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Gaud G, Achar S, Bourassa FXP, Davies J, Hatzihristidis T, Choi S, Kondo T, Gossa S, Lee J, Juneau P, Taylor N, Hinrichs CS, McGavern DB, François P, Altan-Bonnet G, Love PE. CD3ζ ITAMs enable ligand discrimination and antagonism by inhibiting TCR signaling in response to low-affinity peptides. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:2121-2134. [PMID: 37945821 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01663-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The T cell antigen receptor (TCR) contains ten immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) signaling sequences distributed within six CD3 subunits; however, the reason for such structural complexity and multiplicity is unclear. Here we evaluated the effect of inactivating the three CD3ζ chain ITAMs on TCR signaling and T cell effector responses using a conditional 'switch' mouse model. Unexpectedly, we found that T cells expressing TCRs containing inactivated (non-signaling) CD3ζ ITAMs (6F-CD3ζ) exhibited reduced ability to discriminate between low- and high-affinity ligands, resulting in enhanced signaling and cytokine responses to low-affinity ligands because of a previously undetected inhibitory function of CD3ζ ITAMs. Also, 6F-CD3ζ TCRs were refractory to antagonism, as predicted by a new in silico adaptive kinetic proofreading model that revises the role of ITAM multiplicity in TCR signaling. Finally, T cells expressing 6F-CD3ζ displayed enhanced cytolytic activity against solid tumors expressing low-affinity ligands, identifying a new counterintuitive approach to TCR-mediated cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Gaud
- Hematopoiesis and Lymphocyte Biology Section, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sooraj Achar
- Immunodynamics Section, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - François X P Bourassa
- Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Physics, McGill University, Montréal QC, Canada
| | - John Davies
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Teri Hatzihristidis
- Hematopoiesis and Lymphocyte Biology Section, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Seeyoung Choi
- Hematopoiesis and Lymphocyte Biology Section, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Taisuke Kondo
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Selamawit Gossa
- Viral Immunology & Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jan Lee
- Hematopoiesis and Lymphocyte Biology Section, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul Juneau
- National Institutes of Health Library, Office of Research Services, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Naomi Taylor
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christian S Hinrichs
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Duncan and Nancy MacMillan Cancer Immunology and Metabolism Center of Excellence, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Dorian B McGavern
- Viral Immunology & Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul François
- Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Mila Québec, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Grégoire Altan-Bonnet
- Immunodynamics Section, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul E Love
- Hematopoiesis and Lymphocyte Biology Section, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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2
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Chen Y, Liu Z, Liu F, Xu L, Li G, Qiao W, Wang Y, Dong N. T cell specific deletion of IRF4 with Ox40-Cre impairs effector and memory T cell responses in heart transplantation. Clin Immunol 2023; 252:109647. [PMID: 37211291 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IRF4 is the pioneer factor for effector T cell maturation. Here we investigated the function of IRF4 in maintaining OX40-related T cell responses following alloantigen activation in a mouse heart transplantation model. METHODS Irf4flox/flox mice were bred with Ox40cre/+ mice to generate Irf4flox/floxOx40cre/+ mice. Wild type C57BL/6, Irf4flox/floxOx40cre/+ mice were transplanted with BALB/c heart allografts, with or without BALB/c skin-sensitization. CD4+ TEa T cells co-transfer experiments and flow cytometric analysis were conducted to investigate the amount of CD4+ T cells and the percentage of the T effector subset. RESULTS Irf4flox/floxOx40cre/+ and Irf4flox/floxOx40cre/+ TEa mice were constructed successfully. IRF4 ablation in activated OX40-mediated alloantigen specific CD4+ TEa T cells reduced effector T cell differentiation (CD44hiCD62Llo, Ki67, IFN-γ), which caused long-term allograft survival (> 100 d) in the chronic rejection model. In the donor skin-sensitized heart transplantation model, the formation and function of alloantigen-specific memory CD4+ TEa cells were also impaired in Irf4flox/floxOx40cre/+ mice. Additionally, deletion of IRF4 after T cell activation in Irf4flox/floxOx40cre/+ mice reduced T cell reactivation in vitro. CONCLUSIONS IRF4 ablation after OX40-related T cell activation could reduce effector and memory T cell formation and inhibit their function in response to alloantigen stimulation. These findings could have significant implications in targeting activated T cells to induce transplant tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zongtao Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical college, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430014, Hubei, China
| | - Fayuan Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Geng Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weihua Qiao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yixuan Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China.
| | - Nianguo Dong
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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3
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Bosselut R. Genetic Strategies to Study T Cell Development. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2580:117-130. [PMID: 36374453 PMCID: PMC10803070 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2740-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Genetics approaches have been instrumental to deciphering T cell development in the thymus, including gene disruption by homologous recombination and more recently Crispr-based gene editing and transgenic gene expression, especially of specific T cell antigen receptors (TCR). This brief chapter describes commonly used tools and strategies to modify the genome of thymocytes, including mouse strains with lineage- and stage-specific expression of the Cre recombinase used for conditional allele inactivation or expressing unique antigen receptor specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Bosselut
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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4
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Hofland T, Danelli L, Cornish G, Donnarumma T, Hunt DM, de Carvalho LPS, Kassiotis G. CD4 + T cell memory is impaired by species-specific cytotoxic differentiation, but not by TCF-1 loss. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1168125. [PMID: 37122720 PMCID: PMC10140371 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1168125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are typically considered as 'helper' or 'regulatory' populations that support and orchestrate the responses of other lymphocytes. However, they can also develop potent granzyme (Gzm)-mediated cytotoxic activity and CD4+ cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) have been amply documented both in humans and in mice, particularly in the context of human chronic infection and cancer. Despite the established description of CD4+ CTLs, as well as of the critical cytotoxic activity they exert against MHC class II-expressing targets, their developmental and memory maintenance requirements remain elusive. This is at least in part owing to the lack of a murine experimental system where CD4+ CTLs are stably induced. Here, we show that viral and bacterial vectors encoding the same epitope induce distinct CD4+ CTL responses in challenged mice, all of which are nevertheless transient in nature and lack recall properties. Consistent with prior reports, CD4+ CTL differentiation is accompanied by loss of TCF-1 expression, a transcription factor considered essential for memory T cell survival. Using genetic ablation of Tcf7, which encodes TCF-1, at the time of CD4+ T cell activation, we further show that, contrary to observations in CD8+ T cells, continued expression of TCF-1 is not required for CD4+ T cell memory survival. Whilst Tcf7-deficient CD4+ T cells persisted normally following retroviral infection, the CD4+ CTL subset still declined, precluding conclusive determination of the requirement for TCF-1 for murine CD4+ CTL survival. Using xenotransplantation of human CD4+ T cells into murine recipients, we demonstrate that human CD4+ CTLs develop and persist in the same experimental conditions where murine CD4+ CTLs fail to persist. These observations uncover a species-specific defect in murine CD4+ CTL persistence with implications for their use as a model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Hofland
- Retroviral Immunology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Danelli
- Retroviral Immunology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina Cornish
- Retroviral Immunology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tiziano Donnarumma
- Retroviral Immunology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah M. Hunt
- Mycobacterial Metabolism and Antibiotic Research Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luiz P. S. de Carvalho
- Mycobacterial Metabolism and Antibiotic Research Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - George Kassiotis
- Retroviral Immunology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: George Kassiotis,
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5
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Gao Y, Zamisch M, Vacchio M, Chopp L, Ciucci T, Paine EL, Lyons GC, Nie J, Xiao Q, Zvezdova E, Love PE, Vinson CR, Jenkins LM, Bosselut R. NuRD complex recruitment to Thpok mediates CD4 + T cell lineage differentiation. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabn5917. [PMID: 35687698 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abn5917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although BTB-zinc finger (BTB-ZF) transcription factors control the differentiation of multiple hematopoietic and immune lineages, how they function is poorly understood. The BTB-ZF factor Thpok controls intrathymic CD4+ T cell development and the expression of most CD4+ and CD8+ lineage genes. Here, we identify the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) complex as a critical Thpok cofactor. Using mass spectrometry and coimmunoprecipitation in primary T cells, we show that Thpok binds NuRD components independently of DNA association. We locate three amino acid residues within the Thpok BTB domain that are required for both NuRD binding and Thpok functions. Conversely, a chimeric protein merging the NuRD component Mta2 to a BTB-less version of Thpok supports CD4+ T cell development, indicating that NuRD recruitment recapitulates the functions of the Thpok BTB domain. We found that NuRD mediates Thpok repression of CD8+ lineage genes, including the transcription factor Runx3, but is dispensable for Cd4 expression. We show that these functions cannot be performed by the BTB domain of the Thpok-related factor Bcl6, which fails to bind NuRD. Thus, cofactor binding critically contributes to the functional specificity of BTB-ZF factors, which control the differentiation of most hematopoietic subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayi Gao
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Monica Zamisch
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Melanie Vacchio
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laura Chopp
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thomas Ciucci
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elliott L Paine
- Collaborative Protein Technology Resource, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gaelyn C Lyons
- Collaborative Protein Technology Resource, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jia Nie
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Qi Xiao
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ekaterina Zvezdova
- Section on Hematopoiesis and Lymphocyte Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul E Love
- Section on Hematopoiesis and Lymphocyte Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Charles R Vinson
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lisa M Jenkins
- Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rémy Bosselut
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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6
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Abstract
