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Ann S, Ibo J, Megha M, Reu Hans D, Bruggen Laura V, Julien L, An B, Nathalie C. Treatment of in vitro generated Langerhans cells with JAK-STAT inhibitor reduces their inflammatory potential. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:2571-2582. [PMID: 36282458 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-022-00899-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Alopecia areata (AA) is a condition in which hair is lost in small regions or over the entire body. It has a prevalence of 1 in 1000 and has a great impact on psychological wellbeing. AA is generally considered an autoimmune disease in which a collapse of the immune privilege system of the hair follicle has shown to play an important role, potentially driven by interferon gamma (IFN-γ). The most prominent cells located in or around the hair follicle in AA are Langerhans cells, CD4+ or CD8+ T cells, macrophages and mast cells. Langerhans cells, specialized dendritic cells, are resident in the epidermis and are known to associate with hair follicles. Therefore, we aimed to develop in vitro generated Langerhans cells contributing as an in vitro model of disease. In vitro models provide insight into the behaviour of cells and are a valuable tool before being in need of an animal model or patient samples. For this, Langerhans-like cells were generated from CD14+ monocytes in the presence of GM-CSF and TGF-β. After 10 days of cell culture, Langerhans-like cells express CD207 and CD1a but lack CD209 expression as well as Birbeck granules. Next, Langerhans-like cells were exposed to inflammatory conditions and the effect of different AA treatments was investigated. All treatments-diphencyprone contact immunotherapy, UV-B light therapy and JAK-STAT inhibition-affect the expression of costimulatory and skin-homing markers on Langerhans-like cells. Importantly, also the T cell stimulatory capacity of Langerhans-like cells was significantly reduced following treatment under inflammatory conditions. Noteworthy, JAK-STAT inhibition outperformed conventional AA treatments. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that in vitro generated Langerhans-like cells can be used as a model of disease. Moreover, JAK-STAT inhibition may become a valuable new approach for the treatment of AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sterkens Ann
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Drie Eikenstraat 655, 2650, Edegem, Belgium.
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Janssens Ibo
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Meena Megha
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - De Reu Hans
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Van Bruggen Laura
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lambert Julien
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Drie Eikenstraat 655, 2650, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Bervoets An
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Drie Eikenstraat 655, 2650, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Cools Nathalie
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine (CCRG), University Hospital of Antwerp, Drie Eikenstraat 655, 2650, Edegem, Belgium
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2
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Pinto CJG, Ávila-Gálvez MÁ, Lian Y, Moura-Alves P, Nunes Dos Santos C. Targeting the aryl hydrocarbon receptor by gut phenolic metabolites: A strategy towards gut inflammation. Redox Biol 2023; 61:102622. [PMID: 36812782 PMCID: PMC9958510 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor able to control complex transcriptional processes in several cell types, which has been correlated with various diseases, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Numerous studies have described different compounds as ligands of this receptor, like xenobiotics, natural compounds, and several host-derived metabolites. Dietary (poly)phenols have been studied regarding their pleiotropic activities (e.g., neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory), but their AHR modulatory capabilities have also been considered. However, dietary (poly)phenols are submitted to extensive metabolism in the gut (e.g., gut microbiota). Thus, the resulting gut phenolic metabolites could be key players modulating AHR since they are the ones that reach the cells and may exert effects on the AHR throughout the gut and other organs. This review aims at a comprehensive search for the most abundant gut phenolic metabolites detected and quantified in humans to understand how many have been described as AHR modulators and what could be their impact on inflammatory gut processes. Even though several phenolic compounds have been studied regarding their anti-inflammatory capacities, only 1 gut phenolic metabolite, described as AHR modulator, has been evaluated on intestinal inflammatory models. Searching for AHR ligands could be a novel strategy against IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina J G Pinto
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS
- FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; I3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - María Ángeles Ávila-Gálvez
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS
- FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Yilong Lian
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 7DQ, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro Moura-Alves
- IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; I3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 7DQ, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Cláudia Nunes Dos Santos
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS
- FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, Oeiras, Portugal.
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3
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Rikken G, Smith KJ, van den Brink NJM, Smits JPH, Gowda K, Alnemri A, Kuzu GE, Murray IA, Lin JM, Smits JGA, van Vlijmen-Willems IM, Amin SG, Perdew GH, van den Bogaard EH. Lead optimization of aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands for treatment of inflammatory skin disorders. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 208:115400. [PMID: 36574884 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) modulating agents gained attention in dermatology as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that improve skin barrier properties. By exploiting AHR's known ligand promiscuity, we generated novel AHR modulating agents by lead optimization of a selective AHR modulator (SAhRM; SGA360). Twenty-two newly synthesized compounds were screened yielding two novel derivatives, SGA360f and SGA388, in which agonist activity led to enhanced keratinocyte terminal differentiation. SGA388 showed the highest agonist activity with potent normalization of keratinocyte hyperproliferation, restored expression of skin barrier proteins and dampening of chemokine expression by keratinocytes upon Th2-mediated inflammation in vitro. The topical application of SGA360f and SGA388 reduced acute skin inflammation in vivo by reducing cyclooxygenase levels, resulting in less neutrophilic dermal infiltrates. The minimal induction of cytochrome P450 enzyme activity, lack of cellular toxicity and mutagenicity classifies SGA360f and SGA388 as novel potential therapeutic AHR ligands and illustrates the potential of medicinal chemistry to fine-tune AHR signaling for the development of targeted therapies in dermatology and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijs Rikken
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Kayla J Smith
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Noa J M van den Brink
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Jos P H Smits
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Krishne Gowda
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Angela Alnemri
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Gulsum E Kuzu
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Iain A Murray
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Jyh-Ming Lin
- Metabolomics Facility, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Jos G A Smits
- Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M van Vlijmen-Willems
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Shantu G Amin
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Gary H Perdew
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Ellen H van den Bogaard
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Riaz F, Pan F, Wei P. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor: The master regulator of immune responses in allergic diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1057555. [PMID: 36601108 PMCID: PMC9806217 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1057555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a widely studied ligand-activated cytosolic transcriptional factor that has been associated with the initiation and progression of various diseases, including autoimmune diseases, cancers, metabolic syndromes, and allergies. Generally, AhR responds and binds to environmental toxins/ligands, dietary ligands, and allergens to regulate toxicological, biological, cellular responses. In a canonical signaling manner, activation of AhR is responsible for the increase in cytochrome P450 enzymes which help individuals to degrade and metabolize these environmental toxins and ligands. However, canonical signaling cannot be applied to all the effects mediated by AhR. Recent findings indicate that activation of AhR signaling also interacts with some non-canonical factors like Kruppel-like-factor-6 (KLF6) or estrogen-receptor-alpha (Erα) to affect the expression of downstream genes. Meanwhile, enormous research has been conducted to evaluate the effect of AhR signaling on innate and adaptive immunity. It has been shown that AhR exerts numerous effects on mast cells, B cells, macrophages, antigen-presenting cells (APCs), Th1/Th2 cell balance, Th17, and regulatory T cells, thus, playing a significant role in allergens-induced diseases. This review discussed how AhR mediates immune responses in allergic diseases. Meanwhile, we believe that understanding the role of AhR in immune responses will enhance our knowledge of AhR-mediated immune regulation in allergic diseases. Also, it will help researchers to understand the role of AhR in regulating immune responses in autoimmune diseases, cancers, metabolic syndromes, and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farooq Riaz
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, China
| | - Fan Pan
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, China,*Correspondence: Ping Wei, ; Fan Pan,
| | - Ping Wei
- Department of Otolaryngology, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Chongqing, China,*Correspondence: Ping Wei, ; Fan Pan,
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5
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Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptors: Evidence of Therapeutic Targets in Chronic Inflammatory Skin Diseases. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051087. [PMID: 35625824 PMCID: PMC9139118 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a ligand-dependent transcription factor, is important for xenobiotic metabolism and binds to various endogenous and exogenous ligands present in the skin. AhR is known to be associated with diseases in various organs; however, its functions in chronic inflammatory skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis (PS), have recently been elucidated. Here, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of AhR related to chronic inflammatory skin diseases, such as AD and PS, and the mechanisms of action of AhR on the skin immune system. The importance of AhR molecular biological pathways, clinical features in animal models, and AhR ligands in skin diseases need to be investigated. In conclusion, the therapeutic effects of AhR ligands are demonstrated based on the relationship between AhR and skin diseases. Nevertheless, further studies are required to elucidate the detailed roles of AhR in chronic inflammatory skin diseases.
