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Brock K, Alpha KM, Brennan G, De Jong EP, Luke E, Turner CE. A comparative analysis of paxillin and Hic-5 proximity interactomes. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2024. [PMID: 38801098 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Focal adhesions serve as structural and signaling hubs, facilitating bidirectional communication at the cell-extracellular matrix interface. Paxillin and the related Hic-5 (TGFβ1i1) are adaptor/scaffold proteins that recruit numerous structural and regulatory proteins to focal adhesions, where they perform both overlapping and discrete functions. In this study, paxillin and Hic-5 were expressed in U2OS osteosarcoma cells as biotin ligase (BioID2) fusion proteins and used as bait proteins for proximity-dependent biotinylation in order to directly compare their respective interactomes. The fusion proteins localized to both focal adhesions and the centrosome, resulting in biotinylation of components of each of these structures. Biotinylated proteins were purified and analyzed by mass spectrometry. The list of proximity interactors for paxillin and Hic-5 comprised numerous shared core focal adhesion proteins that likely contribute to their similar functions in cell adhesion and migration, as well as proteins unique to paxillin and Hic-5 that have been previously localized to focal adhesions, the centrosome, or the nucleus. Western blotting confirmed biotinylation and enrichment of FAK and vinculin, known interactors of Hic-5 and paxillin, as well as several potentially unique proximity interactors of Hic-5 and paxillin, including septin 7 and ponsin, respectively. Further investigation into the functional relationship between the unique interactors and Hic-5 or paxillin may yield novel insights into their distinct roles in cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Brock
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Kyle M Alpha
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Grant Brennan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Ebbing P De Jong
- Proteomics Core Facility, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Elizabeth Luke
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Christopher E Turner
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
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2
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Balcerak A, Szafron LA, Rubel T, Swiderska B, Bonna AM, Konarzewska M, Sołtyszewski I, Kupryjanczyk J, Szafron LM. A Multi-Faceted Analysis Showing CRNDE Transcripts and a Recently Confirmed Micropeptide as Important Players in Ovarian Carcinogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4381. [PMID: 38673965 PMCID: PMC11050281 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
CRNDE is considered an oncogene expressed as long non-coding RNA. Our previous paper is the only one reporting CRNDE as a micropeptide-coding gene. The amino acid sequence of this micropeptide (CRNDEP) has recently been confirmed by other researchers. This study aimed at providing a mass spectrometry (MS)-based validation of the CRNDEP sequence and an investigation of how the differential expression of CRNDE(P) influences the metabolism and chemoresistance of ovarian cancer (OvCa) cells. We also assessed cellular localization changes of CRNDEP, looked for its protein partners, and bioinformatically evaluated its RNA-binding capacities. Herein, we detected most of the CRNDEP sequence by MS. Moreover, our results corroborated the oncogenic role of CRNDE, portraying it as the gene impacting carcinogenesis at the stages of DNA transcription and replication, affecting the RNA metabolism, and stimulating the cell cycle progression and proliferation, with CRNDEP being detected in the centrosomes of dividing cells. We also showed that CRNDEP is located in nucleoli and revealed interactions of this micropeptide with p54, an RNA helicase. Additionally, we proved that high CRNDE(P) expression increases the resistance of OvCa cells to treatment with microtubule-targeted cytostatics. Furthermore, altered CRNDE(P) expression affected the activity of the microtubular cytoskeleton and the formation of focal adhesion plaques. Finally, according to our in silico analyses, CRNDEP is likely capable of RNA binding. All these results contribute to a better understanding of the CRNDE(P) role in OvCa biology, which may potentially improve the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Balcerak
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Tymon Rubel
- Institute of Radioelectronics and Multimedia Technology, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bianka Swiderska
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Jolanta Kupryjanczyk
- Department of Cancer Pathomorphology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lukasz Michal Szafron
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
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3
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Razavi AS, Loskog A, Razi S, Rezaei N. The signaling and the metabolic differences of various CAR T cell designs. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 114:109593. [PMID: 36700773 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy is introduced as an effective, rapidly evolving therapeutic to treat cancer, especially cancers derived from hematological cells, such as B cells. CAR T cell gene constructs combine a tumor-targeting device coupled to the T cell receptor (TCR) zeta chain domain with different signaling domains such as domains derived from CD28 or 4-1BB (CD137). The incorporation of each specific co-stimulatory domain targets the immunometabolic pathways of CAR T cells as well as other signaling pathways. Defining the immunometabolic and signaling pathways by which CAR T cells become and remain active, survive, and eliminate their targets may represent a huge step forward in this relatively young research field as the CAR gene can be tailored to gain optimal function also for solid tumors with elaborate immunosuppression and protective stroma. There is a close relationship between different signaling domains applied in CAR T cells, and difficult to evaluate the benefit from different tested CAR gene constructs. In this review, we attempt to collect the latest findings regarding the CAR T cell signaling pathways that affect immunometabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Sadat Razavi
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Angelica Loskog
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 20, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sepideh Razi
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Stockholm, Sweden.