A high diversity of αβ T cell receptors (TCRs), capable of recognizing virtually any pathogen but also self-antigens, is generated during T cell development in the thymus. Nevertheless, a strict developmental program supports the selection of a self-tolerant T cell repertoire capable of responding to foreign antigens. The steps of T cell selection are controlled by cortical and medullary stromal niches, mainly composed of thymic epithelial cells and dendritic cells. The integration of important cues provided by these specialized niches, including (a) the TCR signal strength induced by the recognition of self-peptide-MHC complexes, (b) costimulatory signals, and (c) cytokine signals, critically controls T cell repertoire selection. This review discusses our current understanding of the signals that coordinate positive selection, negative selection, and agonist selection of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. It also highlights recent advances that have unraveled the functional diversity of thymic antigen-presenting cell subsets implicated in T cell selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Irla
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), CNRS, INSERM, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France;
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7
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Tang M, Jia F, Nan F, Zuo F, Yuan Z, Zhang D. Role of Cytokines in Thymic Regulatory T Cell Generation: Overview and Updates. Front Immunol 2022; 13:883560. [PMID: 35432378 PMCID: PMC9008509 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.883560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Regulatory (Treg) T cells are mainly generated within the thymus. However, the mechanism of thymic Treg cell (tTreg cell) generation remains to be fully revealed. Although the functions of TCR/CD28 co-stimulation have been widely accepted, the functions of cytokines in the generation of tTreg cells remain highly controversial. In this review, we summarize the existing studies on cytokine regulation of tTreg cell generation. By integrating the key findings of cytokines in tTreg cell generation, we have concluded that four members of γc family cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-7 and IL-15), transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), and three members of TNF superfamily cytokines (GITRL, OX40L and TNF-α) play vitally important roles in regulating tTreg cell generation. We also point out all disputed points and highlight critical scientific questions that need to be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Tang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fuya Jia
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Nan
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fengqiong Zuo
- Department of Immunology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dunfang Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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8
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Ciucci T, Vacchio MS, Chen T, Nie J, Chopp LB, McGavern DB, Kelly MC, Bosselut R. Dependence on Bcl6 and Blimp1 drive distinct differentiation of murine memory and follicular helper CD4+ T cells. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20202343. [PMID: 34792530 PMCID: PMC8605495 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20202343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During the immune response, CD4+ T cells differentiate into distinct effector subtypes, including follicular helper T (Tfh) cells that help B cells, and into memory cells. Tfh and memory cells are required for long-term immunity; both depend on the transcription factor Bcl6, raising the question whether they differentiate through similar mechanisms. Here, using single-cell RNA and ATAC sequencing, we show that virus-responding CD4+ T cells lacking both Bcl6 and Blimp1 can differentiate into cells with transcriptomic, chromatin accessibility, and functional attributes of memory cells but not of Tfh cells. Thus, Bcl6 promotes memory cell differentiation primarily through its repression of Blimp1. These findings demonstrate that distinct mechanisms underpin the differentiation of memory and Tfh CD4+ cells and define the Bcl6-Blimp1 axis as a potential target for promoting long-term memory T cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ciucci
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Melanie S. Vacchio
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ting Chen
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jia Nie
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Laura B. Chopp
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Dorian B. McGavern
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Michael C. Kelly
- Single Cell Analysis Facility, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Bethesda, MD
| | - Rémy Bosselut
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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9
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Yang L, Chen W, Li L, Xiao Y, Fan S, Zhang Q, Xia T, Li M, Hong Y, Zhao T, Li Q, Liu WH, Xiao N. Ddb1 Is Essential for the Expansion of CD4 + Helper T Cells by Regulating Cell Cycle Progression and Cell Death. Front Immunol 2021; 12:722273. [PMID: 34526995 PMCID: PMC8435776 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.722273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper T (TFH) cells are specialized CD4+ helper T cells that provide help to B cells in humoral immunity. However, the molecular mechanism underlying generation of TFH cells is incompletely understood. Here, we reported that Damage-specific DNA binding protein 1 (Ddb1) was required for expansion of CD4+ helper T cells including TFH and Th1 cells, germinal center response, and antibody response to acute viral infection. Ddb1 deficiency in activated CD4+ T cells resulted in cell cycle arrest at G2-M phase and increased cell death, due to accumulation of DNA damage and hyperactivation of ATM/ATR-Chk1 signaling. Moreover, mice with deletion of both Cul4a and Cul4b in activated CD4+ T cells phenocopied Ddb1-deficient mice, suggesting that E3 ligase-dependent function of Ddb1 was crucial for genome maintenance and helper T-cell generation. Therefore, our results indicate that Ddb1 is an essential positive regulator in the expansion of CD4+ helper T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingtao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yueyue Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shilin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Tian Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Mengjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yazhen Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Tongjin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qiyuan Li
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wen-Hsien Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Nengming Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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10
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Huang Z, Kang SG, Li Y, Zak J, Shaabani N, Deng K, Shepherd J, Bhargava R, Teijaro JR, Xiao C. IFNAR1 signaling in NK cells promotes persistent virus infection. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/13/eabb8087. [PMID: 33771858 PMCID: PMC7997497 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb8087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of type 1 interferon (IFN-I) signaling promotes the control of persistent virus infection, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we report that genetic ablation of Ifnar1 specifically in natural killer (NK) cells led to elevated numbers of T follicular helper cells, germinal center B cells, and plasma cells and improved antiviral T cell function, resulting in hastened virus clearance that was comparable to IFNAR1 neutralizing antibody treatment. Antigen-specific B cells and antiviral antibodies were essential for the accelerated control of LCMV Cl13 infection following IFNAR1 blockade. IFNAR1 signaling in NK cells promoted NK cell function and general killing of antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells. Therefore, inhibition of IFN-I signaling in NK cells enhances CD4 and CD8 T cell responses, promotes humoral immune responses, and thereby facilitates the control of persistent virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Huang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Seung Goo Kang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Molecular Bioscience/Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunqiao Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jaroslav Zak
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Namir Shaabani
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kaiyuan Deng
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 30071, China
| | - Jovan Shepherd
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Raag Bhargava
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John R Teijaro
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Changchun Xiao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Moreno-Eutimio MA, Martínez-Alemán CE, Aranda-Uribe IS, Aquino-Jarquin G, Cabello-Gutierrez C, Fragoso JM, Barbosa-Cobos RE, Saavedra MA, Ramírez-Bello J. TNFSF4 is a risk factor to systemic lupus erythematosus in a Latin American population. Clin Rheumatol 2020; 40:929-939. [PMID: 32809147 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-020-05332-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the association of three TNFSF4 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) susceptibility in Mexican patients. METHODS Genotypes of the TNFSF4 rs1234315T/C, rs2205960G/T, and rs704840T/G SNVs were determined using a TaqMan assay. In our study, we included 395 patients with SLE and 500 controls. RESULTS Our information shows a significant difference in the allelic and genotypic frequency of the three TNFSF4 SNVs between cases and controls. Thus, our data showed an association between TNFSF4 rs1234315T/C (T vs. C, OR 1.40, p = 0.00087), rs2205960G/T (G vs. T, OR 1.32, p = 0.0037), and rs704840T/G (T vs. G, OR 1.41, p = 0.0003) and SLE susceptibility in Mexican subjects. Besides, we conducted a meta-analysis to determine the role of TNFSF4 rs2205960G/T and SLE susceptibility; our results showed that this variant is a risk factor for SLE in Latin Americans and Asians. CONCLUSION Our results show that TNFSF4 rs1234315T/C, rs2205960G/T, and rs704840T/G are risk factors to SLE in Mexicans. This is the first study to document an association between TNFSF4 rs704840T/G and SLE in a Latin American population. In addition, our meta-analysis showed that TNFSF4 rs2205960G/T is a risk factor for Asians and Latin Americans. Key Point • The TNFSF4 rs1234315T/C, rs2205960G/T, and rs704849T/G SNVs are risk factors to SLE in patients from Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Guillermo Aquino-Jarquin
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Genómica, Genética y Bioinformática, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Cabello-Gutierrez
- Departamento de Investigación en Virología y Micología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Fragoso
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Mexico City, Mexico
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12
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Regulating T-cell differentiation through the polyamine spermidine. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 147:335-348.e11. [PMID: 32407834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cross-talk between the host and its microbiota plays a key role in the promotion of health. The production of metabolites such as polyamines by intestinal-resident bacteria is part of this symbiosis shaping host immunity. The polyamines putrescine, spermine, and spermidine are abundant within the gastrointestinal tract and might substantially contribute to gut immunity. OBJECTIVE We aimed to characterize the polyamine spermidine as a modulator of T-cell differentiation and function. METHODS Naive T cells were isolated from wild-type mice or cord blood from healthy donors and submitted to polarizing cytokines, with and without spermidine treatment, to evaluate CD4+ T-cell differentiation in vitro. Moreover, mice were subjected to oral supplementation of spermidine, or its precursor l-arginine, to assess the frequency and total numbers of regulatory T (Treg) cells in vivo. RESULTS Spermidine modulates CD4+ T-cell differentiation in vitro, preferentially committing naive T cells to a regulatory phenotype. After spermidine treatment, activated T cells lacking the autophagy gene Atg5 fail to upregulate Foxp3 to the same extent as wild-type cells. These results indicate that spermidine's polarizing effect requires an intact autophagic machinery. Furthermore, dietary supplementation with spermidine promotes homeostatic differentiation of Treg cells within the gut and reduces pathology in a model of T-cell transfer-induced colitis. CONCLUSION Altogether, our results highlight the beneficial effects of spermidine, or l-arginine, on gut immunity by promoting Treg cell development.