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6
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Rodrigues de Souza I, Savio de Araujo-Souza P, Morais Leme D. Genetic variants affecting chemical mediated skin immunotoxicity. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2022; 25:43-95. [PMID: 34979876 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2021.2013372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The skin is an immune-competent organ and this function may be impaired by exposure to chemicals, which may ultimately result in immune-mediated dermal disorders. Interindividual variability to chemical-induced skin immune reactions is associated with intrinsic individual characteristics and their genomes. In the last 30-40 years, several genes influencing susceptibility to skin immune reactions were identified. The aim of this review is to provide information regarding common genetic variations affecting skin immunotoxicity. The polymorphisms selected for this review are related to xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (CYPA1 and CYPB1 genes), antioxidant defense (GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 genes), aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling pathway (AHR and ARNT genes), skin barrier function transepidermal water loss (FLG, CASP14, and SPINK5 genes), inflammation (TNF, IL10, IL6, IL18, IL31, and TSLP genes), major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and neuroendocrine system peptides (CALCA, TRPV1, ACE genes). These genes present variants associated with skin immune responses and diseases, as well as variants associated with protecting skin immune homeostasis following chemical exposure. The molecular and association studies focusing on these genetic variants may elucidate their functional consequences and contribution in the susceptibility to skin immunotoxicity. Providing information on how genetic variations affect the skin immune system may reduce uncertainties in estimating chemical hazards/risks for human health in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniela Morais Leme
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
- National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, Brazil
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7
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Tousif S, Wang Y, Jackson J, Hough KP, Strenkowski JG, Athar M, Thannickal VJ, McCusker RH, Ponnazhagan S, Deshane JS. Indoleamine 2, 3-Dioxygenase Promotes Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor-Dependent Differentiation Of Regulatory B Cells in Lung Cancer. Front Immunol 2021; 12:747780. [PMID: 34867973 PMCID: PMC8640488 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.747780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Breg) are IL-10 producing subsets of B cells that contribute to immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Breg are elevated in patients with lung cancer; however, the mechanisms underlying Breg development and their function in lung cancer have not been adequately elucidated. Herein, we report a novel role for Indoleamine 2, 3- dioxygenase (IDO), a metabolic enzyme that degrades tryptophan (Trp) and the Trp metabolite L-kynurenine (L-Kyn) in the regulation of Breg differentiation in the lung TME. Using a syngeneic mouse model of lung cancer, we report that Breg frequencies significantly increased during tumor progression in the lung TME and secondary lymphoid organs, while Breg were reduced in tumor-bearing IDO deficient mice (IDO-/-). Trp metabolite L-Kyn promoted Breg differentiation in-vitro in an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), toll-like receptor-4-myeloid differentiation primary response 88, (TLR4-MyD88) dependent manner. Importantly, using mouse models with conditional deletion of IDO in myeloid-lineage cells, we identified a significant role for immunosuppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC)-associated IDO in modulating in-vivo and ex-vivo differentiation of Breg. Our studies thus identify Trp metabolism as a therapeutic target to modulate regulatory B cell function during lung cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Tousif
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Joshua Jackson
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Kenneth P Hough
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - John G Strenkowski
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Robert H McCusker
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | | | - Jessy S Deshane
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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8
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Trajectory Shifts in Interdisciplinary Research of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor-A Personal Perspective on Thymus and Skin. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041844. [PMID: 33673338 PMCID: PMC7918350 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying historical trajectories is a useful exercise in research, as it helps clarify important, perhaps even “paradigmatic”, shifts in thinking and moving forward in science. In this review, the development of research regarding the role of the transcription factor “aryl hydrocarbon receptor” (AHR) as a mediator of the toxicity of environmental pollution towards a link between the environment and a healthy adaptive response of the immune system and the skin is discussed. From this fascinating development, the opportunities for targeting the AHR in the therapy of many diseases become clear.
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9
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Pridans C, Irvine KM, Davis GM, Lefevre L, Bush SJ, Hume DA. Transcriptomic Analysis of Rat Macrophages. Front Immunol 2021; 11:594594. [PMID: 33633725 PMCID: PMC7902030 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.594594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The laboratory rat is widely used as a model for human diseases. Many of these diseases involve monocytes and tissue macrophages in different states of activation. Whilst methods for in vitro differentiation of mouse macrophages from embryonic stem cells (ESC) and bone marrow (BM) are well established, these are lacking for the rat. The gene expression profiles of rat macrophages have also not been characterised to the same extent as mouse. We have established the methodology for production of rat ESC-derived macrophages and compared their gene expression profiles to macrophages obtained from the lung and peritoneal cavity and those differentiated from BM and blood monocytes. We determined the gene signature of Kupffer cells in the liver using rats deficient in macrophage colony stimulating factor receptor (CSF1R). We also examined the response of BM-derived macrophages to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The results indicate that many, but not all, tissue-specific adaptations observed in mice are conserved in the rat. Importantly, we show that unlike mice, rat macrophages express the CSF1R ligand, colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Pridans
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Katharine M. Irvine
- Mater Research Institute Mater Research Institute – University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gemma M. Davis
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Lucas Lefevre
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Bush
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Hume
- Mater Research Institute Mater Research Institute – University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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A New Insight into the Potential Role of Tryptophan-Derived AhR Ligands in Skin Physiological and Pathological Processes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031104. [PMID: 33499346 PMCID: PMC7865493 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) plays a crucial role in environmental responses and xenobiotic metabolism, as it controls the transcription profiles of several genes in a ligand-specific and cell-type-specific manner. Various barrier tissues, including skin, display the expression of AhR. Recent studies revealed multiple roles of AhR in skin physiology and disease, including melanogenesis, inflammation and cancer. Tryptophan metabolites are distinguished among the groups of natural and synthetic AhR ligands, and these include kynurenine, kynurenic acid and 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ). Tryptophan derivatives can affect and regulate a variety of signaling pathways. Thus, the interest in how these substances influence physiological and pathological processes in the skin is expanding rapidly. The widespread presence of these substances and potential continuous exposure of the skin to their biological effects indicate the important role of AhR and its ligands in the prevention, pathogenesis and progression of skin diseases. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of AhR in skin physiology. Moreover, we discuss the role of AhR in skin pathological processes, including inflammatory skin diseases, pigmentation disorders and cancer. Finally, the impact of FICZ, kynurenic acid, and kynurenine on physiological and pathological processes in the skin is considered. However, the mechanisms of how AhR regulates skin function require further investigation.
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11
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The Landscape of AhR Regulators and Coregulators to Fine-Tune AhR Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020757. [PMID: 33451129 PMCID: PMC7828596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that mediates numerous cellular responses. Originally investigated in toxicology because of its ability to bind environmental contaminants, AhR has attracted enormous attention in the field of immunology in the last 20 years. In addition, the discovery of endogenous and plant-derived ligands points to AhR also having a crucial role in normal cell physiology. Thus, AhR is emerging as a promiscuous receptor that can mediate either toxic or physiologic effects upon sensing multiple exogenous and endogenous molecules. Within this scenario, several factors appear to contribute to the outcome of gene transcriptional regulation by AhR, including the nature of the ligand as such and its further metabolism by AhR-induced enzymes, the local tissue microenvironment, and the presence of coregulators or specific transcription factors in the cell. Here, we review the current knowledge on the array of transcription factors and coregulators that, by interacting with AhR, tune its transcriptional activity in response to endogenous and exogenous ligands.
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12
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Xu Y, Dimitrion P, Cvetkovski S, Zhou L, Mi QS. Epidermal resident γδ T cell development and function in skin. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:573-580. [PMID: 32803399 PMCID: PMC11073445 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03613-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal resident γδ T cells, or dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs) in mice, are a unique and conserved population of γδ T cells enriched in the epidermis, where they serve as the regulators of immune responses and sense skin injury. Despite the great advances in the understanding of the development, homeostasis, and function of DETCs in the past decades, the origin and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we reviewed the recent research progress on DETCs, including their origin and homeostasis in the skin, especially at transcriptional and epigenetic levels, and discuss the involvement of DETCs in skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingping Xu
- Experimental Research Center, Dermatology Hospital of Southern Medical University, and Guangdong Provincial Dermatology Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Peter Dimitrion
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
- Immunology Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School Medicine University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Steven Cvetkovski
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
- Immunology Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School Medicine University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Li Zhou
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Immunology Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School Medicine University, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Qing-Sheng Mi
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Immunology Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School Medicine University, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA.
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13
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Liu X, Zhang X, Zhang J, Luo Y, Xu B, Ling S, Zhang Y, Li W, Yao X. Activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor in Langerhans cells by a microbial metabolite of tryptophan negatively regulates skin inflammation. J Dermatol Sci 2020; 100:192-200. [PMID: 33082071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin commensal bacteria play important roles in skin homeostasis. Langerhans cells (LCs) are epidermis-resident dendritic cells that sense environmental stimuli and are critical in the induction of immune tolerance to allergen and bacterial skin flora. However, response of LCs to the metabolites of the skin microbiota is not clear. OBJECTIVE To explore the effects of the skin microbial metabolites on LCs activation. METHODS LCs derived from CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells in the cord blood were treated with a microbial metabolite of tryptophan, indole-3-aldehyde (IAId). Activation aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling, production of IL-10, and expression of receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK) / receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) in LCs or keratinocytes were analyzed using quantitative PCR, western blotting and flow cytometry. LCs maturation induced by IAId and CD4+ T cell response induced by IAId-conditioned LCs were also investigated. RESULTS IAId induced the production of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and IL-10 in LCs through the activation of AhR. IAId promoted the expression of RANK and RANKL on LCs and keratinocytes in an AhR-dependent manner respectively, which might result in activation of NF-κB signaling and production of IL-10. Moreover, a mature phenotype of LCs was induced by IAId, and IAId-activated LCs inhibited CD4+ T cell proliferation and induced IL-10 secretion. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed a negatively regulatory function of a tryptophan metabolite on LCs through the activation of AhR, and the microbial metabolites could be utilized in future treatment for inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Liu
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, PR China; Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xiaoning Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jingxi Zhang
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, PR China; Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yang Luo
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, PR China; Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Beilei Xu
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, PR China; Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Shiqi Ling
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, PR China; Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, PR China; Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Xu Yao
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, PR China; Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, PR China.