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4
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Romano LEL, Aw WY, Hixson KM, Novoselova TV, Havener TM, Howell S, Taylor-Blake B, Hall CL, Xing L, Beri J, Nethisinghe S, Perna L, Hatimy A, Altadonna GC, Graves LM, Herring LE, Hickey AJ, Thalassinos K, Chapple JP, Wolter JM. Multi-omic profiling reveals the ataxia protein sacsin is required for integrin trafficking and synaptic organization. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111580. [PMID: 36323248 PMCID: PMC9647044 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS) is a childhood-onset cerebellar ataxia caused by mutations in SACS, which encodes the protein sacsin. Cellular ARSACS phenotypes include mitochondrial dysfunction, intermediate filament disorganization, and progressive death of cerebellar Purkinje neurons. It is unclear why the loss of sacsin causes these deficits or why they manifest as cerebellar ataxia. Here, we perform multi-omic profiling in sacsin knockout (KO) cells and identify alterations in microtubule dynamics and mislocalization of focal adhesion (FA) proteins, including multiple integrins. Deficits in FA structure, signaling, and function can be rescued by targeting PTEN, a negative regulator of FA signaling. ARSACS mice possess mislocalization of ITGA1 in Purkinje neurons and synaptic disorganization in the deep cerebellar nucleus (DCN). The sacsin interactome reveals that sacsin regulates interactions between cytoskeletal and synaptic adhesion proteins. Our findings suggest that disrupted trafficking of synaptic adhesion proteins is a causal molecular deficit in ARSACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa E L Romano
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Wen Yih Aw
- UNC Catalyst for Rare Diseases, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kathryn M Hixson
- UNC Catalyst for Rare Diseases, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Tatiana V Novoselova
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Tammy M Havener
- UNC Catalyst for Rare Diseases, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Stefanie Howell
- UNC Catalyst for Rare Diseases, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Bonnie Taylor-Blake
- UNC Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Charlotte L Hall
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Lei Xing
- UNC Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Josh Beri
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; UNC Michael Hooker Proteomics Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Suran Nethisinghe
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Laura Perna
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Abubakar Hatimy
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ginevra Chioccioli Altadonna
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Lee M Graves
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Laura E Herring
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; UNC Michael Hooker Proteomics Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Anthony J Hickey
- UNC Catalyst for Rare Diseases, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Konstantinos Thalassinos
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - J Paul Chapple
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Justin M Wolter
- UNC Catalyst for Rare Diseases, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; UNC Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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5
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Cassioli C, Baldari CT. Lymphocyte Polarization During Immune Synapse Assembly: Centrosomal Actin Joins the Game. Front Immunol 2022; 13:830835. [PMID: 35222415 PMCID: PMC8873515 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.830835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions among immune cells are essential for the development of adaptive immune responses. The immunological synapse (IS) provides a specialized platform for integration of signals and intercellular communication between T lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells (APCs). In the T cell the reorganization of surface molecules at the synaptic interface is initiated by T cell receptor binding to a cognate peptide-major histocompatibility complex on the APC surface and is accompanied by a polarized remodelling of the cytoskeleton and centrosome reorientation to a subsynaptic position. Although there is a general agreement on polarizing signals and mechanisms driving centrosome reorientation during IS assembly, the primary events that prepare for centrosome repositioning remain largely unexplored. It has been recently shown that in resting lymphocytes a local polymerization of filamentous actin (F-actin) at the centrosome contributes to anchoring this organelle to the nucleus. During early stages of IS formation centrosomal F-actin undergoes depletion, allowing for centrosome detachment from the nucleus and its polarization towards the synaptic membrane. We recently demonstrated that in CD4+ T cells the reduction in centrosomal F-actin relies on the activity of a centrosome-associated proteasome and implicated the ciliopathy-related Bardet-Biedl syndrome 1 protein in the dynein-dependent recruitment of the proteasome 19S regulatory subunit to the centrosome. In this short review we will feature our recent findings that collectively provide a new function for BBS proteins and the proteasome in actin dynamics, centrosome polarization and T cell activation.
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6
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Calvo V, Izquierdo M. Role of Actin Cytoskeleton Reorganization in Polarized Secretory Traffic at the Immunological Synapse. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:629097. [PMID: 33614660 PMCID: PMC7890359 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.629097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) and B cell receptor (BCR) stimulation by antigen presented on an antigen-presenting cell (APC) induces the formation of the immune synapse (IS), the convergence of secretory vesicles from T and B lymphocytes toward the centrosome, and the polarization of the centrosome to the immune synapse. Immune synapse formation is associated with an initial increase in cortical F-actin at the synapse, followed by a decrease in F-actin density at the central region of the immune synapse, which contains the secretory domain. These reversible, actin cytoskeleton reorganization processes occur during lytic granule degranulation in cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and cytokine-containing vesicle secretion in T-helper (Th) lymphocytes. Recent evidences obtained in T and B lymphocytes forming synapses show that F-actin reorganization also occurs at the centrosomal area. F-actin reduction at the centrosomal area appears to be involved in centrosome polarization. In this review we deal with the biological significance of both cortical and centrosomal area F-actin reorganization and some of the derived biological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Calvo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Izquierdo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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7
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Alpha KM, Xu W, Turner CE. Paxillin family of focal adhesion adaptor proteins and regulation of cancer cell invasion. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 355:1-52. [PMID: 32859368 PMCID: PMC7737098 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The paxillin family of proteins, including paxillin, Hic-5, and leupaxin, are focal adhesion adaptor/scaffolding proteins which localize to cell-matrix adhesions and are important in cell adhesion and migration of both normal and cancer cells. Historically, the role of these proteins in regulating the actin cytoskeleton through focal adhesion-mediated signaling has been well documented. However, studies in recent years have revealed additional functions in modulating the microtubule and intermediate filament cytoskeletons to affect diverse processes including cell polarization, vesicle trafficking and mechanosignaling. Expression of paxillin family proteins in stromal cells is also important in regulating tumor cell migration and invasion through non-cell autonomous effects on the extracellular matrix. Both paxillin and Hic-5 can also influence gene expression through a variety of mechanisms, while their own expression is frequently dysregulated in various cancers. Accordingly, these proteins may serve as valuable targets for novel diagnostic and treatment approaches in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M Alpha
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Weiyi Xu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Christopher E Turner
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States.