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13
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Robins E, Zheng M, Ni Q, Liu S, Liang C, Zhang B, Guo J, Zhuang Y, He YW, Zhu P, Wan Y, Li QJ. Conversion of effector CD4 + T cells to a CD8 + MHC II-recognizing lineage. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 18:150-161. [PMID: 32066854 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0347-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are dichotomous lineages in adaptive immunity. While conventionally viewed as distinct fates that are fixed after thymic development, accumulating evidence indicates that these two populations can exhibit significant lineage plasticity, particularly upon TCR-mediated activation. We define a novel CD4-CD8αβ+ MHC II-recognizing population generated by lineage conversion from effector CD4+ T cells. CD4-CD8αβ+ effector T cells downregulated the expression of T helper cell-associated costimulatory molecules and increased the expression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated cytotoxic molecules. This shift in functional potential corresponded with a CD8+-lineage skewed transcriptional profile. TCRβ repertoire sequencing and in vivo genetic lineage tracing in acutely infected wild-type mice demonstrated that CD4-CD8αβ+ effector T cells arise from fundamental lineage reprogramming of bona fide effector CD4+ T cells. Impairing autophagy via functional deletion of the initiating kinase Vps34 or the downstream enzyme Atg7 enhanced the generation of this cell population. These findings suggest that effector CD4+ T cells can exhibit a previously unreported degree of skewing towards the CD8+ T cell lineage, which may point towards a novel direction for HIV vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Robins
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ming Zheng
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qingshan Ni
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Siqi Liu
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Chen Liang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Baojun Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Jian Guo
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - You-Wen He
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Ping Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying Wan
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi-Jing Li
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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14
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Zhu K, He C, Liu SQ, Qu M, Xie T, Yang X, Lei L, Zhou X, Shi L, Zhang D, Cheng Y, Sun Y, Zheng H, Shen X, Li Q, Jiang N, Zhang B. Lineage Tracking the Generation of T Regulatory Cells From Microbial Activated T Effector Cells in Naïve Mice. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3109. [PMID: 32010147 PMCID: PMC6978744 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential for the maintenance of gut homeostasis by suppressing conventional CD4+ helper T cells (Tconvs) that are activated by microbial antigens. Although thymus is the major source of the peripheral Tregs, peripheral conversion from Tconvs to Tregs have also been shown to occur under various experimental conditions. It remains less clear about the frequency of lineage conversion from Tconvs to Tregs in naïve animals. Here we used a newly established reporter system to track a group of post expansion Tregs (eTregs), which exhibited a stronger suppressive ability than the non-lineage marked Tregs. Notably, microbial antigens are the primary driver for the formation of eTregs. TCR repertoire analysis of Peyer's patch T cells revealed that eTregs are clonally related to Tconvs, but not to the non-lineage tracked Tregs. Adoptive transfer of Tconvs into lymphopenic hosts demonstrated a conversion from Tconvs to eTregs. Thus, our lineage tracking method was able to capture the lineage conversion from microbial activated effector T cells to Tregs in naïve animals. This study suggests that a fraction of clonally activated T cells from the natural T cell repertoire exhibits lineage conversion to Tregs in response to commensal microbes under homeostatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhu
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chenfeng He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Si-Qi Liu
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Mingjuan Qu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States.,College of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Tao Xie
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin Shi
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanbin Cheng
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yae Sun
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Huiqiang Zheng
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaonan Shen
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qijing Li
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Ning Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States.,Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Baojun Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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15
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Parikova A, Hruba P, Krediet RT, Krejcik Z, Stranecky V, Striz I, Viklicky O. Long-term peritoneal dialysis treatment provokes activation of genes related to adaptive immunity. Physiol Res 2019; 68:775-783. [PMID: 31424258 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Permanent irritation of the peritoneum during peritoneal dialysis (PD) treatment leads to local chronic inflammation and subsequently activation of processes driving fibrogenesis in the long-term. The aim of the study was to compare the peritoneal effluent transcriptome of 20 patients treated less and 13 patients treated more than 2 years using microarray analysis. An increased expression of genes associated with an immune response was observed in long-term treated patients with well preserved peritoneal function, when compared to patients treated less than 2 years. From 100 genes highly expressed in long-term patients, a significant up-regulation of six was found by RT-qPCR: LY9 (lymphocyte antigen 9), TNSFR4 (tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 4), CD 79A (CD79a molecule), CCR7 (chemokine C-C receptor 7), CEACAM1 (carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1) and IL2RA (interleukin 2 receptor alpha chain). Furthermore, the effluent cell population was analysed. A positive relationship between the number of granulocytes and NK cells on one hand, and duration of PD treatment on the other, was shown. We conclude, that the mechanisms of adaptive immunity promoting T helper 2 cells response are activated in the long-term before functional alterations develop. It consequently might trigger the fibrosis promoting processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Parikova
- Department of Nephrology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic.
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16
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Vacchio MS, Ciucci T, Gao Y, Watanabe M, Balmaceno-Criss M, McGinty MT, Huang A, Xiao Q, McConkey C, Zhao Y, Shetty J, Tran B, Pepper M, Vahedi G, Jenkins MK, McGavern DB, Bosselut R. A Thpok-Directed Transcriptional Circuitry Promotes Bcl6 and Maf Expression to Orchestrate T Follicular Helper Differentiation. Immunity 2019; 51:465-478.e6. [PMID: 31422869 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The generation of high-affinity neutralizing antibodies, the objective of most vaccine strategies, occurs in B cells within germinal centers (GCs) and requires rate-limiting "help" from follicular helper CD4+ T (Tfh) cells. Although Tfh differentiation is an attribute of MHC II-restricted CD4+ T cells, the transcription factors driving Tfh differentiation, notably Bcl6, are not restricted to CD4+ T cells. Here, we identified a requirement for the CD4+-specific transcription factor Thpok during Tfh cell differentiation, GC formation, and antibody maturation. Thpok promoted Bcl6 expression and bound to a Thpok-responsive region in the first intron of Bcl6. Thpok also promoted the expression of Bcl6-independent genes, including the transcription factor Maf, which cooperated with Bcl6 to mediate the effect of Thpok on Tfh cell differentiation. Our findings identify a transcriptional program that links the CD4+ lineage with Tfh differentiation, a limiting factor for efficient B cell responses, and suggest avenues to optimize vaccine generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie S Vacchio
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Ciucci
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yayi Gao
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Masashi Watanabe
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mariah Balmaceno-Criss
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mitchell T McGinty
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Allan Huang
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Qi Xiao
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cameron McConkey
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yongmei Zhao
- Center for Cancer Research Sequencing Facility, Advanced Technology Research Facility, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jyoti Shetty
- Center for Cancer Research Sequencing Facility, Advanced Technology Research Facility, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bao Tran
- Center for Cancer Research Sequencing Facility, Advanced Technology Research Facility, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marion Pepper
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Golnaz Vahedi
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marc K Jenkins
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Dorian B McGavern
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rémy Bosselut
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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17
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18
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Mouse Cre-LoxP system: general principles to determine tissue-specific roles of target genes. Lab Anim Res 2018; 34:147-159. [PMID: 30671100 PMCID: PMC6333611 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2018.34.4.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically engineered mouse models are commonly preferred for studying the human disease due to genetic and pathophysiological similarities between mice and humans. In particular, Cre-loxP system is widely used as an integral experimental tool for generating the conditional. This system has enabled researchers to investigate genes of interest in a tissue/cell (spatial control) and/or time (temporal control) specific manner. A various tissue-specific Cre-driver mouse lines have been generated to date, and new Cre lines are still being developed. This review provides a brief overview of Cre-loxP system and a few commonly used promoters for expression of tissue-specific Cre recombinase. Also, we finally introduce some available links to the Web sites that provides detailed information about Cre mouse lines including their characterization.
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19
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HHV-6B infection, T-cell reconstitution, and graft-vs-host disease after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2018; 53:1508-1517. [PMID: 29795424 DOI: 10.1038/s41409-018-0225-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Successful and sustained CD4+ T-cell reconstitution is associated with increased survival after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), but opportunistic infections may adversely affect the time and extent of immune reconstitution. Human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) efficiently infects CD4+ T cells and utilizes as a receptor CD134 (OX40), a member of the TNF superfamily that antagonizes regulatory T-cell (Treg) activity. Reactivation of HHV-6B has been associated with aberrant immune reconstitution and acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) after HCT. Given that Treg counts are negatively correlated with aGVHD severity, we postulate that one mechanism for the poor CD4+ T-cell reconstitution observed shortly after transplant may be HHV-6B infection and depletion of peripheral (extra-thymic) CD4+ T cells, including a subpopulation of Treg cells. In turn, this may trigger a series of adverse events resulting in poor clinical outcomes such as severe aGVHD. In addition, recent evidence has linked HHV-6B reactivation with aberrant CD4+ T-cell reconstitution late after transplantation, which may be mediated by a different mechanism, possibly related to central (thymic) suppression of T-cell reconstitution. These observations suggest that aggressive management of HHV-6B reactivation in transplant patients may facilitate CD4+ T-cell reconstitution and improve the quality of life and survival of HCT patients.
