1
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Brazee PL, Cartier A, Kuo A, Haring AM, Nguyen T, Hariri LP, Griffith JW, Hla T, Medoff BD, Knipe RS. Augmentation of Endothelial S1PR1 Attenuates Postviral Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2024; 70:119-128. [PMID: 37934676 PMCID: PMC10848698 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2023-0286oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections are frequent causes of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a disabling condition with a mortality of up to 46%. The pulmonary endothelium plays an important role in the development of ARDS as well as the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis; however, the therapeutic potential to modulate endothelium-dependent signaling to prevent deleterious consequences has not been well explored. Here, we used a clinically relevant influenza A virus infection model, endothelial cell-specific transgenic gain-of-function and loss-of-function mice as well as pharmacologic approaches and in vitro modeling, to define the mechanism by which S1PR1 expression is dampened during influenza virus infection and determine whether therapeutic augmentation of S1PR1 has the potential to reduce long-term postviral fibrotic complications. We found that the influenza virus-induced inflammatory milieu promoted internalization of S1PR1, which was pharmacologically inhibited with paroxetine, an inhibitor of GRK2. Moreover, genetic overexpression or administration of paroxetine days after influenza virus infection was sufficient to reduce postviral pulmonary fibrosis. Taken together, our data suggest that endothelial S1PR1 signaling provides critical protection against long-term fibrotic complications after pulmonary viral infection. These findings support the development of antifibrotic strategies that augment S1PR1 expression in virus-induced ARDS to improve long-term patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L. Brazee
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care
| | - Andreane Cartier
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew Kuo
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alexis M. Haring
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care
| | - Trong Nguyen
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care
| | - Lida P. Hariri
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and
| | - Jason W. Griffith
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care
| | - Timothy Hla
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Benjamin D. Medoff
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care
| | - Rachel S. Knipe
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care
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2
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Griffith JW, Faustino LD, Cottrell VI, Nepal K, Hariri LP, Chiu RSY, Jones MC, Julé A, Gabay C, Luster AD. Regulatory T cell-derived IL-1Ra suppresses the innate response to respiratory viral infection. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:2091-2107. [PMID: 37945820 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01655-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cell modulation of adaptive immunity and tissue homeostasis is well described; however, less is known about Treg cell-mediated regulation of the innate immune response. Here we show that deletion of ST2, the receptor for interleukin (IL)-33, on Treg cells increased granulocyte influx into the lung and increased cytokine production by innate lymphoid and γδ T cells without alteration of adaptive immunity to influenza. IL-33 induced high levels of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) in ST2+ Treg cells and deletion of IL-1Ra in Treg cells increased granulocyte influx into the lung. Treg cell-specific deletion of ST2 or IL-1Ra improved survival to influenza, which was dependent on IL-1. Adventitial fibroblasts in the lung expressed high levels of the IL-1 receptor and their chemokine production was suppressed by Treg cell-produced IL-1Ra. Thus, we define a new pathway where IL-33-induced IL-1Ra production by tissue Treg cells suppresses IL-1-mediated innate immune responses to respiratory viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Griffith
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lucas D Faustino
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Victoria I Cottrell
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keshav Nepal
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lida P Hariri
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca Suet-Yan Chiu
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael C Jones
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amélie Julé
- Harvard Chan Bioinformatics Core, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cem Gabay
- Division of Rheumatology, University Hospitals of Geneva and University of Geneva Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andrew D Luster
