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Srisangsung T, Phetphoung T, Manopwisedjaroen S, Rattanapisit K, Bulaon CJI, Thitithanyanont A, Limprasutr V, Strasser R, Phoolcharoen W. The impact of N-glycans on the immune response of plant-produced SARS-CoV-2 RBD-Fc proteins. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 43:e00847. [PMID: 39040987 PMCID: PMC11261281 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2024.e00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Plant-based manufacturing has the advantage of post-translational modifications. While plant-specific N-glycans have been associated with allergic reactions, their effect on the specific immune response upon vaccination is not yet understood. In this study, we produced an RBD-Fc subunit vaccine in both wildtype (WT) and glycoengineered (∆XF) Nicotiana benthamiana plants. The N-glycan analysis: RBD-Fc carrying the ER retention peptide mainly displayed high mannose. When produced in WT RBD-Fc displayed complex-type (GnGnXF) N-glycans. In contrast, ∆XF plants produced RBD-Fc with humanized complex N-glycans that lack potentially immunogenic xylose and core fucose residues (GnGn). The three recombinant RBD-Fc glycovariants were tested. Immunization with any of the RBD-Fc proteins resulted in a similar titer of anti-RBD antibodies in mice. Likewise, antisera from subunit RBD-Fc vaccines also demonstrated comparable neutralization against SARS-CoV-2. Thus, we conclude that N-glycan modifications of the RBD-Fc protein have no impact on their capacity to activate immune responses and induce neutralizing antibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theerakarn Srisangsung
- Center of Excellence in Plant-produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Thareeya Phetphoung
- Center of Excellence in Plant-produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | | | | | | | - Arunee Thitithanyanont
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Vudhiporn Limprasutr
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Waranyoo Phoolcharoen
- Center of Excellence in Plant-produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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2
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de Taeye SW, Schriek AI, Umotoy JC, Grobben M, Burger JA, Sanders RW, Vidarsson G, Wuhrer M, Falck D, Kootstra NA, van Gils MJ. Afucosylated broadly neutralizing antibodies enhance clearance of HIV-1 infected cells through cell-mediated killing. Commun Biol 2024; 7:964. [PMID: 39122901 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06659-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) targeting the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) have the capacity to delay viral rebound when administered to people with HIV-1 (PWH) during anti-retroviral therapy (ART) interruption. To further enhance the performance of bNAbs through their Fc effector functions, in particular NK cell-mediated killing of HIV-1 infected cells, we have produced a panel of glyco-engineered (afucosylated) bNAbs with enhanced affinity for Fc gamma receptor IIIa. These afucosylated anti-HIV-1 bNAbs enhance NK cell activation and degranulation compared to fucosylated counterparts even at low antigen density. NK cells from PWH expressing exhaustion markers PD-1 and TIGIT are activated in a similar fashion by afucosylated bNAbs as NK cell from HIV-1 negative individuals. Killing of HIV-1 infected cells is most effective with afucosylated bNAbs 2G12, N6, PGT151 and PGDM1400, whereas afucosylated PGT121 and non-neutralizing antibody A32 only induce minor NK cell-mediated killing. These data indicate that the approach angle and affinity of Abs influence the capacity to induce antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Thus, afucosylated bNAbs have the capacity to induce NK cell-mediated killing of infected cells, which warrants further investigation of afucosylated bNAb administration in vivo, aiming for reduction of the viral reservoir and ART free durable control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W de Taeye
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious diseases, Infectious diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Angela I Schriek
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious diseases, Infectious diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey C Umotoy
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious diseases, Infectious diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marloes Grobben
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious diseases, Infectious diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Judith A Burger
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious diseases, Infectious diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious diseases, Infectious diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Immunoglobulin Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - David Falck
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Neeltje A Kootstra
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Immunology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marit J van Gils
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious diseases, Infectious diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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3
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Kao MR, Karmarkar Saldivar R, Hsieh YSY. Production of therapeutic glycoproteins in glycoengineered plant: old farm for new crops. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2024; 87:103145. [PMID: 38781701 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2024.103145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Plant-based expression systems have emerged as promising avenues for the production of recombinant N-linked glycoproteins. This review offers insights into the evolution and progress of plant glycoengineering. It delves into the distinctive features of plant-derived N-glycans, the diverse range of plant hosts employed for glycoprotein synthesis, and the advancements in glycoengineering strategies aimed at generating glycoproteins with N-glycan structures akin to those produced in mammalian cell lines. Furthermore, alternative strategies for augmenting glycoengineering efforts and the current spectrum of applications for plant-produced N-glycan recombinant proteins are examined, underscoring their potential significance in biopharmaceutical manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Rong Kao
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rebecka Karmarkar Saldivar
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yves S Y Hsieh
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden.
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4
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Strasser R. Plant glycoengineering for designing next-generation vaccines and therapeutic proteins. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108197. [PMID: 37315875 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation has a huge impact on biological processes in all domains of life. The type of glycan present on a recombinant glycoprotein depends on protein intrinsic features and the glycosylation repertoire of the cell type used for expression. Glycoengineering approaches are used to eliminate unwanted glycan modifications and to facilitate the coordinated expression of glycosylation enzymes or whole metabolic pathways to furnish glycans with distinct modifications. The formation of tailored glycans enables structure-function studies and optimization of therapeutic proteins used in different applications. While recombinant proteins or proteins from natural sources can be in vitro glycoengineered using glycosyltransferases or chemoenzymatic synthesis, many approaches use genetic engineering involving the elimination of endogenous genes and introduction of heterologous genes to cell-based production systems. Plant glycoengineering enables the in planta production of recombinant glycoproteins with human or animal-type glycans that resemble natural glycosylation or contain novel glycan structures. This review summarizes key achievements in glycoengineering of plants and highlights current developments aiming to make plants more suitable for the production of a diverse range of recombinant glycoproteins for innovative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Strasser
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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5
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Beihammer G, König-Beihammer J, Kogelmann B, Ruocco V, Grünwald-Gruber C, D’Aoust MA, Lavoie PO, Saxena P, Gach JS, Steinkellner H, Strasser R. An oligosaccharyltransferase from Leishmania donovani increases the N-glycan occupancy on plant-produced IgG1. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1233666. [PMID: 37615026 PMCID: PMC10442823 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1233666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
N-Glycosylation of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) at the heavy chain Fc domain (Asn297) plays an important role for antibody structure and effector functions. While numerous recombinant IgG1 antibodies have been successfully expressed in plants, they frequently display a considerable amount (up to 50%) of unglycosylated Fc domain. To overcome this limitation, we tested a single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase from the protozoan Leishmania donovani (LdOST) for its ability to improve IgG1 Fc glycosylation. LdOST fused to a fluorescent protein was transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana and confocal microscopy confirmed the subcellular location at the endoplasmic reticulum. Transient co-expression of LdOST with two different IgG1 antibodies resulted in a significant increase (up to 97%) of Fc glycosylation while leaving the overall N-glycan composition unmodified, as determined by different mass spectrometry approaches. While biochemical and functional features of "glycosylation improved" antibodies remained unchanged, a slight increase in FcγRIIIa binding and thermal stability was observed. Collectively, our results reveal that LdOST expression is suitable to reduce the heterogeneity of plant-produced antibodies and can contribute to improving their stability and effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Beihammer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- acib - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia König-Beihammer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benjamin Kogelmann
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- acib - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Valentina Ruocco
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Grünwald-Gruber
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Johannes S. Gach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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6
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Nguyen KD, Kajiura H, Kamiya R, Yoshida T, Misaki R, Fujiyama K. Production and N-glycan engineering of Varlilumab in Nicotiana benthamiana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1215580. [PMID: 37615027 PMCID: PMC10442953 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1215580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
N-glycan engineering has dramatically evolved for the development and quality control of recombinant antibodies. Fc region of IgG contains two N-glycans whose galactose terminals on Fc-glycan have been shown to increase the stability of CH2 domain and improve effector functions. Nicotiana benthamiana has become one of the most attractive production systems for therapeutic antibodies. In this study, Varlilumab, a CD27-targeting monoclonal antibody, was transiently produced in fresh leaves of soil-grown and hydroponic-grown N. benthamiana, resulted in the yield of 174 and 618 µg/gram, respectively. However, the IgG produced in wild-type N. benthamiana lacked the terminal galactose residues in its N-glycan. Therefore, N-glycan engineering was applied to fine-tune recombinant antibodies produced in plant platforms. We further co-expressed IgG together with murine β1,4-galactosyltransferase (β1,4-GALT) to modify plant N-glycan with β1,4-linked Gal residue(s) and Arabidopsis thaliana β1,3-galactosylatransferase (β1,3-GALT) to improve galactosylation. The co-expression of IgG with each of GALTs successfully resulted in modification of N-glycan structures on the plant-produced IgG. Notably, IgG co-expressed with murine β1,4-GALT in soil-grown N. benthamiana had 42.5% of N-glycans variants having galactose (Gal) residues at the non-reducing terminus and 55.3% of that in hydroponic-grown N. benthamiana plants. Concomitantly, N-glycan profile analysis of IgG co-expressed with β1,3-GALT demonstrated that there was an increased efficiency of galactosylation and an enhancement in the formation of Lewis a structure in plant-derived antibodies. Taken together, our findings show that the first plant-derived Varlilumab was successfully produced with biantennary β1,4-galactosylated N-glycan structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Dua Nguyen
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kajiura
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Industrial Biotechnology Initiative Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryo Kamiya
- GreenLand-Kidaya Group Co Ltd., Fukui, Japan
| | | | - Ryo Misaki
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Industrial Biotechnology Initiative Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Fujiyama
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Industrial Biotechnology Initiative Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Osaka University Cooperative Research Station in Southeast Asia (OU: CRS), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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7
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Kallolimath S, Palt R, Föderl-Höbenreich E, Sun L, Chen Q, Pruckner F, Eidenberger L, Strasser R, Zatloukal K, Steinkellner H. Glyco engineered pentameric SARS-CoV-2 IgMs show superior activities compared to IgG1 orthologues. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1147960. [PMID: 37359564 PMCID: PMC10285447 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1147960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is the largest antibody isotype with unique features like extensive glycosylation and oligomerization. Major hurdles in characterizing its properties are difficulties in the production of well-defined multimers. Here we report the expression of two SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies in glycoengineered plants. Isotype switch from IgG1 to IgM resulted in the production of IgMs, composed of 21 human protein subunits correctly assembled into pentamers. All four recombinant monoclonal antibodies carried a highly reproducible human-type N-glycosylation profile, with a single dominant N-glycan species at each glycosite. Both pentameric IgMs exhibited increased antigen binding and virus neutralization potency, up to 390-fold, compared to the parental IgG1. Collectively, the results may impact on the future design of vaccines, diagnostics and antibody-based therapies and emphasize the versatile use of plants for the expression of highly complex human proteins with targeted posttranslational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somanath Kallolimath
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roman Palt
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Lin Sun
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Qiang Chen
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Florian Pruckner
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Eidenberger
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kurt Zatloukal
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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8
