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Peres F, Gouveia C, Vitorino C, Oliveira H, Ferreira-Dias S. How the "Olive Oil Polyphenols" Health Claim Depends on Anthracnose and Olive Fly on Fruits. Foods 2024; 13:1734. [PMID: 38890962 PMCID: PMC11172240 DOI: 10.3390/foods13111734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Olive anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum fungi, and the olive fruit fly Bactrocera olea are, respectively, the most important fungal disease and pest affecting olive fruits worldwide, leading to detrimental effects on the yield and quality of fruits and olive oil. This study focuses on the content of hydroxytyrosol (HYT) and its derivatives (the "olive oil polyphenols" health claim) in olive oils extracted from fruits of 'Galega Vulgar' and 'Cobrançosa' cultivars, naturally affected by olive anthracnose and olive fly. The olives, with different damage levels, were harvested from organic rainfed orchards, located in the center of Portugal, at four harvest times over three years. Galega oils extracted from olives with a higher anthracnose and olive fly incidence showed no conformity for the extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) and virgin olive oil (VOO) categories, presenting high acidity and negative sensory notes accompanied by the disappearance of oleacein. Conversely, no sensory defects were observed in Cobrançosa oils, regardless of disease and pest incidence levels, and quality criteria were still in accordance with the EVOO category. The total HYT and tyrosol (TYR) content (>5 mg/20 g) allows for the use of the "olive oil polyphenols" health claim on the label of all the analyzed Cobrançosa olive oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Peres
- Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco, Escola Superior Agrária, 6000-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal; (F.P.); (C.G.); (C.V.)
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cecília Gouveia
- Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco, Escola Superior Agrária, 6000-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal; (F.P.); (C.G.); (C.V.)
| | - Conceição Vitorino
- Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco, Escola Superior Agrária, 6000-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal; (F.P.); (C.G.); (C.V.)
| | - Helena Oliveira
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Suzana Ferreira-Dias
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
- Laboratório de Estudos Técnicos, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
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2
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Riolo M, Luz C, Santilli E, Meca G, Cacciola SO. Secondary metabolites produced by four Colletotrichum species in vitro and on fruits of diverse olive cultivars. Fungal Biol 2023; 127:1118-1128. [PMID: 37495302 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed to characterize the secondary metabolites produced by four Colletotrichum species, C. acutatum, C. gloeosporioides, C. godetiae and C. karsti, both in vitro, on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and oatmeal agar (OA), and during the infection process of fruits of four olive cultivars differing in susceptibility to anthracnose, 'Coratina' and 'Ottobratica', both susceptible, 'Frantoio' and 'Leccino', both resistant. The metabolites were extracted from axenic cultures after seven days incubation and from olives inoculated singularly with each Colletotrichum species, at three different times, 1, 3 and 7 days post inoculation (dpi). They were identified using the UHPLC-QTOF-MS analysis method. In total, as many as 45 diverse metabolites were identified. Only 10 metabolites were present in both fruits and axenic cultures while 19 were found exclusively on olives and 16 exclusively in axenic cultures. The identified metabolites comprised fatty acid, phenolics, pyrones, sterols, terpenes and miscellaneous compounds. Each Colletotrichum species produced a different spectrum of metabolites depending on the type of matrices. On artificially inoculated olives the severity of symptoms, the amount of fungal secondary metabolites and their number peaked 7 dpi irrespective of the cultivar susceptibility and the virulence of the Colletotrichum species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Riolo
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy; Department of Agricultural Science, Mediterranean University of Reggio Calabria, 89122, Reggio Calabria, Italy; Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus crops (CREA- OFA), 87036, Rende, Cosenza, Italy.
| | - Carlos Luz
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Elena Santilli
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus crops (CREA- OFA), 87036, Rende, Cosenza, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Meca
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Santa Olga Cacciola
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy.
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Garcia-Lopez MT, Serrano MS, Camiletti BX, Gordon A, Estudillo C, Trapero A, Diez CM, Moral J. Study of the competition between Colletotrichum godetiae and C. nymphaeae, two pathogenic species in olive. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5344. [PMID: 37005485 PMCID: PMC10067957 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32585-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Olive anthracnose, a critical olive fruit disease that adversely impacts oil quality, is caused by Colletotrichum species. A dominant Colletotrichum species and several secondary species have been identified in each olive-growing region. This study surveys the interspecific competition between C. godetiae, dominant in Spain, and C. nymphaeae, prevalent in Portugal, to shed light on the cause of this disparity. When Petri-dishes of Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and diluted PDA were co-inoculated with spore mixes produced by both species, C. godetiae displaced C. nymphaeae, even if the percentage of spores in the initial spore mix inoculation was just 5 and 95%, respectively. The C. godetiae and C. nymphaeae species showed similar fruit virulence in separate inoculations in both cultivars, the Portuguese cv. Galega Vulgar and the Spanish cv. Hojiblanca, and no cultivar specialization was observed. However, when olive fruits were co-inoculated, the C. godetiae species showed a higher competitive ability and partially displaced the C. nymphaeae species. Furthermore, both Colletotrichum species showed a similar leaf survival rate. Lastly, C. godetiae was more resistant to metallic copper than C. nymphaeae. The work developed here allows a deeper understanding of the competition between C. godetiae and C. nymphaeae, which could lead to developing strategies for more efficient disease risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Teresa Garcia-Lopez
- Department of Agronomy, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Unit, University of Cordoba, Edif. C4, Campus de Rabanales, 14071, Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California-Davis, Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA, 93648, USA
| | - M Socorro Serrano
- Department of Agronomy, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Unit, University of Cordoba, Edif. C4, Campus de Rabanales, 14071, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Boris X Camiletti
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California-Davis, Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA, 93648, USA
| | - Ana Gordon
- Department of Agronomy, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Unit, University of Cordoba, Edif. C4, Campus de Rabanales, 14071, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Cristina Estudillo
- Department of Agronomy, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Unit, University of Cordoba, Edif. C4, Campus de Rabanales, 14071, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Trapero
- Department of Agronomy, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Unit, University of Cordoba, Edif. C4, Campus de Rabanales, 14071, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Concepcion M Diez
- Department of Agronomy, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Unit, University of Cordoba, Edif. C4, Campus de Rabanales, 14071, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Juan Moral
- Department of Agronomy, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Unit, University of Cordoba, Edif. C4, Campus de Rabanales, 14071, Cordoba, Spain.