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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3
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Wu H, Tang T, Deng H, Chen D, Zhang C, Luo J, Chen S, Zhang P, Yang J, Dong L, Chang T, Tang ZH. Immune checkpoint molecule Tim-3 promotes NKT cell apoptosis and predicts poorer prognosis in Sepsis. Clin Immunol 2023; 254:109249. [PMID: 36736642 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis is a leading cause of death among critically ill patients, which is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a deregulated host immune response to infection. Immune checkpoint molecule Tim-3 plays important and complex roles in regulating immune responses and in inducing immune tolerance. Although immune checkpoint blockade would be expected as a promising therapeutic strategy for sepsis, but the underlying mechanism remain unknown, especially under clinical conditions. METHODS Tim-3 expression and apoptosis in NKT cells were compared in septic patients (27 patients with sepsis and 28 patients with septic shock). Phenotypic and functional characterization of Tim-3+ NKT cells were analysed, and then the relationship between Tim-3 + NKT cells and clinical prognosis were investigated in septic patients. α-lactose (Tim-3/Galectin-9 signalling inhibitor) and Tim-3 mutant mice (targeting mutation of the Tim-3 cytoplasmic domain) were utilized to evaluate the protective effect of Tim-3 signalling blockade following septic challenge. RESULTS There is a close correlation between Tim-3 expression and the functional status of NKT cells in septic patients, Upregulated Tim-3 expression promoted NKT cell activation and apoptosis during the early stage of sepsis, and it was associated with worse disease severity and poorer prognosis in septic patients. Blockade of the Tim-3/Galectin-9 signal axis using α-lactose inhibited in vitro apoptosis of NKT cells isolated from septic patients. Impaired activity of Tim-3 protected mice following septic challenge. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these findings demonstrated that immune checkpoint molecule Tim-3 in NKT cells plays a critical role in the immunopathogenesis of septic patients. Blockade of immune checkpoint molecule Tim-3 may be a promising immunomodulatory strategy in future clinical practice for the management of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wu
- Division of Trauma & Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Tingxuan Tang
- Class 1901, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Hai Deng
- Division of Trauma & Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Department of Orthopedic Trauma, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Deng Chen
- Division of Trauma & Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Division of Trauma & Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jialiu Luo
- Division of Trauma & Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Shunyao Chen
- Division of Trauma & Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Peidong Zhang
- Division of Trauma & Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jingzhi Yang
- Division of Trauma & Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Liming Dong
- Division of Trauma & Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Teding Chang
- Division of Trauma & Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Zhao-Hui Tang
- Division of Trauma & Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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4
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Thomas SN, Niemeyer BF, Jimenez-Valdes RJ, Kaiser AJ, Espinosa JM, Sullivan KD, Goodspeed A, Costello JC, Alder JK, Cañas-Arranz R, García-Sastre A, Benam KH. Down syndrome is associated with altered frequency and functioning of tracheal multiciliated cells, and response to influenza virus infection. iScience 2023; 26:107361. [PMID: 37554445 PMCID: PMC10405068 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) clinically manifest severe respiratory illnesses; however, there is a paucity of data on how DS influences homeostatic physiology of lung airway, and its reactive responses to pulmonary pathogens. We generated well-differentiated ciliated airway epithelia using tracheas from wild-type and Dp(16)1/Yey mice in vitro, and discovered that Dp(16)1/Yey epithelia have significantly lower abundance of ciliated cells, an altered ciliary beating profile, and reduced mucociliary transport. Interestingly, both sets of differentiated epithelia released similar quantities of viral particles after infection with influenza A virus (IAV). However, RNA-sequencing and proteomic analyses revealed an immune hyperreactive phenotype particularly for monocyte-recruiting chemokines in Dp(16)1/Yey epithelia. Importantly, when we challenged mice in vivo with IAV, we observed immune hyper-responsiveness in Dp(16)1/Yey mice, evidenced by higher quantities of lung airway infiltrated monocytes, and elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Our findings illuminate mechanisms underlying DS-mediated pathophysiological changes in airway epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha N. Thomas