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Sun H, Yang M, Lai H, Neupane B, Teh AYH, Jugler C, Ma JKC, Steinkellner H, Bai F, Chen Q. A Dual-Approach Strategy to Optimize the Safety and Efficacy of Anti-Zika Virus Monoclonal Antibody Therapeutics. Viruses 2023; 15:1156. [PMID: 37243242 PMCID: PMC10221487 DOI: 10.3390/v15051156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement of infection (ADE) is clinically relevant to Dengue virus (DENV) infection and poses a major risk to the application of monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics against related flaviviruses such as the Zika virus (ZIKV). Here, we tested a two-tier approach for selecting non-cross-reactive mAbs combined with modulating Fc glycosylation as a strategy to doubly secure the elimination of ADE while preserving Fc effector functions. To this end, we selected a ZIKV-specific mAb (ZV54) and generated three ZV54 variants using Chinese hamster ovary cells and wild-type (WT) and glycoengineered ΔXF Nicotiana benthamiana plants as production hosts (ZV54CHO, ZV54WT, and ZV54ΔXF). The three ZV54 variants shared an identical polypeptide backbone, but each exhibited a distinct Fc N-glycosylation profile. All three ZV54 variants showed similar neutralization potency against ZIKV but no ADE activity for DENV infection, validating the importance of selecting the virus/serotype-specific mAbs for avoiding ADE by related flaviviruses. For ZIKV infection, however, ZV54CHO and ZV54ΔXF showed significant ADE activity while ZV54WT completely forwent ADE, suggesting that Fc glycan modulation may yield mAb glycoforms that abrogate ADE even for homologous viruses. In contrast to the current strategies for Fc mutations that abrogate all effector functions along with ADE, our approach allowed the preservation of effector functions as all ZV54 glycovariants retained antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against the ZIKV-infected cells. Furthermore, the ADE-free ZV54WT demonstrated in vivo efficacy in a ZIKV-infection mouse model. Collectively, our study provides further support for the hypothesis that antibody-viral surface antigen and Fc-mediated host cell interactions are both prerequisites for ADE, and that a dual-approach strategy, as shown herein, contributes to the development of highly safe and efficacious anti-ZIKV mAb therapeutics. Our findings may be impactful to other ADE-prone viruses, including SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Sun
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Ming Yang
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Huafang Lai
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Biswas Neupane
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Audrey Y.-H. Teh
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Collin Jugler
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Julian K.-C. Ma
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Fengwei Bai
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Qiang Chen
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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9
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Dent M, Mayer KL, Verjan Garcia N, Guo H, Kajiura H, Fujiyama K, Matoba N. Impact of glycoengineering and antidrug antibodies on the anticancer activity of a plant-made lectin-Fc fusion protein. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:2217-2230. [PMID: 35900183 PMCID: PMC9616523 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants are an efficient production platform for manufacturing glycoengineered monoclonal antibodies and antibody-like molecules. Avaren-Fc (AvFc) is a lectin-Fc fusion protein or lectibody produced in Nicotiana benthamiana, which selectively recognizes cancer-associated high-mannose glycans. In this study, we report the generation of a glycovariant of AvFc that is devoid of plant glycans, including the core α1,3-fucose and β1,2-xylose residues. The successful removal of these glycans was confirmed by glycan analysis using HPLC. This variant, AvFcΔXF , has significantly higher affinity for Fc gamma receptors and induces higher levels of luciferase expression in an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) reporter assay against B16F10 murine melanoma cells without inducing apoptosis or inhibiting proliferation. In the B16F10 flank tumour mouse model, we found that systemic administration of AvFcΔXF , but not an aglycosylated AvFc variant lacking affinity for Fc receptors, significantly delayed the growth of tumours, suggesting that Fc-mediated effector functions were integral. AvFcΔXF treatment also significantly reduced lung metastasis of B16F10 upon intravenous challenge whereas a sugar-binding-deficient mutant failed to show efficacy. Lastly, we determined the impact of antidrug antibodies (ADAs) on drug activity in vivo by pretreating animals with AvFcΔXF before implanting tumours. Despite a significant ADA response induced by the pretreatment, we found that the activity of AvFcΔXF was unaffected by the presence of these antibodies. These results demonstrate that glycoengineering is a powerful strategy to enhance AvFc's antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Dent
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineLouisvilleKYUSA
| | - Katarina L. Mayer
- UofL Health – Brown Cancer CenterUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineLouisvilleKYUSA
| | - Noel Verjan Garcia
- UofL Health – Brown Cancer CenterUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineLouisvilleKYUSA
| | - Haixun Guo
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineLouisvilleKYUSA
- Center for Predictive MedicineUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineLouisvilleKYUSA
| | - Hiroyuki Kajiura
- International Center for BiotechnologyOsaka UniversityOsakaJapan
| | | | - Nobuyuki Matoba
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineLouisvilleKYUSA
- UofL Health – Brown Cancer CenterUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineLouisvilleKYUSA
- Center for Predictive MedicineUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineLouisvilleKYUSA
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10
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Kljaković-Gašpić Batinjan M, Petrović T, Vučković F, Hadžibegović I, Radovani B, Jurin I, Đerek L, Huljev E, Markotić A, Lukšić I, Trbojević-Akmačić I, Lauc G, Gudelj I, Čivljak R. Differences in Immunoglobulin G Glycosylation Between Influenza and COVID-19 Patients. ENGINEERING (BEIJING, CHINA) 2022; 26:S2095-8099(22)00631-2. [PMID: 36093331 PMCID: PMC9446557 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The essential role of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in immune system regulation and combatting infectious diseases cannot be fully recognized without an understanding of the changes in its N-glycans attached to the asparagine 297 of the Fc domain that occur under such circumstances. These glycans impact the antibody stability, half-life, secretion, immunogenicity, and effector functions. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed and compared the total IgG glycome-at the level of individual glycan structures and derived glycosylation traits (sialylation, galactosylation, fucosylation, and bisecting N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc))-of 64 patients with influenza, 77 patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and 56 healthy controls. Our study revealed a significant decrease in IgG galactosylation, sialylation, and bisecting GlcNAc (where the latter shows the most significant decrease) in deceased COVID-19 patients, whereas IgG fucosylation was increased. On the other hand, IgG galactosylation remained stable in influenza patients and COVID-19 survivors. IgG glycosylation in influenza patients was more time-dependent: In the first seven days of the disease, sialylation increased and fucosylation and bisecting GlcNAc decreased; in the next 21 days, sialylation decreased and fucosylation increased (while bisecting GlcNAc remained stable). The similarity of IgG glycosylation changes in COVID-19 survivors and influenza patients may be the consequence of an adequate immune response to enveloped viruses, while the observed changes in deceased COVID-19 patients may indicate its deviation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tea Petrović
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Frano Vučković
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Irzal Hadžibegović
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University, Osijek 31000, Croatia
| | - Barbara Radovani
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Rijeka 51000, Croatia
| | - Ivana Jurin
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Lovorka Đerek
- Department for Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Eva Huljev
- Department for Acute Respiratory Infections, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases "Dr. Fran Mihaljević", Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Alemka Markotić
- Department for Urogenital Infections, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases "Dr. Fran Mihaljević", Zagreb 10000, Croatia
- Department for Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Croatia, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Postdoctoral Study, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka 51000, Croatia
| | - Ivica Lukšić
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Dubrava University Hospital, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | | | - Gordan Lauc
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Ivan Gudelj
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Rijeka 51000, Croatia
| | - Rok Čivljak
- Department for Acute Respiratory Infections, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases "Dr. Fran Mihaljević", Zagreb 10000, Croatia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
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11
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Narvekar A, Pardeshi A, Jain R, Dandekar P. ADCC enhancement: A conundrum or a boon to mAb therapy? Biologicals 2022; 79:10-18. [PMID: 36085129 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of antibodies to distinctly identify the antigens is an important feature exploited by the scientific community for the treatment of various diseases. The therapeutic action of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is mediated along with the cells of the immune system, such as natural killer cells, T cells and macrophages. The two major mechanisms that govern the therapeutic efficacy of mAbs are the antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and the complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). Consequently, much of the research dedicated to improving their action is focussed on enhancing either of these mechanisms. This manuscript focuses on the strategies to enhance ADCC, for providing more efficacious mAb therapeutics. These approaches essentially bring about changes in the elements of ADCC mechanism, such as the effector cell or the antibody itself and thus favour an enhanced therapeutic response. Several technologies of ADCC enhancement have been developed, based on the success of various strategies advanced by the researchers. These technologies show success with a few antibody therapeutics while they do not work with others. This review presents a detailed overview on these strategies and presents perspectives regarding the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Narvekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Apurva Pardeshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Ratnesh Jain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India.
| | - Prajakta Dandekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India.
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12
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Board NL, Moskovljevic M, Wu F, Siliciano RF, Siliciano JD. Engaging innate immunity in HIV-1 cure strategies. Nat Rev Immunol 2022; 22:499-512. [PMID: 34824401 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00649-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) can block multiple stages of the HIV-1 life cycle to prevent progression to AIDS in people living with HIV-1. However, owing to the persistence of a reservoir of latently infected CD4+ T cells, life-long ART is necessary to prevent viral rebound. One strategy currently under consideration for curing HIV-1 infection is known as 'shock and kill'. This strategy uses latency-reversing agents to induce expression of HIV-1 genes, allowing for infected cells to be cleared by cytolytic immune cells. The role of innate immunity in HIV-1 pathogenesis is best understood in the context of acute infection. Here, we suggest that innate immunity can also be used to improve the efficacy of HIV-1 cure strategies, with a particular focus on dendritic cells (DCs) and natural killer cells. We discuss novel latency-reversing agents targeting DCs as well as DC-based strategies to enhance the clearance of infected cells by CD8+ T cells and strategies to improve the killing activity of natural killer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan L Board
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Milica Moskovljevic
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fengting Wu
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert F Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Janet D Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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13
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Chen Q. Development of plant-made monoclonal antibodies against viral infections. Curr Opin Virol 2022; 52:148-160. [PMID: 34933212 PMCID: PMC8844144 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Current plant-based systems offer multiple advantages for monoclonal antibody (mAb) development and production beyond the traditional benefits of low cost and high scalability. Novel expression vectors have allowed the production of mAbs at high levels with unprecedented speed to combat current and future pandemics. Host glycoengineering has enabled plants to produce mAbs that have unique mammalian glycoforms with a high degree of homogeneity. These mAb glycovariants exhibit differential binding to various Fc receptors, providing a new way to optimize antibody effector function for improving mAb potency or safety. This review will summarize the status of anti-viral mAb development with plant-based systems. The preclinical and clinical development of leading plant-made mAb candidates will be highlighted. In addition, the remaining challenges and potential applications of this technology will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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14
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Improving Protein Quantity and Quality—The Next Level of Plant Molecular Farming. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031326. [PMID: 35163249 PMCID: PMC8836236 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants offer several unique advantages in the production of recombinant pharmaceuticals for humans and animals. Although numerous recombinant proteins have been expressed in plants, only a small fraction have been successfully put into use. The hugely distinct expression systems between plant and animal cells frequently cause insufficient yield of the recombinant proteins with poor or undesired activity. To overcome the issues that greatly constrain the development of plant-produced pharmaceuticals, great efforts have been made to improve expression systems and develop alternative strategies to increase both the quantity and quality of the recombinant proteins. Recent technological revolutions, such as targeted genome editing, deconstructed vectors, virus-like particles, and humanized glycosylation, have led to great advances in plant molecular farming to meet the industrial manufacturing and clinical application standards. In this review, we discuss the technological advances made in various plant expression platforms, with special focus on the upstream designs and milestone achievements in improving the yield and glycosylation of the plant-produced pharmaceutical proteins.