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8
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Bello-Gamboa A, Velasco M, Moreno S, Herranz G, Ilie R, Huetos S, Dávila S, Sánchez A, Bernardino De La Serna J, Calvo V, Izquierdo M. Actin reorganization at the centrosomal area and the immune synapse regulates polarized secretory traffic of multivesicular bodies in T lymphocytes. J Extracell Vesicles 2020; 9:1759926. [PMID: 32939232 PMCID: PMC7480611 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2020.1759926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell receptor stimulation induces the convergence of multivesicular bodies towards the microtubule-organizing centre (MTOC) and the polarization of the MTOC to the immune synapse (IS). These events lead to exosome secretion at the IS. We describe here that upon IS formation centrosomal area F-actin decreased concomitantly with MTOC polarization to the IS. PKCδ-interfered T cell clones showed a sustained level of centrosomal area F-actin associated with defective MTOC polarization. We analysed the contribution of two actin cytoskeleton-regulatory proteins, FMNL1 and paxillin, to the regulation of cortical and centrosomal F-actin networks. FMNL1β phosphorylation and F-actin reorganization at the IS were inhibited in PKCδ-interfered clones. F-actin depletion at the central region of the IS, a requirement for MTOC polarization, was associated with FMNL1β phosphorylation at its C-terminal, autoregulatory region. Interfering all FMNL1 isoforms prevented MTOC polarization; nonetheless, FMNL1β re-expression restored MTOC polarization in a centrosomal area F-actin reorganization-independent manner. Moreover, PKCδ-interfered clones exhibited decreased paxillin phosphorylation at the MTOC, which suggests an alternative actin cytoskeleton regulatory pathway. Our results infer that PKCδ regulates MTOC polarization and secretory traffic leading to exosome secretion in a coordinated manner by means of two distinct pathways, one involving FMNL1β regulation and controlling F-actin reorganization at the IS, and the other, comprising paxillin phosphorylation potentially controlling centrosomal area F-actin reorganization. Abbreviations Ab, antibody; AICD, activation-induced cell death; AIP, average intensity projection; APC, antigen-presenting cell; BCR, B-cell receptor for antigen; C, centre of mass; cent2, centrin 2; cIS, central region of the immune synapse; CMAC, CellTracker™ Blue (7-amino-4-chloromethylcoumarin); cSMAC, central supramolecular activation cluster; CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocytes; DAG, diacylglycerol; DGKα, diacylglycerol kinase α; Dia1, Diaphanous-1; dSMAC, distal supramolecular activation cluster; ECL, enhanced chemiluminescence; ESCRT, endosomal sorting complex required for traffic; F-actin, filamentous actin; Fact-low cIS, F-actin-low region at the centre of the immune synapse; FasL, Fas ligand; FMNL1, formin-like 1; fps, frames per second; GFP, green fluorescent protein; HBSS, Hank’s balanced salt solution; HRP, horseradish peroxidase; ILV, intraluminal vesicles; IS, immune synapse; MFI, mean fluorescence intensity; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; MIP, maximal intensity projection; MVB, multivesicular bodies; MTOC, microtubule-organizing centre; NS, not significant; PBL, peripheral blood lymphocytes; PKC, protein kinase C; PKCδ, protein kinase C δ isoform; PLC, phospholipase C; PMA, phorbol myristate acetate; Pol. Index, polarization index; pSMAC, peripheral supramolecular activation cluster; PSF, point spread function; ROI, region of interest; SD, standard deviation; shRNA, short hairpin RNA; SEE, Staphylococcus enterotoxin E; SMAC, supramolecular activation cluster; TCR, T-cell receptor for antigen; T-helper (Th); TRANS, transmittance; WB, Western blot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bello-Gamboa
- Department of Metabolism and Cell Signaling, Instituto De Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols. CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento De Bioquímica. Facultad De Medicina, UAM Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Velasco
- Department of Metabolism and Cell Signaling, Instituto De Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols. CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento De Bioquímica. Facultad De Medicina, UAM Madrid, Spain
| | - Solange Moreno
- Department of Metabolism and Cell Signaling, Instituto De Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols. CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento De Bioquímica. Facultad De Medicina, UAM Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Herranz
- Department of Metabolism and Cell Signaling, Instituto De Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols. CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento De Bioquímica. Facultad De Medicina, UAM Madrid, Spain.,Centro De Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma De Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roxana Ilie
- Department of Metabolism and Cell Signaling, Instituto De Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols. CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento De Bioquímica. Facultad De Medicina, UAM Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Huetos
- Department of Metabolism and Cell Signaling, Instituto De Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols. CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento De Bioquímica. Facultad De Medicina, UAM Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Dávila
- Department of Metabolism and Cell Signaling, Instituto De Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols. CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento De Bioquímica. Facultad De Medicina, UAM Madrid, Spain.,Nanostructured Functional Surfaces Program, IMDEA Nanociencia, Universidad Autónoma De Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Sánchez
- Department of Metabolism and Cell Signaling, Instituto De Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols. CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento De Bioquímica. Facultad De Medicina, UAM Madrid, Spain.,Neuroimmunology Unit, Puerta De Hierro-Segovia De Arana Health Research Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Bernardino De La Serna
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK.,Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council, UK Research and Innovation. Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell-Oxford, UK
| | - Víctor Calvo
- Department of Metabolism and Cell Signaling, Instituto De Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols. CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento De Bioquímica. Facultad De Medicina, UAM Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Izquierdo
- Department of Metabolism and Cell Signaling, Instituto De Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols. CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento De Bioquímica. Facultad De Medicina, UAM Madrid, Spain
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9
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Klapproth S, Bromberger T, Türk C, Krüger M, Moser M. A kindlin-3-leupaxin-paxillin signaling pathway regulates podosome stability. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:3436-3454. [PMID: 31537712 PMCID: PMC6781449 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201903109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Kindlin-3 regulates podosome stability by recruiting leupaxin to podosomes, which in turn controls PTP-PEST activity and paxillin phosphorylation. Kindlin-3 deficiency allows formation of initial adhesion patches containing talin, vinculin, and paxillin, whereas paxillin family proteins are dispensable for podosome formation. Binding of kindlins to integrins is required for integrin activation, stable ligand binding, and subsequent intracellular signaling. How hematopoietic kindlin-3 contributes to the assembly and stability of the adhesion complex is not known. Here we report that kindlin-3 recruits leupaxin into podosomes and thereby regulates paxillin phosphorylation and podosome turnover. We demonstrate that the activity of the protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP-PEST, which controls paxillin phosphorylation, requires leupaxin. In contrast, despite sharing the same binding mode with leupaxin, paxillin recruitment into podosomes is kindlin-3 independent. Instead, we found paxillin together with talin and vinculin in initial adhesion patches of kindlin-3–null cells. Surprisingly, despite its presence in these early adhesion patches, podosomes can form in the absence of paxillin or any paxillin member. In conclusion, our findings show that kindlin-3 not only activates and clusters integrins into podosomes but also regulates their lifetime by recruiting leupaxin, which controls PTP-PEST activity and thereby paxillin phosphorylation and downstream signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Klapproth
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Thomas Bromberger
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Clara Türk
- Institute for Genetics, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Institute for Genetics, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Moser
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany .,Institute of Experimental Hematology, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany
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10
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Ilan-Ber T, Ilan Y. The role of microtubules in the immune system and as potential targets for gut-based immunotherapy. Mol Immunol 2019; 111:73-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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11