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Brian F. Niemeyer
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Rocio J. Jimenez-Valdes
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Alexander J. Kaiser
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Joaquin M. Espinosa
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kelly D. Sullivan
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Andrew Goodspeed
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - James C. Costello
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jonathan K. Alder
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Rodrigo Cañas-Arranz
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kambez H. Benam
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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5
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Tim-3/Galectin-9 signaling pathway is involved in the cytokine changes in mice with alveolar echinococcosis. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:7497-7506. [PMID: 35715604 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07554-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tim-3/Galectin-9 is involved in the immune escape of many pathogens. However, the role of Tim-3/Galectin-9 in persistent infection of Echinococcus multilocularis (Em), which is related to immune escape, is still unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of Tim-3/Galectin-9 and related cytokines in mice with persistent infection of Em. METHODS Em infection model was established by injecting the protoscoleces. Serum was collected at days 2, 8, 30, 60, 90, 180 and 270 after infection. Lymphocytes were isolated from liver tissue samples with Ficoll. Tim-3 + CD4 + T percentage was analyzed by flow cytometry. CD4 + T cells were isolated from liver tissues of Em infected mice and cultured in vitro. The mRNA levels of Tim-3, Galectin-9, IFN-γ and IL-4 were detected by qRT-PCR. Cytokine levels in serum and culture supernatant (IFN-γ and IL-4) were analyzed by cytometric bead array. RESULTS The expression of Tim-3 and Galectin-9 mRNA significantly increased after 30 days of infection, reached peak on day 90, and then decreased slightly on days 180-270. The expression of IFN-γ mRNA, increased on day 2 and 8 after infection, slightly decreased on days 30-60, and obvious decreased on days 90-270, but were still higher than those of the control group. The expression of IL-4 mRNA gradually increased along with the time of infection. In serum of Em infected mice, level of IFN-γ peaked at day 30 and then gradually decreased; whereas IL-4 level peaked at day 90 and then gradually decreased. In vitro experiment found that Tim-3/Galectin-9 directly caused the changes in the levels of IFN-γ and IL-4. CONCLUSIONS Tim-3/Galectin-9 signaling pathway may be involved in the development of persistent infection of Em by regulating the production of Th1 and Th2 cytokines.
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6
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Harb H, Benamar M, Lai PS, Contini P, Griffith JW, Crestani E, Schmitz-Abe K, Chen Q, Fong J, Marri L, Filaci G, Del Zotto G, Pishesha N, Kolifrath S, Broggi A, Ghosh S, Gelmez MY, Oktelik FB, Cetin EA, Kiykim A, Kose M, Wang Z, Cui Y, Yu XG, Li JZ, Berra L, Stephen-Victor E, Charbonnier LM, Zanoni I, Ploegh H, Deniz G, De Palma R, Chatila TA. Notch4 signaling limits regulatory T-cell-mediated tissue repair and promotes severe lung inflammation in viral infections. Immunity 2021; 54:1186-1199.e7. [PMID: 33915108 PMCID: PMC8080416 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A cardinal feature of COVID-19 is lung inflammation and respiratory failure. In a prospective multi-country cohort of COVID-19 patients, we found that increased Notch4 expression on circulating regulatory T (Treg) cells was associated with disease severity, predicted mortality, and declined upon recovery. Deletion of Notch4 in Treg cells or therapy with anti-Notch4 antibodies in conventional and humanized mice normalized the dysregulated innate immunity and rescued disease morbidity and mortality induced by a synthetic analog of viral RNA or by influenza H1N1 virus. Mechanistically, Notch4 suppressed the induction by interleukin-18 of amphiregulin, a cytokine necessary for tissue repair. Protection by Notch4 inhibition was recapitulated by therapy with Amphiregulin and, reciprocally, abrogated by its antagonism. Amphiregulin declined in COVID-19 subjects as a function of disease severity and Notch4 expression. Thus, Notch4 expression on Treg cells dynamically restrains amphiregulin-dependent tissue repair to promote severe lung inflammation, with therapeutic implications for COVID-19 and related infections.
