2019; 59:2131-2143. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-02062-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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25
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Lactate Metabolism Is Strongly Modulated by Fecal Inoculum, pH, and Retention Time in PolyFermS Continuous Colonic Fermentation Models Mimicking Young Infant Proximal Colon. mSystems 2019; 4:4/4/e00264-18. [PMID: 31138674 PMCID: PMC6538849 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00264-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolism of lactate impacts infant gut health and may lead to acute accumulation of lactate and/or H2 associated with pain and crying of colicky infants. Because gut microbiota studies are limited due to ethical and safety concerns, in vitro fermentation models were developed as powerful tools to assess effects of environmental conditions on the gut microbiota. In this study, we established a continuous colonic fermentation model (PolyFermS), inoculated with immobilized fecal microbiota and mimicking the proximal colon of 2-month-old infants. We investigated the effects of pH and retention time (RT) on lactate metabolism and of lactate-utilizing bacteria (LUB) exhibiting little or no H2 production. We observed that a drop in pH from 6.0 to 5.0 increased the number of lactate-producing bacteria (LPB) and decreased LUB concomitantly with lactate accumulation. Increasing RT from 5 to 10 h at pH 5.0 resulted in complete lactate consumption associated with increased LUB. Supplementation with dl-lactate (60 mM) to mimic lactate accumulation promoted propionate and butyrate production with no effect on acetate production. We further demonstrated that lactate-utilizing Propionibacterium avidum was able to colonize the reactors 4 days after spiking, suggesting its ability to compete with other lactate-utilizing bacteria producing H2 In conclusion, we showed that PolyFermS is a suitable model for mimicking young infant colonic microbiota. We report for the first time pH and RT as strong drivers for composition and metabolic activity of infant gut microbiota, especially for the metabolism of lactate, which is a key intermediate product for ecology and infant health.IMPORTANCE The metabolism of lactate is important for infant gut health and may lead to acute lactate and/or H2 accumulation, pain, and crying as observed in colicky infants. Functional human studies often faced ethical challenges due to invasive medical procedures; thus, in this study, we implemented PolyFermS fermentation models to mimic the infant proximal colon, which were inoculated with immobilized fecal microbiota of two 2-month-old infants. We investigated the impact of pH, retention time, and accumulation of dl-lactate on microbiota composition and metabolic activity. We found that a drop in pH from 6.0 to 5.0 led to increased LPB and decreased LUB concomitantly with lactate accumulation. Increasing the RT resulted in complete lactate consumption associated with increased LUB. Our data highlight for the first time the impact of key abiotic factors on the metabolism of lactate, which is an important intermediate product for ecology and infant health.
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Burrow K, Young W, Carne A, McConnell M, Hammer N, Scholze M, Bekhit AED. Consumption of sheep milk compared to cow milk can affect trabecular bone ultrastructure in a rat model. Food Funct 2019; 10:163-171. [PMID: 30516196 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01598h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cow milk has a positive effect on bone health due to the effects of its protein, fat, lipid, vitamin, and mineral components. Sheep milk contains a unique composition of all of these components. However, to the best of our knowledge the benefits of sheep milk in relation to bone development have not been studied. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of the consumption of sheep milk in comparison to cow milk on the structural and physical characteristics of growing bone in a rat model. Newly weaned male rats were fed either cow milk, sheep milk or sheep milk diluted to the same total solids content as cow milk for 28 days in addition to a basal chow. At the end of the feeding period animals were euthanized, the femora harvested and stored. The femora were analysed by μ-CT, mechanical bending tests, and ICP-MS. Rats consuming sheep milk in the trial were found to have significantly higher trabecular bone surface density and trabecular bone surface to volume ratio (p < 0.05) when compared to the rats consuming cow milk. No significant differences were observed in the mechanical properties and the mineral composition of the bones (p > 0.05). With the exception of Rb, which was found to be present in higher concentrations in rats consuming sheep milk (p < 0.05). Our results indicate that consumption of sheep milk may positively influence the structural integrity of bone, which may result in an enhancement of bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keegan Burrow
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We review how an altered microbiome in early life impacts on immune, metabolic, and neurological development, focusing on some of the most widespread diseases related to each of these processes, namely atopic disease, obesity, and autism. RECENT FINDINGS The early development of the microbial communities that inhabit the human body is currently challenged by factors that range from reduced exposure to microbes, antibiotic use, and poor dietary choices to widespread environmental pollution. Recent work has highlighted some of the long-term consequences that early alterations in the establishment of these microbiotas can have for different aspects of human development and health. The long-term consequences of early microbiome alterations for human development and health are only beginning to be understood and will require in-depth investigation in the years to come. A solid understanding of how present day environmental conditions alter microbiome development, and of how an altered microbiome in early life impacts on life-long health, should inform both public health policies and the development of dietary and medical strategies to counteract early microbiota imbalances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Vallès
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill campus, Cave Hill, Barbados
| | - M Pilar Francino
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació en Genòmica i Salut, Fundació per al Foment de la Investigació Sanitària i Biomèdica de la Comunitat Valenciana (FISABIO-Salut Pública)/Institut de Biologia Integrativa de Sistemes (Universitat de València), Avda. Catalunya 21, 46020, València, Spain.