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15
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Anand SP, Ding S, Tolbert WD, Prévost J, Richard J, Gil HM, Gendron-Lepage G, Cheung WF, Wang H, Pastora R, Saxena H, Wakarchuk W, Medjahed H, Wines BD, Hogarth M, Shaw GM, Martin MA, Burton DR, Hangartner L, Evans DT, Pazgier M, Cossar D, McLean MD, Finzi A. Enhanced Ability of Plant-Derived PGT121 Glycovariants To Eliminate HIV-1-Infected Cells. J Virol 2021; 95:e0079621. [PMID: 34232070 PMCID: PMC8387047 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00796-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) targeting HIV-1 depends on pleiotropic functions, including viral neutralization and the elimination of HIV-1-infected cells. Several in vivo studies have suggested that passive administration of bNAbs represents a valuable strategy for the prevention or treatment of HIV-1. In addition, different strategies are currently being tested to scale up the production of bNAbs to obtain the large quantities of antibodies required for clinical trials. Production of antibodies in plants permits low-cost and large-scale production of valuable therapeutics; furthermore, pertinent to this work, it also includes an advanced glycoengineering platform. In this study, we used Nicotiana benthamiana to produce different Fc-glycovariants of a potent bNAb, PGT121, with near-homogeneous profiles and evaluated their antiviral activities. Structural analyses identified a close similarity in overall structure and glycosylation patterns of Fc regions for these plant-derived Abs and mammalian cell-derived Abs. When tested for Fc-effector activities, afucosylated PGT121 showed significantly enhanced FcγRIIIa interaction and antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against primary HIV-1-infected cells, both in vitro and ex vivo. However, the overall galactosylation profiles of plant PGT121 did not affect ADCC activities against infected primary CD4+ T cells. Our results suggest that the abrogation of the Fc N-linked glycan fucosylation of PGT121 is a worthwhile strategy to boost its Fc-effector functionality. IMPORTANCE PGT121 is a highly potent bNAb and its antiviral activities for HIV-1 prevention and therapy are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. The importance of its Fc-effector functions in clearing HIV-1-infected cells is also under investigation. Our results highlight enhanced Fc-effector activities of afucosylated PGT121 MAbs that could be important in a therapeutic context to accelerate infected cell clearance and slow disease progression. Future studies to evaluate the potential of plant-produced afucosylated PGT121 in controlling HIV-1 replication in vivo are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Priya Anand
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - William D. Tolbert
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine of Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie, et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie, et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hwi Min Gil
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Hirak Saxena
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Warren Wakarchuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Bruce D. Wines
- Immune Therapies Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark Hogarth
- Immune Therapies Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - George M. Shaw
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Malcom A. Martin
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dennis R. Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lars Hangartner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - David T. Evans
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine of Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Doug Cossar
- PlantForm Corporation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie, et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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16
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The Role of Fc Receptors on the Effectiveness of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168947. [PMID: 34445651 PMCID: PMC8396266 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the approval of the first monoclonal antibody (mAb) in 1986, a huge effort has been made to guarantee safety and efficacy of therapeutic mAbs. As of July 2021, 118 mAbs are approved for the European market for a broad range of clinical indications. In order to ensure clinical efficacy and safety aspects, (pre-)clinical experimental approaches evaluate the respective modes of action (MoA). In addition to antigen-specificity including binding affinity and -avidity, MoA comprise Fc-mediated effector functions such as antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and the closely related antibody dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). For this reason, a variety of cell-based assays have been established investigating effector functions of therapeutic mAbs with different effector/target-cell combinations and several readouts including Fcγ receptor (FcγR)-mediated lysis, fluorescence, or luminescence. Optimized FcγR-mediated effector functions regarding clinical safety and efficacy are addressed with modification strategies such as point mutations, altered glycosylation patterns, combination of different Fc subclasses (cross isotypes), and Fc-truncation of the mAb. These strategies opened the field for a next generation of therapeutic mAbs. In conclusion, it is of major importance to consider FcγR-mediated effector functions for the efficacy of therapeutic mAbs.
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17
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Pastori C, Galli L, Siracusano G, Spagnuolo V, Muccini C, Mastrangelo A, Bruzzesi E, Ranzenigo M, Chiurlo M, Castagna A, Lopalco L. Serum IgG1 and IgG4 could contribute to partial control of viral rebound in chronically HIV-1-infected patients. AIDS 2021; 35:1549-1559. [PMID: 33993130 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Few studies have investigated chronically infected individuals after antiretroviral therapy (ART) interruption (ATI, analytical therapy interruption); thus, we investigated the association between some HIV-specific antibodies and viral control. DESIGN All enrolled patients were previously described in the APACHE study. Briefly, the study was conducted on HIV-1 chronically infected patients, with HIV-RNA less than 50 copies/ml for at least 10 years, CD4+ cell count greater than 500 cells/μl and HIV-DNA less than 100 copies/106 PBMC. The ART regimen in use at the time of ATI was resumed at confirmed viral rebound (CVR, defined as two consecutive HIV-RNA >50 copies/ml). METHODS Collection of sera and analysis of both binding antibodies (BAbs) and neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) was performed at three different time points: ATI, CVR and time of viral re-suppression after ART resumption. RESULTS IgG subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4) from the four patients with highest levels of neutralization were found to block viral infection. All patients had CVR after ATI at a median time of 21 days (14-56). After ART resumption, all the enrolled patients achieved HIV-RNA less than 50 copies/ml in 42 days (21-98). We observed a strong increase of either BAbs and NAbs titers from ATI to viral re-suppression in one patient, who showed the longest period of virus undetectability during ATI. In this patient, BAbs and NAbs specifically belonged to both IgG1 and IgG4 subclasses, directed to env antigen. CONCLUSION env-specific NAbs and BAbs belonging to IgG1, IgG4 subclasses could be helpful to monitor long-term responses able to control virus replication and eradicate HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pastori
- Immunobiology of HIV, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute
| | - Laura Galli
- Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute
| | - Gabriel Siracusano
- Immunobiology of HIV, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Antonella Castagna
- Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Lopalco
- Immunobiology of HIV, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute
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18
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Göritzer K, Strasser R. Glycosylation of Plant-Produced Immunoglobulins. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2021; 112:519-543. [PMID: 34687021 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-76912-3_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Many economically important protein-based therapeutics like monoclonal antibodies are glycosylated. Due to the recognized importance of this type of posttranslational modification, glycoengineering of expression systems to obtain highly active and homogenous therapeutics is an emerging field. Although most of the monoclonal antibodies on the market are still produced in mammalian expression platforms, plants are emerging as an alternative cost-effective and scalable production platform that allows precise engineering of glycosylation to produce targeted human glycoforms at large homogeneity. Apart from producing more effective antibodies, pure glycoforms are required in efforts to link biological functions to specific glycan structures. Much is already known about the role of IgG1 glycosylation and this antibody class is the dominant recombinant format that has been expressed in plants. By contrast, little attention has been paid to the glycoengineering of recombinant IgG subtypes and the other four classes of human immunoglobulins (IgA, IgD, IgE, and IgM). Except for IgD, all these antibody classes have been expressed in plants and the glycosylation has been analyzed in a site-specific manner. Here, we summarize the current data on glycosylation of plant-produced monoclonal antibodies and discuss the findings in the light of known functions for these glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Strasser
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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19
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Diamos AG, Pardhe MD, Sun H, Hunter JGL, Kilbourne J, Chen Q, Mason HS. A Highly Expressing, Soluble, and Stable Plant-Made IgG Fusion Vaccine Strategy Enhances Antigen Immunogenicity in Mice Without Adjuvant. Front Immunol 2020; 11:576012. [PMID: 33343565 PMCID: PMC7746858 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.576012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutics based on fusing a protein of interest to the IgG Fc domain have been enormously successful, though fewer studies have investigated the vaccine potential of IgG fusions. In this study, we systematically compared the key properties of seven different plant-made human IgG1 fusion vaccine candidates using Zika virus (ZIKV) envelope domain III (ZE3) as a model antigen. Complement protein C1q binding of the IgG fusions was enhanced by: 1) antigen fusion to the IgG N-terminus; 2) removal of the IgG light chain or Fab regions; 3) addition of hexamer-inducing mutations in the IgG Fc; 4) adding a self-binding epitope tag to create recombinant immune complexes (RIC); or 5) producing IgG fusions in plants that lack plant-specific β1,2-linked xylose and α1,3-linked fucose N-linked glycans. We also characterized the expression, solubility, and stability of the IgG fusions. By optimizing immune complex formation, a potently immunogenic vaccine candidate with improved solubility and high stability was produced at 1.5 mg IgG fusion per g leaf fresh weight. In mice, the IgG fusions elicited high titers of Zika-specific antibodies which neutralized ZIKV using only two doses without adjuvant, reaching up to 150-fold higher antibody titers than ZE3 antigen alone. We anticipate these findings will be broadly applicable to the creation of other vaccines and antibody-based therapeutics.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/pharmacology
- Complement C1q/metabolism
- Drug Stability
- Epitopes
- Female
- Immunization
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Immunoglobulin G/genetics
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/pharmacology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Plant Leaves/genetics
- Plant Leaves/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology
- Solubility
- Nicotiana/genetics
- Nicotiana/metabolism
- Vaccines, Subunit/pharmacology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/pharmacology
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/pharmacology
- Zika Virus/immunology
- Zika Virus/pathogenicity
- Zika Virus Infection/immunology
- Zika Virus Infection/prevention & control
- Zika Virus Infection/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G. Diamos
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Mary D. Pardhe
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Haiyan Sun
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Joseph G. L. Hunter
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Jacquelyn Kilbourne
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Qiang Chen
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Hugh S. Mason
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
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20