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20
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A STAT3-dependent transcriptional circuitry inhibits cytotoxic gene expression in T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:13236-13241. [PMID: 29180433 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1711160114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are preprogrammed for cytotoxic differentiation in the thymus as they acquire expression of the transcription factor Runx3. However, a subset of effector CD8+ T cells (Tc17) produce IL-17 and fail to express cytotoxic genes. Here, we show that the transcription factors directing IL-17 production, STAT3 and RORγt, inhibit cytotoxicity despite persistent Runx3 expression. Cytotoxic gene repression did not require the transcription factor Thpok, which in CD4+ T cells restrains Runx3 functions and cytotoxicity; and STAT3 restrained cytotoxic gene expression in CD8+ T cells responding to viral infection in vivo. STAT3-induced RORγt represses cytotoxic genes by inhibiting the functions but not the expression of the "cytotoxic" transcription factors T-bet and Eomesodermin. Thus, the transcriptional circuitry directing IL-17 expression inhibits cytotoxic functions. However, by allowing expression of activators of the cytotoxic program, this inhibitory mechanism contributes to the instability of IL-17-producing T cells.
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21
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Donnarumma T, Young GR, Merkenschlager J, Eksmond U, Bongard N, Nutt SL, Boyer C, Dittmer U, Le-Trilling VTK, Trilling M, Bayer W, Kassiotis G. Opposing Development of Cytotoxic and Follicular Helper CD4 T Cells Controlled by the TCF-1-Bcl6 Nexus. Cell Rep 2017; 17:1571-1583. [PMID: 27806296 PMCID: PMC5149578 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells develop distinct and often contrasting helper, regulatory, or cytotoxic activities. Typically a property of CD8+ T cells, granzyme-mediated cytotoxic T cell (CTL) potential is also exerted by CD4+ T cells. However, the conditions that induce CD4+ CTLs are not entirely understood. Using single-cell transcriptional profiling, we uncover a unique signature of Granzyme B (GzmB)+ CD4+ CTLs, which distinguishes them from other CD4+ T helper (Th) cells, including Th1 cells, and strongly contrasts with the follicular helper T (Tfh) cell signature. The balance between CD4+ CTL and Tfh differentiation heavily depends on the class of infecting virus and is jointly regulated by the Tfh-related transcription factors Bcl6 and Tcf7 (encoding TCF-1) and by the expression of the inhibitory receptors PD-1 and LAG3. This unique profile of CD4+ CTLs offers targets for their study, and its antagonism by the Tfh program separates CD4+ T cells with either helper or killer functions. Adenoviruses prime CD4 T cells with CTL potential, but retroviruses do not CD4 CTLs are transcriptionally distinguishable from other Th cells The CD4 CTL program is the direct opposite of the Tfh program CD4 CTLs are restrained by the TCF-1-Bcl6 nexus and by PD-1 and LAG3
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziano Donnarumma
- Retroviral Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - George R Young
- Retroviral Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Retrovirus-Host Interactions, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Julia Merkenschlager
- Retroviral Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Urszula Eksmond
- Retroviral Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Nadine Bongard
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Stephen L Nutt
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Claude Boyer
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, UM2, Marseille 13288, France
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | | | - Mirko Trilling
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Wibke Bayer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - George Kassiotis
- Retroviral Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.
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22
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Tuncel J, Haag S, Holmdahl R. MHC class II alleles associated with Th1 rather than Th17 type immunity drive the onset of early arthritis in a rat model of rheumatoid arthritis. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:563-574. [PMID: 28012172 PMCID: PMC7163699 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in the MHC class II (MHCII) genes are strongly associated with rheumatoid arthritis, supporting the importance of autoreactive T helper (Th) cells for the development of this disease. Here, we used pristane-induced arthritis (PIA), induced by the non-antigenic hydrocarbon pristane, to study the impact of different MHCII alleles on T-cell activation and differentiation. In MHCII-congenic rats with disease-promoting MHCII alleles, pristane primarily induced activation of Th1 cells, whereas activated T cells were Th17 biased in rats with protective MHCII alleles. Neutralization of IFN-γ during T-cell activation abrogated the development of disease, suggesting that Th1 immunity is important for disease induction. Neutralization of IL-17, by contrast, suppressed arthritis only when performed in rats with established disease. Adoptive T-cell transfers showed that T cells acquired arthritogenic capacity earlier in strains with a prevailing Th1 response. Moreover, upon pristane injection, these strains exhibited more Ag-primed OX40+ and proliferating T cells of polyclonal origin. These data show that T cells are polarized upon the first encounter with peptide-MHCII complexes in an allele-dependent fashion. In PIA, the polyclonal expansion of autoreactive Th1 cells was necessary for the onset of arthritis, while IL-17 mediated immunity contributed to the progression to chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Tuncel
- Division of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sabrina Haag
- Division of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Division of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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23
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Abstract
The tumour necrosis factor receptor OX40 (CD134) is activated by its cognate ligand OX40L (CD134L, CD252) and functions as a T cell co-stimulatory molecule. OX40-OX40L interactions have been proposed as a potential therapeutic target for treating autoimmunity. OX40 is expressed on activated T cells, and in the mouse at rest on regulatory T cells (Treg). OX40L is found on antigen-presenting cells, activated T cells and others including lymphoid tissue inducer cells, some endothelia and mast cells. Expression of both molecules is increased after antigen presentation occurs and also in response to multiple other pro-inflammatory factors including CD28 ligation, CD40L ligation and interferon-gamma signaling. Their interactions promote T cell survival, promote an effector T cell phenotype, promote T cell memory, tend to reduce regulatory function, increase effector cytokine production and enhance cell mobility. In some circumstances, OX40 agonism may be associated with increased tolerance, although timing with respect to antigenic stimulus is important. Further, recent work has suggested that OX40L blockade may be more effective than OX40 blockade in reducing autoimmunity. This article reviews the expression of OX40 and OX40L in health, the effects of their interactions and insights from their under- or over-expression. We then review OX40 and OX40L expression in human autoimmune disease, identified associations of variations in their genes (TNFRSF4 and TNFSF4, respectively) with autoimmunity, and data from animal models of human diseases. A rationale for blocking OX40-OX40L interaction in human autoimmunity is then presented along with commentary on the one trial of OX40L blockade in human disease conducted to date. Finally, we discuss potential problems with clinical use of OX40-OX40L directed pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwilym J Webb
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, UK. .,National Institute for Health Research Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Gideon M Hirschfield
- National Institute for Health Research Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Peter J L Lane
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, UK
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24
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Zeng H, Cohen S, Guy C, Shrestha S, Neale G, Brown SA, Cloer C, Kishton RJ, Gao X, Youngblood B, Do M, Li MO, Locasale JW, Rathmell JC, Chi H. mTORC1 and mTORC2 Kinase Signaling and Glucose Metabolism Drive Follicular Helper T Cell Differentiation. Immunity 2016; 45:540-554. [PMID: 27637146 PMCID: PMC5050556 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells are crucial for germinal center (GC) formation and humoral adaptive immunity. Mechanisms underlying Tfh cell differentiation in peripheral and mucosal lymphoid organs are incompletely understood. We report here that mTOR kinase complexes 1 and 2 (mTORC1 and mTORC2) are essential for Tfh cell differentiation and GC reaction under steady state and after antigen immunization and viral infection. Loss of mTORC1 and mTORC2 in T cells exerted distinct effects on Tfh cell signature gene expression, whereas increased mTOR activity promoted Tfh responses. Deficiency of mTORC2 impaired CD4(+) T cell accumulation and immunoglobulin A production and aberrantly induced the transcription factor Foxo1. Mechanistically, the costimulatory molecule ICOS activated mTORC1 and mTORC2 to drive glycolysis and lipogenesis, and glucose transporter 1-mediated glucose metabolism promoted Tfh cell responses. Altogether, mTOR acts as a central node in Tfh cells by linking immune signals to anabolic metabolism and transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Zeng
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Sivan Cohen
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Cliff Guy
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Sharad Shrestha
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Geoffrey Neale
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Scott A Brown
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Caryn Cloer
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Rigel J Kishton
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xia Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ben Youngblood
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Mytrang Do
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ming O Li
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jason W Locasale
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Rathmell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, and Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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25
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Moran AE, Polesso F, Weinberg AD. Immunotherapy Expands and Maintains the Function of High-Affinity Tumor-Infiltrating CD8 T Cells In Situ. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2509-21. [PMID: 27503208 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells harbor high-affinity tumor-associated Ags capable of eliciting potent antitumor T cell responses, yet detecting these polyclonal T cells is challenging. Therefore, surrogate markers of T cell activation such as CD69, CD44, and programmed death-1 (PD-1) have been used. We report in this study that in mice, expression of activation markers including PD-1 is insufficient in the tumor microenvironment to identify tumor Ag-specific T cells. Using the Nur77GFP T cell affinity reporter mouse, we highlight that PD-1 expression can be induced independent of TCR ligation within the tumor. Given this, we characterized the utility of the Nur77GFP model system in elucidating mechanisms of action of immunotherapies independent of PD-1 expression. Coexpression of Nur77GFP and OX40 identifies a polyclonal population of high-affinity tumor-associated Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells, which produce more IFN-γ in situ than OX40 negative and doubles in quantity with anti-OX40 and anti-CTLA4 mAb therapy but not with anti-PD-1 or programmed death ligand-1. Moreover, expansion of these high-affinity CD8 T cells prolongs survival of tumor-bearing animals. Upon chronic stimulation in tumors and after adoptive cell therapy, CD8 TCR signaling and Nur77GFP induction is impaired, and tumors progress. However, this can be reversed and overall survival significantly enhanced after adoptive cell therapy with agonist OX40 immunotherapy. Therefore, we propose that OX40 agonist immunotherapy can maintain functional TCR signaling of chronically stimulated tumor-resident CD8 T cells, thereby increasing the frequency of cytotoxic, high-affinity, tumor-associated Ag-specific cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Moran