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
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Infant Colic Represents Gut Inflammation and Dysbiosis. J Pediatr 2018; 203:55-61.e3. [PMID: 30177353 PMCID: PMC6669027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To dissect potential confounding effects of breast milk and formula feeding on crying + fussing, fecal calprotectin, and gut microbiota in babies with colic. We hypothesized that infant colic is associated with gut inflammation linked to intestinal dysbiosis. STUDY DESIGN A nested case-control design of 3 of our studies was used to analyze clinical and laboratory data at presentation, comparing babies with colic with controls. All investigators other than the biostatistician were blinded during data analysis. Subjects were recruited based on their age and crying + fussy time. We screened 65 infants, 37 with colic, as defined by Barr diary (crying + fussing time >3 hours daily), who were compared with 28 noncolicky infants. RESULTS Fecal calprotectin was elevated in babies with colic. For each mode of infant feeding (breast milk, formula, or breast + formula), infants' fecal calprotectin was higher in babies with colic. Infants with colic had similar levels of fecal alpha diversity (richness) when compared with controls, and alpha diversity was lower in breast-fed babies. Beta diversity at the phylum level revealed significant differences in microbial population. A phylum difference resulted from reduced Actinobacteria (95% of which are Bifidobacilli) in babies with colic. Species significantly associated with colic were Acinetobacter and Lactobacillus iners. CONCLUSIONS Colic is linked with gut inflammation (as determined by fecal calprotectin) and dysbiosis, independent of mode of feeding, with fewer Bifidobacilli. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01279265 and NCT01849991.
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Impact of a high-protein diet during lactation on milk composition and offspring in a pig model. Eur J Nutr 2018; 58:3241-3253. [PMID: 30488185 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1867-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Early postnatal nutrition not only holds relevance to infant growth, but also determines the risk of developing obesity and chronic diseases such as diabetes type 2 and cardiovascular diseases in adulthood. It is suggested that a high-protein (HP) diet in early childhood can predispose children to obesity. However, data concerning possible alterations in milk composition and the development of the offspring in response to a maternal HP diet are currently not available. To address this question, we conducted a study using pigs as a model organism. METHODS At parturition, sows were assigned to two experimental groups. During lactation, the control group received a diet with a protein content of 16%, whereas the diet of the HP group contained 30% protein. After 28 days of lactation, samples were taken from sows and piglets for the quantification of free amino acids and other metabolites and for histology. RESULTS Serum and milk urea showed the most marked differences between the two groups of sows, whereas serum urea concentration in piglets did not differ. Here, we found that the intake of an HP diet changed a series of metabolites in sows, but had only small effects on milk composition and virtually no effects on growth in the offspring. Interestingly, maternal protein intake during lactation shapes the microbiome of the offspring. CONCLUSION From our current study, we conclude that even a very high maternal protein intake throughout lactation has no impact on growth and health parameters of the offspring.