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Kriechbaum R, Ziaee E, Grünwald‐Gruber C, Buscaill P, van der Hoorn RAL, Castilho A. BGAL1 depletion boosts the level of β-galactosylation of N- and O-glycans in N. benthamiana. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:1537-1549. [PMID: 31837192 PMCID: PMC7292537 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Glyco-design of proteins is a powerful tool in fundamental studies of structure-function relationship and in obtaining profiles optimized for efficacy of therapeutic glycoproteins. Plants, particularly Nicotiana benthamiana, are attractive hosts to produce recombinant glycoproteins, and recent advances in glyco-engineering facilitate customized N-glycosylation of plant-derived glycoproteins. However, with exception of monoclonal antibodies, homogenous human-like β1,4-galactosylation is very hard to achieve in recombinant glycoproteins. Despite significant efforts to optimize the expression of β1,4-galactosyltransferase, many plant-derived glycoproteins still exhibit incomplete processed N-glycans with heterogeneous terminal galactosylation. The most obvious suspects to be involved in trimming terminal galactose residues are β-galactosidases (BGALs) from the glycosyl hydrolase family GH35. To elucidate the so far uncharacterized mechanisms leading to the trimming of terminal galactose residues from glycans of secreted proteins, we studied a N. benthamiana BGAL known to be active in the apoplast (NbBGAL1). Here, we determined the NbBGAL1 subcellular localization, substrate specificity and in planta biological activity. We show that NbBGAL1 can remove β1,4- and β1,3-galactose residues on both N- and O-glycans. Transient BGAL1 down-regulation by RNA interference (RNAi) and BGAL1 depletion by genome editing drastically reduce β-galactosidase activity in N. benthamiana and increase the amounts of fully galactosylated complex N-glycans on several plant-produced glycoproteins. Altogether, our data demonstrate that NbBGAL1 acts on galactosylated complex N-glycans of plant-produced glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricarda Kriechbaum
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Esmaiel Ziaee
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyCollege of AgricultureShiraz UniversityShirazIran
| | | | - Pierre Buscaill
- The Plant Chemetics LaboratoryDepartment of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | | | - Alexandra Castilho
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
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21
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Puchol Tarazona AA, Lobner E, Taubenschmid Y, Paireder M, Torres Acosta JA, Göritzer K, Steinkellner H, Mach L. Steric Accessibility of the Cleavage Sites Dictates the Proteolytic Vulnerability of the Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies 2F5, 2G12, and PG9 in Plants. Biotechnol J 2020; 15:e1900308. [PMID: 31657528 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201900308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) hold great promise for immunoprophylaxis and the suppression of viremia in HIV-positive individuals. Several studies have demonstrated that plants as Nicotiana benthamiana are suitable hosts for the generation of protective anti-HIV-1 antibodies. However, the production of the anti-HIV-1 bNAbs 2F5 and PG9 in N. benthamiana is associated with their processing by apoplastic proteases in the complementarity-determining-region (CDR) H3 loops of the heavy chains. Here, it is shown that apoplastic proteases can also cleave the CDR H3 loop of the bNAb 2G12 when the unusual domain exchange between its heavy chains is prevented by the replacement of Ile19 with Arg. It is demonstrated that CDR H3 proteolysis leads to a strong reduction of the antigen-binding potencies of 2F5, PG9, and 2G12-I19R. Inhibitor profiling experiments indicate that different subtilisin-like serine proteases account for bNAb fragmentation in the apoplast. Differential scanning calorimetry experiments corroborate that the antigen-binding domains of wild-type 2G12 and 4E10 are more compact than those of proteolysis-sensitive antibodies, thus shielding their CDR H3 regions from proteolytic attack. This suggests that the extent of proteolytic inactivation of bNAbs in plants is primarily dictated by the steric accessibility of their CDR H3 loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro A Puchol Tarazona
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Lobner
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yvonne Taubenschmid
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Melanie Paireder
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Juan A Torres Acosta
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kathrin Göritzer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Mach
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
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22
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Stelter S, Paul MJ, Teh AY, Grandits M, Altmann F, Vanier J, Bardor M, Castilho A, Allen RL, Ma JK. Engineering the interactions between a plant-produced HIV antibody and human Fc receptors. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:402-414. [PMID: 31301102 PMCID: PMC6953194 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants can provide a cost-effective and scalable technology for production of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, with the potential for precise engineering of glycosylation. Glycan structures in the antibody Fc region influence binding properties to Fc receptors, which opens opportunities for modulation of antibody effector functions. To test the impact of glycosylation in detail, on binding to human Fc receptors, different glycovariants of VRC01, a broadly neutralizing HIV monoclonal antibody, were generated in Nicotiana benthamiana and characterized. These include glycovariants lacking plant characteristic α1,3-fucose and β1,2-xylose residues and glycans extended with terminal β1,4-galactose. Surface plasmon resonance-based assays were established for kinetic/affinity evaluation of antibody-FcγR interactions, and revealed that antibodies with typical plant glycosylation have a limited capacity to engage FcγRI, FcγRIIa, FcγRIIb and FcγRIIIa; however, the binding characteristics can be restored and even improved with targeted glycoengineering. All plant-made glycovariants had a slightly reduced affinity to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) compared with HEK cell-derived antibody. However, this was independent of plant glycosylation, but related to the oxidation status of two methionine residues in the Fc region. This points towards a need for process optimization to control oxidation levels and improve the quality of plant-produced antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Stelter
- Hotung Molecular Immunology UnitInstitute for Infection and ImmunitySt George's University of LondonLondonUK
- Present address:
Crescendo Biologics LtdMeditrina Building 260Babraham Research CampusCambridgeCB22 3ATUK
| | - Mathew J. Paul
- Hotung Molecular Immunology UnitInstitute for Infection and ImmunitySt George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Audrey Y.‐H. Teh
- Hotung Molecular Immunology UnitInstitute for Infection and ImmunitySt George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Melanie Grandits
- Hotung Molecular Immunology UnitInstitute for Infection and ImmunitySt George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Division of BiochemistryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Jessica Vanier
- UNIROUENLaboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale EANormandie UnivRouenFrance
| | - Muriel Bardor
- UNIROUENLaboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale EANormandie UnivRouenFrance
- Institut Universitaire de France (I.U.F.)Paris Cedex 05France
| | - Alexandra Castilho
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Rachel Louise Allen
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Julian K‐C. Ma
- Hotung Molecular Immunology UnitInstitute for Infection and ImmunitySt George's University of LondonLondonUK
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23
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Hurtado J, Acharya D, Lai H, Sun H, Kallolimath S, Steinkellner H, Bai F, Chen Q. In vitro and in vivo efficacy of anti-chikungunya virus monoclonal antibodies produced in wild-type and glycoengineered Nicotiana benthamiana plants. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:266-273. [PMID: 31207008 PMCID: PMC6917977 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus, and its infection can cause long-term debilitating arthritis in humans. Currently, there are no licensed vaccines or therapeutics for human use to combat CHIKV infections. In this study, we explored the feasibility of using an anti-CHIKV monoclonal antibody (mAb) produced in wild-type (WT) and glycoengineered (∆XFT) Nicotiana benthamiana plants in treating CHIKV infection in a mouse model. CHIKV mAb was efficiently expressed and assembled in plant leaves and enriched to homogeneity by a simple purification scheme. While mAb produced in ∆XFT carried a single N-glycan species at the Fc domain, namely GnGn structures, WT produced mAb exhibited a mixture of N-glycans including the typical plant GnGnXF3 glycans, accompanied by incompletely processed and oligomannosidic structures. Both WT and ∆XFT plant-produced mAbs demonstrated potent in vitro neutralization activity against CHIKV. Notably, both mAb glycoforms showed in vivo efficacy in a mouse model, with a slight increased efficacy by the ∆XFT-produced mAbs. This is the first report of the efficacy of plant-produced mAbs against CHIKV, which demonstrates the ability of using plants as an effective platform for production of functionally active CHIKV mAbs and implies optimization of in vivo activity by controlling Fc glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Hurtado
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life SciencesArizona State UniversityTempeAZUSA
| | - Dhiraj Acharya
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Southern MississippiHattiesburgMSUSA
| | - Huafang Lai
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life SciencesArizona State UniversityTempeAZUSA
| | - Haiyan Sun
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life SciencesArizona State UniversityTempeAZUSA
| | - Somanath Kallolimath
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Applied Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Applied Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Fengwei Bai
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Southern MississippiHattiesburgMSUSA
| | - Qiang Chen
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life SciencesArizona State UniversityTempeAZUSA
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24
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Sialoglycans and genetically engineered plants. SIALIC ACIDS AND SIALOGLYCOCONJUGATES IN THE BIOLOGY OF LIFE, HEALTH AND DISEASE 2020. [PMCID: PMC7153322 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816126-5.00002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Plants express N-glycosylation pathways and produce N-glycosylated proteins but differ from the mammalian-type proteins. Therefore attempts are made to design and engineer plant glycosylation pathways that can produce mammalian-type glycosylated moieties so that large quantities of biopharmaceuticals compatible to the human body can be produced. Most of the studies of plant expression systems for molecular farming have been conducted on Nicotiana sp. and genetic engineering and molecular biology tools have enabled the generation of glycoengineered plant for human use in the production of therapeutic recombinant proteins. We have discussed in this chapter the advances of glycoengineering in plants with special reference to the reconstruction of silaylation pathways in plants and the latest application in the production of antibody and therapeutics in plants.
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25
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Understudied Factors Influencing Fc-Mediated Immune Responses against Viral Infections. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7030103. [PMID: 31480293 PMCID: PMC6789852 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies play a crucial role in host defense against viruses, both by preventing infection and by controlling viral replication. Besides their capacity to neutralize viruses, antibodies also exert their antiviral effects by crystallizable fragment (Fc)-mediated effector mechanisms. This involves a bridge between innate and adaptive immune systems, wherein antibodies form immune complexes that drive numerous innate immune effector functions, including antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent complement-mediated lysis, and antibody-dependent phagocytosis. Here, we review certain mechanisms that modulate these antibody-mediated effector functions against virally infected cells, such as viral glycoprotein shedding, viral glycoprotein internalization, antibody cooperativity, and antibody glycosylation. These mechanisms can either protect viral replication or enhance infected cell clearance. Here we discuss the importance of these understudied factors in modulating Fc-mediated effector functions.