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Abacıgil TÖ, Kıralan M, Ramadan MF. Quality parameters of olive oils at different ripening periods as affected by olive fruit fly infestation and olive anthracnose. RENDICONTI LINCEI. SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-023-01157-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
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de Oliveira AA, Ramalho MDO, Moreau CS, Campos AEDC, Harakava R, Bueno OC. Exploring the diversity and potential interactions of bacterial and fungal endophytes associated with different cultivars of olive (Olea europaea) in Brazil. Microbiol Res 2022; 263:127128. [PMID: 35868260 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The olive crop has expanded in the southeastern region of South America, particularly in Brazil. Thus, the objectives of this study were to identify the diversity of endophytic microorganisms associated with olive leaves with culture-dependent and culture-independent methods, to explore which factors influence the composition and abundance of this microbial community, to identify the trophic mode of these fungi by FunGuild and, to verify type associations between bacterial and fungal communities. Leaf samples were collected from 93 plants in nine locations in the Brazilian states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais. Leaves were first superficially disinfected before fungal isolation and next-generation metabarcoding sequencing was completed targeting the 16S rRNA regions for bacteria and ITS1 for fungi. In total, 800 isolates were obtained, which were grouped into 191 morphotypes and molecularly identified, resulting in 38 genera, 32 of which were recorded for the first time in cultivated olive trees in Brazil. For the isolated fungi, the most abundant trophic level was pathotrophic and for the culture-independent method was unidentified followed by symbiotrophic. The metabarcoding results revealed that factors such as plant age, altitudinal gradient, and geographic location can influence the microbial community of commercial olive plants, while the specific cultivar did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Aparecida de Oliveira
- São Paulo State University (UNESP) - Institute of Biosciences - Campus Rio Claro, Department of General and Applied Biology. Center for Social Insect Studies, Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil; Biological Institute of São Paulo - Vila Mariana, São Paulo, SP 04014-002, Brazil.
| | | | - Corrie Saux Moreau
- Cornell University, Department of Entomology, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Cornell University, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | - Ricardo Harakava
- Biological Institute of São Paulo - Vila Mariana, São Paulo, SP 04014-002, Brazil
| | - Odair Correa Bueno
- São Paulo State University (UNESP) - Institute of Biosciences - Campus Rio Claro, Department of General and Applied Biology. Center for Social Insect Studies, Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil
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Effect of Water Supplementation on Oxidant/Antioxidant Activities and Total Phenol Content in Growing Olives of the Morisca and Manzanilla Varieties. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040729. [PMID: 35453414 PMCID: PMC9024844 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this work was to analyse, using a time series analysis, the effect of water regime for two cultivars at three stages of ripeness, during three consecutive years. Fruit and oil yield; O2− production and NADH oxidation activities; polyphenol oxidase (PPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POX) activities; total phenols, flavonoid and phenylpropanoid glycoside content; and total antioxidant capacity (FRAP) were determined. All these parameters were found to depend on variety, irrigation and year. The results showed that the fruit and oil yields were strongly dependent on both irrigation and variety. The DW/FW ratio was practically constant during ripening, with small variety-dependent changes due to irrigation. Total amino acid and protein contents increased with ripening, with a close dependence on variety but not on irrigation. The SOD and POX activities appeared closely related, and related to the NADH oxidation and the amount of O2−. The evolution of phenols and FRAP during ripening was complementary to that of NADH oxidation, O2− production as well as SOD and POX activities. The determining factors of the SOD, POX and PPO activities were the variety and the ripening; the determining factor of the yield, ROS production, total phenols and antioxidant capacity was the water regime. Inverse correlations were observed between maximum temperature and total phenols (−0.869), total flavonoids (−0.823), total PPGs (−0.801) and FRAP (−0.829); and between DW/FW and irrigation (−0.483). The remaining significant correlations were positive.
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Moral J, Agustí-Brisach C, Raya MC, Jurado-Bello J, López-Moral A, Roca LF, Chattaoui M, Rhouma A, Nigro F, Sergeeva V, Trapero A. Diversity of Colletotrichum Species Associated with Olive Anthracnose Worldwide. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:741. [PMID: 34575779 PMCID: PMC8466006 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Olive anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum species causes dramatic losses of fruit yield and oil quality worldwide. A total of 185 Colletotrichum isolates obtained from olives and other hosts showing anthracnose symptoms in Spain and other olive-growing countries over the world were characterized. Colony and conidial morphology, benomyl-sensitive, and casein-hydrolysis activity were recorded. Multilocus alignments of ITS, TUB2, ACT, CHS-1, HIS3, and/or GAPDH were conducted for their molecular identification. The pathogenicity of the most representative Colletotrichum species was tested to olive fruits and to other hosts, such as almonds, apples, oleander, sweet oranges, and strawberries. In general, the phenotypic characters recorded were not useful to identify all species, although they allowed the separation of some species or species complexes. ITS and TUB2 were enough to infer Colletotrichum species within C. acutatum and C. boninense complexes, whereas ITS, TUB2, ACT, CHS-1, HIS-3, and GADPH regions were necessary to discriminate within the C. gloesporioides complex. Twelve Colletotrichum species belonging to C. acutatum, C. boninense, and C. gloeosporioides complexes were identified, with C. godetiae being dominant in Spain, Italy, Greece, and Tunisia, C. nymphaeae in Portugal, and C. fioriniae in California. The highest diversity with eight Colletotrichum spp. was found in Australia. Significant differences in virulence to olives were observed between isolates depending on the Colletotrichum species and host origin. When other hosts were inoculated, most of the Colletotrichum isolates tested were pathogenic in all the hosts evaluated, except for C. siamense to apple and sweet orange fruits, and C. godetiae to oleander leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Moral
- Departamento de Agronomía (DAUCO María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence 2021–2023), Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Edif. C4, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (C.A.-B.); (M.C.R.); (J.J.-B.); (A.L.-M.); (L.F.R.)