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14
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Yang SI, Lee SH, Lee SY, Kim HC, Kim HB, Kim JH, Lim H, Park MJ, Cho HJ, Yoon J, Jung S, Yang HJ, Ahn K, Kim KW, Shin YH, Suh DI, Won HS, Lee MY, Kim SH, Choi SJ, Kwon JY, Jun JK, Hong SJ. Prenatal PM 2.5 exposure and vitamin D-associated early persistent atopic dermatitis via placental methylation. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2020; 125:665-673.e1. [PMID: 32971247 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of prenatal particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ranging from 0.1 μm to 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and vitamin D on atopic dermatitis (AD) phenotypes have not been evaluated. DNA methylation and cord blood (CB) vitamin D could represent a plausible link between prenatal PM2.5 exposure and AD in an offspring. OBJECTIVE To determine the critical windows of prenatal PM2.5 exposure on the AD phenotypes, if vitamin D modulated these effects, and if placental DNA methylation mediated these effects on AD in offspring. METHODS Mother-child pairs were enrolled from the birth cohort of the Cohort for Childhood Origin of Asthma and allergic diseases (COCOA) study. PM2.5 was estimated by land-use regression models, and CB vitamin D was measured by chemiluminescence immunoassay. AD was identified by the parental report of a physician's diagnosis. We defined the following 4 AD phenotypes according to onset age (by the age of 2 years) and persistence (by the age of 3 years): early-onset transient and persistent, late onset, and never. Logistic regression analysis and Bayesian distributed lag interaction model were used. DNA methylation microarray was analyzed using an Infinium Human Methylation EPIC BeadChip (Illumina, San Diego, California) in placenta. RESULTS PM2.5 exposure during the first trimester of pregnancy, especially during 6 to 7 weeks of gestation, was associated with early-onset persistent AD. This effect increased in children with low CB vitamin D, especially in those with PM2.5 exposure during 3 to 7 weeks of gestation. AHRR (cg16371648), DPP10 (cg19211931), and HLADRB1 (cg10632894) were hypomethylated in children with AD with high PM2.5 and low CB vitamin D. CONCLUSION Higher PM2.5 during the first trimester of pregnancy and low CB vitamin D affected early-onset persistent AD, and the most sensitive window was 6 to 7 weeks of gestation. Placental DNA methylation mediated this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-I Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hwa Lee
- Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Yeon Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Childhood Asthma Atopy Center, Environmental Health Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan-Cheol Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bin Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeyeun Lim
- Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jee Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Childhood Asthma Atopy Center, Environmental Health Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisun Yoon
- Department of Pediatrics, Mediplex Sejong Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungsu Jung
- Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jong Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kangmo Ahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Won Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children's Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Ho Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, CHA Gangnam Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong In Suh
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Sung Won
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Young Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHA Gangnam Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Joo Choi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-Young Kwon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Kwan Jun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jong Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Childhood Asthma Atopy Center, Environmental Health Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Thelen F, Witherden DA. Get in Touch With Dendritic Epithelial T Cells! Front Immunol 2020; 11:1656. [PMID: 32849572 PMCID: PMC7403176 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate and adaptive immune systems continuously interchange information and orchestrate their immune responses to protect the host. γδT cells play crucial roles, as they incorporate both innate and adaptive immune characteristics. Dendritic epidermal T cells (DETC) are specialized γδT cells, which are uniquely positioned to rapidly respond to skin wounds and infections. Their elongated dendrite morphology allows them to be in continuous contact with multiple neighboring keratinocytes and Langerhans cells. Cellular interactions are fundamental to the formation, activation and maintenance of immune cell functions during steady state and pathology. Recent technological advances, especially in the field of cellular imaging, have contributed greatly to the characterization of complex cellular interactions in a spatiotemporally resolved manner. In this review, we will highlight the often-underappreciated function of DETC and other γδT cells during steady state and an ongoing immune response. More specifically, we discuss how DETC-precursors are shaped in the fetal thymus during embryogenesis as well as how direct cell-cell interactions of DETC with neighboring epidermal cells shape skin homeostasis and effector functions. Furthermore, we will discuss seminal work and recent discoveries made in the γδT cell field, which have highlighted the importance of γδT cells in the skin, both in humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavian Thelen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Deborah A Witherden
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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16
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Abstract
Phototherapeutic modalities induce apoptosis of keratinocytes and immune cells, impact cytokine production, downregulate the IL-23/Th17 axis, and induce regulatory T cells. As in anti-IL-17 or anti-IL-23 antibody treatment, the dual action of phototherapy on skin and the immune system is likely responsible for sustained resolution of lesions in diseases such as psoriasis. In cutaneous T cell lymphoma, phototherapy may function by causing tumor cell apoptosis and eliminating the neoplastic and inflammatory infiltrate. Further research on phototherapeutic mechanisms will help advance, optimize, and refine dermatologic treatments and may open up novel avenues for treatment strategies in dermatology and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizi Yu
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter Wolf
- Department of Dermatology, Research Unit for Photodermatology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 8, Graz A-8036, Austria.
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17
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Selective AhR knockout in langerin-expressing cells abates Langerhans cells and polarizes Th2/Tr1 in epicutaneous protein sensitization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:12980-12990. [PMID: 32461368 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1917479117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) represents an environmental sensor regulating immune responses. In the skin, AhR is expressed in several cell types, including keratinocytes, epidermal Langerhans cells (LC), and dermal dendritic cells (DC). The mechanisms how AhR activates or inhibits cutaneous immune responses remain controversial, owing to differences in the cell-specific functions of AhR and the different activating ligands. Therefore, we sought to investigate the role of AhR in LC and langerin+ and negative DC in the skin. To this aim, we generated Langerin-specific and CD11c-specific knockout (-/-) mice lacking AhR, respectively, in LC and Langerin+ dermal DC and in all CD11c+ cells. These were then tested in an epicutaneous protein (ovalbumin, Ova) sensitization model. Immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry revealed that Langerin-AhR-/- but not CD11c-AhR-/- mice harbored a decreased number of LC with fewer and stunted dendrites in the epidermis as well as a decreased number of LC in skin-draining lymph nodes (LN). Moreover, in the absence of AhR, we detected an enhanced T helper type-2 (Th2) [increased interleukin 5 (IL-5) and interleukin 13 (IL-13)] and T regulatory type-1 (Tr1) (IL-10) response when LN cells were challenged with Ova in vitro, though the number of regulatory T cells (Treg) in the LN remained comparable. Langerin-AhR-/- mice also exhibited increased blood levels of Ova-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE). In conclusion, deletion of AhR in langerin-expressing cells diminishes the number and activation of LC, while enhancing Th2 and Tr1 responses upon epicutaneous protein sensitization.
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18
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AHR Signaling Dampens Inflammatory Signature in Neonatal Skin γδ T Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062249. [PMID: 32213963 PMCID: PMC7139545 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)-deficient mice do not support the expansion of dendritic epidermal T cells (DETC), a resident immune cell population in the murine epidermis, which immigrates from the fetal thymus to the skin around birth. Material and Methods In order to identify the gene expression changes underlying the DETC disappearance in AHR-deficient mice, we analyzed microarray RNA-profiles of DETC, sorted from the skin of two-week-old AHR-deficient mice and their heterozygous littermates. In vitro studies were done for verification, and IL-10, AHR repressor (AHRR), and c-Kit deficient mice analyzed for DETC frequency. Results We identified 434 annotated differentially expressed genes. Gene set enrichment analysis demonstrated that the expression of genes related to proliferation, ion homeostasis and morphology differed between the two mouse genotypes. Importantly, with 1767 pathways the cluster-group “inflammation” contained the majority of AHR-dependently regulated pathways. The most abundant cluster of differentially expressed genes was “inflammation.” DETC of AHR-deficient mice were inflammatory active and had altered calcium and F-actin levels. Extending the study to the AHRR, an enigmatic modulator of AHR-activity, we found approximately 50% less DETC in AHRR-deficient mice than in wild-type-littermates. Conclusion AHR-signaling in DETC dampens their inflammatory default potential and supports their homeostasis in the skin.