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26
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Komarova TV, Sheshukova EV, Dorokhov YL. Plant-Made Antibodies: Properties and Therapeutic Applications. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:381-395. [PMID: 29231134 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666171212093257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A cost-effective plant platform for therapeutic monoclonal antibody production is both flexible and scalable. Plant cells have mechanisms for protein synthesis and posttranslational modification, including glycosylation, similar to those in animal cells. However, plants produce less complex and diverse Asn-attached glycans compared to animal cells and contain plant-specific residues. Nevertheless, plant-made antibodies (PMAbs) could be advantageous compared to those produced in animal cells due to the absence of a risk of contamination from nucleic acids or proteins of animal origin. OBJECTIVE In this review, the various platforms of PMAbs production are described, and the widely used transient expression system based on Agrobacterium-mediated delivery of genetic material into plant cells is discussed in detail. RESULTS We examined the features of and approaches to humanizing the Asn-linked glycan of PMAbs. The prospects for PMAbs in the prevention and treatment of human infectious diseases have been illustrated by promising results with PMAbs against human immunodeficiency virus, rotavirus infection, human respiratory syncytial virus, rabies, anthrax and Ebola virus. The pre-clinical and clinical trials of PMAbs against different types of cancer, including lymphoma and breast cancer, are addressed. CONCLUSION PMAb biosafety assessments in patients suggest that it has no side effects, although this does not completely remove concerns about the potential immunogenicity of some plant glycans in humans. Several PMAbs at various developmental stages have been proposed. Promise for the clinical use of PMAbs is aimed at the treatment of viral and bacterial infections as well as in anti-cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana V Komarova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation.,A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina V Sheshukova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Yuri L Dorokhov
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation.,A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
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27
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Chandler KB, Mehta N, Leon DR, Suscovich TJ, Alter G, Costello CE. Multi-isotype Glycoproteomic Characterization of Serum Antibody Heavy Chains Reveals Isotype- and Subclass-Specific N-Glycosylation Profiles. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:686-703. [PMID: 30659065 PMCID: PMC6442369 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.001185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are critical glycoproteins that bridge the innate and adaptive immune systems to provide protection against infection. The isotype/subclass of the antibody, the co-translational N-glycosylation on the CH2 domain, and the remodeling of the N-linked glycans during passage through the ER and Golgi are the known variables within the Fc domain that program antibody effector function. Through investigations of monoclonal therapeutics, it has been observed that addition or removal of specific monosaccharide residues from antibody N-glycans can influence the potency of antibodies, highlighting the importance of thoroughly characterizing antibody N-glycosylation. Although IgGs usually have a single N-glycosylation site and are well studied, other antibody isotypes, e.g. IgA and IgM, that are the first responders in certain diseases, have two to five sites/monomer of antibody, and little is known about their N-glycosylation. Here we employ a nLC-MS/MS method using stepped-energy higher energy collisional dissociation to characterize the N-glycan repertoire and site occupancy of circulating serum antibodies. We simultaneously determined the site-specific N-linked glycan repertoire for IgG1, IgG4, IgA1, IgA2, and IgM in individual healthy donors. Compared with IgG1, IgG4 displayed a higher relative abundance of G1S1F and a lower relative abundance of G1FB. IgA1 and IgA2 displayed mostly biantennary N-glycans. IgA2 variants with the either serine (S93) or proline (P93) were detected. In digests of the sera from a subset of donors, we detected an unmodified peptide containing a proline residue at position 93; this substitution would strongly disfavor N-glycosylation at N92. IgM sites N46, N209, and N272 displayed mostly complex glycans, whereas sites N279 and N439 displayed higher relative abundances of high-mannose glycoforms. This multi-isotype approach is a crucial step toward developing a platform to define disease-specific N-glycan signatures for different isotypes to help tune antibodies to induce protection. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD010911.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Brown Chandler
- From the ‡Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nickita Mehta
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Deborah R Leon
- From the ‡Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Todd J Suscovich
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Catherine E Costello
- From the ‡Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts;.
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28
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The design of an HIV vaccine remains an elusive but top priority. Data from the non-human primate model and the first moderately protective HIV vaccine trial (RV144) point to a role for qualitative changes in humoral immune functions in protection from infection. Here, we review the current understanding of the antibody response throughout HIV infection, the known correlates of protection, and current strategies to manipulate antibodies to put an end to the epidemic. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies point to innate immune-recruiting antibody function in preventing infection as well as controlling viremia following infection. These data have begun to inform next-generation design of HIV vaccines and antibody therapies by uncovering new viral targets and antibody architectures to improve potency and breadth. Emerging data illustrate a role for innate immune recruiting-antibodies in conferring protection against HIV infection as well as promoting viral control and clearance, offering an unprecedented opportunity to modulate and improve antibody function to fight HIV more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey L. Butler
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Stephanie Fischinger
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Galit Alter
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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29
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van Erp EA, Luytjes W, Ferwerda G, van Kasteren PB. Fc-Mediated Antibody Effector Functions During Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection and Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:548. [PMID: 30967872 PMCID: PMC6438959 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of severe lower respiratory tract infections and hospitalization in infants under 1 year of age and there is currently no market-approved vaccine available. For protection against infection, young children mainly depend on their innate immune system and maternal antibodies. Traditionally, antibody-mediated protection against viral infections is thought to be mediated by direct binding of antibodies to viral particles, resulting in virus neutralization. However, in the case of RSV, virus neutralization titers do not provide an adequate correlate of protection. The current lack of understanding of the mechanisms by which antibodies can protect against RSV infection and disease or, alternatively, contribute to disease severity, hampers the design of safe and effective vaccines against this virus. Importantly, neutralization is only one of many mechanisms by which antibodies can interfere with viral infection. Antibodies consist of two structural regions: a variable fragment (Fab) that mediates antigen binding and a constant fragment (Fc) that mediates downstream effector functions via its interaction with Fc-receptors on (innate) immune cells or with C1q, the recognition molecule of the complement system. The interaction with Fc-receptors can lead to killing of virus-infected cells through a variety of immune effector mechanisms, including antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). Antibody-mediated complement activation may lead to complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). In addition, both Fc-receptor interactions and complement activation can exert a broad range of immunomodulatory functions. Recent studies have emphasized the importance of Fc-mediated antibody effector functions in both protection and pathogenesis for various infectious agents. In this review article, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on Fc-mediated antibody effector functions in the context of RSV infection, discuss their potential role in establishing the balance between protection and pathogenesis, and point out important gaps in our understanding of these processes. Furthermore, we elaborate on the regulation of these effector functions on both the cellular and humoral side. Finally, we discuss the implications of Fc-mediated antibody effector functions for the rational design of safe and effective vaccines and monoclonal antibody therapies against RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth A. van Erp
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
- Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Willem Luytjes
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Gerben Ferwerda
- Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Puck B. van Kasteren
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
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30
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Abuharfeil NM, Yaseen MM, Alsheyab FM. Harnessing Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity To Control HIV-1 Infection. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:158-176. [PMID: 30525453 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Passive administration of broadly neutralizing anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) antibodies (bNAbs) has been recently suggested as a promising alternative therapeutic approach for HIV-1 infection. Although the success behind the studies that used this approach has been attributed to the potency and neutralization breadth of anti-HIV-1 antibodies, several lines of evidence support the idea that specific antibody-dependent effector functions, particularly antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), play a critical role in controlling HIV-1 infection. In this review, we showed that there is a direct association between the activation of ADCC and better clinical outcomes. This, in turn, suggests that ADCC could be harnessed to control HIV-1 infection. To this end, we addressed the passive administration of bNAbs capable of selectively activating ADCC responses to HIV-1 patients. Finally, we summarized the potential barriers that may impede the optimal activation of ADCC during HIV-1 infection and provided strategic solutions to overcome these barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nizar Mohammad Abuharfeil
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, College of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Mahmoud Mohammad Yaseen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110. Jordan
| | - Fawzi M. Alsheyab
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, College of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
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31
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Wec AZ, Bornholdt ZA, He S, Herbert AS, Goodwin E, Wirchnianski AS, Gunn BM, Zhang Z, Zhu W, Liu G, Abelson DM, Moyer CL, Jangra RK, James RM, Bakken RR, Bohorova N, Bohorov O, Kim DH, Pauly MH, Velasco J, Bortz RH, Whaley KJ, Goldstein T, Anthony SJ, Alter G, Walker LM, Dye JM, Zeitlin L, Qiu X, Chandran K. Development of a Human Antibody Cocktail that Deploys Multiple Functions to Confer Pan-Ebolavirus Protection. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 25:39-48.e5. [PMID: 30629917 PMCID: PMC6396299 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Passive administration of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is a promising therapeutic approach for Ebola virus disease (EVD). However, all mAbs and mAb cocktails that have entered clinical development are specific for a single member of the Ebolavirus genus, Ebola virus (EBOV), and ineffective against outbreak-causing Bundibugyo virus (BDBV) and Sudan virus (SUDV). Here, we advance MBP134, a cocktail of two broadly neutralizing human mAbs, ADI-15878 from an EVD survivor and ADI-23774 from the same survivor but specificity-matured for SUDV GP binding affinity, as a candidate pan-ebolavirus therapeutic. MBP134 potently neutralized all ebolaviruses and demonstrated greater protective efficacy than ADI-15878 alone in EBOV-challenged guinea pigs. A second-generation cocktail, MBP134AF, engineered to effectively harness natural killer (NK) cells afforded additional improvement relative to its precursor in protective efficacy against EBOV and SUDV in guinea pigs. MBP134AF is an optimized mAb cocktail suitable for evaluation as a pan-ebolavirus therapeutic in nonhuman primates.