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Jankowska KI, Williamson EK, Roy NH, Blumenthal D, Chandra V, Baumgart T, Burkhardt JK. Integrins Modulate T Cell Receptor Signaling by Constraining Actin Flow at the Immunological Synapse. Front Immunol 2018; 9:25. [PMID: 29403502 PMCID: PMC5778112 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Full T cell activation requires coordination of signals from multiple receptor–ligand pairs that interact in parallel at a specialized cell–cell contact site termed the immunological synapse (IS). Signaling at the IS is intimately associated with actin dynamics; T cell receptor (TCR) engagement induces centripetal flow of the T cell actin network, which in turn enhances the function of ligand-bound integrins by promoting conformational change. Here, we have investigated the effects of integrin engagement on actin flow, and on associated signaling events downstream of the TCR. We show that integrin engagement significantly decelerates centripetal flow of the actin network. In primary CD4+ T cells, engagement of either LFA-1 or VLA-4 by their respective ligands ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 slows actin flow. Slowing is greatest when T cells interact with low mobility integrin ligands, supporting a predominately drag-based mechanism. Using integrin ligands presented on patterned surfaces, we demonstrate that the effects of localized integrin engagement are distributed across the actin network, and that focal adhesion proteins, such as talin, vinculin, and paxillin, are recruited to sites of integrin engagement. Further analysis shows that talin and vinculin are interdependent upon one another for recruitment, and that ongoing actin flow is required. Suppression of vinculin or talin partially relieves integrin-dependent slowing of actin flow, indicating that these proteins serve as molecular clutches that couple engaged integrins to the dynamic actin network. Finally, we found that integrin-dependent slowing of actin flow is associated with reduction in tyrosine phosphorylation downstream of the TCR, and that this modulation of TCR signaling depends on expression of talin and vinculin. More generally, we found that integrin-dependent effects on actin retrograde flow were strongly correlated with effects on TCR signaling. Taken together, these studies support a model in which ligand-bound integrins engage the actin cytoskeletal network via talin and vinculin, and tune TCR signaling events by modulating actin dynamics at the IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna I Jankowska
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Edward K Williamson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nathan H Roy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Daniel Blumenthal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Vidhi Chandra
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Tobias Baumgart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Janis K Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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12
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Dubois F, Alpha K, Turner CE. Paxillin regulates cell polarization and anterograde vesicle trafficking during cell migration. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:3815-3831. [PMID: 29046398 PMCID: PMC5739297 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-08-0488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarization and directed migration play pivotal roles in diverse physiological and pathological processes. Herein, we identify new roles for paxillin-mediated HDAC6 inhibition in regulating key aspects of cell polarization in both two-dimensional and one-dimensional matrix environments. Paxillin, by modulating microtubule acetylation through HDAC6 regulation, was shown to control centrosome and Golgi reorientation toward the leading edge, a hallmark of cell polarization to ensure directed trafficking of promigratory factors. Paxillin was also required for pericentrosomal Golgi localization and centrosome cohesion, independent of its localization to, and role in, focal adhesion signaling. In addition, we provide evidence of an accumulation of paxillin at the centrosome that is dependent on focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and identify an important collaboration between paxillin and FAK signaling in the modulation of microtubule acetylation, as well as centrosome and Golgi organization and polarization. Finally, paxillin was also shown to be required for optimal anterograde vesicular trafficking to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Dubois
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
| | - Kyle Alpha
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
| | - Christopher E Turner
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
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13
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Paxillin Binding to the Cytoplasmic Domain of CD103 Promotes Cell Adhesion and Effector Functions for CD8+ Resident Memory T Cells in Tumors. Cancer Res 2017; 77:7072-7082. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-1487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Sabra H, Brunner M, Mandati V, Wehrle-Haller B, Lallemand D, Ribba AS, Chevalier G, Guardiola P, Block MR, Bouvard D. β1 integrin-dependent Rac/group I PAK signaling mediates YAP activation of Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) via NF2/merlin. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:19179-19197. [PMID: 28972170 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.808063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix or to surrounding cells plays a key role in cell proliferation and differentiation and is critical for proper tissue homeostasis. An important pathway in adhesion-dependent cell proliferation is the Hippo signaling cascade, which is coregulated by the transcription factors Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ). However, how cells integrate extracellular information at the molecular level to regulate YAP1's nuclear localization is still puzzling. Herein, we investigated the role of β1 integrins in regulating this process. We found that β1 integrin-dependent cell adhesion is critical for supporting cell proliferation in mesenchymal cells both in vivo and in vitro β1 integrin-dependent cell adhesion relied on the relocation of YAP1 to the nucleus after the down-regulation of its phosphorylated state mediated by large tumor suppressor gene 1 and 2 (LATS1/2). We also found that this phenotype relies on β1 integrin-dependent local activation of the small GTPase RAC1 at the plasma membrane to control the activity of P21 (RAC1)-activated kinase (PAK) of group 1. We further report that the regulatory protein merlin (neurofibromin 2, NF2) interacts with both YAP1 and LATS1/2 via its C-terminal moiety and FERM domain, respectively. PAK1-mediated merlin phosphorylation on Ser-518 reduced merlin's interactions with both LATS1/2 and YAP1, resulting in YAP1 dephosphorylation and nuclear shuttling. Our results highlight RAC/PAK1 as major players in YAP1 regulation triggered by cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba Sabra
- From the Institute for Advanced Bioscience, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM 1209, CNRS 5309, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Molly Brunner
- From the Institute for Advanced Bioscience, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM 1209, CNRS 5309, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Vinay Mandati
- the Department of Cancer Biology, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Bernhard Wehrle-Haller
- the Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Lallemand
- the Ecole Polytechnique, Department of Biochemistry, CNRS 7654, F-91128 Palaiseau, France, and
| | - Anne-Sophie Ribba
- From the Institute for Advanced Bioscience, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM 1209, CNRS 5309, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Genevieve Chevalier
- From the Institute for Advanced Bioscience, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM 1209, CNRS 5309, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Philippe Guardiola
- the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire and Université d'Angers, Plateform, Institute for Biological Health, Transcriptome and Epigenomic, F-49933 Angers, France
| | - Marc R Block
- From the Institute for Advanced Bioscience, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM 1209, CNRS 5309, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Daniel Bouvard
- From the Institute for Advanced Bioscience, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM 1209, CNRS 5309, F-38042 Grenoble, France,
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15
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López-Colomé AM, Lee-Rivera I, Benavides-Hidalgo R, López E. Paxillin: a crossroad in pathological cell migration. J Hematol Oncol 2017; 10:50. [PMID: 28214467 PMCID: PMC5316197 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-017-0418-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Paxilllin is a multifunctional and multidomain focal adhesion adapter protein which serves an important scaffolding role at focal adhesions by recruiting structural and signaling molecules involved in cell movement and migration, when phosphorylated on specific Tyr and Ser residues. Upon integrin engagement with extracellular matrix, paxillin is phosphorylated at Tyr31, Tyr118, Ser188, and Ser190, activating numerous signaling cascades which promote cell migration, indicating that the regulation of adhesion dynamics is under the control of a complex display of signaling mechanisms. Among them, paxillin disassembly from focal adhesions induced by extracellular regulated kinase (ERK)-mediated phosphorylation of serines 106, 231, and 290 as well as the binding of the phosphatase PEST to paxillin have been shown to play a key role in cell migration. Paxillin also coordinates the spatiotemporal activation of signaling molecules, including Cdc42, Rac1, and RhoA GTPases, by recruiting GEFs, GAPs, and GITs to focal adhesions. As a major participant in the regulation of cell movement, paxillin plays distinct roles in specific tissues and developmental stages and is involved in immune response, epithelial morphogenesis, and embryonic development. Importantly, paxillin is also an essential player in pathological conditions including oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial cell barrier dysfunction, and cancer development and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María López-Colomé
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-253, Ciudad Universitaria, México, 04510, D.F., Mexico.