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19
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Kim HR, Kang SY, Kim HO, Park CW, Chung BY. Role of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activation and Autophagy in Psoriasis-Related Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062195. [PMID: 32235789 PMCID: PMC7139675 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and autophagy reportedly regulate immune responses in the skin. This study explored the effects of AhR activation on autophagy in human keratinocytes, and the relevance of AhR and autophagy in psoriasis pathogenesis. AhR activation by 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) repressed autophagy, while autophagy inhibition induced AhR activation in HaCaT cells and normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs). A particularly strong interaction between AhR and autophagy was observed in proinflammatory cytokines-stimulated keratinocytes, an in vitro model of psoriasis. In skin biopsies from psoriasis patients, a similar impact of AhR on autophagy and inflammation was observed. AhR inhibition blocked TCDD- and chloroquine-induced p65NF-κB and p38MAPK phosphorylation in proinflammatory cytokines-stimulated HaCaT cells. Moreover, higher expression of AhR and CYP1A1, and lower expression of LC3, were detected in psoriatic skin tissues, compared to the controls. These data demonstrated that AhR modulated autophagy leads to skin inflammation in human keratinocytes via the p65NF-κB/p38MAPK signaling pathways, suggesting that AhR signaling and autophagy might be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory disorders such as psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bo Young Chung
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-829-5221; Fax: +82-2-832-3237
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20
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Marschner C, Krockenberger MB, Higgins DP. Effects of Eucalypt Plant Monoterpenes on Koala (Phascolarctos Cinereus) Cytokine Expression In Vitro. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16545. [PMID: 31719541 PMCID: PMC6851357 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52713-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protective immunity is crucial for survival of any species, though the koala as a specialist feeder adapted to an exclusive diet of eucalypts that contain plant secondary metabolites of varying toxicity and of immunomodulatory property. Being constantly exposed to such dietary chemicals it raises the question of their immune effects in a specialist eucalypt feeder. This study demonstrates that natural levels of circulating eucalypt plant secondary metabolites have dose dependent in vitro effects on cytokine expression of koala peripheral blood mononuclear cells, suggesting a potential trade-off of reduced function in multiple arms of the immune system associated with koala's use of its specialized dietary niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Marschner
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2006, NSW, Australia.
| | - Mark B Krockenberger
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2006, NSW, Australia
| | - Damien P Higgins
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2006, NSW, Australia
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21
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Wang XS, Cao F, Zhang Y, Pan HF. Therapeutic potential of aryl hydrocarbon receptor in autoimmunity. Inflammopharmacology 2019; 28:63-81. [PMID: 31617124 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-019-00651-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a type of transcriptional factor, is widely expressed in immune cells. The activation of AhR signaling pathway depends on its ligands, which exist in environment and can also be produced by metabolism. Normal expressions of AhR and AhR-mediated signaling may be essential for immune responses, and effects of AhR signaling on the development and function of innate and adaptive immune cells have also been revealed in previous studies. Recent studies also indicate that aberrant AhR signaling may be related to autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis (MS), autoimmune uveitis (AU), autoimmune diabetes, Behcet's disease (BD) and myasthenia gravis (MG). Moreover, administration of AhR ligands or drugs has been proven effective for improving pathological outcomes in some autoimmune diseases or models. In this review, we summarize the effects of AhR on several innate and adaptive immune cells associated with autoimmunity, and the mechanism on how AhR participates in autoimmune diseases. In addition, we also discuss therapeutic potential and application prospect of AhR in autoimmune diseases, so as to provide valuable information for exploring novel and effective approaches to autoimmune disease treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Song Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fan Cao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Anhui Women and Child Health Care Hospital, 15 Yimin Street, Hefei, Anhui, 230011, China
| | - Hai-Feng Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China. .,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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22
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Minzaghi D, Pavel P, Dubrac S. Xenobiotic Receptors and Their Mates in Atopic Dermatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4234. [PMID: 31470652 PMCID: PMC6747412 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common inflammatory skin disease worldwide. It is a chronic, relapsing and pruritic skin disorder which results from epidermal barrier abnormalities and immune dysregulation, both modulated by environmental factors. AD is strongly associated with asthma and allergic rhinitis in the so-called 'atopic march.' Xenobiotic receptors and their mates are ligand-activated transcription factors expressed in the skin where they control cellular detoxification pathways. Moreover, they regulate the expression of genes in pathways involved in AD in epithelial cells and immune cells. Activation or overexpression of xenobiotic receptors in the skin can be deleterious or beneficial, depending on context, ligand and activation duration. Moreover, their impact on skin might be amplified by crosstalk among xenobiotic receptors and their mates. Because they are activated by a broad range of endogenous molecules, drugs and pollutants owing to their promiscuous ligand affinity, they have recently crystalized the attention of researchers, including in dermatology and especially in the AD field. This review examines the putative roles of these receptors in AD by critically evaluating the conditions under which the proteins and their ligands have been studied. This information should provide new insights into AD pathogenesis and ways to develop new therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Minzaghi
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Petra Pavel
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sandrine Dubrac
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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23
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Gabriely G, Quintana FJ. Role of AHR in the control of GBM-associated myeloid cells. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 64:13-18. [PMID: 31128300 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive and incurable brain tumor; its malignancy has been associated with the activity of tumor infiltrating myeloid cells. Myeloid cells play important roles in the tumor control by the immune response, but also in tumor progression. Indeed, GBM exploits multiple mechanisms to recruit and modulate myeloid cells. The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR) is a ligand activated transcription factor implicated in the regulation of myeloid cells. In this review, we will summarize current knowledge on the AHR role in the control of myeloid cells and its impact on GBM pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Gabriely
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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24
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Hwang WB, Kim DJ, Oh GS, Park JH. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Ligands Indoxyl 3-sulfate and Indole-3-carbinol Inhibit FMS-like Tyrosine Kinase 3 Ligand-induced Bone Marrow-derived plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Differentiation. Immune Netw 2018; 18:e35. [PMID: 30402330 PMCID: PMC6215903 DOI: 10.4110/in.2018.18.e35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) regulates both innate and adaptive immune responses by sensing a variety of small synthetic and natural chemicals, which act as its ligands. AhR, which is expressed in dendritic cells (DCs), regulates the differentiation of DCs. However, effects of AhR on the differentiation of DCs are variable due to the heterogeneity of DCs in cell surface marker expression, anatomical location, and functional responses. The plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), one of DC subsets, not only induce innate as well as adaptive immune responses by secreting type I interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines, but also induce IL-10 producing regulatory T cell or anergy or deletion of antigen-specific T cells. We showed here that AhR ligands indoxyl 3-sulfate (I3S) and indole-3-carbinol (I3C) inhibited the development of pDCs derived from bone marrow (BM) precursors induced by FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L). I3S and I3C downregulated the expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and E2-2 (Tcf4). In mice orally treated with I3S and I3C, oral tolerance to dinitrofluorobenzene was impaired and the proportion of CD11c+B220+ cells in mesenteric lymph nodes was reduced. These data demonstrate that AhR negatively regulates the development of pDCs from BM precursors induced by Flt3L, probably via repressing the expression of STAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Bhin Hwang
- Department of Biology, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Korea
| | - Da-Jeong Kim
- Department of Biology, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Korea
| | - Gap-Soo Oh
- Department of Biology, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Korea
| | - Joo-Hung Park
- Department of Biology, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Korea
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Vieyra-Garcia PA, Wolf P. From Early Immunomodulatory Triggers to Immunosuppressive Outcome: Therapeutic Implications of the Complex Interplay Between the Wavebands of Sunlight and the Skin. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:232. [PMID: 30250844 PMCID: PMC6139367 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phototherapy is an efficient treatment for many cutaneous diseases that involve the activation of inflammatory pathways or the overgrowth of cells with aberrant phenotype. In this review, we discuss recent advances in photoimmunology, focusing on the effects of UV-based therapies currently used in dermatology. We describe the molecular responses to the main forms of photo(chemo)therapy such as UVB, UVA-1, and PUVA that include the triggering of apoptotic or immunosuppressive pathways and help to clear diseased skin. The early molecular response to UV involves DNA photoproducts, the isomerization of urocanic acid, the secretion of biophospholipids such as platelet activating factor (PAF), the activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor and inflammasome, and vitamin D synthesis. The simultaneous and complex interaction of these events regulates the activity of the immune system both locally and systemically, resulting in apoptosis of neoplastic and/or benign cells, reduction of cellular infiltrate, and regulation of cytokines and chemokines. Regulatory T-cells and Langerhans cells, among other skin-resident cellular populations, are deeply affected by UV exposure and are therefore important players in the mechanisms of immunomodulation and the therapeutic value of UV in all its forms. We weigh the contribution of these cells to the therapeutic application of UV and how they may participate in transferring the direct impact of UV on the skin into local and systemic immunomodulation. Moreover, we review the therapeutic mechanisms revealed by clinical and laboratory animal investigations in the most common cutaneous diseases treated with phototherapy such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, vitiligo, and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Better understanding of phototherapeutic mechanisms in these diseases will help advance treatment in general and make future therapeutic strategies more precise, targeted, personalized, safe, and efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Wolf
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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26
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Xu H, Zhang X, Li H, Li C, Huo XJ, Hou LP, Gong Z. Immune response induced by major environmental pollutants through altering neutrophils in zebrafish larvae. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 201:99-108. [PMID: 29902668 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollutants may cause adverse effects on the immune system of aquatic organisms. However, the cellular effects of pollutants on fish immune system are largely unknown. Here, we exploited the transgenic zebrafish Tg(lysC:DsRed2) larva as a preliminary screening system to evaluate the potential inflammatory effects of environmental pollutants. Tg(lysC:DsRED2) larvae aged 7-day-postfertilization (7 dpf) were treated with selected environmental chemicals for 24 h (24 h) and the number of neutrophils were quantified using both image analysis and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). We found that the numbers of neutrophils in the Tg(lysC:DsRED2) larvae were significantly increased by most of the organic chemicals tested, including E2 (17β-estradiol), BPA (Bisphenol-A), NDEA (N-nitrosodiethylamine), 4-NP (4-Nitrophenol) and Lindane (γ-hexachlorocyclohexane). Neutrophil numbers were also increased by all the metals tested (Na2HAsO4· 7H2O, Pb(NO3)2, HgCl2, CdCl2, CuSO4·5H2O, ZnSO4, and K2Cr2O7). The only exception was TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin), which significantly reduced the number of neutrophils after exposure. Additionally, the transcription of genes (lyz, mpo, tnfα and il8) related to fish immune system were significantly modulated upon exposure to some of the selected chemicals such as E2, TCDD, Cu and Cd. This study revealed that representatives of major categories of environmental pollutants could cause an acute inflammatory response in zebrafish larvae as shown by alterations in the neutrophils, which may imply a common immunotoxicity mechanism for most environmental pollutants. This study has also demonstrated that Tg(lyz:DsRed2) transgenic zebrafish is an excellent tool for screening environmental chemicals with potential inflammatory effects through FACS-facilitated neutrophil counting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation of Ministry of Agriculture, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 1 Xingyu Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou 510380, China; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore; School of Life Science, Yunnan University, No.2 North Cuihu Road, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650091, China