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MESH Headings
- Animal Welfare
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Viral/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/therapeutic use
- Antiviral Agents
- Disease Models, Animal
- Ebolavirus/immunology
- Ebolavirus/pathogenicity
- Epitopes/immunology
- Female
- Filoviridae/immunology
- Guinea Pigs
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/prevention & control
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/virology
- Humans
- Immunotherapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Z Wec
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | - Shihua He
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Andrew S Herbert
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | - Ariel S Wirchnianski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Bronwyn M Gunn
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Zirui Zhang
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Wenjun Zhu
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Guodong Liu
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | | | | | - Rohit K Jangra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Rebekah M James
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Russell R Bakken
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | | | - Do H Kim
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | | | - Robert H Bortz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | - Tracey Goldstein
- One Health Institute and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Simon J Anthony
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - John M Dye
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | - Xiangguo Qiu
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Buettner MJ, Shah SR, Saeui CT, Ariss R, Yarema KJ. Improving Immunotherapy Through Glycodesign. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2485. [PMID: 30450094 PMCID: PMC6224361 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is revolutionizing health care, with the majority of high impact "drugs" approved in the past decade falling into this category of therapy. Despite considerable success, glycosylation-a key design parameter that ensures safety, optimizes biological response, and influences the pharmacokinetic properties of an immunotherapeutic-has slowed the development of this class of drugs in the past and remains challenging at present. This article describes how optimizing glycosylation through a variety of glycoengineering strategies provides enticing opportunities to not only avoid past pitfalls, but also to substantially improve immunotherapies including antibodies and recombinant proteins, and cell-based therapies. We cover design principles important for early stage pre-clinical development and also discuss how various glycoengineering strategies can augment the biomanufacturing process to ensure the overall effectiveness of immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Buettner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sagar R Shah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Christopher T Saeui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Pharmacology/Toxicology Branch I, Division of Clinical Evaluation and Pharmacology/Toxicology, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ryan Ariss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kevin J Yarema
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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33
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Carrillo J, Clotet B, Blanco J. Antibodies and Antibody Derivatives: New Partners in HIV Eradication Strategies. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2429. [PMID: 30405624 PMCID: PMC6205993 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Promptly after primoinfection, HIV generates a pool of infected cells carrying transcriptionally silent integrated proviral DNA, the HIV-1 reservoir. These cells are not cleared by combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), and persist lifelong in treated HIV-infected individuals. Defining clinical strategies to eradicate the HIV reservoir and cure HIV-infected individuals is a major research field that requires a deep understanding of the mechanisms of seeding, maintenance and destruction of latently infected cells. Although CTL responses have been classically associated with the control of HIV replication, and hence with the size of HIV reservoir, broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) have emerged as new players in HIV cure strategies. Several reasons support this potential role: (i) over the last years a number of bNAbs with high potency and ability to cope with the extreme variability of HIV have been identified; (ii) antibodies not only block HIV replication but mediate effector functions that may contribute to the removal of infected cells and to boost immune responses against HIV; (iii) a series of new technologies have allowed for the in vitro design of improved antibodies with increased antiviral and effector functions. Recent studies in non-human primate models and in HIV-infected individuals have shown that treatment with recombinant bNAbs isolated from HIV-infected individuals is safe and may have a beneficial effect both on the seeding of the HIV reservoir and on the inhibition of HIV replication. These promising data and the development of antibody technology have paved the way for treating HIV infection with engineered monoclonal antibodies with high potency of neutralization, wide coverage of HIV diversity, extended plasma half-life in vivo and improved effector functions. The exciting effects of these newly designed antibodies in vivo, either alone or in combination with other cure strategies (latency reversing agents or therapeutic vaccines), open a new hope in HIV eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Carrillo
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.,Chair in AIDS and Related Illnesses, Centre for Health and Social Care Research (CEES), Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya, Vic, Spain
| | - Julià Blanco
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.,Chair in AIDS and Related Illnesses, Centre for Health and Social Care Research (CEES), Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya, Vic, Spain
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Kim MY, Copland A, Nayak K, Chandele A, Ahmed MS, Zhang Q, Diogo GR, Paul MJ, Hofmann S, Yang M, Jang Y, Ma JK, Reljic R. Plant-expressed Fc-fusion protein tetravalent dengue vaccine with inherent adjuvant properties. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:1283-1294. [PMID: 29223138 PMCID: PMC5999314 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Dengue is a major global disease requiring improved treatment and prevention strategies. The recently licensed Sanofi Pasteur Dengvaxia vaccine does not protect children under the age of nine, and additional vaccine strategies are thus needed to halt this expanding global epidemic. Here, we employed a molecular engineering approach and plant expression to produce a humanized and highly immunogenic poly-immunoglobulin G scaffold (PIGS) fused to the consensus dengue envelope protein III domain (cEDIII). The immunogenicity of this IgG Fc receptor-targeted vaccine candidate was demonstrated in transgenic mice expressing human FcγRI/CD64, by induction of neutralizing antibodies and evidence of cell-mediated immunity. Furthermore, these molecules were able to prime immune cells from human adenoid/tonsillar tissue ex vivo as evidenced by antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell proliferation, IFN-γ and antibody production. The purified polymeric fraction of dengue PIGS (D-PIGS) induced stronger immune activation than the monomeric form, suggesting a more efficient interaction with the low-affinity Fcγ receptors on antigen-presenting cells. These results show that the plant-expressed D-PIGS have the potential for translation towards a safe and easily scalable single antigen-based tetravalent dengue vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Young Kim
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt George's University of LondonLondonUK
- Department of Molecular Biology and the Institute for Molecular Biology and GeneticsChonbuk National UniversityJeonjuKorea
| | - Alastair Copland
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Kaustuv Nayak
- ICGEB‐Emory Vaccine CenterInternational Center for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyNew DelhiIndia
| | - Anmol Chandele
- ICGEB‐Emory Vaccine CenterInternational Center for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyNew DelhiIndia
| | - Muhammad S. Ahmed
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute of Infection and Global HealthUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Qibo Zhang
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute of Infection and Global HealthUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Gil R. Diogo
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Matthew J. Paul
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Sven Hofmann
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Moon‐Sik Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology and the Institute for Molecular Biology and GeneticsChonbuk National UniversityJeonjuKorea
| | - Yong‐Suk Jang
- Department of Molecular Biology and the Institute for Molecular Biology and GeneticsChonbuk National UniversityJeonjuKorea
| | - Julian K‐C. Ma
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Rajko Reljic
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt George's University of LondonLondonUK
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35
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Rozov SM, Permyakova NV, Deineko EV. Main Strategies of Plant Expression System Glycoengineering for Producing Humanized Recombinant Pharmaceutical Proteins. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:215-232. [PMID: 29625542 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918030033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Most the pharmaceutical proteins are derived not from their natural sources, rather their recombinant analogs are synthesized in various expression systems. Plant expression systems, unlike mammalian cell cultures, combine simplicity and low cost of procaryotic systems and the ability for posttranslational modifications inherent in eucaryotes. More than 50% of all human proteins and more than 40% of the currently used pharmaceutical proteins are glycosylated, that is, they are glycoproteins, and their biological activity, pharmacodynamics, and immunogenicity depend on the correct glycosylation pattern. This review examines in detail the similarities and differences between N- and O-glycosylation in plant and mammalian cells, as well as the effect of plant glycans on the activity, pharmacokinetics, immunity, and intensity of biosynthesis of pharmaceutical proteins. The main current strategies of glycoengineering of plant expression systems aimed at obtaining fully humanized proteins for pharmaceutical application are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Rozov
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
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36
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Marusic C, Pioli C, Stelter S, Novelli F, Lonoce C, Morrocchi E, Benvenuto E, Salzano AM, Scaloni A, Donini M. N-glycan engineering of a plant-produced anti-CD20-hIL-2 immunocytokine significantly enhances its effector functions. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:565-576. [PMID: 29178403 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Anti-CD20 recombinant antibodies are among the most promising therapeutics for the treatment of B-cell malignancies such as non-Hodgkin lymphomas. We recently demonstrated that an immunocytokine (2B8-Fc-hIL2), obtained by fusing an anti-CD20 scFv-Fc antibody derived from C2B8 mAb (rituximab) to the human interleukin 2 (hIL-2), can be efficiently produced in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. The purified immunocytokine (IC) bearing a typical plant protein N-glycosylation profile showed a CD20 binding activity comparable to that of rituximab and was efficient in eliciting antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) of human PBMC against Daudi cells, indicating its fuctional integrity. In this work, the immunocytokine devoid of the typical xylose/fucose N-glycosylation plant signature (IC-ΔXF) and the corresponding scFv-Fc-ΔXF antibody not fused to the cytokine, were obtained in a glyco-engineered ΔXylT/FucT N. benthamiana line. Purification yields from agroinfiltrated plants amounted to 20-35 mg/kg of leaf fresh weight. When assayed for interaction with FcγRI and FcγRIIIa, IC-ΔXF exhibited significantly enhanced binding affinities if compared to the counterpart bearing the typical plant protein N-glycosylation profile (IC) and to rituximab. The glyco-engineered recombinant molecules also exhibited a strongly improved ADCC and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). Notably, our results demonstrate a reduced C1q binding of xylose/fucose carrying IC and scFv-Fc compared to versions that lack these sugar moieties. These results demonstrate that specific N-glycosylation alterations in recombinant products can dramatically affect the effector functions of the immunocytokine, resulting in an overall improvement of the biological functions and consequently of the therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudio Pioli
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, ENEA Research Center Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Szymon Stelter
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Flavia Novelli
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, ENEA Research Center Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Elena Morrocchi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, ENEA Research Center Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Anna Maria Salzano
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, Napoli, Italy
| | - Andrea Scaloni
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, Napoli, Italy
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37
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Bennett LD, Yang Q, Berquist BR, Giddens JP, Ren Z, Kommineni V, Murray RP, White EL, Holtz BR, Wang LX, Marcel S. Implementation of Glycan Remodeling to Plant-Made Therapeutic Antibodies. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E421. [PMID: 29385073 PMCID: PMC5855643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
N-glycosylation profoundly affects the biological stability and function of therapeutic proteins, which explains the recent interest in glycoengineering technologies as methods to develop biobetter therapeutics. In current manufacturing processes, N-glycosylation is host-specific and remains difficult to control in a production environment that changes with scale and production batches leading to glycosylation heterogeneity and inconsistency. On the other hand, in vitro chemoenzymatic glycan remodeling has been successful in producing homogeneous pre-defined protein glycoforms, but needs to be combined with a cost-effective and scalable production method. An efficient chemoenzymatic glycan remodeling technology using a plant expression system that combines in vivo deglycosylation with an in vitro chemoenzymatic glycosylation is described. Using the monoclonal antibody rituximab as a model therapeutic protein, a uniform Gal2GlcNAc2Man3GlcNAc2 (A2G2) glycoform without α-1,6-fucose, plant-specific α-1,3-fucose or β-1,2-xylose residues was produced. When compared with the innovator product Rituxan®, the plant-made remodeled afucosylated antibody showed similar binding affinity to the CD20 antigen but significantly enhanced cell cytotoxicity in vitro. Using a scalable plant expression system and reducing the in vitro deglycosylation burden creates the potential to eliminate glycan heterogeneity and provide affordable customization of therapeutics' glycosylation for maximal and targeted biological activity. This feature can reduce cost and provide an affordable platform to manufacture biobetter antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay D Bennett
- Metropolitan Nashville Police Department Crime Lab, 400 Myatt Drive, Madison, TN 37115, USA.
| | - Qiang Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Brian R Berquist
- iBio CDMO, 8800 Health Science Center Parkway, Bryan, TX 77807, USA.
| | - John P Giddens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Zhongjie Ren
- iBio CDMO, 8800 Health Science Center Parkway, Bryan, TX 77807, USA.
| | - Vally Kommineni
- iBio CDMO, 8800 Health Science Center Parkway, Bryan, TX 77807, USA.
| | - Ryan P Murray
- Lonza Houston, Inc., 8066 El Rio St., Houston, TX 77054, USA.
| | - Earl L White
- MDx BioAnalytical Laboratory, Inc., 5890 Imperial loop, Suite 12, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
| | - Barry R Holtz
- iBio CDMO, 8800 Health Science Center Parkway, Bryan, TX 77807, USA.