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MESH Headings
- Amphiregulin/pharmacology
- Animals
- Biomarkers
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Susceptibility
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunohistochemistry
- Immunomodulation/drug effects
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Influenza A virus/physiology
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- Lung/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Pneumonia, Viral/etiology
- Pneumonia, Viral/metabolism
- Pneumonia, Viral/pathology
- Receptor, Notch4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Notch4/genetics
- Receptor, Notch4/metabolism
- Severity of Illness Index
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Harb
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mehdi Benamar
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peggy S Lai
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paola Contini
- Deptartment of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Unit of Clinical Immunology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Jason W Griffith
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elena Crestani
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Klaus Schmitz-Abe
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qian Chen
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason Fong
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Luca Marri
- Unit of Clinical Immunology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gilberto Filaci
- Biotherapy Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Genny Del Zotto
- Department of Research and Diagnostics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Novalia Pishesha
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen Kolifrath
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Achille Broggi
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sreya Ghosh
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Metin Yusuf Gelmez
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine (Aziz Sancar DETAE), Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatma Betul Oktelik
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine (Aziz Sancar DETAE), Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esin Aktas Cetin
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine (Aziz Sancar DETAE), Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayca Kiykim
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Kose
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ye Cui
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xu G Yu
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan Z Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lorenzo Berra
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emmanuel Stephen-Victor
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Louis-Marie Charbonnier
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hidde Ploegh
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gunnur Deniz
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine (Aziz Sancar DETAE), Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Raffaele De Palma
- Deptartment of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Unit of Clinical Immunology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy; CNR-Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (IBC), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Talal A Chatila
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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7
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Ryabkova VA, Churilov LP, Shoenfeld Y. Influenza infection, SARS, MERS and COVID-19: Cytokine storm - The common denominator and the lessons to be learned. Clin Immunol 2021; 223:108652. [PMID: 33333256 PMCID: PMC7832378 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19 reminds us that the emerging and reemerging respiratory virus infections pose a continuing threat to human life. Cytokine storm syndromes of viral origin seem to have a common pathogenesis of the imbalanced immune response with the exaggerated inflammatory reaction combined with the reduction and functional exhaustion of T cells. Immunomodulatory therapy is gaining interest in COVID-19, but this strategy has received less attention in other respiratory viral infections than it deserved. In this review we suggest that based on the similarities of the immune dysfunction in the severe cases of different respiratory viral infections, some lessons from the immunomodulatory therapy of COVID-19 (particularly regarding the choice of an immunomodulatory drug, the selection of patients and optimal time window for this kind of therapy) could be applied for some cases of severe influenza infection and probably for some future outbreaks of novel severe respiratory viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara A Ryabkova
- Laboratory of the Mosaics of Autoimmunity, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Leonid P Churilov
- Laboratory of the Mosaics of Autoimmunity, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Laboratory of the Mosaics of Autoimmunity, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation; Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Affiliated to Tel-Aviv University School of Medicine, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
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8
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Immune Checkpoints in Viral Infections. Viruses 2020; 12:v12091051. [PMID: 32967229 PMCID: PMC7551039 DOI: 10.3390/v12091051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As evidence has mounted that virus-infected cells, such as cancer cells, negatively regulate the function of T-cells via immune checkpoints, it has become increasingly clear that viral infections similarly exploit immune checkpoints as an immune system escape mechanism. Although immune checkpoint therapy has been successfully used in cancer treatment, numerous studies have suggested that such therapy may also be highly relevant for treating viral infection, especially chronic viral infections. However, it has not yet been applied in this manner. Here, we reviewed recent findings regarding immune checkpoints in viral infections, including COVID-19, and discussed the role of immune checkpoints in different viral infections, as well as the potential for applying immune checkpoint blockades as antiviral therapy.