| | - Hankun Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Caixia Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiao-Jing Huo
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li-Ping Hou
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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27
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Otsuka M, Egawa G, Kabashima K. Uncovering the Mysteries of Langerhans Cells, Inflammatory Dendritic Epidermal Cells, and Monocyte-Derived Langerhans Cell-Like Cells in the Epidermis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1768. [PMID: 30105033 PMCID: PMC6077183 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The identity of Langerhans cells (LCs) has been called into question of late due to the increasing evidence that LCs originate from macrophage lineage instead of dendritic cell (DC) lineage as previously thought. For many years, LCs have been assumed to be DCs due to its migratory capabilities. However, recent studies have demonstrated that LCs are from macrophage lineage of the adult fetal liver (FL) progenitor. Bona fide LCs are now considered tissue-resident macrophages as they originate from the FL as shown by fate mapping models. In recent years, studies have shown that there are three types of antigen-presenting cells present in the epidermis, such as LCs, monocyte-derived LC-like cells, and inflammatory dendritic epidermal cells (IDECs). Of these, LC-like cells have been characterized in both human and mouse studies, while IDECs have only been described in human studies. This has shed a new light on the area of epidermal macrophages, suggesting that there might be a misidentification and misclassification of LCs. IDECs and LC-like cells have been shown to be present in both steady state and inflammatory state, but they are present in more significant amounts under inflammatory conditions such as atopic dermatitis, ultra violet injury, and psoriasis. In this review, we discuss what is already known and discuss the possible roles of LCs, LC-like cells, and IDECs during inflammation. Most intriguingly, we discuss the possibility of LCs having a dual identity as both a macrophage and a DC. This is shown as LCs are the only tissue-resident macrophage to have shown migratory property-like DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Otsuka
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Gyohei Egawa
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Medical Biology (IMB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
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28
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Cervantes-Barragan L, Colonna M. AHR signaling in the development and function of intestinal immune cells and beyond. Semin Immunopathol 2018; 40:371-377. [PMID: 29951906 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-018-0694-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal immune system is challenged daily with the task of recognizing and eliminating pathogens while simultaneously tolerating dietary and commensal antigens. All components must effectively coordinate to differentiate a continual barrage of environmental cues and mount appropriate responses dependent on the nature of the stimuli encountered. Playing a pivotal role, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a chemical sensor that detects both dietary and microbial cues and is important for development, maintenance, and function of several types of intestinal immune cells, particularly innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and T cells. In this review, we will highlight recent advances in our knowledge of the role of AHR signaling in ILCs, T cells, B cells, and dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Cervantes-Barragan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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29
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Franko J, McCall JL, Barnett JB. Evaluating Macrophages in Immunotoxicity Testing. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1803:255-296. [PMID: 29882145 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8549-4_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are a heterogeneous group of cells that have a multitude of functions depending on their differentiation state. While classically known for their phagocytic and antigen presentation abilities, it is now evident that these cells fulfill homeostatic functions beyond the elimination of invading pathogens. In addition, macrophages have also been implicated in the downregulation of inflammatory responses following pathogen removal, tissue remodeling, repair, and angiogenesis. Alterations in macrophage differentiation and/or activity due to xenobiotic exposure can have grave consequences on organismal homeostasis, potentially contributing to disease due to immunosuppression or chronic inflammatory responses, depending upon the pathways affected. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the macrophages subtypes, their origin and a general discussion of several different assays used to assess their functional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Franko
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jamie L McCall
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - John B Barnett
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA.
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30
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Wong TH, Lee CL, Su HH, Lee CL, Wu CC, Wang CC, Sheu CC, Lai RS, Leung SY, Lin CC, Wei YF, Wang CJ, Lin YC, Chen HL, Huang MS, Yen JH, Huang SK, Suen JL. A prominent air pollutant, Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, enhances allergic lung inflammation via aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5198. [PMID: 29581487 PMCID: PMC5979946 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23542-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is associated with asthma, but its regulatory mechanisms remain incompletely defined. We report herein that elevated levels of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene, a biomarker of PAH exposure, were found in asthmatic subjects (n = 39) as compared to those in healthy subjects (n = 43) living in an industrial city of Taiwan, where indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IP) was found to be a prominent PAH associated with ambient PM2.5. In a mouse model, intranasal exposure of mice with varying doses of IP significantly enhanced antigen-induced allergic inflammation, including increased airway eosinophilia, Th2 cytokines, including IL-4 and IL-5, as well as antigen-specific IgE level, which was absent in dendritic cell (DC)-specific aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-null mice. Mechanistically, IP treatment significantly altered DC's function, including increased level of pro-inflammatory IL-6 and decreased generation of anti-inflammatory IL-10. The IP's effect was lost in DCs from mice carrying an AhR-mutant allele. Taken together, these results suggest that chronic exposure to environmental PAHs may pose a significant risk for asthma, in which IP, a prominent ambient PAH in Taiwan, was shown to enhance the severity of allergic lung inflammation in mice through, at least in part, its ability in modulating DC's function in an AhR-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Hsuan Wong
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chon-Lin Lee
- Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Research Center of Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Han Su
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Lai Lee
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Chien Wu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chou Wang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Chyun Sheu
- Research Center of Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Divison of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ruay-Sheng Lai
- Division of Chest Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sum-Yee Leung
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Cheng Lin
- Chest Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Antai Medical Care Cooperation Antai Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital, Ping-Tung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Feng Wei
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Jen Wang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Lin
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Hua-Ling Chen
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shyan Huang
- Divison of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Hsien Yen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shau-Ku Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Research Center of Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Lou-Hu Hospital, Shen-Zhen University, Shen-Zhen, China
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jau-Ling Suen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Research Center of Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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31
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Deckers J, Hammad H, Hoste E. Langerhans Cells: Sensing the Environment in Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:93. [PMID: 29449841 PMCID: PMC5799717 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, our understanding of Langerhans cells (LCs) has drastically changed based on novel findings regarding the developmental origin and biological functions of these epidermis-specific resident immune cells. It has become clear that LCs not only exert pivotal roles in immune surveillance and homeostasis but also impact on pathology by either inducing tolerance or mediating inflammation. Their unique capabilities to self-renew within the epidermis, while also being able to migrate to lymph nodes in order to present antigen, place LCs in a key position to sample the local environment and decide on the appropriate cutaneous immune response. Exciting new data distinguishing LCs from Langerin+ dermal dendritic cells (DCs) on a functional and ontogenic level reveal crucial roles for LCs in trauma and various skin pathologies, which will be thoroughly discussed here. However, despite rapid progress in the field, the exact role of LCs during immune responses has not been completely elucidated. This review focuses on what mouse models that have been developed in order to enable the study of murine LCs and other Langerin-expressing DCs have taught us about LC development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Deckers
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hamida Hammad
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Esther Hoste
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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32
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Beta-defensin 1, aryl hydrocarbon receptor and plasma kynurenine in major depressive disorder: metabolomics-informed genomics. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:10. [PMID: 29317604 PMCID: PMC5802574 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-017-0056-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a heterogeneous disease. Efforts to identify biomarkers for sub-classifying MDD and antidepressant therapy by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) alone have generally yielded disappointing results. We applied a metabolomics-informed genomic research strategy to study the contribution of genetic variation to MDD pathophysiology by assaying 31 metabolites, including compounds from the tryptophan, tyrosine, and purine pathways, in plasma samples from 290 MDD patients. Associations of metabolite concentrations with depressive symptoms were determined, followed by GWAS for selected metabolites and functional validation studies of the genes identified. Kynurenine (KYN), the baseline plasma metabolite that was most highly associated with depressive symptoms, was negatively correlated with severity of those symptoms. GWAS for baseline plasma KYN concentrations identified SNPs across the beta-defensin 1 (DEFB1) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) genes that were cis-expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) for DEFB1 and AHR mRNA expression, respectively. Furthermore, the DEFB1 locus was associated with severity of MDD symptoms in a larger cohort of 803 MDD patients. Functional studies demonstrated that DEFB1 could neutralize lipopolysaccharide-stimulated expression of KYN-biosynthesizing enzymes in monocytic cells, resulting in altered KYN concentrations in the culture media. In addition, we demonstrated that AHR was involved in regulating the expression of enzymes in the KYN pathway and altered KYN biosynthesis in cell lines of hepatocyte and astrocyte origin. In conclusion, these studies identified SNPs that were cis-eQTLs for DEFB1 and AHR and, which were associated with variation in plasma KYN concentrations that were related to severity of MDD symptoms.