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Miklavcic JJ, Badger TM, Bowlin AK, Matazel KS, Cleves MA, LeRoith T, Saraf MK, Chintapalli SV, Piccolo BD, Shankar K, Yeruva L. Human Breast-Milk Feeding Enhances the Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immune Response in Neonatal Piglets. J Nutr 2018; 148:1860-1870. [PMID: 30247686 PMCID: PMC6209812 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The benefits of breastfeeding infants are well characterized, including those on the immune system. However, determining the mechanism by which human breast milk (HBM) elicits effects on immune response requires investigation in an appropriate animal model. Objective The primary aim of this study was to develop a novel porcine model and to determine the differential effects of feeding HBM and a commercial milk formula (MF) on immune response and gastrointestinal microbial colonization in a controlled environment. Methods Male piglets were fed HBM (n = 26) or MF (n = 26) from day 2 through day 21. Piglets were vaccinated (n = 9/diet group) with cholera toxin and cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) and tetanus toxoid at 21 d or were fed placebo (n = 6/diet group) and then weaned to a standard solid diet at the age of 21 d. Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses were assessed from blood on days 35 and 48. Immune response was further examined from tissues, including mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), Peyer's patches (PPs), and spleen. The colonization of gut microbiota was characterized from feces on days 16 and 49. Results Serum antibody titers in piglets fed HBM were 4-fold higher (P < 0.05) to CTB and 3-fold higher (P < 0.05) to tetanus toxoid compared with piglets fed MF on day 48. Compared with MF, the numbers of immunoglobulin A antibody-producing cells to CTB were 13-fold higher (P < 0.05) in MLNs and 11-fold higher (P < 0.05) in PPs in the HBM diet group on day 51. In addition, significantly increased T cell proliferation was observed in the HBM group relative to the MF group. Furthermore, microbial diversity in the HBM group was lower (P < 0.05) than in the MF group. Conclusions This porcine model appears to be valid for studying the effects of early postnatal diet on immune responses and the gastrointestinal microbiome. Our results lay the groundwork for future studies defining the role of infant diet on microbiota and immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Miklavcic
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Thomas M Badger
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Anne K Bowlin
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Katelin S Matazel
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Mario A Cleves
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR
| | - Tanya LeRoith
- Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Manish K Saraf
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Sree V Chintapalli
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Brian D Piccolo
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Kartik Shankar
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Laxmi Yeruva
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR
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Impact of Lactobacillus plantarum ST-III on the composition of infant gut microbiota and its potential synergism with breast milk and infant formula as revealed by an in vitro study. Int Dairy J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Burrow K, Young W, McConnell M, Carne A, Barr D, Reid M, Bekhit AED. The Distribution of Essential, Trace, and Nonessential Minerals in Weanling Male Rats Fed Sheep or Cow Milk. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1800482. [PMID: 30095861 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The aim of the study is to determine the effects of sheep milk consumption in comparison to cow milk on the mineral distribution in the soft organs and serum in a growing animal model system. As the mineral composition of cow and sheep milk differs, different effects on the bio-accumulations in the body may be observed. Differences in the mineral composition of cow and sheep milk may lead to different bioavailability or accumulation of minerals in the body. Newly weaned rats were fed either cow milk, sheep milk, or sheep milk diluted so that it had the same solid content as cow milk. At the end of the feeding trial, the concentration of minerals in the organs and plasma of the rats was assessed. The results indicate that the consumption of the high level of minerals in sheep milk does not have any negative effects in the rat model. METHODS AND RESULTS Newly weaned male rats were fed ad libitum for 28 days on either cow milk, sheep milk, or sheep milk diluted to have the same concentration of milk solids as cow milk. Animals were euthanized and the soft organs and serum were harvested and then analyzed for mineral composition by inductively coupled plasma MS. Rats fed sheep milk had lower iron concentrations in the liver and higher concentrations of rubidium and cesium in all of the soft organs. The growth rate of the rats was not affected by the type of milk consumed. CONCLUSION The concentration of essential and trace minerals in the liver is found to be significantly different between rats fed sheep milk compared to those fed cow milk (p < 0.05). The consumption of sheep milk does not affect the growth of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keegan Burrow
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Wayne Young
- AgResearch Ltd, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michelle McConnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Alan Carne
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - David Barr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Malcom Reid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Healey GR, Murphy R, Brough L, Butts CA, Coad J. Interindividual variability in gut microbiota and host response to dietary interventions. Nutr Rev 2018; 75:1059-1080. [PMID: 29190368 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nux062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysbiosis is linked to human disease; therefore, gut microbiota modulation strategies provide an attractive means of correcting microbial imbalance to enhance human health. Because diet has a major influence on the composition, diversity, and metabolic capacity of the gut microbiota, numerous dietary intervention studies have been conducted to manipulate the gut microbiota to improve host outcomes and reduce disease risk. Emerging evidence suggests that interindividual variability in gut microbiota and host responsiveness exists, making it difficult to predict gut microbiota and host response to a given dietary intervention. This may, in turn, have implications on the consistency of results among studies and the perceived success or true efficacy of a dietary intervention in eliciting beneficial changes to the gut microbiota and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genelle R Healey