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Portland Providence Medical Center, Portland, OR 97213
| | - Fanny Polesso
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Portland Providence Medical Center, Portland, OR 97213
| | - Andrew D Weinberg
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Portland Providence Medical Center, Portland, OR 97213
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26
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Sujino T, London M, Hoytema van Konijnenburg DP, Rendon T, Buch T, Silva HM, Lafaille JJ, Reis BS, Mucida D. Tissue adaptation of regulatory and intraepithelial CD4⁺ T cells controls gut inflammation. Science 2016; 352:1581-6. [PMID: 27256884 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf3892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells in peripheral tissues (pT(regs)) are instrumental in limiting inflammatory responses to nonself antigens. Within the intestine, pT(regs) are located primarily in the lamina propria, whereas intraepithelial CD4(+) T cells (CD4(IELs)), which also exhibit anti-inflammatory properties and depend on similar environmental cues, reside in the epithelium. Using intravital microscopy, we show distinct cell dynamics of intestinal T(regs) and CD4(IELs) Upon migration to the epithelium, T(regs) lose Foxp3 and convert to CD4(IELs) in a microbiota-dependent manner, an effect attributed to the loss of the transcription factor ThPOK. Finally, we demonstrate that pT(regs) and CD4(IELs) perform complementary roles in the regulation of intestinal inflammation. These results reveal intratissue specialization of anti-inflammatory T cells shaped by discrete niches of the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Sujino
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mariya London
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - David P Hoytema van Konijnenburg
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA. Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Tomiko Rendon
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Thorsten Buch
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hernandez M Silva
- Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Juan J Lafaille
- Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Bernardo S Reis
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Daniel Mucida
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Abstract
Genetics tools, and especially the ability to enforce, by transgenesis, or disrupt, by homologous recombination, gene expression in a cell-specific manner, have revolutionized the study of immunology and propelled the laboratory mouse as the main model to study immune responses. Perhaps more than any other aspect of immunology, the study of T cell development has benefited from these technologies. This brief chapter summarizes genetic tools specific to T cell development studies, focusing on mouse strains with lineage- and stage-specific expression of the Cre recombinase, or expressing unique antigen receptor specificities. It ends with a broader discussion of strategies to enforce ectopic lineage and stage-specific gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ciucci
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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28
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Stepwise B-cell-dependent expansion of T helper clonotypes diversifies the T-cell response. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10281. [PMID: 26728651 PMCID: PMC4728444 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen receptor diversity underpins adaptive immunity by providing the ground for clonal selection of lymphocytes with the appropriate antigen reactivity. Current models attribute T cell clonal selection during the immune response to T-cell receptor (TCR) affinity for either foreign or self peptides. Here, we report that clonal selection of CD4(+) T cells is also extrinsically regulated by B cells. In response to viral infection, the antigen-specific TCR repertoire is progressively diversified by staggered clonotypic expansion, according to functional avidity, which correlates with self-reactivity. Clonal expansion of lower-avidity T-cell clonotypes depends on availability of MHC II-expressing B cells, in turn influenced by B-cell activation. B cells clonotypically diversify the CD4(+) T-cell response also to vaccination or tumour challenge, revealing a common effect.
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29
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Bauer E, Witalisz A, Strobl B, Stoiber D. Methods to study tumor surveillance using tumor cell transplantation into genetically engineered mice. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1267:439-56. [PMID: 25636483 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2297-0_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
When a tumor evolves, there is constant crosstalk between the transformed cells and cells of the immune system. Transplantation of well-established tumor cell lines into genetically engineered mice is a valuable tool to study the contribution of a gene of interest to tumor surveillance. These methods bear several advantages: first, such cell lines are well characterized; second, much data for reference exist; and third, the impact of the immune system can be separated from tumor cell intrinsic effects. Here, we provide protocols for tumor cell transplantations to address the role of a specific gene product in tumor surveillance. We furthermore describe several approaches to define the impact of natural killer cells and T cells, such as cell depletion and adoptive transfer experiments or use of different genetically modified mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bauer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
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30
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Yu M, Owens DM, Ghosh S, Farber DL. Conditional PDK1 Ablation Promotes Epidermal and T-Cell-Mediated Dysfunctions Leading to Inflammatory Skin Disease. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:2688-2696. [PMID: 26099023 PMCID: PMC4640961 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK1) is a key signaling molecule downstream of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway and is a master regulator of multiple kinases in cells of epithelial and hematopoietic lineages. The physiological role of PDK1 in regulating skin and immune homeostasis is not known. Here we developed a mouse model in which PDK1 is conditionally ablated in activated CD4 T cells, regulatory T cells, and mature keratinocytes through OX40-Cre recombinase expression. The resultant mice (PDK1-CKO) spontaneously developed severe dermatitis, skin fibrosis, and systemic T helper type 2 immunity, succumbing by 11 weeks of age. Through a series of T-cell transfers, bone marrow reconstitutions, and crossing to lymphocyte-deficient backgrounds, we demonstrate that ablation of PDK1 in keratinocytes is the major driver of disease pathogenesis. PDK1-deficient keratinocytes exhibit intrinsic defects in the expression of key structural proteins including cytokeratin-10 and loricrin, resulting in increased keratinocyte turnover, which in turn triggers inflammation, T-cell recruitment, and immune-mediated destruction. Our results reveal PDK1 as a central regulator of keratinocyte homeostasis that prevents skin immune infiltration and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjun Yu
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - David M Owens
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sankar Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Donna L Farber
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA; Department of Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
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31
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A Novel Transgenic Mouse Line for Tracing MicroRNA-155-5p Activity In Vivo. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128198. [PMID: 26030404 PMCID: PMC4452368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA-155 (miR-155) plays significant role in various physiological processes involving both innate and adaptive immunity. miR-155 expression level changes dynamically during various immune responses. However, current approaches for miR-155 detection at the RNA level do not precisely reflect the real-time activity. Herein, we generated a transgenic mouse line (R26-DTR-155T) for determination of miR-155-5p activity in vivo by inserting miR-155-5p target sequence downstream of a reporter transgene comprising Diphtheria Toxin Receptor and TagBlue fluorescence protein. Using this approach, R26-DTR-155T mice were able to measure variation in levels of miR-155-5p activity in specific cell types of interest. The DTR expression levels were inversely correlated with the endogenous miR-155 expression pattern as detected by quantitative RT-PCR. Our data demonstrate a novel transgenic mouse line which could be useful for tracing miR-155-5p activity in specific cell types through measurement of miR-155-5p activity at single cell level.
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32
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Triplett TA, Tucker CG, Triplett KC, Alderman Z, Sun L, Ling LE, Akporiaye ET, Weinberg AD. STAT3 Signaling Is Required for Optimal Regression of Large Established Tumors in Mice Treated with Anti-OX40 and TGFβ Receptor Blockade. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 3:526-35. [PMID: 25627655 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In preclinical tumor models, αOX40 therapy is often successful at treating small tumors, but is less effective once the tumors become large. For a tumor immunotherapy to be successful to cure large tumors, it will most likely require not only an agonist to boost effector T-cell function but also inhibitors of T-cell suppression. In this study, we show that combining αOX40 antibodies with an inhibitor of the TGFβ receptor (SM16) synergizes to elicit complete regression of large established MCA205 and CT26 tumors. Evaluation of tumor-infiltrating T cells showed that SM16/αOX40 dual therapy resulted in an increase in proliferating granzyme B(+) CD8 T cells, which produced higher levels of IFNγ, compared with treatment with either agent alone. We also found that the dual treatment increased pSTAT3 expression in both CD4 and CD8 T cells isolated from tumors. Because others have published that STAT3 signaling is detrimental to T-cell function within the tumor microenvironment, we explored whether deletion of STAT3 in OX40-expressing cells would affect this potent combination therapy. Surprisingly, we found that deletion of STAT3 in OX40-expressing cells decreased the efficacy of this combination therapy, showing that the full therapeutic potential of this treatment depends on STAT3 signaling, most likely in the T cells of tumor-bearing mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Triplett
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon. Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Christopher G Tucker
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Kendra C Triplett
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Zefora Alderman
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Lihong Sun
- Oncology Cell Signaling, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Leona E Ling
- Oncology Cell Signaling, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Emmanuel T Akporiaye
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon. Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.
| | - Andrew D Weinberg
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon. Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.
