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Zhang Z, Zhu T, Zhang L, Xing Y, Yan Z, Li Q. Critical influence of cytokines and immune cells in autoimmune gastritis. Autoimmunity 2023; 56:2174531. [PMID: 36762543 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2023.2174531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a type of the most common cancers. Autoimmune gastritis (AIG) and infection with Helicobacter pylori (HP) are the risk factors of triggering GC. With the emphasis on the treatment of HP, the incidence and prevalence of HP infection in population is decreasing. However, AIG lacks accurate diagnosis and treatment methods, which occupies high cancer risk factors. AIG is controlled by the immune environment of the stomach, including immune cells, inflammatory cells, and infiltrating intercellular material. Various immune cells or cytokines play a central role in the process of regulating gastric parietal cells. Abnormal expression levels of cytokines involved in immunity are bound to face the risk of tumorigenesis. Therefore, it is particularly important for preventing or treating AIG and avoiding the risk of gastric cancer to clarify the confirmed action mode of immune cells and cytokines in the gastric system. Herein, we briefly reviewed the role of the immune environment under AIG, focussing on describing these double-edged effects between immune cells and cytokines, and pointing out potential research challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zepeng Zhang
- Kunshan Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tongtong Zhu
- Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Kunshan Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanchao Xing
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yan
- Kunshan Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingsong Li
- Kunshan Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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2
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Harsini S, Rezaei N. Autoimmune diseases. Clin Immunol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-818006-8.00001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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3
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Neef T, Ifergan I, Beddow S, Penaloza-MacMaster P, Haskins K, Shea LD, Podojil JR, Miller SD. Tolerance Induced by Antigen-Loaded PLG Nanoparticles Affects the Phenotype and Trafficking of Transgenic CD4 + and CD8 + T Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123445. [PMID: 34943952 PMCID: PMC8699785 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We have shown that PLG nanoparticles loaded with peptide antigen can reduce disease in animal models of autoimmunity and in a phase 1/2a clinical trial in celiac patients. Clarifying the mechanisms by which antigen-loaded nanoparticles establish tolerance is key to further adapting them to clinical use. The mechanisms underlying tolerance induction include the expansion of antigen-specific CD4+ regulatory T cells and sequestration of autoreactive cells in the spleen. In this study, we employed nanoparticles loaded with two model peptides, GP33–41 (a CD8 T cell epitope derived from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus) and OVA323–339 (a CD4 T cell epitope derived from ovalbumin), to modulate the CD8+ and CD4+ T cells from two transgenic mouse strains, P14 and DO11.10, respectively. Firstly, it was found that the injection of P14 mice with particles bearing the MHC I-restricted GP33–41 peptide resulted in the expansion of CD8+ T cells with a regulatory cell phenotype. This correlated with reduced CD4+ T cell viability in ex vivo co-cultures. Secondly, both nanoparticle types were able to sequester transgenic T cells in secondary lymphoid tissue. Flow cytometric analyses showed a reduction in the surface expression of chemokine receptors. Such an effect was more prominently observed in the CD4+ cells rather than the CD8+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Neef
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, School of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (T.N.); (I.I.); (S.B.); (P.P.-M.); (J.R.P.)
| | - Igal Ifergan
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, School of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (T.N.); (I.I.); (S.B.); (P.P.-M.); (J.R.P.)
| | - Sara Beddow
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, School of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (T.N.); (I.I.); (S.B.); (P.P.-M.); (J.R.P.)
| | - Pablo Penaloza-MacMaster
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, School of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (T.N.); (I.I.); (S.B.); (P.P.-M.); (J.R.P.)
| | - Kathryn Haskins
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Lonnie D. Shea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Joseph R. Podojil
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, School of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (T.N.); (I.I.); (S.B.); (P.P.-M.); (J.R.P.)
- Research & Development, Cour Pharmaceuticals Development Company, Northbrook, IL 60062, USA
| | - Stephen D. Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, School of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (T.N.); (I.I.); (S.B.); (P.P.-M.); (J.R.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-312-503-7674
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Jia J, Zheng K, Shen H, Yu J, Zhu P, Yan S, Xu Y, Zhu L, Lu Y, Gu P, Feng W. Qingchang Huashi granule ameliorates experimental colitis via restoring the dendritic cell-mediated Th17/Treg balance. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:291. [PMID: 32967687 PMCID: PMC7510084 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-03088-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The balance between T helper 17 (Th17) cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) is involved in immunological tolerance. Destruction of immunological tolerance by dendritic cell (DC)-mediated T cells is involved in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC). Qingchang Huashi granule (QCHS) has been confirmed in the treatment of UC involved by inhibiting the activation of DCs. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism through which QCHS restores the Th17/Treg balance by modulating DCs in the treatment of UC. METHODS The effects of QCHS on Th17 cells, Tregs and DCs were detected in a 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced experimental colitis model. Furthermore, we injected QCHS-treated DCs into colitis model to test whether QCHS modulates the Th17/Treg balance via DCs. Tregs and Th17 cells were analyzed by FACS. IL-10, IL-17, and Foxp3 were measured by ELISA, Western blot and qRT-PCR. RESULTS Both QCHS and QCHS-treated DCs improved colonic histopathology, diminished Th17 cell differentiation and inhibited IL-17 production while promoting CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg differentiation and augmenting IL-10 and Foxp3 expression in colitis mice. Additionally, QCHS reduced CD86 and MHC-II expression on DCs, decreased IL-12 production ex vivo and restored the Th17/Treg ratio in the colitis model. CONCLUSION The findings of this study indicate that QCHS ameliorates TNBS-induced colitis by restoring the DC-mediated Th17/Treg balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Jia
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 155 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Kai Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 155 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, China.
| | - Hong Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 155 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Jiangyi Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 155 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 155 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Shihai Yan
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 155 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 155 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 155 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yuelin Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 155 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Peiqing Gu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 155 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Wan Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 155 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
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Treg expansion with trichostatin A ameliorates kidney ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice by suppressing the expression of costimulatory molecules. Transpl Immunol 2020; 63:101330. [PMID: 32896615 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2020.101330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Innate immune reactions are believed to be associated with ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI), and IRI might be treatable by expanding regulatory T cells (Tregs), which can suppress the excessive responses of the immune system. Organ IRI is known to be closely involved in the expression of costimulatory molecules. The present study aimed to assess whether Tregs endogenously expanded by the administration of trichostatin A (TsA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, could reduce renal IRI and to clarify their association with the expression of costimulatory molecules in a murine model. In this study, the wild-type mice used for an IRI model were randomly divided into the following four treatment groups: TsA group, DMSO group (control), DMSO+PC61 group, and TsA + PC61 group. Renal injury in the early phase after IRI was ameliorated in the TsA group (increased Tregs) when compared with the other groups. After renal IRI, both the mRNA and the protein levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-10 and TGF-β in the kidney and spleen were significantly higher in the TsA group than in the other groups, whereas the IL-6 levels were significantly lower in the TsA group than in the other groups. These results were offset by the administration of PC61, supporting that the renoprotective effect of TsA in this study is Treg dependent. mRNA expression levels of CD80, CD86, and ICAM-1 were lower in the TsA group, consistent with Treg control of injury through costimulatory molecules. Our findings suggest that endogenously expanded Tregs coordinate postischemic immune responses and decrease the expression of costimulatory molecules after renal IRI, and thus, they might ameliorate renal IRI. TsA administration for expanding Tregs is a promising therapeutic strategy for renal IRI.