- Massey Institute of Food Science and Technology, School of Food and Nutrition, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Food, Nutrition & Health Group, New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Rinki Murphy
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Louise Brough
- Massey Institute of Food Science and Technology, School of Food and Nutrition, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Christine A Butts
- Food, Nutrition & Health Group, New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jane Coad
- Massey Institute of Food Science and Technology, School of Food and Nutrition, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Grier A, Qiu X, Bandyopadhyay S, Holden-Wiltse J, Kessler HA, Gill AL, Hamilton B, Huyck H, Misra S, Mariani TJ, Ryan RM, Scholer L, Scheible KM, Lee YH, Caserta MT, Pryhuber GS, Gill SR. Impact of prematurity and nutrition on the developing gut microbiome and preterm infant growth. MICROBIOME 2017; 5:158. [PMID: 29228972 PMCID: PMC5725645 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-017-0377-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of factors that influence the neonatal gut microbiome is urgently needed to guide clinical practices that support growth of healthy preterm infants. Here, we examined the influence of nutrition and common practices on the gut microbiota and growth in a cohort of preterm infants. RESULTS With weekly gut microbiota samples spanning postmenstrual age (PMA) 24 to 46 weeks, we developed two models to test associations between the microbiota, nutrition and growth: a categorical model with three successive microbiota phases (P1, P2, and P3) and a model with two periods (early and late PMA) defined by microbiota composition and PMA, respectively. The more significant associations with phase led us to use a phase-based framework for the majority of our analyses. Phase transitions were characterized by rapid shifts in the microbiota, with transition out of P1 occurring nearly simultaneously with the change from meconium to normal stool. The rate of phase progression was positively associated with gestational age at birth, and delayed transition to a P3 microbiota was associated with growth failure. We found distinct bacterial metabolic functions in P1-3 and significant associations between nutrition, microbiota phase, and infant growth. CONCLUSION The phase-dependent impact of nutrition on infant growth along with phase-specific metabolic functions suggests a pioneering potential for improving growth outcomes by tailoring nutrient intake to microbiota phase.
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MESH Headings
- Bacteria/classification
- Bacteria/genetics
- Bacteria/isolation & purification
- Breast Feeding
- Cohort Studies
- DNA, Bacterial
- Feces/microbiology
- Female
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome
- Gestational Age
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant Health
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Premature/growth & development
- Infant, Premature/physiology
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/diet therapy
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/prevention & control
- Male
- Meconium/microbiology
- Nutritional Status
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Grier
- Genomics Research Center, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Xing Qiu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Sanjukta Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jeanne Holden-Wiltse
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Haeja A Kessler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Ann L Gill
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Brooke Hamilton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Heidie Huyck
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Sara Misra
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Thomas J Mariani
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
- Pediatric Molecular and Personalized Medicine Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Rita M Ryan
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Lori Scholer
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Kristin M Scheible
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Yi-Horng Lee
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Mary T Caserta
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Gloria S Pryhuber
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Steven R Gill
- Genomics Research Center, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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Watkins C, Murphy K, Yen S, Carafa I, Dempsey E, O’Shea C, Vercoe E, Ross R, Stanton C, Ryan C. Effects of therapeutic hypothermia on the gut microbiota and metabolome of infants suffering hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy at birth. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 93:110-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Aguayo-Patrón SV, Calderón de la Barca AM. Old Fashioned vs. Ultra-Processed-Based Current Diets: Possible Implication in the Increased Susceptibility to Type 1 Diabetes and Celiac Disease in Childhood. Foods 2017; 6:foods6110100. [PMID: 29140275 PMCID: PMC5704144 DOI: 10.3390/foods6110100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultra-processed foods are ready-to-heat and ready-to-eat products created to replace traditional homemade meals and dishes due to convenience and accessibility. Because of their low-fiber and high-fat and sugar composition, these foodstuffs could induce a negative impact on health. They are partially responsible for obesity and chronic non-transmissible diseases; additionally, they could impact in the prevalence of autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes and celiac disease. The rationale is that the nutritional composition of ultra-processed foodstuffs can induce gut dysbiosis, promoting a pro-inflammatory response and consequently, a “leaky gut”. These factors have been associated with increased risk of autoimmunity in genetically predisposed children. In addition, food emulsifiers, commonly used in ultra-processed products could modify the gut microbiota and intestinal permeability, which could increase the risk of autoimmunity. In contrast, unprocessed and minimally processed food-based diets have shown the capacity to promote gut microbiota eubiosis, anti-inflammatory response, and epithelial integrity, through bacterial butyrate production. Thus, to decrease the susceptibility to autoimmunity, genetically predisposed children should avoid ultra-processed food products and encourage the consumption of fresh and minimally processed foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra V Aguayo-Patrón
- Departamento de Nutrición y Metabolismo, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Carretera a La Victoria, Km. 0.6, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico.