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33
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Linterman MA, Denton AE, Divekar DP, Zvetkova I, Kane L, Ferreira C, Veldhoen M, Clare S, Dougan G, Espéli M, Smith KGC. CD28 expression is required after T cell priming for helper T cell responses and protective immunity to infection. eLife 2014; 3. [PMID: 25347065 PMCID: PMC4241536 DOI: 10.7554/elife.03180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The co-stimulatory molecule CD28 is essential for activation of helper T cells. Despite this critical role, it is not known whether CD28 has functions in maintaining T cell responses following activation. To determine the role for CD28 after T cell priming, we generated a strain of mice where CD28 is removed from CD4+ T cells after priming. We show that continued CD28 expression is important for effector CD4+ T cells following infection; maintained CD28 is required for the expansion of T helper type 1 cells, and for the differentiation and maintenance of T follicular helper cells during viral infection. Persistent CD28 is also required for clearance of the bacterium Citrobacter rodentium from the gastrointestinal tract. Together, this study demonstrates that CD28 persistence is required for helper T cell polarization in response to infection, describing a novel function for CD28 that is distinct from its role in T cell priming. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03180.001 Invasion by a bacterium or virus typically activates a mammalian host's immune system to eliminate the pathogen. The cells of the so-called ‘innate immune system’ are the body's first line of defense against infection, and these cells patrol the organs and tissues in an effort to locate and eliminate pathogens quickly. The innate immune response is rapid and non-specific, but often cannot completely clear an infection. When necessary, innate immune cells will escalate the immune response by activating the second branch of the immune system, called the ‘adaptive immune system’. This specifically targets and eradicates an invading pathogen. T cells are essential components of the adaptive immune system, and these cells can be readily distinguished from other types of cell by proteins called T cell receptors (or TCRs) found on their surface. There are also different types of T cell, each with a specific function. T helper cells, for example, help other adaptive immune cells to mature and activate, which involves these immune cells proliferating and developing into more specialized cells. For a T cell to activate, two events must occur at the same time. First, the TCR must recognize and bind to a fragment of the pathogen that is presented to it by an innate immune cell. And second, ‘co-stimulatory molecules’ present on the surfaces of both the T cell and the same innate immune cell must interact. Using these two signals to activate a T cell helps to ensure the adaptive immune response is not ‘unleashed‘ unnecessarily. Co-stimulatory molecules have become popular targets for therapies aimed at treating autoimmune disorders—where the immune system attacks and destroys the body's own tissues. One of the most well studied co-stimulatory molecules expressed by T cells is called CD28; however, it remained unknown whether CD28 is involved in any processes after T cell activation. Now, Linterman et al. reveal that the CD28 co-stimulatory molecule plays a number of roles in addition to T cell activation. For example, a newly developed mouse model showed that CD28 must remain on the surface of T helper cells after they have been activated for these cells to effectively specialize. Linterman et al. also discovered that CD28 helps different T helper cell subtypes to develop. Linterman et al. demonstrate that CD28 is critical throughout a host's response to infection, and suggest that if CD28 is lost on activated T cells (which happens during aging, HIV infection and autoimmune diseases) the responses of T helper cells become limited. Furthermore, these findings reveal that treatments that target the CD28 co-stimulatory molecule will also affect on-going immune responses. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03180.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Linterman
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alice E Denton
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Devina P Divekar
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ilona Zvetkova
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Leanne Kane
- Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Ferreira
- Babraham Research Campus, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Veldhoen
- Babraham Research Campus, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marion Espéli
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth G C Smith
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Thorborn G, Ploquin MJ, Eksmond U, Pike R, Bayer W, Dittmer U, Hasenkrug KJ, Pepper M, Kassiotis G. Clonotypic composition of the CD4+ T cell response to a vectored retroviral antigen is determined by its speed. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1567-77. [PMID: 25000983 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms whereby different vaccines may expand distinct Ag-specific T cell clonotypes or induce disparate degrees of protection are incompletely understood. We found that several delivery modes of a model retroviral Ag, including natural infection, preferentially expanded initially rare high-avidity CD4(+) T cell clonotypes, known to mediate protection. In contrast, the same Ag vectored by human adenovirus serotype 5 induced clonotypic expansion irrespective of avidity, eliciting a predominantly low-avidity response. Nonselective clonotypic expansion was caused by relatively weak adenovirus serotype 5-vectored Ag presentation and was reproduced by replication-attenuated retroviral vaccines. Mechanistically, the potency of Ag presentation determined the speed and, consequently, completion of the CD4(+) T cell response. Whereas faster completion retained the initial advantage of high-avidity clonotypes, slower completion permitted uninhibited accumulation of low-avidity clonotypes. These results highlighted the importance of Ag presentation patterns in determining the clonotypic composition of vaccine-induced T cell responses and ultimately the efficacy of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Thorborn
- Division of Immunoregulation, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Mickaël J Ploquin
- Division of Immunoregulation, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Urszula Eksmond
- Division of Immunoregulation, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Pike
- Division of Immunoregulation, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Wibke Bayer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Kim J Hasenkrug
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Marion Pepper
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and
| | - George Kassiotis
- Division of Immunoregulation, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
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35
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Stumpf M, Zhou X, Chikuma S, Bluestone JA. Tyrosine 201 of the cytoplasmic tail of CTLA-4 critically affects T regulatory cell suppressive function. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:1737-46. [PMID: 24648182 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is a major negative regulatory molecule for T-cell activation with a complex biology and function. CTLA-4 is known to regulate homeostatic lymphoproliferation as well as tolerance induction and has been proposed to be an important effector molecule by which Treg cells suppress immunity. The immunoregulatory properties of CTLA-4 are primarily mediated by competition with the costimulator CD28 for ligand binding but also by delivering negative signals to T cells through its cytoplasmic tail. In this study, we addressed the effect of directly mutating the amino acid residue, Tyrosine 201 (Tyr201), of the intracellular domain of CTLA-4 in situ and its implications in T-cell function in the context of autoimmunity. Therefore, a novel CTLA-4 knock-in mouse (Y201V KI) was generated, in which Tyr201 was replaced by a valine that could not be phosphorylated. Mice expressing the CTLA-4 mutant molecule were generally healthy and did not show signs of disruption of T-cell homeostasis under steady-state conditions seen in CTLA-4 deficient mice. However, T cells isolated from Y201V KI mice expressed higher levels of CTLA-4 on the cell surface and displayed a Th2-biased phenotype following TCR stimulation. Furthermore, Y201V KI mice developed exacerbated disease as compared to wild-type upon antigen-specific T-cell activation in an in vivo model of EAE. Importantly, the Y201V mutation resulted in impaired suppressive activity of Treg cells while T effector function remained intact. These data suggest that effects associated with and mediated through Tyr201 of CTLA-4s intracellular domain are critical for Treg-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Stumpf
- Diabetes Center and the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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36
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Sharma S, Zhu J. Immunologic applications of conditional gene modification technology in the mouse. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 105:10.34.1-10.34.13. [PMID: 24700321 DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.im1034s105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Since the success of homologous recombination in altering mouse genome and the discovery of Cre-loxP system, the combination of these two breakthroughs has created important applications for studying the immune system in the mouse. Here, we briefly summarize the general principles of this technology and its applications in studying immune cell development and responses; such implications include conditional gene knockout and inducible and/or tissue-specific gene over-expression, as well as lineage fate mapping. We then discuss the pros and cons of a few commonly used Cre-expressing mouse lines for studying lymphocyte development and functions. We also raise several general issues, such as efficiency of gene deletion, leaky activity of Cre, and Cre toxicity, all of which may have profound impacts on data interpretation. Finally, we selectively list some useful links to the Web sites as valuable mouse resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suveena Sharma
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jinfang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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37
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Gubin MM, Techasintana P, Magee JD, Dahm GM, Calaluce R, Martindale JL, Whitney MS, Franklin CL, Besch-Williford C, Hollingsworth JW, Abdelmohsen K, Gorospe M, Atasoy U. Conditional knockout of the RNA-binding protein HuR in CD4⁺ T cells reveals a gene dosage effect on cytokine production. Mol Med 2014; 20:93-108. [PMID: 24477678 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2013.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The posttranscriptional mechanisms by which RNA binding proteins (RBPs) regulate T-cell differentiation and cytokine production in vivo remain unclear. The RBP HuR binds to labile mRNAs, usually leading to increases in mRNA stability and/or translation. Previous work demonstrated that HuR binds to the mRNAs encoding the Th2 transcription factor trans-acting T-cell-specific transcription factor (GATA-3) and Th2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13, thereby regulating their expression. By using a novel conditional HuR knockout (KO) mouse in which HuR is deleted in activated T cells, we show that Th2-polarized cells from heterozygous HuR conditional (OX40-Cre HuR(fl/+)) KO mice had decreased steady-state levels of Gata3, Il4 and Il13 mRNAs with little changes at the protein level. Surprisingly, Th2-polarized cells from homozygous HuR conditional (OX40-Cre HuR(fl/fl)) KO mice showed increased Il2, Il4 and Il13 mRNA and protein via different mechanisms. Specifically, Il4 was transcriptionally upregulated in HuR KO T cells, whereas Il2 and Il13 mRNA stabilities increased. Additionally, when using the standard ovalbumin model of allergic airway inflammation, HuR conditional KO mice mounted a robust inflammatory response similar to mice with wild-type HuR levels. These results reveal a complex differential posttranscriptional regulation of cytokines by HuR in which gene dosage plays an important role. These findings may have significant implications in allergies and asthma, as well as autoimmune diseases and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Gubin
- University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | | | - Joseph D Magee
- University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Garrett M Dahm
- University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Robert Calaluce
- University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L Martindale
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Maryln S Whitney
- University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Craig L Franklin
- University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | | | - John W Hollingsworth
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kotb Abdelmohsen
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Myriam Gorospe
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ulus Atasoy
- University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
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38
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Costimulation via the tumor-necrosis factor receptor superfamily couples TCR signal strength to the thymic differentiation of regulatory T cells. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:473-81. [PMID: 24633226 PMCID: PMC4000541 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells express tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) members, but their role in thymic Treg development is undefined. We demonstrate that Treg progenitors highly express the TNFRSF members GITR, OX40, and TNFR2. Expression of these receptors correlates directly with T cell receptor (TCR) signal strength, and requires CD28 and the kinase TAK1. Neutralizing TNFSF ligands markedly reduced Treg development. Conversely, TNFRSF agonists enhanced Treg differentiation by augmenting IL-2R/STAT5 responsiveness. GITR-ligand costimulation elicited a dose-dependent enrichment of lower-affinity cells within the Treg repertoire. In vivo, combined inhibition of GITR, OX40 and TNFR2 abrogated Treg development. Thus TNFRSF expression on Treg progenitors translates strong TCR signals into molecular parameters that specifically promote Treg differentiation and shape the Treg repertoire.