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34
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Clayton K, Vallejo AF, Davies J, Sirvent S, Polak ME. Langerhans Cells-Programmed by the Epidermis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1676. [PMID: 29238347 PMCID: PMC5712534 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) reside in the epidermis as a dense network of immune system sentinels. These cells determine the appropriate adaptive immune response (inflammation or tolerance) by interpreting the microenvironmental context in which they encounter foreign substances. In a normal physiological, "non-dangerous" situation, LCs coordinate a continuous state of immune tolerance, preventing unnecessary and harmful immune activation. Conversely, when they sense a danger signal, for example during infection or when the physical integrity of skin has been compromised as a result of a trauma, they instruct T lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system to mount efficient effector responses. Recent advances investigating the molecular mechanisms underpinning the cross talk between LCs and the epidermal microenvironment reveal its importance for programming LC biology. This review summarizes the novel findings describing LC origin and function through the analysis of the transcriptomic programs and gene regulatory networks (GRNs). Review and meta-analysis of publicly available datasets clearly delineates LCs as distinct from both conventional dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, suggesting a primary role for the epidermal microenvironment in programming LC biology. This concept is further supported by the analysis of the effect of epidermal pro-inflammatory signals, regulating key GRNs in human and murine LCs. Applying whole transcriptome analyses and in silico analysis has advanced our understanding of how LCs receive, integrate, and process signals from the steady-state and diseased epidermis. Interestingly, in homeostasis and under immunological stress, the molecular network in LCs remains relatively stable, reflecting a key evolutionary need related to tissue localization. Importantly, to fulfill their key role in orchestrating antiviral adaptive immune responses, LC share specific transcriptomic modules with other DC types able to cross-present antigens to cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, pointing to a possible evolutionary convergence mechanism. With the development of more advanced technologies allowing delineation of the molecular networks at the level of chromatin organization, histone modifications, protein translation, and phosphorylation, future "omics" investigations will bring in-depth understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms underpinning human LC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalum Clayton
- Systems Immmunology Group, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Andres F Vallejo
- Systems Immmunology Group, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - James Davies
- Systems Immmunology Group, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Sofia Sirvent
- Systems Immmunology Group, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Marta E Polak
- Systems Immmunology Group, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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35
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Koch S, Stroisch TJ, Vorac J, Herrmann N, Leib N, Schnautz S, Kirins H, Förster I, Weighardt H, Bieber T. AhR mediates an anti-inflammatory feedback mechanism in human Langerhans cells involving FcεRI and IDO. Allergy 2017; 72:1686-1693. [PMID: 28376268 DOI: 10.1111/all.13170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), an important regulator of immune responses, is activated by UVB irradiation in the skin. Langerhans cells (LC) in the epidermis of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) carry the high-affinity receptor for IgE, FcεRI, and are crucially involved in the pathogenesis of AD by inducing inflammatory responses and regulating tolerogenic processes. OBJECTIVES We investigated AhR and AhR repressor (AhRR) expression and functional consequences of AhR activation in human ex vivo skin cells and in in vitro-generated LC. METHODS Epidermal cells from healthy skin were analyzed for their expression of AhR and AhRR. LC generated from CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells (CD34LC) were treated with the UV photoproduct and AhR ligand 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ). Cell surface receptors, transcription factors, and the tolerogenic tryptophan-degrading enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) were analyzed using flow cytometry and quantitative PCR. RESULTS Epidermal LC and CD34LC express AhR and AhRR. AhR was also found in keratinocytes, which lack AhRR. AhR activation of LC by FICZ caused downregulation of FcεRI in CD34LC without affecting their maturation. AhR-mediated regulation of FcεRI did not involve any known transcription factors related to this receptor. Furthermore, we could show upregulation of IDO mediated by AhR engagement. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that AhR activation by FICZ reduces FcεRI and upregulates IDO expression in LC. This AhR-mediated anti-inflammatory feedback mechanism may dampen the allergen-induced inflammation in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Koch
- Department of Dermatology and AllergyChristine Kühne ‐ Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK‐CARE)University of BonnBonnGermany
| | - T. J. Stroisch
- Department of Dermatology and AllergyChristine Kühne ‐ Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK‐CARE)University of BonnBonnGermany
| | - J. Vorac
- LIMES Institute, Immunology and EnvironmentUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
| | - N. Herrmann
- Department of Dermatology and AllergyChristine Kühne ‐ Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK‐CARE)University of BonnBonnGermany
| | - N. Leib
- Department of Dermatology and AllergyChristine Kühne ‐ Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK‐CARE)University of BonnBonnGermany
| | - S. Schnautz
- Department of Dermatology and AllergyChristine Kühne ‐ Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK‐CARE)University of BonnBonnGermany
| | - H. Kirins
- Department of Dermatology and AllergyChristine Kühne ‐ Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK‐CARE)University of BonnBonnGermany
| | - I. Förster
- LIMES Institute, Immunology and EnvironmentUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
| | - H. Weighardt
- LIMES Institute, Immunology and EnvironmentUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
- Innate Immunity and Extrinsic Skin AgingIUF ‐ Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental MedicineDüsseldorfGermany
| | - T. Bieber
- Department of Dermatology and AllergyChristine Kühne ‐ Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK‐CARE)University of BonnBonnGermany
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36
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Liu Q, Wu J, Song J, Liang P, Zheng K, Xiao G, Liu L, Zouboulis CC, Lei T. Particulate matter 2.5 regulates lipid synthesis and inflammatory cytokine production in human SZ95 sebocytes. Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:1029-1036. [PMID: 28849137 PMCID: PMC5593471 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A large body of evidence indicates that particulate matter (PM)2.5 is associated with various negative effects on human health. However, the impact and molecular mechanism of PM2.5 on the skin have not been elucidated. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of two types of PM2.5 [water-soluble extracts (W-PM2.5) and non-water-soluble extracts (NW-PM2.5)] on cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, lipid synthesis, and inflammatory cytokine production of human SZ95 sebocytes. The results demonstrated that NW-PM2.5 and W-PM2.5 exposure dose-dependently inhibited SZ95 sebocyte proliferation by inducing G1 cell arrest. Furthermore, NW-PM2.5 and W-PM2.5 significantly reduced sebaceous lipid synthesis and markedly promoted the production of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1α (IL-1α), IL-6 and IL-8 in SZ95 sebocytes. Additionally, the expression of aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor (AhR), AhR nuclear translocator protein (ARNT), as well as cytochrome P450 1A1 were significantly increased following PM2.5 exposure. Thus, these findings indicate that PM2.5 exerts inhibitory effects on cell proliferation and lipid synthesis, and stimulatory effects on inflammatory cytokine production and AhR signaling activation in human SZ95 sebocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuchang, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Jianbo Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuchang, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Jiquan Song
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuchang, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Pin Liang
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuchang, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Kaiping Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuchang, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Guifeng Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuchang, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Lanting Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuchang, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Christos C Zouboulis
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Theodore Fontane Medical University of Brandenburg, Dessau D-06847, Germany
| | - Tiechi Lei
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuchang, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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37
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Liao WT, Lu JH, Wang WT, Hung CH, Sheu CC, Huang SK. Epigenetic synergism between interleukin-4 and aryl-hydrocarbon receptor in human macrophages. J Mol Med (Berl) 2016; 95:395-404. [PMID: 27888289 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1493-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-ligand axis is involved in immune regulation, but its molecular basis remains to be fully elucidated. Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 1 (CCL1) is an important chemoattractant, but how CCL1 is regulated remains to be defined. The role of AhR in regulating CCL1 expression in two major subsets of macrophage was investigated. We used a human THP-1 cell line, monocytes, and mouse peritoneal macrophages to generate M(IFN-γ/LPS) and M(IL-4) subsets, and the AhR's ligand effect was determined by the use of a combination of chromatin immunoprecipitation, PCR, and ELISA. Upon exposure to a classical AhR ligand, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), selective induction of CCL1 was noted only in M(IL-4), not M(IFN-γ/LPS) cells in human but not murine macrophages. This selectivity was mediated by AhR's binding to the distal dioxin-responsive element (DRE) in the CCL1 promoter of the M(IL-4) subset, and a deletion mutant lacking the distal DRE sequence lost its activity. In contrast to the M(IFN-γ/LPS) cells, the distal DRE was devoid of tri-methylated histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27) in M(IL-4) cells, and the addition of a H3K27 demethylase inhibitor blocked AhR-mediated CCL1 expression. Similar selectivity of CCL1 expression was also noted in monocyte-derived M(IL-4) subsets, and the level of AhR binding to distal DRE in monocytes was correlated with the levels of plasma interleukin-4 (IL-4) in 23 human subjects. These findings suggested the existence of a new regulatory epigenetic-based mechanism, wherein AhR in concert with IL-4 differentially regulated human, not murine, macrophage CCL1 response. KEY MESSAGE Human CCL1 gene is selectively targeted by AhR in M(IL-4) macrophage. IL-4-induced epigenetic modification potentiates AhR-mediated CCL1 expression. This epigenetic control of CCL1 expression is not operative in murine macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ting Liao
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.,Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Jian-He Lu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsing Hung
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital and College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80145, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Chyun Sheu
- Divison of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Shau-Ku Huang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Rd, Zhunan, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan. .,Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan. .,Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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38
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Haas K, Weighardt H, Deenen R, Köhrer K, Clausen B, Zahner S, Boukamp P, Bloch W, Krutmann J, Esser C. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Keratinocytes Is Essential for Murine Skin Barrier Integrity. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:2260-2269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.06.627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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39
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Cella M, Colonna M. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor: Linking environment to immunity. Semin Immunol 2016; 27:310-4. [PMID: 26561251 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal and barrier tissues are unique in that they mediate crosstalk between the host and the surrounding environment, which contains many potentially harmful factors. Therefore, it is critical that cell types present at barrier and mucosal surfaces are equipped with mechanisms to sense changes in the environment and to calibrate their responses accordingly. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR) is a ligand dependent transcription factor well known to generate biological responses to environmental pollutants, such as benzo{a}pyrene and halogenated dioxins. Surprisingly, in the last few years a large body of evidence has shown that AHR is also involved in maintaining homeostasis or in triggering pathology by modulating the biological responses of critical cell types at the barrier and mucosal interfaces. Here, we will review progresses in this field and discuss how targeting AHR activation may impact disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Cella
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States.