| | - Carlos Agustí-Brisach
- Departamento de Agronomía (DAUCO María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence 2021–2023), Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Edif. C4, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (C.A.-B.); (M.C.R.); (J.J.-B.); (A.L.-M.); (L.F.R.)
| | - Maria Carmen Raya
- Departamento de Agronomía (DAUCO María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence 2021–2023), Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Edif. C4, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (C.A.-B.); (M.C.R.); (J.J.-B.); (A.L.-M.); (L.F.R.)
| | - José Jurado-Bello
- Departamento de Agronomía (DAUCO María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence 2021–2023), Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Edif. C4, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (C.A.-B.); (M.C.R.); (J.J.-B.); (A.L.-M.); (L.F.R.)
| | - Ana López-Moral
- Departamento de Agronomía (DAUCO María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence 2021–2023), Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Edif. C4, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (C.A.-B.); (M.C.R.); (J.J.-B.); (A.L.-M.); (L.F.R.)
| | - Luis F. Roca
- Departamento de Agronomía (DAUCO María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence 2021–2023), Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Edif. C4, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (C.A.-B.); (M.C.R.); (J.J.-B.); (A.L.-M.); (L.F.R.)
| | - Mayssa Chattaoui
- Laboratory of Improvement and Protection of Olive Genetic Resources, Olive Tree Institute, BP 208 Cité Mahrajene, Tunis 1082, Tunisia; (M.C.); (A.R.)
| | - Ali Rhouma
- Laboratory of Improvement and Protection of Olive Genetic Resources, Olive Tree Institute, BP 208 Cité Mahrajene, Tunis 1082, Tunisia; (M.C.); (A.R.)
| | - Franco Nigro
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Vera Sergeeva
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith 2747, Australia;
| | - Antonio Trapero
- Departamento de Agronomía (DAUCO María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence 2021–2023), Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Edif. C4, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (C.A.-B.); (M.C.R.); (J.J.-B.); (A.L.-M.); (L.F.R.)
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8
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Morales-Sillero A, Lodolini EM, Suárez MP, Navarrete V, Jiménez MR, Casanova L, Gregori L, Rallo P, Martín-Vertedor D. Calcium applications throughout fruit development enhance olive quality, oil yield, and antioxidant compounds' content. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:1944-1952. [PMID: 32920857 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcium is a preservative and firming agent largely used in the table olive industry. Foliar applications of calcium (as calcium chloride, CaCl2 ) before harvest have been proposed in other fruits to increase firmness and reduce physiological disorders or internal damage. However, there is still a shortage of information regarding the source, the concentration, the number, and the period of calcium application onto the canopy to get an effective response of olive quality. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of two concentrations of CaCl2 foliar treatments (0.5% and 1.0%), applied at different stages of fruit development (at the end of fruit set, end of pit hardening, and prior to harvesting), on olive quality for two varieties ('Manzanilla de Sevilla' and 'Ascolanta tenera'), cultivated in two different geographical areas (Spain and Italy respectively). RESULTS The calcium concentrations applied enhanced the fruit calcium content and decreased sodium and potassium. They also improved the mechanical properties without modifying fruit morphology or cuticle thickness; nor did they cause phytotoxicity. Foliar treatments increased the oil content in the pulp (dry weight basis) and the amount of hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, and oleuropein, among other phenols. CONCLUSION Calcium foliar applications during fruit development effectively increase olive quality. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Morales-Sillero
- Department of Agroforestry Sciences, ETSIA, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Enrico María Lodolini
- Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Rome, Italy
| | - María Paz Suárez
- Department of Agroforestry Sciences, ETSIA, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Víctor Navarrete
- Technological Institute of Food and Agriculture. Junta of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - María Rocío Jiménez
- Department of Agroforestry Sciences, ETSIA, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Laura Casanova
- Department of Agroforestry Sciences, ETSIA, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Luca Gregori
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Pilar Rallo
- Department of Agroforestry Sciences, ETSIA, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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López-Moral A, Agustí-Brisach C, Lovera M, Arquero O, Trapero A. Almond Anthracnose: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9080945. [PMID: 32726936 PMCID: PMC7463757 DOI: 10.3390/plants9080945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Almond anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum spp. has been described as one of the most important diseases of this nut crop in the main almond-growing regions worldwide, including California, Australia and Spain. Currently, almond anthracnose is considered a re-emerging disease in the countries across the Mediterranean Basin due to the shift of plantations from the original crop areas to others with climatic, edaphic and orographic conditions favoring crop growing and yield. The pathogen mainly affects fruit at the youngest maturity stages, causing depressed, round and orange or brown lesions with abundant gum. The affected fruits can fall prematurely and lead to the drying of branches, causing significant economic losses in years of epidemics. This review aims to compile the current knowledge on the etiology, epidemiology and management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana López-Moral
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. C4, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (A.L.-M.); (C.A.-B.)
| | - Carlos Agustí-Brisach
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. C4, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (A.L.-M.); (C.A.-B.)
| | - María Lovera
- Departamento de Fruticultura Mediterránea, IFAPA, Alameda del obispo, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (M.L.); (O.A.)
| | - Octavio Arquero
- Departamento de Fruticultura Mediterránea, IFAPA, Alameda del obispo, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (M.L.); (O.A.)