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Tran GT, Hodgkinson SJ, Carter N, Verma ND, Robinson CM, Plain KM, Nomura M, Hall BM. Autoantigen specific IL-2 activated CD4 +CD25 +T regulatory cells inhibit induction of experimental autoimmune neuritis. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 341:577186. [PMID: 32058174 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) induced by peripheral nerve myelin (PNM) is self-limiting and re-immunization with PNM does not re-activate disease. This study showed inhibition of EAN by CD4+CD25+T cells both from sensitized hosts or from naïve hosts after ex-vivo activation by PNM and rIL-2. Transfer of naïve CD4+CD25+T cells has no effect on EAN, nor did naïve CD4+CD25+T cells activated with rIL-2 and renal tubular antigen. Culture of naive CD4+CD25+Treg with rIL-2 and PNM induced mRNA for the IFN-gamma receptor. We showed naïve CD4+CD25+T cells activated by specific auto-antigen and rIL-2 produced more potent antigen-specific Treg that may have therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giang T Tran
- Immune Tolerance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Ingham Institute, Liverpool, NSW, Australia.
| | - Suzanne J Hodgkinson
- Immune Tolerance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Ingham Institute, Liverpool, NSW, Australia; Departments of Neurology Liverpool Health Service, Liverpool, NSW, Australia.
| | - Nicole Carter
- Immune Tolerance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Ingham Institute, Liverpool, NSW, Australia.
| | - Nirupama D Verma
- Immune Tolerance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Ingham Institute, Liverpool, NSW, Australia.
| | - Catherine M Robinson
- Immune Tolerance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Ingham Institute, Liverpool, NSW, Australia.
| | - Karren M Plain
- Immune Tolerance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Ingham Institute, Liverpool, NSW, Australia.
| | - Masaru Nomura
- Immune Tolerance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Ingham Institute, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Bruce M Hall
- Immune Tolerance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Ingham Institute, Liverpool, NSW, Australia; Department of Nephrology, Liverpool Health Service, Liverpool, NSW, Australia.
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Wehr P, Purvis H, Law S, Thomas R. Dendritic cells, T cells and their interaction in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 196:12-27. [PMID: 30589082 PMCID: PMC6422662 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the key professional antigen-presenting cells which bridge innate and adaptive immune responses, inducing the priming and differentiation of naive to effector CD4+ T cells, the cross-priming of CD8+ T cells and the promotion of B cell antibody responses. DCs also play a critical role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis and tolerance. DC-T cell interactions underpin the generation of an autoimmune response in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here we describe the function of DCs and review evidence for DC and T cell involvement in RA pathogenesis, in particular through the presentation of self-peptide by DCs that triggers differentiation and activation of autoreactive T cells. Finally, we discuss the emerging field of targeting the DC-T cell interaction for antigen-specific immunotherapy of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Wehr
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra HospitalBrisbaneAustralia
| | - H. Purvis
- King's College London, Academic Department of Rheumatology, Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and MedicineLondonUK
| | - S.‐C. Law
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra HospitalBrisbaneAustralia
| | - R. Thomas
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra HospitalBrisbaneAustralia
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In vitro assessment of cord blood-derived proinsulin-specific regulatory T cells for cellular therapy in type 1 diabetes. Cytotherapy 2018; 20:1355-1370. [PMID: 30340983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antigen-specific regulatory T cells (Tregs) have proven to be effective in reversing established autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Cord blood (CB) can serve as an efficient and safe source for Tregs for antigen-specific immunomodulation in T1D, a strategy that is yet to be explored. Therefore, we assessed the potential of CB in generation of proinsulin (PI)-specific Tregs by using HLA class II tetramers. METHODS We analyzed the frequency of PI-specific natural Tregs (nTregs) and induced Tregs (iTregs) derived from the CB as well as peripheral blood (PB) of patients with T1D and healthy control subjects. For this, CD4+CD25+CD127low and CD4+CD25-T cells were cultured in the presence of PI-derived peptides, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and rapamycin. PI-specific Tregs were then selected using allele-specific HLA II tetramers loaded with PI-derived peptides, followed by suppression assays. RESULTS Following stimulation, we observed that CB harbors a significantly higher frequency of PI-specific Tregs than PB of subjects with T1D (P = 0.0003). Further, the proportion of PI-specific Tregs was significantly higher in both the nTreg (P = 0.01) and iTreg (P = 0.0003) compartments of CB as compared with PB of subjects with T1D. In co-culture experiments, the PI-specific Tregs suppressed the proliferation of effector T cells significantly (P = 0.0006). The expanded nTregs were able to retain hypomethylation status at their Tregs-specific demethylated region (TSDR), whereas iTregs were unable to acquire the characteristic demethylation pattern. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that CB can serve as an excellent source for generation of functional antigen-specific Tregs for immunotherapeutic approaches in subjects with T1D.
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Zhang Q, Lu W, Liang CL, Chen Y, Liu H, Qiu F, Dai Z. Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) Treg: A Promising Approach to Inducing Immunological Tolerance. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2359. [PMID: 30369931 PMCID: PMC6194362 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular therapies with polyclonal regulatory T-cells (Tregs) in transplantation and autoimmune diseases have been carried out in both animal models and clinical trials. However, The use of large numbers of polyclonal Tregs with unknown antigen specificities has led to unwanted effects, such as systemic immunosuppression, which can be avoided via utilization of antigen-specific Tregs. Antigen-specific Tregs are also more potent in suppression than polyclonal ones. Although antigen-specific Tregs can be induced in vitro, these iTregs are usually contaminated with effector T cells during in vitro expansion. Fortunately, Tregs can be efficiently engineered with a predetermined antigen-specificity via transfection of viral vectors encoding specific T cell receptors (TCRs) or chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). Compared to Tregs engineered with TCRs (TCR-Tregs), CAR-modified Tregs (CAR-Tregs) engineered in a non-MHC restricted manner have the advantage of widespread applications, especially in transplantation and autoimmunity. CAR-Tregs also are less dependent on IL-2 than are TCR-Tregs. CAR-Tregs are promising given that they maintain stable phenotypes and functions, preferentially migrate to target sites, and exert more potent and specific immunosuppression than do polyclonal Tregs. However, there are some major hurdles that must be overcome before CAR-Tregs can be used in clinic. It is known that treatments with anti-tumor CAR-T cells cause side effects due to cytokine “storm” and neuronal cytotoxicity. It is unclear whether CAR-Tregs would also induce these adverse reactions. Moreover, antibodies specific for self- or allo-antigens must be characterized to construct antigen-specific CAR-Tregs. Selection of antigens targeted by CARs and development of specific antibodies are difficult in some disease models. Finally, CAR-Treg exhaustion may limit their efficacy in immunosuppression. Recently, innovative CAR-Treg therapies in animal models of transplantation and autoimmune diseases have been reported. In this mini-review, we have summarized recent progress of CAR-Tregs and discussed their potential applications for induction of immunological tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunfang Zhang
- Section of Immunology and Joint Immunology Program, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, and Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weihui Lu