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States.
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40
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Mass E, Ballesteros I, Farlik M, Halbritter F, Günther P, Crozet L, Jacome-Galarza CE, Händler K, Klughammer J, Kobayashi Y, Gomez-Perdiguero E, Schultze JL, Beyer M, Bock C, Geissmann F. Specification of tissue-resident macrophages during organogenesis. Science 2016; 353:aaf4238. [PMID: 27492475 PMCID: PMC5066309 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf4238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 528] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages support embryonic development and tissue homeostasis and repair. The mechanisms that control their differentiation remain unclear. We report here that erythro-myeloid progenitors in mice generate premacrophages (pMacs) that simultaneously colonize the whole embryo from embryonic day 9.5 in a chemokine-receptor-dependent manner. The core macrophage program initiated in pMacs is rapidly diversified as expression of transcriptional regulators becomes tissue-specific in early macrophages. This process appears essential for macrophage specification and maintenance, as inactivation of Id3 impairs the development of liver macrophages and results in selective Kupffer cell deficiency in adults. We propose that macrophage differentiation is an integral part of organogenesis, as colonization of organ anlagen by pMacs is followed by their specification into tissue macrophages, hereby generating the macrophage diversity observed in postnatal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Mass
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ivan Ballesteros
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Matthias Farlik
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Halbritter
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Günther
- Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lucile Crozet
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Kristian Händler
- Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Johanna Klughammer
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Yasuhiro Kobayashi
- Institute for Oral Science, Matsumoto Dental University, 1780 Hiro-Oka Gobara Shiojiri, Nagano, 390-0781 Japan
| | - Elisa Gomez-Perdiguero
- Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation (CMCBI), King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Joachim L. Schultze
- Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics Unit at the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc Beyer
- Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics Unit at the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Bock
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Max Planck Institute for Informatics, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Frederic Geissmann
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York, USA
- Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation (CMCBI), King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
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41
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Abstract
The signaling pathway of the evolutionary old transcription factor AhR is inducible by a number of small molecular weight chemicals, including toxicants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, bacterial toxic pigments, and physiological compounds such as tryptophan derivatives or dietary indoles. AhR activation is of immunological importance, but at the same time mediates toxicity of environmental pollutants, such as immunosuppression by dioxins. Measuring AhR activity and identification of ligands is thus of great interest for a variety of research fields. In this chapter, I briefly introduce the AhR signaling pathway, its role in immunology, and the tools and assays needed to analyze AhR signaling. Both are also needed when therapeutic applications are envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Esser
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine (IUF), Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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42
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Kreitinger JM, Beamer CA, Shepherd DM. Environmental Immunology: Lessons Learned from Exposure to a Select Panel of Immunotoxicants. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:3217-25. [PMID: 27044635 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental contaminants can produce profound effects on the immune system. Many classes of xenobiotics can significantly suppress or enhance immune responsiveness depending on the levels (i.e., dose) and context (i.e., timing, route) of exposure. Although defining the effects that toxicants can have on the immune system is a valuable component to improving public health, environmental immunology has greatly enhanced our understanding of how the immune system functions and has provided innovative avenues to explore new immunotherapies. This Brief Review focuses on three examples of how immunotoxicology has benefitted the field of immunology, presenting information on the aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling pathway, the immunomodulatory effects of nanomaterials, and the impact of xenobiotic exposure on the developing immune system. Collectively, contributions from immunotoxicology have significantly enhanced public health and spurred seminal advances in both basic and applied immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Kreitinger
- Cellular, Molecular, and Microbial Biology Graduate Program, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812; and
| | - Celine A Beamer
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812
| | - David M Shepherd
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812
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43
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Cochez PM, Michiels C, Hendrickx E, Van Belle AB, Lemaire MM, Dauguet N, Warnier G, de Heusch M, Togbe D, Ryffel B, Coulie PG, Renauld JC, Dumoutier L. AhR modulates the IL-22-producing cell proliferation/recruitment in imiquimod-induced psoriasis mouse model. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:1449-59. [PMID: 27000947 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201546070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
IL-22 has a detrimental role in skin inflammatory processes, for example in psoriasis. As transcription factor, AhR controls the IL-22 production by several cell types (i.e. Th17 cells). Here, we analyzed the role of Ahr in IL-22 production by immune cells in the inflamed skin, using an imiquimod-induced psoriasis mouse model. Our results indicate that IL-22 is expressed in the ear of imiquimod-treated Ahr(-/-) mice but less than in wild-type mice. We then studied the role of AhR on three cell populations known to produce IL-22 in the skin: γδ T cells, Th17 cells, and ILC3, and a novel IL-22-producing cell type identified in this setting: CD4(-) CD8(-) TCRβ(+) T cells. We showed that AhR is required for IL-22 production by Th17, but not by the three other cell types, in the imiquimod-treated ears. Moreover, AhR has a role in the recruitment of γδ T cells, ILC3, and CD4(-) CD8(-) TCRβ(+) T cells into the inflamed skin or in their local proliferation. Taken together, AhR has a direct role in IL-22 production by Th17 cells in the mouse ear skin, but not by γδ T cells, CD4(-) CD8(-) TCRβ(+) T cells and ILCs.
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MESH Headings
- Aminoquinolines/adverse effects
- Animals
- Cell Proliferation
- Chemotaxis/genetics
- Chemotaxis/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Imiquimod
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Immunity, Innate/immunology
- Interleukins/biosynthesis
- Interleukins/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Psoriasis/etiology
- Psoriasis/metabolism
- Psoriasis/pathology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/deficiency
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/genetics
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/metabolism
- Interleukin-22
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Affiliation(s)
- Perrine M Cochez
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch, Belgium
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Camille Michiels
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch, Belgium
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emilie Hendrickx
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch, Belgium
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Astrid B Van Belle
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch, Belgium
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Muriel M Lemaire
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch, Belgium
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Dauguet
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guy Warnier
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch, Belgium
| | - Magali de Heusch
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch, Belgium
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dieudonnée Togbe
- INEM-UMR7355, Molecular Immunology, University of Orleans, Orleans, France
- CNRS, UMR7355 and Artimmune SAS, Orleans, France
| | - Bernhard Ryffel
- INEM-UMR7355, Molecular Immunology, University of Orleans, Orleans, France
- CNRS, UMR7355 and Artimmune SAS, Orleans, France
| | - Pierre G Coulie
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe Renauld
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch, Belgium
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laure Dumoutier
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch, Belgium
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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44
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Zhang X, Gu J, Yu FS, Zhou L, Mi QS. TGF-β1-induced transcription factor networks in Langerhans cell development and maintenance. Allergy 2016; 71:758-64. [PMID: 26948524 DOI: 10.1111/all.12871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LC) represent a specialized subset of evolutionarily conserved dendritic cells (DC) that populate stratified epithelial tissues, which are essential for the induction of skin and mucosal immunity and tolerance, including allergy. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) has been confirmed to be a predominant factor involved in LC development. Despite great advances in the understanding of LC ontogeny and diverse replenishment patterns, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. This review focuses on the recent discoveries in TGF-β1-mediated LC development and maintenance, with special attention to the involved transcription factors and related regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Zhang
- Henry Ford Immunology Program; Henry Ford Health System; Detroit MI USA
- Department of Dermatology; Henry Ford Health System; Detroit MI USA
- Department of Dermatology; Second Military Medical University Changhai Hospital; Shanghai China
| | - J. Gu
- Department of Dermatology; Second Military Medical University Changhai Hospital; Shanghai China
| | - F.-S. Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology; Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit MI USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit MI USA
| | - L. Zhou
- Henry Ford Immunology Program; Henry Ford Health System; Detroit MI USA
- Department of Dermatology; Henry Ford Health System; Detroit MI USA
- Department of Internal Medicine; Henry Ford Health System; Detroit MI USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology; Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit MI USA
| | - Q.-S. Mi
- Henry Ford Immunology Program; Henry Ford Health System; Detroit MI USA
- Department of Dermatology; Henry Ford Health System; Detroit MI USA
- Department of Internal Medicine; Henry Ford Health System; Detroit MI USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology; Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit MI USA
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45
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Brandstätter O, Schanz O, Vorac J, König J, Mori T, Maruyama T, Korkowski M, Haarmann-Stemmann T, von Smolinski D, Schultze JL, Abel J, Esser C, Takeyama H, Weighardt H, Förster I. Balancing intestinal and systemic inflammation through cell type-specific expression of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26091. [PMID: 27184933 PMCID: PMC4869119 DOI: 10.1038/srep26091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
As a sensor of polyaromatic chemicals the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) exerts an important role in immune regulation besides its requirement for xenobiotic metabolism. Transcriptional activation of AhR target genes is counterregulated by the AhR repressor (AhRR) but the exact function of the AhRR in vivo is currently unknown. We here show that the AhRR is predominantly expressed in immune cells of the skin and intestine, different from other AhR target genes. Whereas AhRR antagonizes the anti-inflammatory function of the AhR in the context of systemic endotoxin shock, AhR and AhRR act in concert to dampen intestinal inflammation. Specifically, AhRR contributes to the maintenance of colonic intraepithelial lymphocytes and prevents excessive IL-1β production and Th17/Tc17 differentiation. In contrast, the AhRR enhances IFN-γ-production by effector T cells in the inflamed gut. Our findings highlight the physiologic importance of cell-type specific balancing of AhR/AhRR expression in response to microbial, nutritional and other environmental stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Brandstätter