| | - Ana M Calderón de la Barca
- Departamento de Nutrición y Metabolismo, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Carretera a La Victoria, Km. 0.6, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico.
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Saraf MK, Piccolo BD, Bowlin AK, Mercer KE, LeRoith T, Chintapalli SV, Shankar K, Badger TM, Yeruva L. Formula diet driven microbiota shifts tryptophan metabolism from serotonin to tryptamine in neonatal porcine colon. MICROBIOME 2017; 5:77. [PMID: 28705171 PMCID: PMC5513086 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-017-0297-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut microbiota of breast-fed and formula-fed infants differ significantly, as do the risks for allergies, gut dysfunction, and upper respiratory tract infections. The connections between breast milk, various formulas, and the profiles of gut bacteria to these childhood illnesses, as well as the mechanisms underlying the effects, are not well understood. METHODS We investigated distal colon microbiota by 16S RNA amplicon sequencing, morphology by histomorphometry, immune response by cytokine expression, and tryptophan metabolism in a pig model in which piglets were sow-fed, or fed soy or dairy milk-based formula from postnatal day (PND) 2 to 21. RESULTS Formula feeding significantly (p < 0.05) altered the colon microbiota relative to the sow feeding. A significant reduction in microbial diversity was noted with formula groups in comparison to sow-fed. Streptococcus, Blautia, Citrobacter, Butrycimonas, Parabacteroides, Lactococcus genera were increased with formula feeding relative to sow feeding. In addition, relative to sow feeding, Anaerotruncus, Akkermansia, Enterococcus, Acinetobacter, Christensenella, and Holdemania were increased in milk-fed piglets, and Biliophila, Ruminococcus, Clostridium were increased in soy-fed piglets. No significant gut morphological changes were noted. However, higher cytokine mRNA expression (BMP4, CCL11, CCL21) was observed in the distal colon of formula groups. Formula feeding reduced enterochromaffin cell number and serotonin, but increased tryptamine levels relative to sow feeding. CONCLUSION Our data confirm that formula diet alters the colon microbiota and appears to shift tryptophan metabolism from serotonin to tryptamine, which may lead to greater histamine levels and risk of allergies in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar Saraf
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, 15 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| | - Brian D. Piccolo
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, 15 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| | - Anne K. Bowlin
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, 15 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| | - Kelly E. Mercer
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, 15 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| | - Tanya LeRoith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, USA
| | - Sree V. Chintapalli
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, 15 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| | - Kartik Shankar
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, 15 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| | - Thomas M. Badger
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, 15 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| | - Laxmi Yeruva
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, 15 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, USA
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Vaidya Y, Patel S, Joshi C, Nauriyal D, Kunjadia A. Somatic Cell Count: A Human Breast Wellbeing Indicator. THE JOURNAL OF BREAST HEALTH 2017; 13:88-93. [PMID: 31244535 DOI: 10.5152/tjbh.2017.3328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective Human milk is universally accounted as the preeminent source of nutrition for infants. Surprisingly, no approved diagnostic tests are available for the diagnosis of physical condition of the breast. Somatic cell count (SCC) is a key tool commonly used in the dairy industry to provide evidence of udder health, which in turn determines the quality of bovine and cattle milk. Elevated levels of somatic cells in milk are observed during intra-mammary infectious state in bovine animals, which is due to active participation of the immune system. This constraint in humans can principally be used to study breast health. Materials and Methods In the present study, 176 breast milk samples in total were randomly collected from four different regions of Gujarat, India. All the samples were subjected to somatic cell count and total bacterial count tests. The effect of geographical region and maternal health was studied on the basis of milk SCC and total bacterial load. Statistical interpretation of the results was done using PRISM 6.07. Results Breast showing clinical symptoms of mastitis yielded a high SCC (>104 cells/microliter (μL)) and bacterial count (between 105 to 1011 Colony Forming Unit (CFU)/milliliter (mL)) in comparison to milk collected from healthy breast (<104 cells/μL and 103 to 104 CFU/mL). Statistical analysis reveals existence of significant correlation between the geographical region and SCC count of milk collected from healthy breast whereas no correlation was observed in infected breast milk. The study has also demonstrated that a lineer correlation exists between SCC and abundance of bacteria present in breast milk. Conclusion The present study could be employed to predict lactating breast health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yati Vaidya