- Section of Immunology and Joint Immunology Program, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, and Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Ling Liang
- Section of Immunology and Joint Immunology Program, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, and Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuchao Chen
- Section of Immunology and Joint Immunology Program, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, and Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huazhen Liu
- Section of Immunology and Joint Immunology Program, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, and Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feifei Qiu
- Section of Immunology and Joint Immunology Program, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, and Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenhua Dai
- Section of Immunology and Joint Immunology Program, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, and Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Interleukin-17A Promotes Parietal Cell Atrophy by Inducing Apoptosis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 5:678-690.e1. [PMID: 29930985 PMCID: PMC6009015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Atrophic gastritis caused by chronic inflammation in the gastric mucosa leads to the loss of gastric glandular cells, including acid-secreting parietal cells. Parietal cell atrophy in a setting of chronic inflammation induces spasmolytic polypeptide expressing metaplasia, a critical step in gastric carcinogenesis. However, the mechanisms by which inflammation causes parietal cell atrophy and spasmolytic polypeptide expressing metaplasia are not well defined. We investigated the role of interleukin-17A (IL-17A) in causing parietal cell atrophy. METHODS A mouse model of autoimmune atrophic gastritis was used to examine IL-17A production during early and late stages of disease. Organoids derived from corpus glands were used to determine the direct effects of IL-17A on gastric epithelial cells. Immunofluorescent staining was used to examine IL-17A receptors and the direct effect of signaling on parietal cells. Mice were infected with an IL-17A-producing adenovirus to determine the effects of IL-17A on parietal cells in vivo. Finally, IL-17A neutralizing antibodies were administered to mice with active atrophic gastritis to evaluate the effects on parietal cell atrophy and metaplasia. RESULTS Increased IL-17A correlated with disease severity in mice with chronic atrophic gastritis. IL-17A caused caspase-dependent gastric organoid degeneration, which could not be rescued with a necroptosis inhibitor. Parietal cells expressed IL-17A receptors and IL-17A treatment induced apoptosis in parietal cells. Overexpressing IL-17A in vivo induced caspase-3 activation and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling staining in parietal cells. Finally, IL-17A neutralizing antibody decreased parietal cell atrophy and metaplasia in mice with chronic atrophic gastritis. CONCLUSIONS These data identify IL-17A as a cytokine that promotes parietal cell apoptosis during atrophic gastritis, a precursor lesion for gastric cancer.
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Adoptive Induced Antigen-Specific Treg Cells Reverse Inflammation in Collagen-Induced Arthritis Mouse Model. Inflammation 2017; 41:485-495. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0704-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Kumar N, Chugh H, Tomar R, Tomar V, Singh VK, Chandra R. Exploring the interplay between autoimmunity and cancer to find the target therapeutic hotspots. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 46:658-668. [PMID: 28687059 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2017.1350188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmunity arises when highly active immune responses are developed against the tissues or substances of one's own body. It is one of the most prevalent disorders among the old-age population with prospects increasing with age. The major cause of autoimmunity and associated diseases is the dysregulation of host immune surveillance. Impaired repairment of immune system and apoptosis regulation can be seen as major landmarks in autoimmune disorders such as the mutation of p53 gene which results in rheumatoid arthritis, bowel disease which consequently lead to tissue destruction, inflammation and dysfunctioning of body organs. Cytokines mediated apoptosis and proliferation of cells plays a regulatory role in cell cycle and further in cancer development. Anti-TNF therapy, Treg therapy and stem cell therapy have been used for autoimmune diseases, however, with the increase in the use of immunomodulatory therapies and their development for autoimmune diseases and cancer, the understanding of human immune system tends to become an increasing requirement. Hence, the findings associated with the relationship between autoimmune diseases and cancer may prove to be beneficial for the improvement in the health of suffering patients. Here in, we are eliciting the underlying mechanisms which result in autoimmune disorders causing the onset of cancer, exploration of interactome to find the pathways which are mutual to both, and recognition of hotspots which might play important role in autoimmunity mediated therapeutics with different therapies such as anti-TNF therapy, Treg therapy and stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Kumar
- a Department of Chemistry, Drug Discovery and Development Laboratory , University of Delhi , Delhi , India.,b Department of Biotechnology, Stem Cell Research Laboratory , Delhi Technological University , Delhi , India
| | - Heerak Chugh
- a Department of Chemistry, Drug Discovery and Development Laboratory , University of Delhi , Delhi , India
| | - Ravi Tomar
- a Department of Chemistry, Drug Discovery and Development Laboratory , University of Delhi , Delhi , India
| | - Vartika Tomar
- a Department of Chemistry, Drug Discovery and Development Laboratory , University of Delhi , Delhi , India
| | - Vimal Kishor Singh
- b Department of Biotechnology, Stem Cell Research Laboratory , Delhi Technological University , Delhi , India
| | - Ramesh Chandra
- a Department of Chemistry, Drug Discovery and Development Laboratory , University of Delhi , Delhi , India.,c Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research , University of Delhi , Delhi , India
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Madecassic acid, the contributor to the anti-colitis effect of madecassoside, enhances the shift of Th17 toward Treg cells via the PPARγ/AMPK/ACC1 pathway. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2723. [PMID: 28358365 PMCID: PMC5386545 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The imbalance between Th17 and Treg cells substantially contributes to the intestinal immune disturbance and subsequent tissue injury in ulcerative colitis. The triterpenoid-rich fraction of Centella asiatica was able to ameliorate dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice. Here we explored its active ingredient and underlying mechanism with a focus on restoring the Th17/Treg balance. The four main triterpenoids occurring in C. asiatica were shown to attenuate colitis in mice by oral administration. The most effective ingredient madecassoside lost anti-colitis effect when applied topically in the colon, and madecassic acid was recognized to be the active form of madecassoside. Oral administration of madecassic acid decreased the percentage of Th17 cells and downregulated the expression of RORγt, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21 and IL-22 and increased the percentage of Treg cells and the expression of Foxp3 and IL-10 in the colons of mice with colitis, but it did not affect Th1 and Th2 cells. Under Th17-polarizing conditions, madecassic acid downregulated ACC1 expression and enhanced the shift of Th17 cells toward Treg cells, but it did not affect the differentiation of Treg cells under Treg-polarizing conditions. Both compound C and AMPK siRNA inhibited the madecassic acid-mediated downregulation of ACC1 expression and shift of Th17 cells to Treg cells under Th17-polarizing conditions. GW9662, T0070907 and PPARγ siRNA blocked the effect of madecassic acid on AMPK activation, ACC1 expression and shift of Th17 cells to Treg cells. Furthermore, madecassic acid was identified as a PPARγ agonist, as it promoted PPARγ transactivation. The correlation between activation of PPARγ and AMPK, downregulation of ACC1 expression, restoration of Th17/Treg balance and attenuation of colitis by madecassic acid was validated in mice with DSS-induced colitis. In conclusion, madecassic acid was the active form of madecassoside in ameliorating colitis by restoring the Th17/Treg balance via regulating the PPARγ/AMPK/ACC1 pathway.