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany.,IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine gGmbH, Auf´m Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Oliver Schanz
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia Vorac
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany.,IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine gGmbH, Auf´m Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jessica König
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Tetsushi Mori
- Center for Advanced Biomedical Sciences (TWIns), Waseda University, 2-2, Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, 162-8480, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Maruyama
- Center for Advanced Biomedical Sciences (TWIns), Waseda University, 2-2, Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, 162-8480, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Markus Korkowski
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine gGmbH, Auf´m Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Haarmann-Stemmann
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine gGmbH, Auf´m Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dorthe von Smolinski
- Institut für Tierpathologie der FU Berlin, Robert von Ostertag Strasse 15, 14163 Berlin
| | - Joachim L Schultze
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Josef Abel
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine gGmbH, Auf´m Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Charlotte Esser
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine gGmbH, Auf´m Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Haruko Takeyama
- Center for Advanced Biomedical Sciences (TWIns), Waseda University, 2-2, Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, 162-8480, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Heike Weighardt
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany.,IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine gGmbH, Auf´m Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Irmgard Förster
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany.,IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine gGmbH, Auf´m Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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46
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Do DC, Zhao Y, Gao P. Cockroach allergen exposure and risk of asthma. Allergy 2016; 71:463-74. [PMID: 26706467 DOI: 10.1111/all.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cockroach sensitization is an important risk factor for the development of asthma. However, its underlying immune mechanisms and the genetic etiology for differences in allergic responses remain unclear. Cockroach allergens identification and their expression as biologically active recombinant proteins have provided a basis for studying the mechanisms regarding cockroach allergen-induced allergic sensitization and asthma. Glycans in allergens may play a crucial role in the immunogenicity of allergic diseases. Protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2, Toll-like receptor (TLR), and C-type lectin receptors have been suggested to be important for the penetration of cockroach allergens through epithelial cells to mediate allergen uptake, dendritic cell maturation, antigen-presenting cell (APC) function in T-cell polarization, and cytokine production. Environmental pollutants, which often coexist with the allergen, could synergistically elicit allergic inflammation, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation and signaling may serve as a link between these two elements. Genetic factors may also play an important role in conferring the susceptibility to cockroach sensitization. Several genes have been associated with cockroach sensitization and asthma-related phenotypes. In this review, we will discuss the epidemiological evidence for cockroach allergen-induced asthma, cockroach allergens, the mechanisms regarding cockroach allergen-induced innate immune responses, and the genetic basis for cockroach sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. C. Do
- Division Allergy and Clinical Immunology; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore MD USA
| | - Y. Zhao
- Division Allergy and Clinical Immunology; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore MD USA
| | - P. Gao
- Division Allergy and Clinical Immunology; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore MD USA
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47
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Zhou L. AHR Function in Lymphocytes: Emerging Concepts. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:17-31. [PMID: 26700314 PMCID: PMC4707131 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is an important regulator of the development and function of both innate and adaptive immune cells through roles associated with AHR's ability to respond to cellular and dietary ligands. Recent findings have revealed tissue and context-specific functions for AHR in both homeostasis and in during an immune response. I review these findings here, and integrate them into the current understanding of the mechanisms that regulate AHR transcription and function. I propose a conceptual framework in which AHR function is determined by three factors: the amount of AHR in any given cell, the abundance and potency of AHR ligands within certain tissues, and the tissue microenvironment wherein AHR(+) cells reside. This complexity emphasizes the necessity cell-type specific genetic approaches towards the study of AHR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
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48
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Park JH, Choi AJ, Kim SJ, Jeong SY. 3,3'-Diindolylmethane Inhibits Flt3L/GM-CSF-induced-bone Marrow-derived CD103(+) Dendritic Cell Differentiation Regulating Phosphorylation of STAT3 and STAT5. Immune Netw 2015; 15:278-90. [PMID: 26770182 PMCID: PMC4700404 DOI: 10.4110/in.2015.15.6.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal immune system maintains oral tolerance to harmless antigens or nutrients. One mechanism of oral tolerance is mediated by regulatory T cell (Treg)s, of which differentiation is regulated by a subset of dendritic cell (DC)s, primarily CD103+ DCs. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a ligand-activated transcription factor, plays an important role in regulating immunity. The intestines are exposed to various AhR ligands, including endogenous metabolites and phytochemicals. It was previously reported that AhR activation induced tolerogenic DCs in mice or in cultures of bone marrow-derived DCs. However, given the variety of tolerogenic DCs, which type of tolerogenic DCs is regulated by AhR remains unknown. In this study, we found that AhR ligand 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) inhibited the development of CD103+ DCs from mouse bone marrow cells stimulated with Flt3L and GM-CSF. DIM interfered with phosphorylation of STAT3 and STAT5 inhibiting the expression of genes, including Id2, E2-2, IDO-1, and Aldh1a2, which are associated with DC differentiation and functions. Finally, DIM suppressed the ability of CD103+ DCs to induce Foxp3+ Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Hung Park
- Department of Biology, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Korea
| | - Ah-Jeong Choi
- Department of Biology, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Korea
| | - Soo-Ji Kim
- Department of Biology, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Korea
| | - So-Yeon Jeong
- Department of Biology, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Korea
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Salazar F, Hall L, Negm OH, Awuah D, Tighe PJ, Shakib F, Ghaemmaghami AM. The mannose receptor negatively modulates the Toll-like receptor 4-aryl hydrocarbon receptor-indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase axis in dendritic cells affecting T helper cell polarization. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 137:1841-1851.e2. [PMID: 26703454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cells (DCs) are key players in the induction and re-elicitation of TH2 responses to allergens. We have previously shown that different C-type lectin receptors on DCs play a major role in allergen recognition and uptake. In particular, mannose receptor (MR), through modulation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 signaling, can regulate indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) activity, favoring TH2 responses. Interestingly, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a ligand-dependent transcription factor with an emerging role in immune modulation, has been implicated in IDO activation in response to TLR stimulation. OBJECTIVE Here we investigated how allergens and lectins modulate the TLR4-AhR-IDO axis in human monocyte-derived DCs. METHODS Using a combination of genomics, proteomics, and immunologic studies, we investigated the role of MR and AhR in IDO regulation and its effect on T helper cell differentiation. RESULTS We have demonstrated that LPS induces both IDO isoforms (IDO1 and IDO2) in DCs, with partial involvement of AhR. Additionally, we found that, like mannan, different airborne allergens can effectively downregulate TLR4-induced IDO1 and IDO2 expression, most likely through binding to the MR. Mannose-based ligands were also able to downregulate IL-12p70 production by DCs, affecting T helper cell polarization. Interestingly, AhR and some components of the noncanonical nuclear factor κB pathway were shown to be downregulated after MR engagement, which could explain the regulatory effects of MR on IDO expression. CONCLUSION Our work demonstrates a key role for MR in the modulation of the TLR4-AhR-IDO axis, which has a significant effect on DC behavior and the development of immune responses against allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabián Salazar
- Division of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence Hall
- Division of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ola H Negm
- Division of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Dennis Awuah
- Division of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick J Tighe
- Division of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Farouk Shakib
- Division of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Amir M Ghaemmaghami
- Division of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
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Elentner A, Ortner D, Clausen B, Gonzalez FJ, Fernández-Salguero PM, Schmuth M, Dubrac S. Skin response to a carcinogen involves the xenobiotic receptor pregnane X receptor. Exp Dermatol 2015; 24:835-40. [PMID: 26013842 PMCID: PMC6334296 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Skin is in daily contact with potentially harmful molecules from the environment such as cigarette smoke, automobile emissions, industrial soot and groundwater. Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a transcription factor expressed in liver and intestine that is activated by xenobiotic chemicals including drugs and environmental pollutants. Topical application of the tumor initiator 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) enhances Pxr, Cyp1a1, Cyp1b1 and Cyp3a11, but not Ahr expression in the skin. Surprisingly, DMBA-induced Pxr upregulation is largely impaired in Langerin(+) cell-depleted skin, suggesting that DMBA mainly triggers Pxr in Langerin(+) cells. Furthermore, PXR deficiency protects from DNA damage in epidermal cells but to a lesser extent than aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) deficiency. Interestingly, skin exposure to low doses of DMBA induces migration of PXR-deficient but not of wild-type and AHR-deficient Langerhans cells (LCs). PXR-humanized mice show a marked increase in DNA damage to epidermal cells after topical application of DMBA, demonstrating relevance of these findings in human tissue. This is the first report suggesting that carcinogens might trigger PXR in epidermal cells, particularly in LCs, thus leading to DNA damage. Further studies are required to better delineate the role of PXR in cutaneous carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Elentner
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Ortner
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Björn Clausen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes, Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pedro M. Fernández-Salguero
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetic, Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Matthias Schmuth
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sandrine Dubrac
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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