- Ashok and Rita Patel Institute of Integrated Study and Research in Biotechnology and Allied Sciences, Anand, India
| | - Shriram Patel
- Ashok and Rita Patel Institute of Integrated Study and Research in Biotechnology and Allied Sciences, Anand, India
| | - Chaitanya Joshi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, India
| | - Dev Nauriyal
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, India
| | - Anju Kunjadia
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies in Science and Technology (CISST), Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand, India
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Hemalatha R, Ouwehand AC, Saarinen MT, Prasad UV, Swetha K, Bhaskar V. Effect of probiotic supplementation on total lactobacilli, bifidobacteria and short chain fatty acids in 2-5-year-old children. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2017; 28:1298340. [PMID: 28572751 PMCID: PMC5443088 DOI: 10.1080/16512235.2017.1298340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background: Consumption of Lactobacillus paracasei Lpc-37 or Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 by 2-5-year-old children was found to reduce risk for diarrhoea and fever during the rainy season. Objective: Can changes in faecal short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) or branched chain fatty acids (BCFAs) explain the observed positive influence of probiotics and their role on nutritional status and diarrhoea risk? Design: Faecal samples were analysed for SCFAs and BCFAs and correlated to Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus levels; both at the start and after nine months' consumption of either of the two probiotic strains, or placebo. Results: No differences in SCFAs, BCFAs, Lactobacillus or Bifidobacterium levels were found between boys and girls. Severely underweight children were observed to have the highest Lactobacillus levels. Probiotic intervention was found to be associated with higher levels of selected SCFAs and BCFAs in subjects who had experienced diarrhoea. Treatment with either of the probiotics led to changes in SCFAs and BCFAs. SCFAs, acetate, propionate and butyrate, were found to correlate with each other. Likewise, BCFAs isobutyrate, 2-methylbutyrate and isovalerate correlated with each other. After the intervention, L. paracasei Lpc-37 correlated positively with total Bifidobacterium counts and isovalerate levels. B. lactis HN019 counts were found to correlate positively with total bacterial counts and negatively with propionate levels. Conclusions: Nutritional status was associated with higher levels of faecal lactobacilli; the meaning of this requires further investigation. The intervention with the two probiotics was observed to influence the levels of faecal SCFAs and BCFAs and there is a differential response in those who developed diarrhoea and those who did not. It is, however, not clear to what extent this is a mechanism that explains the earlier observed effect the strains had on diarrhoea risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Hemalatha
- Microbiology and Immunology Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | - A. C. Ouwehand
- Active Nutrition, DuPont Nutrition and Health, Kantvik, Finland
| | - M. T. Saarinen
- Active Nutrition, DuPont Nutrition and Health, Kantvik, Finland
| | - U. V. Prasad
- Microbiology and Immunology Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | - K. Swetha
- Microbiology and Immunology Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | - V. Bhaskar
- Microbiology and Immunology Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
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40
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Tomasova L, Konopelski P, Ufnal M. Gut Bacteria and Hydrogen Sulfide: The New Old Players in Circulatory System Homeostasis. Molecules 2016; 21:E1558. [PMID: 27869680 PMCID: PMC6273628 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that gut bacteria play a role in homeostasis of the circulatory system in mammals. First, gut bacteria may affect the nervous control of the circulatory system via the sensory fibres of the enteric nervous system. Second, gut bacteria-derived metabolites may cross the gut-blood barrier and target blood vessels, the heart and other organs involved in the regulation of the circulatory system. A number of studies have shown that hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is an important biological mediator in the circulatory system. Thus far, research has focused on the effects of H₂S enzymatically produced by cardiovascular tissues. However, some recent evidence indicates that H₂S released in the colon may also contribute to the control of arterial blood pressure. Incidentally, sulfate-reducing bacteria are ubiquitous in mammalian colon, and H₂S is just one among a number of molecules produced by the gut flora. Other gut bacteria-derived compounds that may affect the circulatory system include methane, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, trimethylamine or indole. In this paper, we review studies that imply a role of gut microbiota and their metabolites, such as H₂S, in circulatory system homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Tomasova
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02 091, Poland.
- Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 845 05, Slovakia.
| | - Piotr Konopelski
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02 091, Poland.
| | - Marcin Ufnal
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02 091, Poland.
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Javurek AB, Spollen WG, Johnson SA, Bivens NJ, Bromert KH, Givan SA, Rosenfeld CS. Effects of exposure to bisphenol A and ethinyl estradiol on the gut microbiota of parents and their offspring in a rodent model. Gut Microbes 2016; 7:471-485. [PMID: 27624382 PMCID: PMC5103659 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2016.1234657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut dysbiosis may result in various diseases, such as metabolic and neurobehavioral disorders. Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), including bisphenol A (BPA) and ethinyl estradiol (EE), especially during development, may also increase the risk for such disorders. An unexplored possibility is that EDC-exposure might alter the gut microbial composition. Gut flora and their products may thus be mediating factors for the disease-causing effects of these chemicals. To examine the effects of EDCs on the gut microbiome, female and male monogamous and biparental California mice (Peromyscus californicus) were exposed to BPA (50 mg/kg feed weight) or EE (0.1 ppb) or control diet from periconception through weaning. 16s rRNA sequencing was performed on bacterial DNA isolated from fecal samples, and analyses performed for P0 and F1 males and females. Both BPA and EE induced generational and sex-dependent gut microbiome changes. Many of the bacteria, e.g. Bacteroides, Mollicutes, Prevotellaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, Akkermansia, Methanobrevibacter, Sutterella, whose proportions increase with exposure to BPA or EE in the P0 or F1 generation are associated with different disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), metabolic disorders, and colorectal cancer. However, the proportion of the beneficial bacterium, Bifidobacterium, was also elevated in fecal samples of BPA- and EE-exposed F1 females. Intestinal flora alterations were also linked to changes in various metabolic and other pathways. Thus, BPA and EE exposure may disrupt the normal gut flora, which may in turn result in systemic effects. Probiotic supplementation might be an effective means to mitigate disease-promoting effects of these chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela B. Javurek
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA,Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA
| | - William G. Spollen
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA,Informatics Research Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA
| | - Sarah A. Johnson
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA,Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA,Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA
| | | | | | - Scott A. Givan
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA,Informatics Research Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA,Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA
| | - Cheryl S. Rosenfeld
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA,Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA,Genetics Area Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA,Thompson Center for Autism and Neurobehavioral Disorders, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA,CONTACT Cheryl S. Rosenfeld, DVM, PhD Biomedical Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 440F Bond Life Sciences Center, 1201 E. Rollins Rd., Columbia, MO 65211
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Interactions between host genetics and gut microbiome in diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Mol Metab 2016; 5:795-803. [PMID: 27617202 PMCID: PMC5004229 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes, obesity, and the metabolic syndrome are multifactorial diseases dependent on a complex interaction of host genetics, diet, and other environmental factors. Increasing evidence places gut microbiota as important modulators of the crosstalk between diet and development of obesity and metabolic dysfunction. In addition, host genetics can have important impact on the composition and function of gut microbiota. Indeed, depending on the genetic background of the host, diet and other environmental factors may produce different changes in gut microbiota, have different impacts on host metabolism, and create different interactions between the microbiome and the host. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review, we highlight how appropriate animal models can help dissect the complex interaction of host genetics with the gut microbiome and how diet can lead to different degrees of weight gain, levels of insulin resistance, and metabolic outcomes, such as diabetes, in different individuals. We also discuss the challenges of identifying specific disease-associated microbiota and the limitations of simple metrics, such as phylogenetic diversity or the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Understanding these complex interactions will help in the development of novel treatments for microbiome-related metabolic diseases. This article is part of a special issue on microbiota.
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