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14
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Massoud AH, Kaufman GN, Xue D, Béland M, Dembele M, Piccirillo CA, Mourad W, Mazer BD. Peripherally Generated Foxp3 + Regulatory T Cells Mediate the Immunomodulatory Effects of IVIg in Allergic Airways Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:2760-2771. [PMID: 28219891 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
IVIg is widely used as an immunomodulatory therapy. We have recently demonstrated that IVIg protects against airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and inflammation in mouse models of allergic airways disease (AAD), associated with induction of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg). Using mice carrying a DTR/EGFP transgene under the control of the Foxp3 promoter (DEREG mice), we demonstrate in this study that IVIg generates a de novo population of peripheral Treg (pTreg) in the absence of endogenous Treg. IVIg-generated pTreg were sufficient for inhibition of OVA-induced AHR in an Ag-driven murine model of AAD. In the absence of endogenous Treg, IVIg failed to confer protection against AHR and airway inflammation. Adoptive transfer of purified IVIg-generated pTreg prior to Ag challenge effectively prevented airway inflammation and AHR in an Ag-specific manner. Microarray gene expression profiling of IVIg-generated pTreg revealed upregulation of genes associated with cell cycle, chromatin, cytoskeleton/motility, immunity, and apoptosis. These data demonstrate the importance of Treg in regulating AAD and show that IVIg-generated pTreg are necessary and sufficient for inhibition of allergen-induced AAD. The ability of IVIg to generate pure populations of highly Ag-specific pTreg represents a new avenue to study pTreg, the cross-talk between humoral and cellular immunity, and regulation of the inflammatory response to Ags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir H Massoud
- Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada.,Cellular and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada; and
| | - Gabriel N Kaufman
- Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Di Xue
- Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Marianne Béland
- Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Marieme Dembele
- Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Ciriaco A Piccirillo
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Walid Mourad
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada; and
| | - Bruce D Mazer
- Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada;
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15
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Song J. Stem Cell-Derived Regulatory T Cells for Therapeutic Use in Arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 2. [PMID: 28042612 PMCID: PMC5193373 DOI: 10.16966/2470-1025.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) can be utilized to obtain a renewable source of healthy regulatory T cells (Tregs) to treat autoimmune arthritis as they have the ability to produce almost all cell types in the body, including Tregs. However, the right conditions for the development of antigen (Ag)-specific Tregs from PSCs (i.e., PSC-Tregs) remain unknown. An ongoing project will determine the mechanisms underlying the Ag-specific PSC-Treg treatments that aim to modulate tolerance in autoimmune arthritis. The knowledge gained from these studies will provide new insights into cell-based therapies in autoimmune arthritis, and advance the understanding of fundamental mechanisms underlying Treg differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxun Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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16
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INOMATA TAKENORI. A New Immunotherapy Using Regulatory T-Cells for High-Risk Corneal Transplantation. JUNTENDO MEDICAL JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.14789/jmj.63.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- TAKENORI INOMATA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine
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17
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Inomata T, Hua J, Di Zazzo A, Dana R. Impaired Function of Peripherally Induced Regulatory T Cells in Hosts at High Risk of Graft Rejection. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39924. [PMID: 28008995 PMCID: PMC5180229 DOI: 10.1038/srep39924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are crucial for allograft survival. Tregs can be divided into thymus-derived natural Tregs (tTregs) and peripherally-derived induced Tregs (pTregs). Here, we determine whether the suppressive function of Treg subsets is hampered in hosts who are at high risk for rejecting their graft. To induce graft beds that promote high risk of transplant rejection, intrastromal corneal sutures were placed two weeks prior to the transplant procedure in mice. We demonstrate that in high-risk recipients the frequencies and function of pTregs (but not tTregs) are suppressed. Reduced function of pTregs correlated with decreased expression of CTLA-4, interleukin-10, and transforming growth factor-β. Adoptive transfer of pTregs from mice at low risk of subsequent graft rejection is able to rescue graft survival in recipients that are at high risk of rejecting their grafts. Our data suggest that impaired function of pTregs, but not tTregs, mediates the loss of immune tolerance and promotes allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takenori Inomata
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jing Hua
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Antonio Di Zazzo
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reza Dana
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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18
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Song J. Development of Auto Antigen-specific Regulatory T Cells for Diabetes Immunotherapy. Immune Netw 2016; 16:281-285. [PMID: 27799873 PMCID: PMC5086452 DOI: 10.4110/in.2016.16.5.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential for normal immune surveillance, and their dysfunction can lead to the development of autoimmune diseases, such as type-1 diabetes (T1D). T1D is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease characterized by islet β cell destruction, hypoinsulinemia, and severely altered glucose homeostasis. Tregs play a critical role in the development of T1D and participate in peripheral tolerance. Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) can be utilized to obtain a renewable source of healthy Tregs to treat T1D as they have the ability to produce almost all cell types in the body, including Tregs. However, the right conditions for the development of antigen (Ag)-specific Tregs from PSCs (i.e., PSC-Tregs) remain undefined, especially molecular mechanisms that direct differentiation of such Tregs. Auto Ag-specific PSC-Tregs can be programmed to be tissue-associated and infiltrate to local inflamed tissue (e.g., islets) to suppress autoimmune responses after adoptive transfer, thereby avoiding potential overall immunosuppression from non-specific Tregs. Developing auto Ag-specific PSC-Tregs can reduce overall immunosuppression after adoptive transfer by accumulating inflamed islets, which drives forward the use of therapeutic PSC-Tregs for cell-based therapies in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxun Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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19
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Haque M, Song J, Fino K, Sandhu P, Song X, Lei F, Zheng S, Ni B, Fang D, Song J. Stem cell-derived tissue-associated regulatory T cells ameliorate the development of autoimmunity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20588. [PMID: 26846186 PMCID: PMC4742827 DOI: 10.1038/srep20588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have the potential to produce almost all of the cells in the body, including regulatory T cells (Tregs). However, the exact conditions required for the development of antigen (Ag)-specific Tregs from PSCs (i.e., PSC-Tregs) are not well delineated. Ag-specific PSC-Tregs can be tissue/organ-associated and migrate to local inflamed tissues/organs to suppress the autoimmune response after adoptive transfer, thereby avoiding potential overall immunosuppression from non-specific Tregs. In this study, we developed a new approach to generate functional Ag-specific Tregs from induced PSCs (iPSCs), i.e., iPSC-Tregs, which had the ability to generate an Ag-specific immunosuppressive response in a murine model of arthritis. We retrovirally transduced murine iPSCs with a construct containing genes of Ag-specific T cell receptor (TCR) and the transcriptional factor FoxP3. We differentiated the iPSCs into Ag-specific iPSC-Tregs using in vitro or in vivo Notch signaling, and demonstrated that adoptive transfer of such Tregs dramatically suppressed autoimmunity in a well-established Ag-induced arthritis model, including the inflammation, joint destruction, cartilage prostaglandin depletion, osteoclast activity, and Th17 production. Our results indicate that PSCs can be used to develop Ag-specific Tregs, which have a therapeutic potential for Treg-based therapies of autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Jianyong Song
- Institutes of Irradiation/Immunology, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Kristin Fino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Praneet Sandhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Xinmeng Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Fengyang Lei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Songguo Zheng