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Sylvain Marcel
- iBio CDMO, 8800 Health Science Center Parkway, Bryan, TX 77807, USA.
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38
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Glyco-Engineering of Plant-Based Expression Systems. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 175:137-166. [PMID: 30069741 DOI: 10.1007/10_2018_76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Most secreted proteins in eukaryotes are glycosylated, and after a number of common biosynthesis steps the glycan structures mature in a species-dependent manner. Therefore, human therapeutic proteins produced in plants often carry plant-like rather than human-like glycans, which can affect protein stability, biological function, and immunogenicity. The glyco-engineering of plant-based expression systems began as a strategy to eliminate plant-like glycans and produce human proteins with authentic or at least compatible glycan structures. The precise replication of human glycans is challenging, owing to the absence of a pathway in plants for the synthesis of sialylated proteins and the necessary precursors, but this can now be achieved by the coordinated expression of multiple human enzymes. Although the research community has focused on the removal of plant glycans and their replacement with human counterparts, the presence of plant glycans on proteins can also provide benefits, such as boosting the immunogenicity of some vaccines, facilitating the interaction between therapeutic proteins and their receptors, and increasing the efficacy of antibody effector functions. Graphical Abstract Typical structures of native mammalian and plant glycans with symbols indicating sugar residues identified by their short form and single-letter codes. Both glycans contain fucose, albeit with different linkages.
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39
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Kim M, Van Dolleweerd C, Copland A, Paul MJ, Hofmann S, Webster GR, Julik E, Ceballos‐Olvera I, Reyes‐del Valle J, Yang M, Jang Y, Reljic R, Ma JK. Molecular engineering and plant expression of an immunoglobulin heavy chain scaffold for delivery of a dengue vaccine candidate. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2017; 15:1590-1601. [PMID: 28421694 PMCID: PMC5698049 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In order to enhance vaccine uptake by the immune cells in vivo, molecular engineering approach was employed to construct a polymeric immunoglobulin G scaffold (PIGS) that incorporates multiple copies of an antigen and targets the Fc gamma receptors on antigen-presenting cells. These self-adjuvanting immunogens were tested in the context of dengue infection, for which there is currently no globally licensed vaccine yet. Thus, the consensus domain III sequence (cEDIII) of dengue glycoprotein E was incorporated into PIGS and expressed in both tobacco plants and Chinese Ovary Hamster cells. Purified mouse and human cEDIII-PIGS were fractionated by HPLC into low and high molecular weight forms, corresponding to monomers, dimers and polymers. cEDIII-PIGS were shown to retain important Fc receptor functions associated with immunoglobulins, including binding to C1q component of the complement and the low affinity Fcγ receptor II, as well as to macrophage cells in vitro. These molecules were shown to be immunogenic in mice, with or without an adjuvant, inducing a high level IgG antibody response which showed a neutralizing potential against the dengue virus serotype 2. The cEDIII-PIGS also induced a significant cellular immune response, IFN-γ production and polyfunctional T cells in both the CD4+ and CD8+ compartments. This proof-of-principle study shows that the potent antibody Fc-mediated cellular functions can be harnessed to improve vaccine design, underscoring the potential of this technology to induce and modulate a broad-ranging immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi‐Young Kim
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt George's University of LondonLondonUK
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Institute for Molecular Biology and GeneticsChonbuk National UniversityJeonjuKorea
| | | | - Alastair Copland
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Matthew John Paul
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Sven Hofmann
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Gina R. Webster
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Emily Julik
- School of Life SciencesArizona State UniversityTempeAZUSA
| | | | | | - Moon‐Sik Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Institute for Molecular Biology and GeneticsChonbuk National UniversityJeonjuKorea
| | - Yong‐Suk Jang
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Institute for Molecular Biology and GeneticsChonbuk National UniversityJeonjuKorea
| | - Rajko Reljic
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Julian K. Ma
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt George's University of LondonLondonUK
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40
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Dekkers G, Treffers L, Plomp R, Bentlage AEH, de Boer M, Koeleman CAM, Lissenberg-Thunnissen SN, Visser R, Brouwer M, Mok JY, Matlung H, van den Berg TK, van Esch WJE, Kuijpers TW, Wouters D, Rispens T, Wuhrer M, Vidarsson G. Decoding the Human Immunoglobulin G-Glycan Repertoire Reveals a Spectrum of Fc-Receptor- and Complement-Mediated-Effector Activities. Front Immunol 2017; 8:877. [PMID: 28824618 PMCID: PMC5539844 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation of the immunoglobulin G (IgG)-Fc tail is required for binding to Fc-gamma receptors (FcγRs) and complement-component C1q. A variety of IgG1-glycoforms is detected in human sera. Several groups have found global or antigen-specific skewing of IgG glycosylation, for example in autoimmune diseases, viral infections, and alloimmune reactions. The IgG glycoprofiles seem to correlate with disease outcome. Additionally, IgG-glycan composition contributes significantly to Ig-based therapies, as for example IVIg in autoimmune diseases and therapeutic antibodies for cancer treatment. The effect of the different glycan modifications, especially of fucosylation, has been studied before. However, the contribution of the 20 individual IgG glycoforms, in which the combined effect of all 4 modifications, to the IgG function has never been investigated. Here, we combined six glyco-engineering methods to generate all 20 major human IgG1-glycoforms and screened their functional capacity for FcγR and complement activity. Bisection had no effect on FcγR or C1q-binding, and sialylation had no- or little effect on FcγR binding. We confirmed that hypo-fucosylation of IgG1 increased binding to FcγRIIIa and FcγRIIIb by ~17-fold, but in addition we showed that this effect could be further increased to ~40-fold for FcγRIIIa upon simultaneous hypo-fucosylation and hyper-galactosylation, resulting in enhanced NK cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Moreover, elevated galactosylation and sialylation significantly increased (independent of fucosylation) C1q-binding, downstream complement deposition, and cytotoxicity. In conclusion, fucosylation and galactosylation are primary mediators of functional changes in IgG for FcγR- and complement-mediated effector functions, respectively, with galactose having an auxiliary role for FcγRIII-mediated functions. This knowledge could be used not only for glycan profiling of clinically important (antigen-specific) IgG but also to optimize therapeutic antibody applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Dekkers
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department Experimental Immunohematology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Louise Treffers
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department Blood Cell Research, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rosina Plomp
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Arthur E H Bentlage
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department Experimental Immunohematology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marcella de Boer
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department Experimental Immunohematology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Carolien A M Koeleman
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Suzanne N Lissenberg-Thunnissen
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department Experimental Immunohematology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Remco Visser
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department Experimental Immunohematology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mieke Brouwer
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department Immunopathology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Hanke Matlung
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department Blood Cell Research, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Timo K van den Berg
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department Blood Cell Research, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department Blood Cell Research, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Diana Wouters
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department Immunopathology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department Immunopathology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department Experimental Immunohematology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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41
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Khidr EG, Ali SS, Elshafey MM, Fawzy OA. Association of irisin and FNDC5 rs16835198 G > T gene polymorphism with type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy. An Egyptian pilot study. Gene 2017; 626:26-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Hierarchical and Redundant Roles of Activating FcγRs in Protection against Influenza Disease by M2e-Specific IgG1 and IgG2a Antibodies. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02500-16. [PMID: 28077656 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02500-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The ectodomain of matrix protein 2 is a universal influenza A virus vaccine candidate that provides protection through antibody-dependent effector mechanisms. Here we compared the functional engagement of Fcγ receptor (FcγR) family members by two M2e-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), MAb 37 (IgG1) and MAb 65 (IgG2a), which recognize a similar epitope in M2e with similar affinities. The binding of MAb 65 to influenza A virus-infected cells triggered all three activating mouse Fcγ receptors in vitro, whereas MAb 37 activated only FcγRIII. The passive transfer of MAb 37 or MAb 65 in wild-type, Fcer1g-/-, Fcgr3-/-, and Fcgr1-/-Fcgr3-/- BALB/c mice revealed the importance of these receptors for protection against influenza A virus challenge, with a clear requirement of FcγRIII for IgG1 MAb 37 being found. We also report that FcγRIV contributes to protection by M2e-specific IgG2a antibodies.IMPORTANCE There is increased awareness that protection by antibodies directed against viral antigens is also mediated by the Fc domain of these antibodies. These Fc-mediated effector functions are often missed in clinical assays, which are used, for example, to define correlates of protection induced by vaccines. The use of antibodies to prevent and treat infectious diseases is on the rise and has proven to be a promising approach in our battle against newly emerging viral infections. It is now also realized that Fcγ receptors significantly enhance the in vivo protective effect of broadly neutralizing antibodies directed against the conserved parts of the influenza virus hemagglutinin. We show here that two M2e-specific monoclonal antibodies with close to identical antigen-binding specificities and affinities have a very different in vivo protective potential that is controlled by their capacity to interact with activating Fcγ receptors.