| | - Irene Lee-Rivera
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-253, Ciudad Universitaria, México, 04510, D.F., Mexico
| | - Regina Benavides-Hidalgo
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-253, Ciudad Universitaria, México, 04510, D.F., Mexico
| | - Edith López
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-253, Ciudad Universitaria, México, 04510, D.F., Mexico
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Cheung SMS, Ostergaard HL. Pyk2 Controls Integrin-Dependent CTL Migration through Regulation of De-Adhesion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:1945-56. [PMID: 27456486 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) is required for T cell adhesion to ICAM-1; however, the mechanism by which it regulates adhesion remains unexplored. Pyk2 function in murine CTL clones and activated ex vivo CD8(+) T cells was disrupted by pharmacological inhibition, knockdown of expression with small interfering RNA, or expression of the dominant-negative C-terminal domain. We found that Pyk2 is not absolutely required for adhesion of CTL to ICAM-1, but rather delays the initial adhesion. Disruption of Pyk2 function caused cells to display an unusual elongated appearance after 1 h on ICAM-1, consistent with abnormally strong adhesion. Furthermore, the random mobility of CTL on ICAM-1 was severely compromised using all three methods of disrupting Pyk2 function. Live-cell imaging studies revealed that the decreased migration is the result of a defect in the detachment from ICAM-1 at the trailing edge when Pyk2 function is inhibited. Examination of Pyk2 tyrosine phosphorylation in normal polarized cells demonstrated that Pyk2 phosphorylated at Y579 and Y580 preferentially localizes to the leading edge, whereas Y881-phosphorylated Pyk2 is enriched at the trailing edge, suggesting that the tyrosine phosphorylation of Pyk2 is spatially regulated in migrating CTL. Additionally, inhibition of Pyk2 caused cells to form multiple LFA-1-rich tails at the trailing edge, most likely resulting from a defect in LFA-1 release required for forward movement. Our results show that Pyk2 contributes to CTL migration by regulating detachment of CTL at the trailing edge, which could explain why Pyk2 is important for chemotactic and migratory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M S Cheung
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Hanne L Ostergaard
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
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17
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Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) kill virus-infected and tumour cells with remarkable specificity. Upon recognition, CTLs form a cytolytic immune synapse with their target cell, and marked reorganization of both the actin and the microtubule cytoskeletons brings the centrosome up to the plasma membrane to the point of T cell receptor signalling. Secretory granules move towards the centrosome and are delivered to this focal point of secretion. Such centrosomal docking at the plasma membrane also occurs during ciliogenesis; indeed, striking similarities exist between the cytolytic synapse and the primary cilium that throw light on the possible origins of immune synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike de la Roche
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
- CRUK-Cambridge Research Institute, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Yukako Asano
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Gillian M Griffiths
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
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18
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Hashimoto-Tane A, Sakuma M, Ike H, Yokosuka T, Kimura Y, Ohara O, Saito T. Micro-adhesion rings surrounding TCR microclusters are essential for T cell activation. J Exp Med 2016; 213:1609-25. [PMID: 27354546 PMCID: PMC4986522 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Saito et al. describe a ring of focal adhesion molecules that surrounds T cell receptor microclusters and is essential for early T cell activation. The immunological synapse (IS) formed at the interface between T cells and antigen-presenting cells represents a hallmark of initiation of acquired immunity. T cell activation is initiated at T cell receptor (TCR) microclusters (MCs), in which TCRs and signaling molecules assemble at the interface before IS formation. We found that each TCR-MC was transiently bordered by a ring structure made of integrin and focal adhesion molecules in the early phase of activation, which is similar in structure to the IS in microscale. The micro–adhesion ring is composed of LFA-1, focal adhesion molecules paxillin and Pyk2, and myosin II (MyoII) and is supported by F-actin core and MyoII activity through LFA-1 outside-in signals. The formation of the micro–adhesion ring was transient but especially sustained upon weak TCR stimulation to recruit linker for activation of T cells (LAT) and SLP76. Perturbation of the micro–adhesion ring induced impairment of TCR-MC development and resulted in impaired cellular signaling and cell functions. Thus, the synapse-like structure composed of the core TCR-MC and surrounding micro–adhesion ring is a critical structure for initial T cell activation through integrin outside-in signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Hashimoto-Tane
- Laboratory for Cell Signaling, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Machie Sakuma
- Laboratory for Cell Signaling, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ike
- Laboratory for Cell Signaling, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan Laboratory for Cell Signaling, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yokosuka
- Laboratory for Cell Signaling, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yayoi Kimura
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Osamu Ohara
- Laboratory for Integrative Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Cell Signaling, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan Laboratory for Cell Signaling, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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19
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Huth TK, Staines D, Marshall-Gradisnik S. ERK1/2, MEK1/2 and p38 downstream signalling molecules impaired in CD56 dim CD16+ and CD56 bright CD16 dim/- natural killer cells in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis patients. J Transl Med 2016; 14:97. [PMID: 27098723 PMCID: PMC4839077 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0859-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Natural Killer (NK) cell effector functions are dependent on phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway to produce an effective immune response for the clearance of target cells infected with viruses, bacteria or malignantly transformed cells. Intracellular signals activating NK cell cytokine production and cytotoxic activity are propagated through protein phosphorylation of MAPKs including MEK1/2, ERK1/2, p38 and JNK. Reduced NK cell cytotoxic activity is consistently reported in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) patients and intracellular signalling by MAPK in NK cells remains to be investigated. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to investigate MAPK downstream signalling molecules in NK cell phenotypes from CFS/ME patients. Methods Flow cytometric protocols were used to measure phosphorylation of the MAPK pathway in CD56brightCD16dim/− and CD56dimCD16+ NK cells following stimulation with K562 tumour cells or phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate plus ionomycin. NK cell cytotoxic activity, degranulation, lytic proteins and cytokine production were also measured as markers for CD56brightCD16dim/− and CD56dimCD16+ NK cell function using flow cytometric protocols. Results CFS/ME patients (n = 14) had a significant decrease in ERK1/2 in CD56dimCD16+ NK cells compared to the non-fatigued controls (n = 11) after incubation with K562 cells. CD56brightCD16dim/− NK cells from CFS/ME patients had a significant increase in MEK1/2 and p38 following incubation with K562 cells. Conclusions This is the first study to report significant differences in MAPK intracellular signalling molecules in CD56dimCD16+ and CD56brightCD16dim/− NK cells from CFS/ME patients. The current results highlight the importance of intracellular signalling through the MAPK pathway for synergistic effector function of CD56dimCD16+ and CD56brightCD16dim/− NK cells to ensure efficient clearance of target cells. In CFS/ME patients, dysfunctional MAPK signalling may contribute to reduced NK cell cytotoxic activity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-016-0859-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teilah Kathryn Huth
- National Centre for Neuroimmunology and Emerging Diseases, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia. .,School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.
| | - Donald Staines
- National Centre for Neuroimmunology and Emerging Diseases, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik
- National Centre for Neuroimmunology and Emerging Diseases, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
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20
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XIAO PAN, MA TIANJIA, ZHOU CHUNWEN, XU YANG, LIU YUQIANG, ZHANG HUAIQIANG. Anticancer effect of docetaxel induces apoptosis of prostate cancer via the cofilin-1 and paxillin signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:4079-84. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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21
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Karlsson H, Svensson E, Gigg C, Jarvius M, Olsson-Strömberg U, Savoldo B, Dotti G, Loskog A. Evaluation of Intracellular Signaling Downstream Chimeric Antigen Receptors. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144787. [PMID: 26700307 PMCID: PMC4689545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
CD19-targeting CAR T cells have shown potency in clinical trials targeting B cell leukemia. Although mainly second generation (2G) CARs carrying CD28 or 4-1BB have been investigated in patients, preclinical studies suggest that third generation (3G) CARs with both CD28 and 4-1BB have enhanced capacity. However, little is known about the intracellular signaling pathways downstream of CARs. In the present work, we have analyzed the signaling capacity post antigen stimulation in both 2G and 3G CARs. 3G CAR T cells expanded better than 2G CAR T cells upon repeated stimulation with IL-2 and autologous B cells. An antigen-driven accumulation of CAR+ cells was evident post antigen stimulation. The cytotoxicity of both 2G and 3G CAR T cells was maintained by repeated stimulation. The phosphorylation status of intracellular signaling proteins post antigen stimulation showed that 3G CAR T cells had a higher activation status than 2G. Several proteins involved in signaling downstream the TCR were activated, as were proteins involved in the cell cycle, cell adhesion and exocytosis. In conclusion, 3G CAR T cells had a higher degree of intracellular signaling activity than 2G CARs which may explain the increased proliferative capacity seen in 3G CAR T cells. The study also indicates that there may be other signaling pathways to consider when designing or evaluating new generations of CARs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD28 Antigens/immunology
- Case-Control Studies
- Flow Cytometry
- Healthy Volunteers
- Humans
- Immunotherapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Nude
- Receptors, Antigen/immunology
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Karlsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emma Svensson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Camilla Gigg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malin Jarvius
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulla Olsson-Strömberg
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Section of Hematology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Barbara Savoldo
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gianpietro Dotti
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Angelica Loskog
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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22
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Ueda H, Zhou J, Xie J, Davis MM. Distinct Roles of Cytoskeletal Components in Immunological Synapse Formation and Directed Secretion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4117-25. [PMID: 26392461 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A hallmark of CD4(+) T cell activation and immunological synapse (IS) formation is the migration of the microtubule organization center and associated organelles toward the APCs. In this study, we found that when murine CD4(+) T cells were treated with a microtubule-destabilizing agent (vinblastine) after the formation of IS, the microtubule organization center dispersed and all of the major cellular organelles moved away from the IS. Cytokines were no longer directed toward the synapse but were randomly secreted in quantities similar to those seen in synaptic secretion. However, if the actin cytoskeleton was disrupted at the same time with cytochalasin D, the organelles did not shift away from the IS. These findings suggest that there is a complex interplay between the microtubules and actin cytoskeleton, where microtubules are important for directing particular cytokines into the synapse, but they are not involved in the amount of cytokines that are produced for at least 1 h after IS formation. In addition, we found that they play a critical role in mobilizing organelles to reorient toward the synapse during T cell activation and in stabilizing organelles against the force that is generated through actin polymerization so that they move toward the APCs. These findings show that there is a complex interplay between these major cytoskeletal components during synapse formation and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Ueda
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jie Zhou
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and
| | - Jianming Xie
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and
| | - Mark M Davis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and