- Department of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Bing Ni
- Institutes of Irradiation/Immunology, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Deyu Fang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jianxun Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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20
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Oliphant S, Lines JL, Hollifield ML, Garvy BA. Regulatory T Cells Are Critical for Clearing Influenza A Virus in Neonatal Mice. Viral Immunol 2015; 28:580-9. [PMID: 26501792 PMCID: PMC4677544 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2015.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that neonatal mice infected with influenza A virus (IAV) develop interstitial pneumonia characterized by reduced lung cytokine and chemokine responses. The failure of T cells to infiltrate the airways of neonates correlated with delayed clearance of sublethal IAV infections compared to adults. We hypothesized that negative regulators in the neonatal lungs such as cytokines or T regulatory (Treg) cells are responsible for these differences. Neonates either deficient in interleukin-10 (IL-10) or with T cells unresponsive to transforming growth factor-β signaling due to absence of SMAD family member 4 (Smad4) had similar IAV clearance kinetics to wild-type pups and no difference in T-cell responses. In contrast, functional depletion of Treg cells with anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody resulted in increased proportions of activated CD4(+) T cells in the lungs, but failure to clear IAV. Similarly, scurfy pups (mutation in forkhead box P3 [Foxp3] rendering them deficient in Treg cells) had increased proportions of activated T cells in the lungs compared to littermate controls. Scurfy pups also had increased proportions of IL-13-producing CD4(+) T cells. Interestingly, like anti-CD25-treated pups, scurfy pups had significantly elevated viral loads compared to controls. Based on these data, we conclude that Tregs are critical for clearance of IAV in neonatal mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Oliphant
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- VA Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - J. Louise Lines
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- VA Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Melissa L. Hollifield
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- VA Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Beth A. Garvy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- VA Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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21
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Zhang D, Tu E, Kasagi S, Zanvit P, Chen Q, Chen W. Manipulating regulatory T cells: a promising strategy to treat autoimmunity. Immunotherapy 2015; 7:1201-11. [PMID: 26568117 DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+)regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are extremely important in maintaining immune tolerance. Manipulation of Treg cells, especially autoantigen-specific Treg cells is a promising approach for treatments of autoimmune disease since Treg cells may provide the advantage of antigen specificity without overall immune suppression. However, the clinical application of Treg cells has long been limited due to low numbers of Treg cells and the difficulty in identifying their antigen specificity. In this review, we summarize studies that demonstrate regression of autoimmune diseases using Treg cells as therapeutics. We also discuss approaches to generate polyclonal and autoantigen-specific Treg cells in vitro and in vivo. We also discuss our recent study that describes a novel approach of generating autoantigen-specific Treg cells in vivo and restoring immune tolerance by two steps apoptosis-antigen therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunfang Zhang
- Mucosal Immunology Section, OPCB, National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Eric Tu
- Mucosal Immunology Section, OPCB, National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shimpei Kasagi
- Mucosal Immunology Section, OPCB, National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter Zanvit
- Mucosal Immunology Section, OPCB, National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - WanJun Chen
- Mucosal Immunology Section, OPCB, National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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22
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Alawad A, Altuwaijri S, Aljarbu A, Kryczek I, Niu Y, Al-sobayil FA, Chang C, Bayoumi A, Zou W, Rudat V, Hammad M. Depletion of androgen receptor (AR) in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) inhibits induction of CD4+CD25+FOX3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells via androgen TGF-β interaction. J Appl Biomed 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jab.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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23
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Wu W, Shao J, Lu H, Xu J, Zhu A, Fang W, Hui G. Guard of delinquency? A role of microglia in inflammatory neurodegenerative diseases of the CNS. Cell Biochem Biophys 2015; 70:1-8. [PMID: 24633457 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-9872-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Activation of microglia and inflammation-mediated neurotoxicity are believed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders, including multiple sclerosis. Studies demonstrate complex functions of activated microglia that can lead to either beneficial or detrimental outcomes, depending on the form and the timing of activation. Combined with genetic and environmental factors, overactivation and dysregulation of microglia cause progressive neurotoxic consequences which involve a vicious cycle of neuron injury and unregulated neuroinflammation. Thus, modulation of microglial activation appears to be a promising new therapeutic target. While current therapies do attempt to block activation of microglia, they indiscriminately inhibit inflammation thus also curbing beneficial effects of inflammation and delaying recovery. Multiple signaling cascades, often cross-talking, are involved in every step of microglial activation. One of the key challenges is to understand the molecular mechanisms controlling cytokine expression and phagocytic activity, as well as cell-specific consequences of dysregulated cytokine expression. Further, a better understanding of how the integration of multiple cytokine signals influences the function or activity of individual microglia remains an important research objective to identify potential therapeutic targets for clinical intervention to promote repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijiang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi Third People's Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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24
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Lee SY, Jeong JJ, Le THV, Eun SH, Nguyen MD, Park JH, Kim DH. Ocotillol, a Majonoside R2 Metabolite, Ameliorates 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid-Induced Colitis in Mice by Restoring the Balance of Th17/Treg Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:7024-7031. [PMID: 26194345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In a preliminary experiment, majonoside R2 (MR2), isolated from Vietnamese ginseng (Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv.), inhibited differentiation to Th17 cells and was metabolized to ocotillol via pseudoginsenoside RT4 (PRT4) by gut microbiota. Therefore, we examined the inhibitory effects of MR2 and its metabolites PRT4 and ocotillol against Th17 cell differentiation. These ginsenosides significantly suppressed interleukin (IL)-6/tumor growth factor beta-induced differentiation of splenic CD4(+) T cells into Th17 cells and expression of IL-17 in vitro. Among these ginsenosides, ocotillol showed the highest inhibitory effect. We also examined the anti-inflammatory effect of ocotillol in mice with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis. Oral administration of ocotillol significantly suppressed TNBS-induced colon shortening, macroscopic score, myeloperoxidase activity, and production of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2. Ocotillol treatment increased TNBS-suppressed expression of tight junction proteins ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-1 in the colon. Treatment with ocotillol inhibited TNBS-induced expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-1β, as well as activation of NF-κB and MAPKs. Moreover, treatment with ocotillol inhibited TNBS- induced differentiation to Th17 cells in the lamina propria of colon, as well as expression of T-bet, RORγt, IL-17, and IL-23. Ocotillol treatment also increased Treg cell differentiation and Foxp3 and IL-10 expression. These findings suggest that orally administered MR2 may be metabolized to ocotillol in the intestine by gut microbiota and the transformed ocotillol may ameliorate inflammatory diseases such as colitis by restoring the balance of Th17/Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yun Lee
- †Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 1, Hoegi, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Jin-Ju Jeong
- †Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 1, Hoegi, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Thi Hong Van Le
- ‡School of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 Dinh Tien Hoang Street, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Su-Hyeon Eun