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Mao C, Near R, Gao W. Identification of a Guinea Pig Fcγ Receptor that Exhibits Enhanced Binding to Afucosylated Human and Mouse IgG. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 1. [PMID: 34322690 DOI: 10.4172/2576-1420.1000102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Glyco-engineered recombinant antibodies are currently being developed as the next generation therapeutics to treat human diseases, including cancer, autoimmunity and infection. Antibodies lacking core fucosylation show great increase in affinity for FcγRIIIA, leading to an improved receptor-mediated effector function. While afucosyl human IgG1 exhibits 50-100-fold increase in antibody-mediated cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), a key immune effector mechanism underlying the anti-cancer effect of some approved therapeutic antibodies, it is not clear whether such glyco-engineered antibodies would find similar use for infectious disease. Due to the species difference, human antibodies may have different binding properties towards corresponding IgG receptors from animals used for modeling infection and intoxication. During the course of studying a recombinant human IgG1 in neutralizing diphtheria toxin (DT) in Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus), we identified a previously uncharacterized Guinea pig protein H0VDZ8 from UNIPROT database that shows high sequence homologies to human FcγRIIIA and mouse FcγRIV. This Fcγ receptor, which we named as gpFcγRIV, also demonstrates functional similarity although not to the same extent as the human and mouse counterparts, in that it binds to afucosyl human and mouse IgG much stronger than to the wild type antibodies. Thus, Guinea pigs can be used to compare the efficacies of wild type vs. afucosyl anti-DT human IgG1 in toxin removal and animal protection. Molecular and functional characterization of human FcγRIIIA and mouse FcγRIV equivalents in other species could expand the list of preclinical animal models for testing afucosyl human antibodies in treating various human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Near
- Antagen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Wenda Gao
- Antagen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Wang X, Jiang D, Shi J, Yang D. Expression of α-1,6-fucosyltransferase (FUT8) in rice grain and immunogenicity evaluation of plant-specific glycans. J Biotechnol 2016; 242:111-121. [PMID: 28013072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Rice seed is a cost-effective bioreactor for the large-scale production of pharmaceuticals. However, convincing evidence of the immunogenicity of plant-specific glycans is still limited although plant-specific glycans are considered potential allergic antigens. In the present study, we found that the α-1,3-fucose content of the glycoprotein produced from rice seed was much lower than that in leaf, and conversely, a higher β-1,2-xylose content was detected in seed than that in leaf. We detected the α-1,6-fucose content in the glutelin and recombinant human α1-antitrypsin (OsrAAT). The further results in a line containing AAT and FUT8 genes indicated that the α-1,6-fucose content of modified glycosylated recombinant α1-antitrypsin (mgOsrAAT) was 38.4%, while glutelin was only 6.8%. Interestingly, the α-1,3-fucose content of mgOsrAAT was significantly reduced by 59.8% compared with that of OsrAAT. Furthermore, we assessed the immunogenicity of OsrAAT, mgOsrAAT and human α1-antitrypsin (hAAT) using an animal system. The PCA results indicated no significant differences in the IgG, IgM and IgE titers among OsrAAT, mgOsrAAT and hAAT. Further studies revealed that those antibodies were mainly from α-1,3-fucose, but not from β-1,2-xylose, indicating that α-1,3-fucose was the major immunogenic resource. Our results demonstrated that α-1,3-fucose contents in seed proteins was much less than that of leaf, and could not be a plant-specific glycan because it also exists in human proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Daiming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jingni Shi
- Healthgen Biotechnology Corp., Gaoxin Avenue, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Daichang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Sheshukova EV, Komarova TV, Dorokhov YL. Plant factories for the production of monoclonal antibodies. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 81:1118-1135. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297916100102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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46
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Lonoce C, Salem R, Marusic C, Jutras PV, Scaloni A, Salzano AM, Lucretti S, Steinkellner H, Benvenuto E, Donini M. Production of a tumour-targeting antibody with a human-compatible glycosylation profile in N. benthamiana hairy root cultures. Biotechnol J 2016; 11:1209-20. [PMID: 27313150 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hairy root (HR) cultures derived from Agrobacterium rhizogenes transformation of plant tissues are an advantageous biotechnological manufacturing platform due to the accumulation of recombinant proteins in an otherwise largely protein free culture medium. In this context, HRs descending from transgenic Nicotiana tabacum plants were successfully used for the production of several functional mAbs with plant-type glycans. Here, we expressed the tumor-targeting monoclonal antibody mAb H10 in HRs obtained either by infecting a transgenic N. tabacum line expressing H10 with A. rhizogenes or a glyco-engineered N. benthamiana line (ΔXTFT) with recombinant A. rhizogenes carrying mAb H10 heavy and light chain cDNAs. Selected HR clones derived from both plants accumulated mAb H10 in the culture medium with similar yields (2-3 mg/L). N-glycosylation profiles of antibodies purified from HR supernatant revealed the presence of plant-typical complex structures for N. tabacum-derived mAb H10 and of GnGn structures lacking xylose and fucose for the ΔXTFT-derived counterpart. Both antibody glyco-formats exhibited comparable antigen binding activities. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the co-infection of ΔXTFT Nicotiana benthamiana with recombinant A. rhizogenes is an efficient procedure for the generation of stable HR cultures expressing the tumor-targeting mAb H10 with a human-compatible glycosylation profile, thus representing an important step towards the exploitation of root cultures for the production of 'next generation' human therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Lonoce
- Laboratory of Biotechnology ENEA Research Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Reda Salem
- Laboratory of Biotechnology ENEA Research Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Marusic
- Laboratory of Biotechnology ENEA Research Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Philippe V Jutras
- Département de phytologie, Centre de recherche et innovation des végétaux, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Andrea Scaloni
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Salzano
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, Napoli, Italy
| | - Sergio Lucretti
- Laboratory of Biotechnology ENEA Research Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Marcello Donini
- Laboratory of Biotechnology ENEA Research Center, Rome, Italy.
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Hua CK, Ackerman ME. Engineering broadly neutralizing antibodies for HIV prevention and therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 103:157-173. [PMID: 26827912 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A combination of advances spanning from isolation to delivery of potent HIV-specific antibodies has begun to revolutionize understandings of antibody-mediated antiviral activity. As a result, the set of broadly neutralizing and highly protective antibodies has grown in number, diversity, potency, and breadth of viral recognition and neutralization. These antibodies are now being further enhanced by rational engineering of their anti-HIV activities and coupled to cutting edge gene delivery and strategies to optimize their pharmacokinetics and biodistribution. As a result, the prospects for clinical use of HIV-specific antibodies to treat, clear, and prevent HIV infection are gaining momentum. Here we discuss the diverse methods whereby antibodies are being optimized for neutralization potency and breadth, biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and effector function with the aim of revolutionizing HIV treatment and prevention options.
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Tsekoa TL, Lotter-Stark T, Buthelezi S, Chakauya E, Stoychev SH, Sabeta C, Shumba W, Phahladira B, Hume S, Morton J, Rupprecht CE, Steinkellner H, Pauly M, Zeitlin L, Whaley K, Chikwamba R. Efficient In Vitro and In Vivo Activity of Glyco-Engineered Plant-Produced Rabies Monoclonal Antibodies E559 and 62-71-3. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159313. [PMID: 27427976 PMCID: PMC4948892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a neglected zoonotic disease that has no effective treatment after onset of illness. However the disease can be prevented effectively by prompt administration of post exposure prophylaxis which includes administration of passive immunizing antibodies (Rabies Immune Globulin, RIG). Currently, human RIG suffers from many restrictions including limited availability, batch-to batch inconsistencies and potential for contamination with blood-borne pathogens. Anti-rabies monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been identified as a promising alternative to RIG. Here, we applied a plant-based transient expression system to achieve rapid, high level production and efficacy of the two highly potent anti-rabies mAbs E559 and 62-71-3. Expression levels of up to 490 mg/kg of recombinant mAbs were obtained in Nicotiana benthamiana glycosylation mutants by using a viral based transient expression system. The plant-made E559 and 62-71-3, carrying human-type fucose-free N-glycans, assembled properly and were structurally sound as determined by mass spectrometry and calorimetric density measurements. Both mAbs efficiently neutralised diverse rabies virus variants in vitro. Importantly, E559 and 62-71-3 exhibited enhanced protection against rabies virus compared to human RIG in a hamster model post-exposure challenge trial. Collectively, our results provide the basis for the development of a multi-mAb based alternative to RIG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsepo Lebiletsa Tsekoa
- Biosciences Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Therese Lotter-Stark
- Biosciences Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sindisiwe Buthelezi
- Biosciences Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ereck Chakauya
- Biosciences Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Stoyan H. Stoychev
- Biosciences Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Claude Sabeta
- ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Wonderful Shumba
- ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Baby Phahladira
- ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Steve Hume
- Kentucky Bioprocessing, Owensboro, Kentucky, United States
| | - Josh Morton
- Kentucky Bioprocessing, Owensboro, Kentucky, United States
| | | | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Pauly
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Larry Zeitlin
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Kevin Whaley
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Rachel Chikwamba
- Biosciences Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
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Tschofen M, Knopp D, Hood E, Stöger E. Plant Molecular Farming: Much More than Medicines. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2016; 9:271-94. [PMID: 27049632 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071015-041706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants have emerged as commercially relevant production systems for pharmaceutical and nonpharmaceutical products. Currently, the commercially available nonpharmaceutical products outnumber the medical products of plant molecular farming, reflecting the shorter development times and lower regulatory burden of the former. Nonpharmaceutical products benefit more from the low costs and greater scalability of plant production systems without incurring the high costs associated with downstream processing and purification of pharmaceuticals. In this review, we explore the areas where plant-based manufacturing can make the greatest impact, focusing on commercialized products such as antibodies, enzymes, and growth factors that are used as research-grade or diagnostic reagents, cosmetic ingredients, and biosensors or biocatalysts. An outlook is provided on high-volume, low-margin proteins such as industrial enzymes that can be applied as crude extracts or unprocessed plant tissues in the feed, biofuel, and papermaking industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Tschofen
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Dietmar Knopp
- Institute of Hydrochemistry, Chair for Analytical Chemistry, Technische Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Hood
- Arkansas State University Biosciences Institute, Jonesboro, Arkansas 72467
| | - Eva Stöger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria;
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50
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Vamvaka E, Arcalis E, Ramessar K, Evans A, O'Keefe BR, Shattock RJ, Medina V, Stöger E, Christou P, Capell T. Rice endosperm is cost-effective for the production of recombinant griffithsin with potent activity against HIV. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:1427-37. [PMID: 26800650 PMCID: PMC4865440 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Protein microbicides containing neutralizing antibodies and antiviral lectins may help to reduce the rate of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) if it is possible to manufacture the components in large quantities at a cost affordable in HIV-endemic regions such as sub-Saharan Africa. We expressed the antiviral lectin griffithsin (GRFT), which shows potent neutralizing activity against HIV, in the endosperm of transgenic rice plants (Oryza sativa), to determine whether rice can be used to produce inexpensive GRFT as a microbicide ingredient. The yield of (OS) GRFT in the best-performing plants was 223 μg/g dry seed weight. We also established a one-step purification protocol, achieving a recovery of 74% and a purity of 80%, which potentially could be developed into a larger-scale process to facilitate inexpensive downstream processing. (OS) GRFT bound to HIV glycans with similar efficiency to GRFT produced in Escherichia coli. Whole-cell assays using purified (OS) GRFT and infectivity assays using crude extracts of transgenic rice endosperm confirmed that both crude and pure (OS) GRFT showed potent activity against HIV and the crude extracts were not toxic towards human cell lines, suggesting they could be administered as a microbicide with only minimal processing. A freedom-to-operate analysis confirmed that GRFT produced in rice is suitable for commercial development, and an economic evaluation suggested that 1.8 kg/ha of pure GRFT could be produced from rice seeds. Our data therefore indicate that rice could be developed as an inexpensive production platform for GRFT as a microbicide component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Vamvaka
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, School of Agrifood and Forestry Science and Engineering (ETSEA), University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - Elsa Arcalis
- Department for Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Molecular Plant Physiology and Crop Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Koreen Ramessar
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Abbey Evans
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, UK
| | - Barry R O'Keefe
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA
- Natural Products Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Robin J Shattock
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, UK
| | - Vicente Medina
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, School of Agrifood and Forestry Science and Engineering (ETSEA), University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - Eva Stöger
- Department for Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Molecular Plant Physiology and Crop Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Christou
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, School of Agrifood and Forestry Science and Engineering (ETSEA), University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Spain
- Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Capell
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, School of Agrifood and Forestry Science and Engineering (ETSEA), University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Spain
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