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9
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Frank K, Paust S. Dynamic Natural Killer Cell and T Cell Responses to Influenza Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:425. [PMID: 32974217 PMCID: PMC7461885 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses have perplexed scientists for over a hundred years. Yearly vaccines limit their spread, but they do not prevent all infections. Therapeutic treatments for those experiencing severe infection are limited; further advances are held back by insufficient understanding of the fundamental immune mechanisms responsible for immunopathology. NK cells and T cells are essential in host responses to influenza infection. They produce immunomodulatory cytokines and mediate the cytotoxic response to infection. An imbalance in NK and T cell responses can lead to two outcomes: excessive inflammation and tissue damage or insufficient anti-viral functions and uncontrolled infection. The main cause of death in influenza patients is the former, mediated by hyperinflammatory responses termed “cytokine storm.” NK cells and T cells contribute to cytokine storm, but they are also required for viral clearance. Many studies have attempted to distinguish protective and pathogenic components of the NK cell and T cell influenza response, but it has become clear that they are dynamic and integrated processes. This review will analyze how NK cell and T cell effector functions during influenza infection affect the host response and correlate with morbidity and mortality outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Frank
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.,The Skaggs Graduate Program in Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Silke Paust
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.,The Skaggs Graduate Program in Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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10
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Kim HS, Chang CY, Yoon HJ, Kim KS, Koh HS, Kim SS, Lee SJ, Kane LP, Park EJ. Glial TIM-3 Modulates Immune Responses in the Brain Tumor Microenvironment. Cancer Res 2020; 80:1833-1845. [PMID: 32094297 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-2834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing molecule 3 (TIM-3), a potential immunotherapeutic target for cancer, has been shown to display diverse characteristics in a context-dependent manner. Thus, it would be useful to delineate the precise functional features of TIM-3 in a given situation. Here, we report that glial TIM-3 shows distinctive properties in the brain tumor microenvironment. TIM-3 was expressed on both growing tumor cells and their surrounding cells including glia and T cells in an orthotopic mouse glioma model. The expression pattern of TIM-3 was distinct from those of other immune checkpoint molecules in tumor-exposed and tumor-infiltrating glia. Comparison of cells from tumor-bearing and contralateral hemispheres of a glioma model showed that TIM-3 expression was lower in tumor-infiltrating CD11b+CD45mid glial cells but higher in tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells. In TIM-3 mutant mice with intracellular signaling defects and Cre-inducible TIM-3 mice, TIM-3 affected the expression of several immune-associated molecules including iNOS and PD-L1 in primary glia-exposed conditioned media (CM) from brain tumors. Further, TIM-3 was cross-regulated by TLR2, but not by TLR4, in brain tumor CM- or Pam3CSK4-exposed glia. In addition, following exposure to tumor CM, IFNγ production was lower in T cells cocultured with TIM-3-defective glia than with normal glia. Collectively, these findings suggest that glial TIM-3 actively and distinctively responds to brain tumor, and plays specific intracellular and intercellular immunoregulatory roles that might be different from TIM-3 on T cells in the brain tumor microenvironment. SIGNIFICANCE: TIM-3 is typically thought of as a T-cell checkpoint receptor. This study demonstrates a role for TIM-3 in mediating myeloid cell responses in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Seok Kim
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.,Cancer Immunology Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Young Chang
- Cancer Immunology Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jung Yoon
- Cancer Immunology Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Sun Kim
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.,Cancer Immunology Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Seok Koh
- Cancer Immunology Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Soo Kim
- Fusion Technology Research Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jin Lee
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.,Cancer Immunology Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Lawrence P Kane
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Eun Jung Park
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea. .,Cancer Immunology Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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11
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Tan S, Xu Y, Wang Z, Wang T, Du X, Song X, Guo X, Peng J, Zhang J, Liang Y, Lu J, Peng J, Gao C, Wu Z, Li C, Li N, Gao L, Liang X, Ma C. Tim-3 Hampers Tumor Surveillance of Liver-Resident and Conventional NK Cells by Disrupting PI3K Signaling. Cancer Res 2019; 80:1130-1142. [PMID: 31848194 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-2332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are enriched within the liver. Apart from conventional NK (cNK) cells, recent studies identified a liver-resident NK (LrNK) subset, which constitutes about half of hepatic NK cells and exhibits distinct developmental, phenotypic, and functional features. However, it remains unclear whether and how LrNK cells, as well as cNK cells, participate in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) individually. Here, we report that both LrNK and cNK cells are significantly decreased in HCC. The T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (Tim-3) was significantly upregulated in both tumor-infiltrating LrNK and cNK cells and suppressed their cytokine secretion and cytotoxic activity. Mechanistically, phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) engagement promoted phosphorylation of Tim-3, which then competed with PI3K p110 to bind p85, inhibiting downstream Akt/mTORC1 signaling and resulting in malfunctioning of both NK-cell subsets. Tim-3 blockade retarded HCC growth in a NK-cell-dependent manner. These studies for the first time report the presence and dysfunction of LrNK cells in HCC and show that Tim-3-mediated PI3K/mTORC1 interference is responsible for the dysfunction of both tumor-infiltrating cNK and LrNK cells, providing a new strategy for immune checkpoint-based targeting. SIGNIFICANCE: Tim-3 enhances hepatocellular carcinoma growth by blocking natural killer cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Tan