- †Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 1, Hoegi, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Minh Duc Nguyen
- ‡School of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 Dinh Tien Hoang Street, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Jeong Hill Park
- §College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 151-742, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- †Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 1, Hoegi, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea
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25
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Abstract
Adoptive cell transfer is an intervention in which autologous immune cells that have been expanded ex vivo are re-introduced to mitigate a pathological process. Tregs, mesenchymal stromal cells, dendritic cells, macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells have been transferred in diverse immune-mediated diseases, and Tregs have been the focus of investigations in autoimmune hepatitis. Transferred Tregs have improved histological findings in animal models of autoimmune hepatitis and autoimmune cholangitis. Key challenges relate to discrepant findings among studies, phenotypic instability of the transferred population, uncertain side effects and possible need for staged therapy involving anti-inflammatory drugs. Future investigations must resolve issues about the purification, durability and safety of these cells and consider alternative populations if necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Czaja
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street S.W, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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26
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Alahgholi-Hajibehzad M, Kasapoglu P, Jafari R, Rezaei N. The role of T regulatory cells in immunopathogenesis of myasthenia gravis: implications for therapeutics. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 11:859-70. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2015.1047345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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27
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Tumor progression locus 2 differentially regulates IFNγ and IL-17 production by effector CD4+ T cells in a T cell transfer model of colitis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119885. [PMID: 25781948 PMCID: PMC4363566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are approaching epidemic levels, estimated to affect 5–8% of the population. A number of autoimmune diseases are believed to be driven by autoreactive T cells, specifically by T helper 1 (Th1) cells and T helper 17 (Th17) cells. One molecule gaining interest as a therapeutic target is the serine-threonine kinase, Tpl2, which promotes expression of proinflammatory mediators. We previously demonstrated that Tpl2 regulates Th1 differentiation, secretion of the inflammatory cytokine IFNγ, and host defense against the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii. The goal of this study was to determine whether Tpl2 also regulates Th1 or Th17 differentiation in vivo in a model of colitis associated with mixed Th1/Th17 pathology. In vitro, Tpl2−/− naïve CD4 T cells were significantly impaired in IL-17A secretion under traditional Th17 inducing conditions. Reduced IL-17A secretion correlated with increased expression of FoxP3, a transcription factor known to antagonize RORγt function. In a murine T cell transfer model of colitis, transfer of Tpl2−/− T cells resulted in reduced proportions of CD4 T cells expressing IFNγ, but not IL-17A, compared to that induced by wild type T cells. Further studies revealed that IL-17A differentiation induced by IL-6 and IL-23, cytokines implicated in driving Th17 differentiation in vivo, was unaffected by Tpl2 deficiency. Collectively, these results implicate Tpl2 in TGF-β-induced FoxP3 expression. Additionally, they underscore the contribution of Tpl2 to Th1 immunopathology specifically, which suggests that Tpl2 inhibitors may selectively target Th1-based inflammation.
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28
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Dwivedi M, Kemp EH, Laddha NC, Mansuri MS, Weetman AP, Begum R. Regulatory T cells in vitiligo: Implications for pathogenesis and therapeutics. Autoimmun Rev 2015; 14:49-56. [PMID: 25308528 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitiligo is a hypomelanotic autoimmune skin disease arising from a breakdown in immunological self-tolerance, which leads to aberrant immune responses against melanocytes. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are crucial to the development of self-tolerance and so are major foci in the study of autoimmune pathogenesis of vitiligo. This review will summarise recent findings concerning the role of Tregs in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. In addition, as antigen-specific Tregs are a potential route for the reinstatement of immune tolerance, new strategies that expand or induce de novo generation of Tregs and which are currently being investigated as therapies for other autoimmune diseases, will be discussed. These approaches will highlight the opportunities for Treg cell-based therapeutics in vitiligo.
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In vitro induced regulatory T cells are unique from endogenous regulatory T cells and effective at suppressing late stages of ongoing autoimmunity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104698. [PMID: 25119105 PMCID: PMC4131893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Strategies to boost the numbers and functions of regulatory T cells (Tregs) are currently being tested as means to treat autoimmunity. While Tregs have been shown to be effective in this role, strategies to manipulate Tregs to effectively suppress later stages of ongoing diseases need to be established. In this study, we evaluated the ability of TGF-β-induced Tregs (iTregs) specific for the major self-antigen in autoimmune gastritis to suppress established autoimmune gastritis in mice. When transferred into mice during later stages of disease, iTregs demethylated the Foxp3 promoter, maintained Foxp3 expression, and suppressed effector T cell proliferation. More importantly, these iTregs were effective at stopping disease progression. Untreated mice had high numbers of endogenous Tregs (enTregs) but these were unable to stop disease progression. In contrast, iTregs, were found in relatively low numbers in treated mice, yet were effective at stopping disease progression, suggesting qualitative differences in suppressor functions. We identified several inhibitory receptors (LAG-3, PD-1, GARP, and TNFR2), cytokines (TGF-β1 and IL12p35), and transcription factors (IRF4 and Tbet) expressed at higher levels by iTregs compared to enTregs isolated form mice with ongoing disease, which likely accounts for superior suppressor ability in this disease model. These data support efforts to use iTregs in therapies to treat establish autoimmunity, and show that iTregs are more effective than enTregs at suppressing inflammation in this disease model.
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Whary MT, Muthupalani S, Ge Z, Feng Y, Lofgren J, Shi HN, Taylor NS, Correa P, Versalovic J, Wang TC, Fox JG. Helminth co-infection in Helicobacter pylori infected INS-GAS mice attenuates gastric premalignant lesions of epithelial dysplasia and glandular atrophy and preserves colonization resistance of the stomach to lower bowel microbiota. Microbes Infect 2014; 16:345-55. [PMID: 24513446 PMCID: PMC4030519 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Higher prevalence of helminth infections in Helicobacter pylori infected children was suggested to potentially lower the life-time risk for gastric adenocarcinoma. In rodent models, helminth co-infection does not reduce Helicobacter-induced inflammation but delays progression of pre-malignant gastric lesions. Because gastric cancer in INS-GAS mice is promoted by intestinal microflora, the impact of Heligmosomoides polygyrus co-infection on H. pylori-associated gastric lesions and microflora were evaluated. Male INS-GAS mice co-infected with H. pylori and H. polygyrus for 5 months were assessed for gastrointestinal lesions, inflammation-related mRNA expression, FoxP3(+) cells, epithelial proliferation, and gastric colonization with H. pylori and Altered Schaedler Flora. Despite similar gastric inflammation and high levels of proinflammatory mRNA, helminth co-infection increased FoxP3(+) cells in the corpus and reduced H. pylori-associated gastric atrophy (p < 0.04), dysplasia (p < 0.02) and prevented H. pylori-induced changes in the gastric flora (p < 0.05). This is the first evidence of helminth infection reducing H. pylori-induced gastric lesions while inhibiting changes in gastric flora, consistent with prior observations that gastric colonization with enteric microbiota accelerated gastric lesions in INS-GAS mice. Identifying how helminths reduce gastric premalignant lesions and impact bacterial colonization of the H. pylori infected stomach could lead to new treatment strategies to inhibit progression from chronic gastritis to cancer in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Whary
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | | | - Zhongming Ge
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yan Feng
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer Lofgren
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hai Ning Shi
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nancy S Taylor
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Pelayo Correa