| | - Antonio Trapero
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. C4, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (A.L.-M.); (C.A.-B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-957-218-529
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10
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Trouillas FP, Nouri MT, Lawrence DP, Moral J, Travadon R, Aegerter BJ, Lightle D. Identification and Characterization of Neofabraea kienholzii and Phlyctema vagabunda Causing Leaf and Shoot Lesions of Olive in California. PLANT DISEASE 2019; 103:3018-3030. [PMID: 31545699 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-19-0277-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
California produces over 95% of the olives grown in the United States. In 2017, California's total bearing acreage for olives was 14,570 hectares producing 192,000 tons of olives valued at $186.6 million. During the early spring of 2016, unusual leaf and shoot lesions were detected in olive trees from superhigh-density orchards in the Northern San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys of California. Affected trees displayed numerous leaf and shoot lesions developing at wounds created by mechanical harvesters. The 'Arbosana' cultivar was highly affected by the disease, whereas the disease was sporadic in 'Arbequina' and not found in 'Koroneiki' cultivar. Two fungal species, Neofabraea kienholzii and Phlyctema vagabunda, were found to be consistently associated with the disease, and Koch's postulates were completed. Species identity was confirmed by morphology and molecular data of the partial large subunit rDNA, the internal transcribed spacer region, and partial beta-tubulin region. The disease signs and symptoms are described and illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent P Trouillas
- University of California, Davis, Department of Plant Pathology, Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Mohamed T Nouri
- University of California, Davis, Department of Plant Pathology, Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Daniel P Lawrence
- University of California, Davis, Department of Plant Pathology, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Juan Moral
- University of California, Davis, Department of Plant Pathology, Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Renaud Travadon
- University of California, Davis, Department of Plant Pathology, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Brenna J Aegerter
- University of California Cooperative Extension, San Joaquin County, Stockton, CA 95206
| | - Danielle Lightle
- University of California Cooperative Extension, Glenn County, Orland, CA 95963
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11
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López-Moral A, Agustí-Brisach C, Lovera M, Luque F, Roca LF, Arquero O, Trapero A. Effects of Cultivar Susceptibility, Fruit Maturity, Leaf Age, Fungal Isolate, and Temperature on Infection of Almond by Colletotrichum spp. PLANT DISEASE 2019; 103:2425-2432. [PMID: 31306088 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-18-2281-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Almond anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum spp., is a reemerging disease in Spain. To date, little research has been conducted on the factors affecting this disease development. In this study, the effects of cultivar, fruit wounding and maturity, leaf age, fungal isolate, and temperature on almond infection by Colletrotrichum spp. were evaluated under laboratory-controlled conditions. Inoculations were performed using conidial suspensions of Colletrotrichum acutatum or C. godetiae. Disease severity was higher in wounded than in unwounded fruit. Based on observations of inoculated fruit, Ferraduel and Nonpareil were the most tolerant cultivars, while Tarraco and Penta were the most susceptible cultivars. Four categories of susceptibility (highly susceptible, susceptible, moderately susceptible, and resistant) were distinguished by using the cluster analysis statistical approach. Differences in susceptibility between young and old leaves were observed, but Nonpareil was consistently the most tolerant cultivar. Significant differences in virulence between C. acutatum and C. godetiae were observed in inoculated fruit, with C. acutatum being the most virulent. Disease development was more severe when inoculations were performed at the fruitlet stage or when the fruit were incubated at approximately 25°C, with respect to other maturity stages and temperatures evaluated. Natural fruit infections were also assessed. Cultivar susceptibility data were compared between laboratory tests and field observations. A significant positive linear correlation was obtained between the susceptibility of the common cultivars evaluated under the two conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana López-Moral
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. C4, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carlos Agustí-Brisach
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. C4, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - María Lovera
- Departamento de Fruticultura Mediterránea, IFAPA, Alameda del obispo, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisca Luque
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. C4, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Luis F Roca
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. C4, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Octavio Arquero
- Departamento de Fruticultura Mediterránea, IFAPA, Alameda del obispo, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Trapero
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. C4, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
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12
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Materatski P, Varanda C, Carvalho T, Dias AB, Campos MD, Gomes L, Nobre T, Rei F, Félix MDR. Effect of Long-Term Fungicide Applications on Virulence and Diversity of Colletotrichum spp. Associated to Olive Anthracnose. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8090311. [PMID: 31470646 PMCID: PMC6784085 DOI: 10.3390/plants8090311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the presence and variability of Colletotrichum spp. was evaluated by comparing fungal isolates obtained from olive trees under long-time phytosanitary treatments with trees without any phytosanitary treatments (treated and untreated, respectively). Olive fruits of trees of the highly susceptible ‘Galega vulgar’ cultivar growing in the Alentejo region were used as samples. From the 210 olive trees sampled (half from treated and half from untreated orchards), 125 (59.5%) presented Colletotrichum spp., with a significant lower number of infected trees in treated (39) when compared to untreated orchards (86). The alignment and analysis of beta-tubulin (tub2), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), actin (ACT), chitin synthase (CHS-1) and histone H3 (HIS-3) gene sequences allowed the identification of all 125 isolates as belonging to the C. acutatum complex. The vast majority of the isolates (124) were identified as C. nymphaeae and one isolate, from an untreated tree, was identified as C. godetiae. Isolates were divided into five different groups: Group A: 39 isolates from treated trees matched in 100% with C. nymphaeae sequences from the database; Group B: 76 isolates from untreated trees matched in 100% with C. nymphaeae sequences from the database; Group C: one isolate from untreated trees presenting a single nucleotidic difference in the HIS-3 sequence; Group D: eight isolates from untreated trees presenting differences in two nucleotides in the tub2 sequences that changed the protein structure, together with differences in two specific nucleotides of the GAPDH sequences; Group E: one isolate, from untreated olive trees, matched 100% with C. godetiae sequences from the database in all genes. Considering the similarities of the sampled areas, our results show that the long-time application of fungicides may have caused a reduction in the number of olive trees infected with Colletotrichum spp. but an increase in the number of fruits positive to Colletotrichum spp. within each tree, which may suggest different degrees of virulence of Colletotrichum isolates from trees growing different management regimes. It is imperative that the fungicides described as causing resistance are applied at appropriate times and intervals, since their efficiency decreases when applied incorrectly and new and more virulent species may arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Materatski
- ICAAM - Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, Universidade de Évora, Polo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal.