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Laboratory, Yueyang Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Yueyang, China
| | - Zehua Wang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tixiao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xianhong Du
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaojia Song
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaowei Guo
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jiali Peng
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jinghui Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chengjiang Gao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhuanchang Wu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chunyang Li
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Nailin Li
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine-Solna, Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital-Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lifen Gao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Laboratory, Yueyang Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Yueyang, China
| | - Xiaohong Liang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China. .,Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chunhong Ma
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China. .,Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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12
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Wei Z, Li P, Yao Y, Deng H, Yi S, Zhang C, Wu H, Xie X, Xia M, He R, Yang XP, Tang ZH. Alpha-lactose reverses liver injury via blockade of Tim-3-mediated CD8 apoptosis in sepsis. Clin Immunol 2018; 192:78-84. [PMID: 29689313 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In sepsis, the liver plays a crucial role in regulating immune responses and is also a target organ for immune-related injury. Despite the critical function of CD8+ T cells against opportunistic viral infections, the CD8 immune response in the liver during sepsis remains elusive. Here we found that Tim-3 is highly up-regulated in liver CD8+ T cells in a mouse cecal ligation and puncture model and in peripheral blood CD8+ T cells of human patients with sepsis. The expression of Tim-3 in liver CD8+ T cells displayed a bi-phasic pattern and deletion of Tim-3 led to reduction of CD8+ T cell apoptosis. Administration of α-lactose, a molecule with a similar structure to galactin-9, reduced Tim-3 expression and liver injury in sepsis. Our results demonstrate that targeting Tim-3 to boost CD8+ T cell immune response may offer an improved outcome in patients with sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengping Wei
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Pingfei Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hai Deng
- Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Shengwu Yi
- Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Han Wu
- Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiuxiu Xie
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Minghui Xia
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ran He
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiang-Ping Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Tang
- Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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13
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Lin G, Liu Y, Li S, Mao Y, Wang J, Shuang Z, Chen J, Li S. Elevated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is an independent poor prognostic factor in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:50963-50971. [PMID: 26918355 PMCID: PMC5239451 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether elevated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was associated with poor anti-tumor immunity and prognosis in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). Clinicopathologic data of 102 patients with ICC who underwent hepatectomy was retrospectively analyzed. The Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression model were used to analyze the survival and prognosis. The percentage of overall lymphocytes, T cells and CD8+ T cells in the high NLR group was lower than that in the low NLR group. The percentage of PD-1+CD4+ and PD-1+CD8+ T cells was higher and the percentage of IFN-γ+CD4+ and IFN-γ+CD8+ T cells was lower in the high NLR group than that in the low NLR group (p = 0.045, p = 0.008; p = 0.012, p = 0.006). Density of tumor-infiltrating CD3+ T cells in the high NLR group was lower than that in the low NLR group (p < 0.001). Elevated NLR was an independent predictor for poor overall survival (OS; p = 0.035) and recurrence-free survival (RFS; p = 0.008). These results indicate that elevated NLR is associated with poor anti-tumor immunity and could be a poor biomarker for prognosis in patients with ICC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohe Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,National Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongcheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,National Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Endoscopy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yize Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,National Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Sun-Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,National Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Sun-Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zeyu Shuang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,National Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Sun-Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianlin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,National Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Sun-Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,National Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Sun-Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Dankner M, Gray-Owen SD, Huang YH, Blumberg RS, Beauchemin N. CEACAM1 as a multi-purpose target for cancer immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1328336. [PMID: 28811966 PMCID: PMC5543821 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1328336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CEACAM1 is an extensively studied cell surface molecule with established functions in multiple cancer types, as well as in various compartments of the immune system. Due to its multi-faceted role as a recently appreciated immune checkpoint inhibitor and tumor marker, CEACAM1 is an attractive target for cancer immunotherapy. Herein, we highlight CEACAM1's function in various immune compartments and cancer types, including in the context of metastatic disease. This review outlines CEACAM1's role as a therapeutic target for cancer treatment in light of these properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Dankner