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - James Versalovic
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - James G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Stavely R, Sakkal S, Stojanovska V, Nurgali K. Mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: from experimental models to clinical application. Inflamm Regen 2014. [DOI: 10.2492/inflammregen.34.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Dhamne C, Chung Y, Alousi AM, Cooper LJN, Tran DQ. Peripheral and thymic foxp3(+) regulatory T cells in search of origin, distinction, and function. Front Immunol 2013; 4:253. [PMID: 23986762 PMCID: PMC3753660 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, much has been learnt and much more to discover about Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs). Initially, it was thought that Tregs were a unique entity that originates in the thymus. It is now recognized that there is a fraternal twin sibling that is generated in the periphery. The difficulty is in the distinction between these two subsets. The ability to detect, monitor, and analyze these two subsets in health and disease will provide invaluable insights into their functions and purposes. The plasticity and mechanisms of action can be unique and not overlapping within these subsets. Therefore, the therapeutic targeting of a particular subset of Tregs might be more efficacious. In the past couple of years, a vast amount of data have provided a better understanding of the cellular and molecular components essential for their development and stability. Many studies are implicating their preferential involvement in certain diseases and immunologic tolerance. However, it remains controversial as to whether any phenotypic markers have been identified that can differentiate thymic versus peripheral Tregs. This review will address the validity and controversy regarding Helios, Lap/Garp and Neuropilin-1 as markers of thymic Tregs. It also will discuss updated information on distinguishing features of these two subsets and their critical roles in maternal-fetal tolerance and transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetan Dhamne
- Department of Paediatrics, University Children’s Medical Institute, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Yeonseok Chung
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Center for Immunology and Autoimmune Diseases, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Amin Majid Alousi
- Department of Pediatrics Patient Care, Division of Pediatrics, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Laurence J. N. Cooper
- Department of Stem Cell Transplant and Cellular Therapy, Division of Cancer Medicine, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dat Quoc Tran
- Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Allergy/Immunology, Pediatric Research Center, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
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Yadav M, Stephan S, Bluestone JA. Peripherally induced tregs - role in immune homeostasis and autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2013; 4:232. [PMID: 23966994 PMCID: PMC3736167 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymically derived Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (tTregs) constitute a unique T cell lineage that is essential for maintaining immune tolerance to self and immune homeostasis. However, Foxp3 can also be turned on in conventional T cells as a consequence of antigen exposure in the periphery, under both non-inflammatory and inflammatory conditions. These so-called peripheral Tregs (pTregs) participate in the control of immunity at sites of inflammation, especially at the mucosal surfaces. Although numerous studies have assessed in vitro generated Tregs (termed induced or iTregs), these cells most often do not recapitulate the functional or phenotypic characteristics of in vivo generated pTregs. Thus, there are still many unanswered questions regarding the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire and function of pTregs as well as conditions under which they are generated in vivo, and the degree to which these characteristics identify specialized features of pTregs versus features that are shared with tTregs. In this review, we summarize the current state of our understanding of pTregs and their relationship to the tTreg subset. We describe the recent discovery of unique cell surface markers and transcription factors (including Neuropilin-1 and Helios) that can be used to distinguish tTreg and pTreg subsets in vivo. Additionally, we discuss how the improved ability to distinguish these subsets provided new insights into the biology of tTregs versus pTregs and suggested differences in their function and TCR repertoire, consistent with a unique role of pTregs in certain inflammatory settings. Finally, these recent advances will be used to speculate on the role of individual Treg subsets in both tolerance and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Yadav
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, CA , USA
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Nguyen TLM, Dipaolo RJ. A new mouse model of inflammation and gastric cancer. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e25911. [PMID: 24498543 PMCID: PMC3896463 DOI: 10.4161/onci.25911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation increases the risk of developing several malignancies, including gastric cancer. A better understanding of how inflammation promotes gastric oncogenesis is therefore urgently needed. We have recently developed and characterized a mouse model that will be useful to elucidate the molecular and cellular circuitries bridging inflammation and gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Long M Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; Saint Louis University School of Medicine; Saint Louis, MO USA
| | - Richard J Dipaolo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; Saint Louis University School of Medicine; Saint Louis, MO USA
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McPherson SW, Heuss ND, Gregerson DS. Local "on-demand" generation and function of antigen-specific Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:4971-81. [PMID: 23585681 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Extrathymically derived regulatory T cells (iTregs) protect against autoimmunity to tissue-specific Ags. However, whether Ag-specific iTreg generation and function is limited to secondary lymphoid tissue or whether it can occur within the tissue-specific local environment of the cognate Ag remains unresolved. Mice expressing β-galactosidase (βgal) on a retina-specific promoter (βgal mice) in conjunction with mice expressing GFP and diphtheria toxin (DTx) receptor (DTR) under control of the Foxp3 promoter, and βgal-specific TCR transgenic (BG2) mice were used to examine this question. Local depletion (ocular DTx), but not systemic depletion (i.p. DTx), of βgal-specific iTregs enhanced experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis induced by activated βgal-specific effector T cells. Injections of small amounts of βgal into the anterior chamber of the eye produced similar numbers of βgal-specific iTregs in the retina whether the mouse was depleted of pre-existing, circulating Tregs. Taken together, these results suggest that protection from tissue-specific autoimmunity depends on the function of local Ag-specific iTregs and that the retina is capable of local, "on-demand" iTreg generation that is independent of circulating Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott W McPherson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Tu E, Bourges D, Gleeson PA, Ang DKY, van Driel IR. Pathogenic T cells persist after reversal of autoimmune disease by immunosuppression with regulatory T cells. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:1286-96. [PMID: 23420509 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune disease can be prevented with immunosuppressive agents; however, the effectiveness of these treatments in advanced stage of disease and the fate of pathogenic T cells following such treatments are not clear. In this study we demonstrate that a single dose of in vitro-induced Treg cells (iTreg cells) resulted in the functional repair and restitution of stomach tissue that had been severely damaged in advanced autoimmune gastritis. iTreg cells caused depletion or inactivation of autoreactive naïve T cells that were antigen inexperienced, however, autoreactive effector/memory T cells persisted in treated mice, resulting in residual cellular infiltrates within the repaired stomach tissue. The persisting autoreactive T cells were able to rapidly cause autoimmune disease if iTreg cells were removed. Similar data were obtained from mice treated continuously with corticosteroid, in that there was substantial restitution of the gastric mucosa; however, effector T cells persisted and rapidly caused pathology following drug removal. Therefore, iTreg cells or corticosteroid can suppress pathogenic autoreactive cells in advanced autoimmune disease, reversing tissue damage and improving tissue function. However, the persistence of pathogenic T cells represents a disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Tu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Kong N, Lan Q, Chen M, Wang J, Shi W, Horwitz DA, Quesniaux V, Ryffel B, Liu Z, Brand D, Zou H, Zheng SG. Antigen-specific transforming growth factor β-induced Treg cells, but not natural Treg cells, ameliorate autoimmune arthritis in mice by shifting the Th17/Treg cell balance from Th17 predominance to Treg cell predominance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:2548-58. [PMID: 22605463 DOI: 