| | - Carla Varanda
- ICAAM - Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, Universidade de Évora, Polo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Teresa Carvalho
- INIAV - Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I. P. Estrada de Gil Vaz, Apartado 6, 7351-901 Elvas, Portugal
| | - António Bento Dias
- Departamento de Engenharia Rural, ICAAM - Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Polo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Maria Doroteia Campos
- ICAAM - Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, Universidade de Évora, Polo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Luis Gomes
- ICAAM - Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, Universidade de Évora, Polo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Tânia Nobre
- ICAAM - Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, Universidade de Évora, Polo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Fernando Rei
- Departamento de Fitotecnia, ICAAM - Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Polo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Maria do Rosário Félix
- Departamento de Fitotecnia, ICAAM - Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Polo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
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13
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Varanda CMR, Materatski P, Landum M, Campos MD, Félix MDR. Fungal Communities Associated with Peacock and Cercospora Leaf Spots in Olive. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8060169. [PMID: 31212781 PMCID: PMC6630884 DOI: 10.3390/plants8060169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Venturia oleaginea and Pseudocercospora cladosporioides are two of the most important olive fungal pathogens causing leaf spots: peacock spot, and cercosporiosis, respectively. In the present study, fungal communities associated with the presence of these pathogens were investigated. Overall, 300 symptomatic and asymptomatic trees from different cultivars were sampled from Alentejo, Portugal. A total of 788 fungal isolates were obtained and classified into 21 OTUs; Ascomycota was clearly the predominant phylum (96.6%). Trees from cultivar 'Galega vulgar' showed a significant higher fungal richness when compared to 'Cobrançosa', which in turn showed significant higher values than 'Picual'. Concerning plant health status, symptomatic plants showed significant higher fungal richness, mainly due to the high number of isolates of the pathogens V. oleaginea and P. cladosporioides. In terms of fungal diversity, there were two major groups: ca. 90% of the isolates found in symptomatic plants belonged to V. oleaginea, P. cladosporioides, Chalara sp., and Foliophoma sp. while ca. 90% of the isolates found in asymptomatic plants, belonged to Alternaria sp. and Epicoccum sp. This study highlights the existence of different fungal communities in olive trees, including potential antagonistic organisms that can have a significant impact on diseases and consequently on olive production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla M R Varanda
- ICAAM - Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, Universidade de Évora, Polo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal.
| | - Patrick Materatski
- ICAAM - Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, Universidade de Évora, Polo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal.
| | - Miguel Landum
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Maria Doroteia Campos
- ICAAM - Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, Universidade de Évora, Polo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal.
| | - Maria do Rosário Félix
- Departamento de Fitotecnia, ICAAM - Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Polo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal.
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14
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Talhinhas P, Loureiro A, Oliveira H. Olive anthracnose: a yield- and oil quality-degrading disease caused by several species of Colletotrichum that differ in virulence, host preference and geographical distribution. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:1797-1807. [PMID: 29517840 PMCID: PMC6638118 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Olive anthracnose causes fruit rot leading to its drop or mummification, resulting in yield losses and the degradation of oil quality. TAXONOMY AND DISTRIBUTION The disease is caused by diverse species of Colletotrichum, mostly clustering in the C. acutatum species complex. Colletotrichum nymphaeae and C. godetiae are the prevalent species in the Northern Hemisphere, whereas C. acutatum sensu stricto is the most frequent species in the Southern Hemisphere, although it is recently and quickly emerging in the Northern Hemisphere. The disease has been reported from all continents, but it attains higher incidence and severity in the west of the Mediterranean Basin, where it is endemic in traditional orchards of susceptible cultivars. LIFE CYCLE The pathogens are able to survive on vegetative organs. On the fruit surface, infections remain quiescent until fruit maturity, when typical anthracnose symptoms develop. Under severe epidemics, defoliation and death of branches can also occur. Pathogen species differ in virulence, although this depends on the cultivar. CONTROL The selection of resistant cultivars depends strongly on pathogen diversity and environmental conditions, posing added difficulties to breeding efforts. Chemical disease control is normally achieved with copper-based fungicides, although this may be insufficient under highly favourable disease conditions and causes concern because of the presence of fungicide residues in the oil. In areas in which the incidence is high, farmers tend to anticipate harvest, with consequences in yield and oil characteristics. CHALLENGES Olive production systems, harvest and post-harvest processing have experienced profound changes in recent years, namely new training systems using specific cultivars, new harvest and processing techniques and new organoleptic market requests. Changes are also occurring in both the geographical distribution of pathogen populations and the taxonomic framework. In addition, stricter rules concerning pesticide use are likely to have a strong impact on control strategies. A detailed knowledge of pathogen diversity, population dynamics and host-pathogen interactions is basal for the deployment of durable and effective disease control strategies, whether based on resistance breeding, agronomic practices or biological or chemical control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Talhinhas
- LEAF‐Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and FoodInstituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda1349‐017 LisboaPortugal
| | - Andreia Loureiro
- LEAF‐Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and FoodInstituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda1349‐017 LisboaPortugal
| | - Helena Oliveira
- LEAF‐Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and FoodInstituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda1349‐017 LisboaPortugal
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15
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Romero J, Agustí-Brisach C, Santa Bárbara AE, Cherifi F, Oliveira R, Roca LF, Moral J, Trapero A. Detection of latent infections caused by Colletotrichum sp. in olive fruit. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 124:209-219. [PMID: 29024331 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To set up a practical method to detect latent infections of Colletotrichum sp., the causal agent of olive anthracnose, on olives before the onset of disease symptoms. METHODS AND RESULTS Freezing, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), ethanol and ethylene treatments were evaluated to detect latent infections on inoculated and naturally infected olive fruit by Colletotrichum sp. as non-hazardous alternatives to paraquat. Treatments were conducted using fruit of cultivars Arbequina and Hojiblanca. The disease incidence and T50 were calculated. Dipping in NaOH 0·05% solution and the paraquat method were the most effective treatments on both inoculated and naturally infected fruit, although the value of T50 was lower for the NaOH method than for the paraquat method in one of the experiments. Subsequently, the dipping time in NaOH 0·05% was evaluated. Longer dipping times in NaOH 0·05% were better than shorter ones in cultivar Arbequina, with 72 h being the most effective in cultivar Hojiblanca. CONCLUSIONS NaOH solution is a practical method to detect latent infections of Colletotrichum sp. on immature olive fruit. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study is relevant because we set up a viable, non-hazardous alternative to paraquat to detect latent infections of Colletotrichum sp. using NaOH. The use of NaOH is a simple and eco-friendly tool that allows the determination of the level of latent infections by Colletotrichum in olives. Therefore, our method will be useful in decision-making processes for disease management before the appearance of the first visible symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Romero