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39
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Tumes DJ, Onodera A, Suzuki A, Shinoda K, Endo Y, Iwamura C, Hosokawa H, Koseki H, Tokoyoda K, Suzuki Y, Motohashi S, Nakayama T. The polycomb protein Ezh2 regulates differentiation and plasticity of CD4(+) T helper type 1 and type 2 cells. Immunity 2014; 39:819-32. [PMID: 24238339 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
After antigen encounter by CD4(+) T cells, polarizing cytokines induce the expression of master regulators that control differentiation. Inactivation of the histone methyltransferase Ezh2 was found to specifically enhance T helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 cell differentiation and plasticity. Ezh2 directly bound and facilitated correct expression of Tbx21 and Gata3 in differentiating Th1 and Th2 cells, accompanied by substantial trimethylation at lysine 27 of histone 3 (H3K27me3). In addition, Ezh2 deficiency resulted in spontaneous generation of discrete IFN-γ and Th2 cytokine-producing populations in nonpolarizing cultures, and under these conditions IFN-γ expression was largely dependent on enhanced expression of the transcription factor Eomesodermin. In vivo, loss of Ezh2 caused increased pathology in a model of allergic asthma and resulted in progressive accumulation of memory phenotype Th2 cells. This study establishes a functional link between Ezh2 and transcriptional regulation of lineage-specifying genes in terminally differentiated CD4(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damon J Tumes
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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40
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Excessive Th1 responses due to the absence of TGF-β signaling cause autoimmune diabetes and dysregulated Treg cell homeostasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:6961-6. [PMID: 23569233 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1304498110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF-β signaling in T cells is critical for peripheral T-cell tolerance by regulating effector CD4(+) T helper (Th) cell differentiation. However, it is still controversial to what extent TGF-β signaling in Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells contributes to immune homeostasis. Here we showed that abrogation of TGF-β signaling in thymic T cells led to rapid type 1 diabetes (T1D) development in NOD mice transgenic for the BDC2.5 T-cell receptor. Disease development in these mice was associated with increased peripheral Th1 cells, whereas Th17 cells and Foxp3(+) Treg cells were reduced. Blocking of IFN-γ signaling alone completely suppressed diabetes development in these mice, indicating a critical role of Th1 cells in this model. Furthermore, deletion of TGF-β signaling in peripheral effector CD4(+) T cells, but not Treg cells, also resulted in rapid T1D development, suggesting that conventional CD4(+) T cells are the main targets of TGF-β to suppress T1D. TGF-β signaling was dispensable for Treg cell function, development, and maintenance, but excessive IFN-γ production due to the absence of TGF-β signaling in naive CD4(+) T cells indirectly caused dysregulated Treg cell homeostasis. We further showed that T cell-derived TGF-β1 was critical for suppression of Th1 cell differentiation and T1D development. These results indicate that autocrine/paracrine TGF-β signaling in diabetogenic CD4(+) T cells, but not Treg cells, is essential for controlling T1D development.
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41
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Reis BS, Rogoz A, Costa-Pinto FA, Taniuchi I, Mucida D. Mutual expression of the transcription factors Runx3 and ThPOK regulates intestinal CD4⁺ T cell immunity. Nat Immunol 2013; 14:271-80. [PMID: 23334789 PMCID: PMC3804366 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The gut mucosa hosts large numbers of activated lymphocytes that are exposed to stimuli from the diet, microbiota and pathogens. Although CD4(+) T cells are crucial for defense, intestinal homeostasis precludes exaggerated responses to luminal contents, whether they are harmful or not. We investigated mechanisms used by CD4(+) T cells to avoid excessive activation in the intestine. Using genetic tools to label and interfere with T cell-development transcription factors, we found that CD4(+) T cells acquired the CD8-lineage transcription factor Runx3 and lost the CD4-lineage transcription factor ThPOK and their differentiation into the T(H)17 subset of helper T cells and colitogenic potential, in a manner dependent on transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and retinoic acid. Our results demonstrate considerable plasticity in the CD4(+) T cell lineage that allows chronic exposure to luminal antigens without pathological inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Sgarbi Reis
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
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42
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Gough MJ, Killeen N, Weinberg AD. Targeting macrophages in the tumour environment to enhance the efficacy of αOX40 therapy. Immunology 2012; 136:437-47. [PMID: 22578109 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2012.03600.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of high-grade tumours must consider a tumour environment dominated by cells that support cancer growth. In addition to directing angiogenesis and invasion, alternatively activated macrophages in the tumour provide protection from adaptive immunity and permit tumour growth. Agonist antibodies to the tumour necrosis factor receptor family member OX40 are an effective therapy for cancer in a range of murine models; however, as with many immune therapies, αOX40 therapy is less effective as the tumour grows and develops an immune suppressive environment. We demonstrate that αOX40 directly activates T cells and that this T-cell activation alters macrophage differentiation in the tumour environment. We demonstrate that macrophages in the tumour limit the efficacy of αOX40 therapy, and that combining αOX40 therapy with inhibitors of arginase significantly enhances survival of tumour-bearing mice. These data demonstrate that macrophages in the tumour environment limit the effectiveness of OX40-based immunotherapy, and combination therapies that target both the cell-mediated immune response and the suppressive tumour environment will be required for translation of effective immunotherapies to patients with established tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Gough
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR 97213 USA
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43
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Abstract
From the very early days of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) research, it was recognized that different protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms might be involved in the activation of NF-κB. Pharmacological tools and pseudosubstrate inhibitors suggested that these kinases play a role in this important inflammatory and survival pathway; however, it was the analysis of several genetic mouse knockout models that revealed the complexity and interrelations between the different components of the PB1 network in several cellular functions, including T-cell biology, bone homeostasis, inflammation associated with the metabolic syndrome, and cancer. These studies unveiled, for example, the critical role of PKCζ as a positive regulator of NF-κB through the regulation of RelA but also its inflammatory suppressor activities through the regulation of the interleukin-4 signaling cascade. This observation is of relevance in T cells, where p62, PKCζ, PKCλ/ι, and NBR1 establish a mesh of interactions that culminate in the regulation of T-cell effector responses through the modulation of T-cell polarity. Many questions remain to be answered, not just from the point of view of the implication for NF-κB activation but also with regard to the in vivo interplay between these pathways in pathophysiological processes like obesity and cancer.