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Zhang M, March ME, Lane WS, Long EO. A signaling network stimulated by β2 integrin promotes the polarization of lytic granules in cytotoxic cells. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra96. [PMID: 25292215 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic lymphocytes kill target cells through the polarized release of the contents of intracellular perforin-containing granules. In natural killer (NK) cells, the binding of β2 integrin to members of the intercellular adhesion molecule family is sufficient to promote not only the adhesion of NK cells to target cells but also the polarization of intracellular lytic granules toward the target. We used NK cells in an experimental system designed to enable us to study the polarization of lytic granules in the absence of their release through degranulation, as well as β2 integrin signaling independently of inside-out signals from other receptors. Through a proteomics approach, we identified a signaling network centered on an integrin-linked kinase (ILK)-Pyk2-paxillin core that was required for granule and microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) polarization. The conserved Cdc42-Par6 signaling pathway, which controls cell polarity, was also activated by ILK and was required for granule polarization toward the target cell. A subset of the signaling components required for polarization contributed also to the convergence of granules on the MTOC. These results delineate two connected signaling networks that are stimulated upon β2 integrin engagement and control the polarization of the MTOC and associated lytic granules toward the site of contact with target cells to mediate cellular cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minggang Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Michael E March
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - William S Lane
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Resource Laboratory, FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Eric O Long
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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Galandrini R, Capuano C, Santoni A. Activation of Lymphocyte Cytolytic Machinery: Where are We? Front Immunol 2013; 4:390. [PMID: 24312097 PMCID: PMC3832890 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Target cell recognition by cytotoxic lymphocytes implies the simultaneous engagement and clustering of adhesion and activating receptors followed by the activation of an array of signal transduction pathways. The cytotoxic immune synapse represents the highly specialized dynamic interface formed between the cytolytic effector and its target that allows temporal and spatial integration of signals responsible for a defined sequence of processes culminating with the polarized secretion of lytic granules. Over the last decades, much attention has been given to the molecular signals coupling receptor ligation to the activation of cytolytic machinery. Moreover, in the last 10 years the discovery of genetic defects affecting cytotoxic responses greatly boosted our knowledge on the molecular effectors involved in the regulation of discrete phases of cytotoxic process at post-receptor levels. More recently, the use of super resolution and total internal reflection fluorescence imaging technologies added new insights on the dynamic reorganization of receptor and signaling molecules at lytic synapse as well as on the relationship between granule dynamics and cytoskeleton remodeling. To date we have a solid knowledge of the molecular mechanisms governing granule movement and secretion, being not yet fully unraveled the machinery that couples early receptor signaling to the late stage of synapse remodeling and granule dynamics. Here we highlight recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms acting in the activation of cytolytic machinery, also discussing similarities and differences between Natural killer cells and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricciarda Galandrini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Fondazione Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci, Sapienza University , Rome , Italy
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25
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Abstract
It has been over 30 years since the reorganization of both the microtubule network and a 'peculiar actin polarization' was reported at the contact area of cytotoxic T lymphocytes interacting with target cells. Since that time, hundreds of studies have been published in an effort to elucidate the structure and function of the microtubule network and the actin cytoskeleton in T-cell activation, migration, and effector function at the interface between a T cell and its cognate antigen-presenting cell or target cell. This interface has become known as the immunological synapse, and this review examines some of the roles played by the cytoskeleton at the synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex T Ritter
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridge, UK
| | - Karen L Angus
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridge, UK
| | - Gillian M Griffiths
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridge, UK
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26
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St-Pierre J, Ostergaard HL. A role for the protein tyrosine phosphatase CD45 in macrophage adhesion through the regulation of paxillin degradation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71531. [PMID: 23936270 PMCID: PMC3729947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CD45 is a protein tyrosine phosphatase expressed on all cells of hematopoietic origin that is known to regulate Src family kinases. In macrophages, the absence of CD45 has been linked to defects in adhesion, however the molecular mechanisms involved remain poorly defined. In this study, we show that bone marrow derived macrophages from CD45-deficient mice exhibit abnormal cell morphology and defective motility. These defects are accompanied by substantially decreased levels of the cytoskeletal-associated protein paxillin, without affecting the levels of other proteins. Degradation of paxillin in CD45-deficient macrophages is calpain-mediated, as treatment with a calpain inhibitor restores paxillin levels in these cells and enhances cell spreading. Inhibition of the tyrosine kinases proline-rich tyrosine kinase (Pyk2) and focal adhesion kinase (FAK), kinases that are capable of mediating tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin, also restored paxillin levels, indicating a role for these kinases in the CD45-dependent regulation of paxillin. These data demonstrate that CD45 functions to regulate Pyk2/FAK activity, likely through the activity of Src family kinases, which in turn regulates the levels of paxillin to modulate macrophage adhesion and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle St-Pierre
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, and the Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hanne L. Ostergaard
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, and the Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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27
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Zheng JW, Yin HF, Wang X, Liu YC, Wan YL, Zhu J. SiRNA-mediated silencing of paxillin down-regulates ERK1/2 signaling and alters cell ultrastructure in colorectal carcinoma cell line SW480. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2013; 21:754-760. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v21.i9.754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the effect of silencing of paxillin overexpression on cell signaling and ultrastructure in colorectal carcinoma cell line SW480.
METHODS: Using empty plasmid as a negative control, two siRNA fragments were transfected into a colorectal carcinoma cell line SW480 which overexpresses paxillin. Stably transfected cells were screened and three new cell lines NC, SW545 and SW782 were obtained, which carried the negative control, the siRNA targeting the site 545-565, and the siRNA targeting the site 782-802, respectively. The expression and site-specific phosphorylation of paxillin, FAK, ERK1/2 and AKT1/2/3 were examined in the four cell lines by Western blot. Specimens were prepared with cultured carcinoma cells to observe cell ultrastructure by transmission electron microscopy.