10.1002/art.34513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transferred CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Treg cells can prevent autoimmune disease, but generally fail to ameliorate established disease. This study was undertaken to compare the effects of antigen-specific Treg cells induced with interleukin-2 (IL-2) and transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) ex vivo (induced Treg [iTreg] cells) to the effects of equivalent expanded thymus-derived natural Treg (nTreg) cells on established collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). METHODS CIA was induced in DBA/1 mice by immunization with type II collagen (CII), and before or shortly after immunization, mice were treated with iTreg or nTreg cells that were generated or expanded in vitro. Clinical scores were determined. Inflammatory responses were determined by measuring the levels of anti-CII antibody in the serum and examining the histologic features of the mouse joints. The Th1/Th17-mediated autoreactive response was evaluated by determining the cytokine profile of the draining lymph node (LN) cells of the mice by flow cytometry. RESULTS Following transfer, nTreg cells exhibited decreased FoxP3 and Bcl-2 expression and decreased suppressive activity, and many converted to Th17 cells. In contrast, transferred iTreg cells were more numerous, retained FoxP3 expression and their suppressive activity in the presence of IL-6, and were resistant to Th17 conversion. Notably, 10 days after the transfer of donor iTreg cells, predominance was shifted from Th17 cells to Treg cells in the draining LNs of recipient mice. CONCLUSION These findings provide evidence that transferred TGFβ-induced iTreg cells are more stable and functional than nTreg cells in mice with established autoimmunity. Moreover, iTreg cells can have tolerogenic effects even in the presence of ongoing inflammation. The therapeutic potential of human iTreg cells in subjects with chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory diseases should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Kong
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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38
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Olson BM, Jankowska-Gan E, Becker JT, Vignali DAA, Burlingham WJ, McNeel DG. Human prostate tumor antigen-specific CD8+ regulatory T cells are inhibited by CTLA-4 or IL-35 blockade. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:5590-601. [PMID: 23152566 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells play important roles in cancer development and progression by limiting the generation of innate and adaptive anti-tumor immunity. We hypothesized that in addition to natural CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, tumor Ag-specific Tregs interfere with the detection of anti-tumor immunity after immunotherapy. Using samples from prostate cancer patients immunized with a DNA vaccine encoding prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and a trans-vivo delayed-type hypersensitivity (tvDTH) assay, we found that the detection of PAP-specific effector responses after immunization was prevented by the activity of PAP-specific regulatory cells. These regulatory cells were CD8(+)CTLA-4(+), and their suppression was relieved by blockade of CTLA-4, but not IL-10 or TGF-β. Moreover, Ag-specific CD8(+) Tregs were detected prior to immunization in the absence of PAP-specific effector responses. These PAP-specific CD8(+)CTLA-4(+) suppressor T cells expressed IL-35, which was decreased after blockade of CTLA-4, and inhibition of either CTLA-4 or IL-35 reversed PAP-specific suppression of tvDTH response. PAP-specific CD8(+)CTLA-4(+) T cells also suppressed T cell proliferation in an IL-35-dependent, contact-independent fashion. Taken together, these findings suggest a novel population of CD8(+)CTLA-4(+) IL-35-secreting tumor Ag-specific Tregs arise spontaneously in some prostate cancer patients, persist during immunization, and can prevent the detection of Ag-specific effector responses by an IL-35-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Olson
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Ramalingam R, Larmonier CB, Thurston RD, Midura-Kiela MT, Zheng SG, Ghishan FK, Kiela PR. Dendritic cell-specific disruption of TGF-β receptor II leads to altered regulatory T cell phenotype and spontaneous multiorgan autoimmunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:3878-93. [PMID: 22972928 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In vitro data and transgenic mouse models suggest a role for TGF-β signaling in dendritic cells (DCs) to prevent autoimmunity primarily through maintenance of DCs in their immature and tolerogenic state characterized by low expression of MHC class II (MHCII) and costimulatory molecules and increased expression of IDO, among others. To test whether a complete lack of TGF-β signaling in DCs predisposes mice to spontaneous autoimmunity and to verify the mechanisms implicated previously in vitro, we generated conditional knockout (KO) mice with Cre-mediated DC-specific deletion of Tgfbr2 (DC-Tgfbr2 KO). DC-Tgfbr2 KO mice die before 15 wk of age with multiorgan autoimmune inflammation and spontaneous activation of T and B cells. Interestingly, there were no significant differences in the expression of MHCII, costimulatory molecules, or IDO in secondary lymphoid organ DCs, although Tgfbr2-deficient DCs were more proinflammatory in vitro and in vivo. DC-Tgfbr2 KO showed attenuated Foxp3 expression in regulatory T cells (Tregs) and abnormal expansion of CD25(-)Foxp3(+) Tregs in vivo. Tgfbr2-deficient DCs secreted elevated levels of IFN-γ and were not capable of directing Ag-specific Treg conversion unless in the presence of anti-IFN-γ blocking Ab. Adoptive transfer of induced Tregs into DC-Tgfbr2 KO mice partially rescued the phenotype. Therefore, in vivo, TGF-β signaling in DCs is critical in the control of autoimmunity through both Treg-dependent and -independent mechanisms, but it does not affect MHCII and costimulatory molecule expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajalakshmy Ramalingam
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children's Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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40
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Maegdefessel L, Azuma J, Toh R, Merk DR, Deng A, Chin JT, Raaz U, Schoelmerich AM, Raiesdana A, Leeper NJ, McConnell MV, Dalman RL, Spin JM, Tsao PS. Inhibition of microRNA-29b reduces murine abdominal aortic aneurysm development. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:497-506. [PMID: 22269326 DOI: 10.1172/jci61598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level and play crucial roles in vascular integrity. As such, they may have a role in modifying abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) expansion, the pathophysiological mechanisms of which remain incompletely explored. Here, we investigate the role of miRs in 2 murine models of experimental AAA: the porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) infusion model in C57BL/6 mice and the AngII infusion model in Apoe-/- mice. AAA development was accompanied by decreased aortic expression of miR-29b, along with increased expression of known miR-29b targets, Col1a1, Col3a1, Col5a1, and Eln, in both models. In vivo administration of locked nucleic acid anti-miR-29b greatly increased collagen expression, leading to an early fibrotic response in the abdominal aortic wall and resulting in a significant reduction in AAA progression over time in both models. In contrast, overexpression of miR-29b using a lentiviral vector led to augmented AAA expansion and significant increase of aortic rupture rate. Cell culture studies identified aortic fibroblasts as the likely vascular cell type mediating the profibrotic effects of miR-29b modulation. A similar pattern of reduced miR-29b expression and increased target gene expression was observed in human AAA tissue samples compared with that in organ donor controls. These data suggest that therapeutic manipulation of miR-29b and its target genes holds promise for limiting AAA disease progression and protecting from rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Maegdefessel
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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Lan Q, Fan H, Quesniaux V, Ryffel B, Liu Z, Zheng SG. Induced Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells: a potential new weapon to treat autoimmune and inflammatory diseases? J Mol Cell Biol 2011; 4:22-8. [PMID: 22107826 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjr039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Foxp3(+) T regulatory cells (Tregs) consisting of natural and induced Treg subsets play a crucial role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis against self-antigen. The actions designed to correct defects in numbers or functions of Tregs may be therapeutic in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. While recent studies demonstrated that natural Tregs are instable and dysfunctional in the inflammatory condition, induced Tregs (iTregs) may have a different feature. Here we review the progress of iTregs, particularly focus on their stability and function in the established autoimmune diseases. The advantage of iTregs as therapeutics used under inflammatory conditions is highlighted. Proper generation and manipulation of iTregs used for cellular therapy may provide a promise for the treatment of many autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Lan
- Medicine Translation Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China
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