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44
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Soond DR, Garçon F, Patton DT, Rolf J, Turner M, Scudamore C, Garden OA, Okkenhaug K. Pten loss in CD4 T cells enhances their helper function but does not lead to autoimmunity or lymphoma. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:5935-43. [PMID: 22611241 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PTEN, one of the most commonly mutated or lost tumor suppressors in human cancers, antagonizes signaling by the PI3K pathway. Mice with thymocyte-specific deletion of Pten rapidly develop peripheral lymphomas and autoimmunity, which may be caused by failed negative selection of thymocytes or from dysregulation of postthymic T cells. We induced conditional deletion of Pten from CD4 Th cells using a Cre knocked into the Tnfrsf4 (OX40) locus to generate OX40(Cre)Pten(f) mice. Pten-deficient Th cells proliferated more and produced greater concentrations of cytokines. The OX40(Cre)Pten(f) mice had a general increase in the number of lymphocytes in the lymph nodes, but not in the spleen. When transferred into wild-type (WT) mice, Pten-deficient Th cells enhanced anti-Listeria responses and the clearance of tumors under conditions in which WT T cells had no effect. Moreover, inflammatory responses were exaggerated and resolved later in OX40(Cre)Pten(f) mice than in WT mice. However, in contrast with models of thymocyte-specific Pten deletion, lymphomas and autoimmunity were not observed, even in older OX40(Cre)Pten(f) mice. Hence loss of Pten enhances Th cell function without obvious deleterious effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalya R Soond
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
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45
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Redmond WL, Triplett T, Floyd K, Weinberg AD. Dual anti-OX40/IL-2 therapy augments tumor immunotherapy via IL-2R-mediated regulation of OX40 expression. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34467. [PMID: 22496812 PMCID: PMC3319580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The provision of T cell co-stimulation via members of the TNFR super-family, including OX40 (CD134) and 4-1BB (CD137), provides critical signals that promote T cell survival and differentiation. Recent studies have demonstrated that ligation of OX40 can augment T cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity in pre-clinical models and more importantly, OX40 agonists are under clinical development for cancer immunotherapy. OX40 is of particular interest as a therapeutic target as it is not expressed on naïve T cells but rather, is transiently up-regulated following TCR stimulation. Although TCR engagement is necessary for inducing OX40 expression, the downstream signals that regulate OX40 itself remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that OX40 expression is regulated through a TCR and common gamma chain cytokine-dependent signaling cascade that requires JAK3-mediated activation of the downstream transcription factors STAT3 and STAT5. Furthermore, combined treatment with an agonist anti-OX40 mAb and IL-2 augmented tumor immunotherapy against multiple tumor types. Dual therapy was also able to restore the function of anergic tumor-reactive CD8 T cells in mice with long-term well-established (>5 wks) tumors, leading to increased survival of the tumor-bearing hosts. Together, these data reveal the ability of TCR/common gamma chain cytokine signaling to regulate OX40 expression and demonstrate a novel means of augmenting cancer immunotherapy by providing dual anti-OX40/common gamma chain cytokine-directed therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Immunotherapy
- Interleukin-2/therapeutic use
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Janus Kinase 3/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, OX40/physiology
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/physiology
- STAT5 Transcription Factor/physiology
- Sarcoma, Experimental/immunology
- Sarcoma, Experimental/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Experimental/therapy
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Redmond
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America.
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46
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Cornish GH, Tung SL, Marshall D, Ley S, Seddon BP. Tissue specific deletion of inhibitor of kappa B kinase 2 with OX40-Cre reveals the unanticipated expression from the OX40 locus in skin epidermis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32193. [PMID: 22363815 PMCID: PMC3283724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
NF-κB signalling plays an essential role in T cell activation and generation of regulatory and memory populations in vivo. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the role of NF-κB signalling in post-activation T cells using tissue specific ablation of inhibitor of kappa-B kinase 2 expression, an important component of the inhibitor of kappa-B kinase complex in canonical NF-κB signalling. The OX40 antigen is expressed on activated T cells. Therefore, we used previously described mouse strain expressing Cre recombinase from the endogenous OX40 locus. Ablation of IKK2 expression using OX40(Cre) mice resulted in the development of an inflammatory response in the skin epidermis causing wide spread skin lesions. The inflammatory response was characterised by extensive leukocytic infiltrate in skin tissue, hyperplasia of draining lymph nodes and widespread activation in the T cell compartment. Surprisingly, disease development did not depend on T cells but was rather associated with an unanticipated expression of Cre in skin epidermis, and activation of the T cell compartment did not require Ikbk2 deletion in T cells. Employment of Cre reporter strains revealed extensive Cre activity in skin epidermis. Therefore, development of skin lesions was rather more likely explained by deletion of Ikbk2 in skin keratinocytes in OX40(Cre) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina H. Cornish
- King's College London, Academic Department of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation, New Hunt's House, Great Maze Pond, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sim L. Tung
- MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Marshall
- MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Ley
- MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Benedict P. Seddon
- MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
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47
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Xiao X, Gong W, Demirci G, Liu W, Spoerl S, Chu X, Bishop DK, Turka LA, Li XC. New insights on OX40 in the control of T cell immunity and immune tolerance in vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 188:892-901. [PMID: 22147766 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OX40 is a T cell costimulatory molecule that belongs to the TNFR superfamily. In the absence of immune activation, OX40 is selectively expressed by Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs), but not by resting conventional T cells. The exact role of OX40 in Treg homeostasis and function remains incompletely defined. In this study, we demonstrate that OX40 engagement in vivo in naive mice induces initial expansion of Foxp3(+) Tregs, but the expanded Tregs have poor suppressive function and exhibit features of exhaustion. We also show that OX40 enables the activation of the Akt and Stat5 pathways in Tregs, resulting in transient proliferation of Tregs and reduced levels of Foxp3 expression. This creates a state of relative IL-2 deficiency in naive mice that further impacts Tregs. This exhausted Treg phenotype can be prevented by exogenous IL-2, as both OX40 and IL-2 agonists drive further expansion of Tregs in vivo. Importantly, Tregs expanded by both OX40 and IL-2 agonists are potent suppressor cells, and in a heart transplant model, they promote long-term allograft survival. Our data reveal a novel role for OX40 in promoting immune tolerance and may have important clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Xiao
- Transplant Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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48
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Ramadas RA, Roche MI, Moon JJ, Ludwig T, Xavier RJ, Medoff BD. CARMA1 is necessary for optimal T cell responses in a murine model of allergic asthma. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:6197-207. [PMID: 22075698 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
CARMA1 is a lymphocyte-specific scaffold protein necessary for T cell activation. Deletion of CARMA1 prevents the development of allergic airway inflammation in a mouse model of asthma due to a defect in naive T cell activation. However, it is unknown if CARMA1 is important for effector and memory T cell responses after the initial establishment of inflammation, findings that would be more relevant to asthma therapies targeted to CARMA1. In the current study, we sought to elucidate the role of CARMA1 in T cells that have been previously activated. Using mice in which floxed CARMA1 exons can be selectively deleted in T cells by OX40-driven Cre recombinase (OX40(+/Cre)CARMA1(F/F)), we report that CD4(+) T cells from these mice have impaired T cell reactivation responses and NF-κB signaling in vitro. Furthermore, in an in vivo recall model of allergic airway inflammation that is dependent on memory T cell function, OX40(+/Cre)CARMA1(F/F) mice have attenuated eosinophilic airway inflammation, T cell activation, and Th2 cytokine production. Using MHC class II tetramers, we demonstrate that the development and maintenance of Ag-specific memory T cells is not affected in OX40(+/Cre)CARMA1(F/F) mice. In addition, adoptive transfer of Th2-polarized OX40(+/Cre)CARMA1(F/F) Ag-specific CD4(+) T cells into wild-type mice induces markedly less airway inflammation in response to Ag challenge than transfer of wild-type Th2 cells. These data demonstrate a novel role for CARMA1 in effector and memory T cell responses and suggest that therapeutic strategies targeting CARMA1 could help treat chronic inflammatory disorders such as asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravisankar A Ramadas
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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49
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Wohlfert EA, Grainger JR, Bouladoux N, Konkel JE, Oldenhove G, Ribeiro CH, Hall JA, Yagi R, Naik S, Bhairavabhotla R, Paul WE, Bosselut R, Wei G, Zhao K, Oukka M, Zhu J, Belkaid Y. GATA3 controls Foxp3⁺ regulatory T cell fate during inflammation in mice. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:4503-15. [PMID: 21965331 DOI: 10.1172/jci57456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tregs not only keep immune responses to autoantigens in check, but also restrain those directed toward pathogens and the commensal microbiota. Control of peripheral immune homeostasis by Tregs relies on their capacity to accumulate at inflamed sites and appropriately adapt to their local environment. To date, the factors involved in the control of these aspects of Treg physiology remain poorly understood. Here, we show that the canonical Th2 transcription factor GATA3 is selectively expressed in Tregs residing in barrier sites including the gastrointestinal tract and the skin. GATA3 expression in both murine and human Tregs was induced upon TCR and IL-2 stimulation. Although GATA3 was not required to sustain Treg homeostasis and function at steady state, GATA3 played a cardinal role in Treg physiology during inflammation. Indeed, the intrinsic expression of GATA3 by Tregs was required for their ability to accumulate at inflamed sites and to maintain high levels of Foxp3 expression in various polarized or inflammatory settings. Furthermore, our data indicate that GATA3 limits Treg polarization toward an effector T cell phenotype and acquisition of effector cytokines in inflamed tissues. Overall, our work reveals what we believe to be a new facet in the complex role of GATA3 in T cells and highlights what may be a fundamental role in controlling Treg physiology during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Wohlfert
- Mucosal Immunology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Autocrine transforming growth factor-β1 promotes in vivo Th17 cell differentiation. Immunity 2011; 34:396-408. [PMID: 21435587 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
TGF-β1 is a regulatory cytokine that has an important role in controlling T cell differentiation. T cell-produced TGF-β1 acts on T cells to promote Th17 cell differentiation and the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, the exact TGF-β1-producing T cell subset required for Th17 cell generation and its cellular mechanism of action remain unknown. Here we showed that deletion of the Tgfb1 gene from activated T cells and Treg cells, but not Treg cells alone, abrogated Th17 cell differentiation, resulting in almost complete protection from EAE. Furthermore, differentiation of T cells both in vitro and in vivo demonstrated that TGF-β1 was highly expressed by Th17 cells and acted in a predominantly autocrine manner to maintain Th17 cells in vivo. These findings reveal an essential role for activated T cell-produced TGF-β1 in promoting the differentiation of Th17 cells and controlling inflammatory diseases.
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