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), Córdoba, Spain
| | - C Agustí-Brisach
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), Córdoba, Spain
| | - A E Santa Bárbara
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), Córdoba, Spain
| | - F Cherifi
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), Córdoba, Spain
| | - R Oliveira
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), Córdoba, Spain
| | - L F Roca
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), Córdoba, Spain
| | - J Moral
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA, USA
| | - A Trapero
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), Córdoba, Spain
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16
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Pangallo S, Nicosia MGLD, Agosteo GE, Abdelfattah A, Romeo FV, Cacciola SO, Rapisarda P, Schena L. Evaluation of a Pomegranate Peel Extract as an Alternative Means to Control Olive Anthracnose. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 107:1462-1467. [PMID: 28766401 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-17-0133-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Olive anthracnose is caused by different species of Colletotrichum spp. and may be regarded as the most damaging disease of olive fruit worldwide, greatly affecting quality and quantity of the productions. A pomegranate peel extract (PGE) proved very effective in controlling the disease. The extract had a strong in vitro fungicidal activity against Colletotrichum acutatum sensu stricto, was very effective in both preventive and curative trials with artificially inoculated fruit, and induced resistance in treated olive tissues. In field trials, PGE was significantly more effective than copper, which is traditionally used to control the disease. The highest level of protection was achieved by applying the extract in the early ascending phase of the disease outbreaks because natural rots were completely inhibited with PGE at 12 g/liter and were reduced by 98.6 and by 93.0% on plants treated with PGE at 6 and 3 g/liter, respectively. Two treatments carried out 30 and 15 days before the expected epidemic outbreak reduced the incidence of the disease by 77.6, 57.0, and 51.8%, depending on the PGE concentration. The analysis of epiphytic populations showed a strong antimicrobial activity of PGE, which sharply reduced both fungal and bacterial populations. Because PGE was obtained from a natural matrix using safe chemicals and did not have any apparent phytotoxic effect on treated olive fruit, it may be regarded as a safe and effective natural antifungal preparation to control olive anthracnose and improve olive productions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Pangallo
- First, second, third, fourth, and eighth authors: Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, Reggio Calabria 89122, Italy; fifth and seventh authors: Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA)-Centro di Ricerca Olivicoltura, Frutticoltura e Agrumicoltura (CREA-OFA), Corso Savoia 190, 95024 Acireale (CT) 95024; and sixth author: Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, Università degli Studi, Via S. Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria G Li Destri Nicosia
- First, second, third, fourth, and eighth authors: Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, Reggio Calabria 89122, Italy; fifth and seventh authors: Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA)-Centro di Ricerca Olivicoltura, Frutticoltura e Agrumicoltura (CREA-OFA), Corso Savoia 190, 95024 Acireale (CT) 95024; and sixth author: Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, Università degli Studi, Via S. Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni E Agosteo
- First, second, third, fourth, and eighth authors: Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, Reggio Calabria 89122, Italy; fifth and seventh authors: Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA)-Centro di Ricerca Olivicoltura, Frutticoltura e Agrumicoltura (CREA-OFA), Corso Savoia 190, 95024 Acireale (CT) 95024; and sixth author: Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, Università degli Studi, Via S. Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Ahmed Abdelfattah
- First, second, third, fourth, and eighth authors: Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, Reggio Calabria 89122, Italy; fifth and seventh authors: Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA)-Centro di Ricerca Olivicoltura, Frutticoltura e Agrumicoltura (CREA-OFA), Corso Savoia 190, 95024 Acireale (CT) 95024; and sixth author: Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, Università degli Studi, Via S. Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Flora V Romeo
- First, second, third, fourth, and eighth authors: Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, Reggio Calabria 89122, Italy; fifth and seventh authors: Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA)-Centro di Ricerca Olivicoltura, Frutticoltura e Agrumicoltura (CREA-OFA), Corso Savoia 190, 95024 Acireale (CT) 95024; and sixth author: Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, Università degli Studi, Via S. Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Santa O Cacciola
- First, second, third, fourth, and eighth authors: Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, Reggio Calabria 89122, Italy; fifth and seventh authors: Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA)-Centro di Ricerca Olivicoltura, Frutticoltura e Agrumicoltura (CREA-OFA), Corso Savoia 190, 95024 Acireale (CT) 95024; and sixth author: Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, Università degli Studi, Via S. Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Paolo Rapisarda
- First, second, third, fourth, and eighth authors: Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, Reggio Calabria 89122, Italy; fifth and seventh authors: Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA)-Centro di Ricerca Olivicoltura, Frutticoltura e Agrumicoltura (CREA-OFA), Corso Savoia 190, 95024 Acireale (CT) 95024; and sixth author: Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, Università degli Studi, Via S. Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Leonardo Schena
- First, second, third, fourth, and eighth authors: Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, Reggio Calabria 89122, Italy; fifth and seventh authors: Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA)-Centro di Ricerca Olivicoltura, Frutticoltura e Agrumicoltura (CREA-OFA), Corso Savoia 190, 95024 Acireale (CT) 95024; and sixth author: Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, Università degli Studi, Via S. Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy
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17