RESULTS: Paxillin overexpression in SW545 cells was not silenced at all, whereas silenced paxillin overexpression and remarkably reduced phosphorylation of paxillin (Tyr118) were observed in SW782 cells. Expression of AKT1/2/3 and FAK as well as their site-specific phosphorylation were substantially the same in the four cell lines. Although expression of ERK1/2 was substantially the same in the four cell lines, significantly reduced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 (Thr202/Tyr204) was observed in SW782 cells. There was no distinct ultrastructural difference between NC cells and SW480 cells, whereas dramatic ultrastructural changes were observed in SW782 cells, such as much more microvilli, microfilament and microtubule bundles, lysosomes and much less mitochondria.
CONCLUSION: Paxillin overexpression may play an important role in the malignant transformation of colorectal carcinoma cells, which is characterized by dramatic ultrastructural changes that can be reversed by silencing paxillin overexpression. Activation of ERK1/2 signaling downstream of paxillin is indispensable for the malignant transformation of colorectal carcinoma cells.
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28
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Long EO, Kim HS, Liu D, Peterson ME, Rajagopalan S. Controlling natural killer cell responses: integration of signals for activation and inhibition. Annu Rev Immunol 2013; 31:227-58. [PMID: 23516982 PMCID: PMC3868343 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-020711-075005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 895] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how signals are integrated to control natural killer (NK) cell responsiveness in the absence of antigen-specific receptors has been a challenge, but recent work has revealed some underlying principles that govern NK cell responses. NK cells use an array of innate receptors to sense their environment and respond to alterations caused by infections, cellular stress, and transformation. No single activation receptor dominates; instead, synergistic signals from combinations of receptors are integrated to activate natural cytotoxicity and cytokine production. Inhibitory receptors for major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) have a critical role in controlling NK cell responses and, paradoxically, in maintaining NK cells in a state of responsiveness to subsequent activation events, a process referred to as licensing. MHC-I-specific inhibitory receptors both block activation signals and trigger signals to phosphorylate and inactivate the small adaptor Crk. These different facets of inhibitory signaling are incorporated into a revocable license model for the reversible tuning of NK cell responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric O. Long
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852
| | - Hun Sik Kim
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, University of Ulsan, Seoul 138-736, Korea;
| | - Dongfang Liu
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030;
| | - Mary E. Peterson
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852
| | - Sumati Rajagopalan
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852
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29
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Cell polarisation and the immunological synapse. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2012; 25:85-91. [PMID: 22990072 PMCID: PMC3712171 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2012.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Directed secretion by immune cells requires formation of the immunological synapse at the site of cell-cell contact, concomitant with a dramatic induction of cell polarity. Recent findings provide us with insights into the various steps that are required for these processes: for example, the first identification of a protein at the centrosome that regulates its relocation to the plasma membrane; the use of super-resolution imaging techniques to reveal a residual actin network at the immunological synapse that may permit secretory granule exocytosis; and the drawing of parallels between primary cilia and IS architecture. Here we discuss these and other novel findings that have advanced our understanding of the complex process of immunological synapse formation and subsequent induced cell polarity in immune cells.
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30
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Manetti ME, Geden S, Bott M, Sparrow N, Lambert S, Fernandez-Valle C. Stability of the tumor suppressor merlin depends on its ability to bind paxillin LD3 and associate with β1 integrin and actin at the plasma membrane. Biol Open 2012; 1:949-57. [PMID: 23213372 PMCID: PMC3507182 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20122121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The NF2 gene encodes a tumor suppressor protein known as merlin or schwannomin whose loss of function causes Neurofibromatosis Type 2 (NF2). NF2 is characterized by the development of benign tumors, predominantly schwannomas, in the peripheral nervous system. Merlin links plasma membrane receptors with the actin cytoskeleton and its targeting to the plasma membrane depends on direct binding to the paxillin scaffold protein. Exon 2 of NF2, an exon mutated in NF2 patients and deleted in a mouse model of NF2, encodes the merlin paxillin binding domain (PBD1). Here, we sought to determine the role of PBD1 in regulation of merlin stability and association with plasma membrane receptors and the actin cytoskeleton in Schwann cells. Using a fluorescence-based pulse-chase technique, we measured the half-life of Halo-tagged merlin variants carrying PBD1, exon 2, and exons 2 and 3 deletions in transiently transfected Schwann cells. We found that PBD1 alone was necessary and sufficient to increase merlin's half-life from approximately three to eleven hours. Merlin lacking PBD1 did not form a complex with surface β1 integrins or associate with the actin cytoskeleton. In addition, direct binding studies using purified merlin and paxillin domains revealed that merlin directly binds paxillin LD3 (leucine-aspartate 3) domain as well as the LD4 and LD5 domains. Together these results demonstrate that a direct interaction between merlin PBD1 and the paxillin LD3-5 domains targets merlin to the plasma membrane where it is stabilized by its association with surface β1 integrins and cortical actin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elisa Manetti
- Burnett School of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Health Science Campus , 6900 Lake Nona Boulevard, Orlando, FL 32827 , USA
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31
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Anel A, Aguiló JI, Catalán E, Garaude J, Rathore MG, Pardo J, Villalba M. Protein Kinase C-θ (PKC-θ) in Natural Killer Cell Function and Anti-Tumor Immunity. Front Immunol 2012; 3:187. [PMID: 22783260 PMCID: PMC3389606 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase C-θ (PKCθ), which is essential for T cell function and survival, is also required for efficient anti-tumor immune surveillance. Natural killer (NK) cells, which express PKCθ, play a prominent role in this process, mainly by elimination of tumor cells with reduced or absent major histocompatibility complex class-I (MHC-I) expression. This justifies the increased interest of the use of activated NK cells in anti-tumor immunotherapy in the clinic. The in vivo development of MHC-I-deficient tumors is much favored in PKCθ−/− mice compared with wild-type mice. Recent data offer some clues on the mechanism that could explain the important role of PKCθ in NK cell-mediated anti-tumor immune surveillance: some studies show that PKCθ is implicated in signal transduction and anti-tumoral activity of NK cells elicited by interleukin (IL)-12 or IL-15, while others show that it is implicated in NK cell functional activation mediated by certain killer-activating receptors. Alternatively, the possibility that PKCθ is involved in NK cell degranulation is discussed, since recent data indicate that it is implicated in microtubule-organizing center polarization to the immune synapse in CD4+ T cells. The implication of PKC isoforms in degranulation has been more extensively studied in cytotoxic T lymphocyte, and these studies will be also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Anel
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza, Spain
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