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López-Moral A, Raya-Ortega MC, Agustí-Brisach C, Roca LF, Lovera M, Luque F, Arquero O, Trapero A. Morphological, Pathogenic, and Molecular Characterization of Colletotrichum acutatum Isolates Causing Almond Anthracnose in Spain. PLANT DISEASE 2017; 101:2034-2045. [PMID: 30677386 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-17-0318-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Almond anthracnose is a serious and emerging disease in several countries. All isolates causing almond anthracnose have been assigned to the Colletotrichum acutatum species complex, of which only C. fioriniae and C. godetiae have been associated with the disease to date. Here, we characterized Colletotrichum isolates from almond fruit affected by anthracnose in the Andalusia region. Two Colletotrichum isolates causing olive anthracnose were included for comparison. Morphological characteristics were useful for separating the isolates into groups based on colony morphology. Pathogenicity tests in almond, olive, and apple fruit showed differences in virulence and some degree of pathogenic specialization among isolates. Molecular characterization allowed clear identification of the Colletotrichum isolates tested. The olive isolates were identified as C. godetiae and C. nymphaeae, both previously identified in Andalusian olive orchards. Two phylogenetic species were identified among the almond isolates: C. godetiae, with gray colonies, which is well known in other countries, and C. acutatum, with pink-orange colonies. This species identification differs from those of pink-colony subpopulations described in other countries, which are C. fioriniae. Therefore, this study is also the first report of a new species of Colletotrichum causing almond anthracnose within the C. acutatum species complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana López-Moral
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. C4, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Maria Carmen Raya-Ortega
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. C4, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carlos Agustí-Brisach
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. C4, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Luis F Roca
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. C4, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Maria Lovera
- Departamento de Fruticultura Mediterránea, IFAPA, Alameda del Obispo, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisca Luque
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales
| | | | - Antonio Trapero
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales
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18
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Moral J, Xaviér CJ, Viruega JR, Roca LF, Caballero J, Trapero A. Variability in Susceptibility to Anthracnose in the World Collection of Olive Cultivars of Cordoba (Spain). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1892. [PMID: 29163612 PMCID: PMC5681583 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Anthracnose of olive (Olea europaea ssp. europaea L.), caused by Colletotrichum species, is a serious disease causing fruit rot and branch dieback, whose epidemics are highly dependent on cultivar susceptibility and environmental conditions. Over a period of 10 years, there have been three severe epidemics in Andalusia (southern Spain) that allowed us to complete the assessment of the World Olive Germplasm Bank of Córdoba, one of the most important cultivar collections worldwide.A total of 308 cultivars from 21 countries were evaluated, mainly Spain (174 cvs.), Syria (29 cvs.), Italy (20 cvs.), Turkey (15 cvs.), and Greece (16 cvs.). Disease assessments were performed using a 0-10 rating scale, specifically developed to estimate the incidence of symptomatic fruit in the tree canopy. Also, the susceptibility of five reference cultivars was confirmed by artificial inoculation. Because of the direct relationship between the maturity of the fruit and their susceptibility to the pathogen, evaluations were performed at the end of fruit ripening, which forced coupling assessments according to the maturity state of the trees. By applying the cluster analysis to the 308 cultivars, these were classified as follows: 66 cvs. highly susceptible (21.4%), 83 cvs. susceptible (26.9%), 66 cvs. moderately susceptible (21.4%), 61 cvs. resistant (19.8%), and 32 cvs. highly resistant (10.4%). Representative cultivars of these five categories are "Ocal," "Lechín de Sevilla," "Arbequina," "Picual," and "Frantoio," respectively. With some exceptions, such as cvs. Arbosana, Empeltre and Picual, most of the Spanish cultivars, such as "Arbequina," "Cornicabra," "Hojiblanca," "Manzanilla de Sevilla," "Morisca," "Picudo," "Farga," and "Verdial de Huévar" are included in the categories of moderately susceptible, susceptible or highly susceptible. The phenotypic evaluation of anthracnose reaction is a limiting factor for the selection of olive cultivars by farmers, technicians, and breeders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Moral
- Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Carlos J. Xaviér
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José R. Viruega
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Luis F. Roca
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan Caballero
- Departamento de Olivicultura, IFAPA Centro Alameda del Obispo, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Trapero
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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Moral J, Agustí-Brisach C, Pérez-Rodríguez M, Xaviér C, Raya MC, Rhouma A, Trapero A. Identification of Fungal Species Associated with Branch Dieback of Olive and Resistance of Table Cultivars to Neofusicoccum mediterraneum and Botryosphaeria dothidea. PLANT DISEASE 2017; 101:306-316. [PMID: 30681917 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-16-0806-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Over two consecutive seasons, 16 olive orchards with trees exhibiting dieback symptoms on branches were surveyed in southern Spain. The six dominant fungal species recovered were characterized by means of phenotypic observations, DNA analysis (by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer, β-tubulin, and large subunit nuclear ribosomal DNA regions), and pathogenicity tests. Additionally, three isolates collected from Tunisian olive trees showing similar dieback symptoms, one isolate of Colletotrichum godetiae, and a reference isolates of Neofusicoccum mediterraneum were included. The resistance of the 11 most important table cultivars to N. mediterraneum and Botryosphaeria dothidea, the causal agent of "escudete" (small shield) of fruit, was studied by the inoculation of branches and immature fruit, respectively. The species Cytospora pruinosa, N. mediterraneum, Nothophoma quercina, Comoclathris incompta, and Diaporthe sp. were identified. Only N. mediterraneum and C. incompta were able to induce the typical dieback symptoms and cankers that affected the development of the plants. The species N. mediterraneum was the most virulent among the evaluated species, although differences in virulence among its isolates were observed. The remaining fungal species were weakly pathogenic to nonpathogenic on plants. According to resistance tests, 'Gordal Sevillana' and 'Manzanilla Cacereña' were the most susceptible to branch dieback caused by N. mediterraneum. Furthermore, the fruit of 'Aloreña de Atarfe' and 'Manzanilla de Sevilla' were the most susceptible to B. dothidea. Knowledge of the etiology and cultivar resistance of these diseases will help to establish better control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Moral
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. C4, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; and Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, University of California-Davis, Parlier 93648
| | | | | | - Carlos Xaviér
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales
| | - M Carmen Raya
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales
| | - Ali Rhouma
- Institute de l'Olivier, Mahrajène, BP208, 1082, Tunisia
| | - Antonio Trapero
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales
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Chattaoui M, Raya MC, Bouri M, Moral J, Perez-Rodriguez M, Trapero A, Msallem M, Rhouma A. Characterization of a Colletotrichum population causing anthracnose disease on Olive in northern Tunisia. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 120:1368-81. [PMID: 26876102 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To phenotypically, physiologically and molecularly characterize the causal agent of olive anthracnose in the northern Tunisia and to study its genetic variability and pathogenicity. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 43 isolates were obtained from symptomatic olives collected from four regions in northern Tunisia. A range of morphological and physiological characteristics was recorded; and a phylogenetic study, based on the sequence analysis of both internal transcribed spacers and TUB2 gene regions, was performed. Of the 43 isolates, 41 were identified as Colletotrichum acutatum s.s, and only two were affiliated to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides s.s. Two more representative Spanish isolates, included for comparison, were identified as Colletotrichum godetiae. Using six inter-simple-sequence-repeat markers, homogeneity between isolates from different locations and within the same species was recorded. In pathogenicity and virulence studies, C. gloeosporioides s.s was found to be less virulent, while the Spanish C. godetiae isolate was significantly more virulent than the Tunisian C. acutatum s.s. CONCLUSIONS Olive anthracnose in the North of Tunisia is mainly caused by C. acutatum s.s species. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first study of olive anthracnose in Tunisia, which combines both phenotypic and molecular approaches. Colletotrichum acutatum s.s group was recorded for the first time in the country as the causal agent of olive anthracnose.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chattaoui
- Labaratory of Improvement and protection of olive genetic resources, Olive Tree Institute, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - M C Raya
- Departamento de Agronomía (Patologia Agroforestal), Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - M Bouri
- Labaratory of Improvement and protection of olive genetic resources, Olive Tree Institute, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - J Moral
- Departamento de Agronomía (Patologia Agroforestal), Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - M Perez-Rodriguez
- Departamento de Agronomía (Patologia Agroforestal), Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - A Trapero
- Departamento de Agronomía (Patologia Agroforestal), Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - M Msallem
- Labaratory of Improvement and protection of olive genetic resources, Olive Tree Institute, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - A Rhouma
- Labaratory of Improvement and protection of olive genetic resources, Olive Tree Institute, Tunis, Tunisia
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Moral J, Alsalimiya M, Roca LF, Díez CM, León L, de la Rosa R, Barranco D, Rallo L, Trapero A. Relative Susceptibility of New Olive Cultivars to Spilocaea oleagina, Colletotrichum acutatum, and Pseudocercospora cladosporioides. PLANT DISEASE 2015; 99:58-64. [PMID: 30699745 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-14-0355-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The evaluation of the relative susceptibility of new cultivars to the main diseases of a crop is a key point to consider prior to their release to the nursery industry. This study provides a rigorous characterization of the resistance of 15 new olive cultivars and their genitors ('Arbequina,' 'Frantoio,' and 'Picual') to the three main aerial diseases, peacock spot, anthracnose, and cercosporiosis caused by Spilocaea oleagina, Colletotrichum acutatum, and Pseudocercospora cladosporioides, respectively. To do so, developing leaves and detached green-yellowish fruit were inoculated in laboratory tests with S. oleagina and C. acutatum, respectively, using conidial suspensions of both pathogens. Additionally, a previously validated rating scale was used to assess the incidence of leaves with symptoms of S. oleagina or P. cladosporioides and the fruit rot incidence of C. acutatum in the trees for four years under field conditions. As a result, only two of the cultivars were susceptible to peacock spot, most likely because these new cultivars were previously screened for resistance to the disease on previous phases of the breeding program. Conversely, the 15 cultivars were susceptible or moderately susceptible to cercosporiosis. Five of the 15 new cultivars were classified as resistant to anthracnose, with four of them descendants of 'Frantoio' × 'Picual' crosses. In addition, the cultivars resistance to C. acutatum showed a negative linear correlation with the total phenols content of olive oil. This information regarding disease reaction of the new olive cultivars is essential for nursery industry and growers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Moral
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 14080-Córdoba, Spain
| | - M Alsalimiya
- Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Celestino Mutis, E-14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - L F Roca
- Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Celestino Mutis, E-14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - C M Díez
- Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Celestino Mutis, E-14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - L León
- IFAPA Centro Alameda del Obispo, Junta de Andalucía, E-14080 Córdoba, Spain
| | - R de la Rosa
- IFAPA Centro Alameda del Obispo, Junta de Andalucía, E-14080 Córdoba, Spain
| | - D Barranco
- Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Celestino Mutis, E-14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - L Rallo
- Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Celestino Mutis, E-14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - A Trapero
- Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Celestino Mutis, E-14014 Córdoba, Spain
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Mosca S, Li Destri Nicosia MG, Cacciola SO, Schena L. Molecular analysis of Colletotrichum species in the carposphere and phyllosphere of olive. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114031. [PMID: 25501572 PMCID: PMC4263604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A metagenomic approach based on the use of genus specific primers was developed and utilized to characterize Colletotrichum species associated with the olive phyllosphere and carposphere. Selected markers enabled the specific amplification of almost the entire ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of the rDNA and its use as barcode gene. The analysis of different olive samples (green and senescent leaves, floral residues, symptomatic and asymptomatic fruits, and litter leaves and mummies) in three different phenological phases (June, October and December) enabled the detection of 12 genotypes associated with 4 phylotypes identified as C. godetiae, C. acutatum s.s., C. gloeosporioides s.s. and C. kahawae. Another three genotypes were not identified at the level of species but were associated with the species complexes of C. acutatum, C. gloeosporioides and C. boninense sensu lato. Colletotrichum godetiae and C. acutatum s.s. were by far the most abundant while C. gloeosporioides s.s. was detected in a limited number of samples whereas ther phylotypes were rarely found. The high incidence of C. acutatum s.s. represents a novelty for Italy and more generally for the Mediterranean basin since it had been previously reported only in Portugal. As regards to the phenological phase, Colletotrichum species were found in a few samples in June and were diffused on all assessed samples in December. According to data new infections on olive tissues mainly occur in the late fall. Furthermore, Colletotrichum species seem to have a saprophytic behavior on floral olive residues. The method developed in the present study proved to be valuable and its future application may contribute to the study of cycle and aetiology of diseases caused by Colletotrichum species in many different pathosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saveria Mosca
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | | | - Santa O. Cacciola
- Dipartimento di Gestione dei Sistemi Agroalimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi, Catania, Italy
| | - Leonardo Schena
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea, Reggio Calabria, Italy
- * E-mail:
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