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Scott D Gray-Owen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yu-Hwa Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard S Blumberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicole Beauchemin
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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15
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Liong S, Lim R, Barker G, Lappas M. Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 2 (HAVCR2) is decreased with viral infection and regulates pro-labour mediators OA. Am J Reprod Immunol 2017; 78. [PMID: 28466996 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Intrauterine infection caused by viral infection has been implicated to contribute to preterm birth. Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 2 (HAVCR2) regulates inflammation in non-gestational tissues in response to viral infection. METHOD OF STUDY The aims of this study were to determine the effect of: (i) viral dsRNA analogue polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) on HAVCR2 expression; and (ii) HAVCR2 silencing by siRNA (siHAVCR2) in primary amnion and myometrial cells on poly(I:C)-induced inflammation. RESULTS In human foetal membranes and myometrium, HAVCR2 mRNA and protein expression was decreased when exposed to poly(I:C). Treatment of primary amnion and myometrial cells with poly(I:C) significantly increased the expression and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF, IL1A, IL1B and IL6; the expression of chemokines CXCL8 and CCL2; the expression and secretion of adhesion molecules ICAM1 and VCAM1; and PTGS2 and PTGFR mRNA expression and the release of prostaglandin PGF2α . This increase was significantly augmented in cells transfected with siHAVCR2. Furthermore, mRNA expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL4 and IL10 was significantly decreased. CONCLUSION Collectively, our data suggest that HAVCR2 regulates cytokines, chemokines, prostaglandins and cell adhesion molecules in the presence of viral infection. This suggests a potential for HAVCR2 activators as therapeutics for the management of preterm birth associated with viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Liong
- Obstetrics, Nutrition and Endocrinology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Mercy Perinatal Research Centre, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
| | - Ratana Lim
- Obstetrics, Nutrition and Endocrinology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Mercy Perinatal Research Centre, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
| | - Gillian Barker
- Obstetrics, Nutrition and Endocrinology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Mercy Perinatal Research Centre, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
| | - Martha Lappas
- Obstetrics, Nutrition and Endocrinology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Mercy Perinatal Research Centre, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
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16
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Sun Z, Plikus MV, Komarova NL. Near Equilibrium Calculus of Stem Cells in Application to the Airway Epithelium Lineage. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1004990. [PMID: 27427948 PMCID: PMC4948767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Homeostatic maintenance of tissues is orchestrated by well tuned networks of cellular signaling. Such networks regulate, in a stochastic manner, fates of all cells within the respective lineages. Processes such as symmetric and asymmetric divisions, differentiation, de-differentiation, and death have to be controlled in a dynamic fashion, such that the cell population is maintained at a stable equilibrium, has a sufficiently low level of stochastic variation, and is capable of responding efficiently to external damage. Cellular lineages in real tissues may consist of a number of different cell types, connected by hierarchical relationships, albeit not necessarily linear, and engaged in a number of different processes. Here we develop a general mathematical methodology for near equilibrium studies of arbitrarily complex hierarchical cell populations, under regulation by a control network. This methodology allows us to (1) determine stability properties of the network, (2) calculate the stochastic variance, and (3) predict how different control mechanisms affect stability and robustness of the system. We demonstrate the versatility of this tool by using the example of the airway epithelium lineage. Recent research shows that airway epithelium stem cells divide mostly asymmetrically, while the so-called secretory cells divide predominantly symmetrically. It further provides quantitative data on the recovery dynamics of the airway epithelium, which can include secretory cell de-differentiation. Using our new methodology, we demonstrate that while a number of regulatory networks can be compatible with the observed recovery behavior, the observed division patterns of cells are the most optimal from the viewpoint of homeostatic lineage stability and minimizing the variation of the cell population size. This not only explains the observed yet poorly understood features of airway tissue architecture, but also helps to deduce the information on the still largely hypothetical regulatory mechanisms governing tissue turnover, and lends insight into how different control loops influence the stability and variance properties of cell populations. Tissue stability is the basic property of healthy organs, and yet the mechanisms governing the stable, long-term maintenance of cell numbers in tissues are poorly understood. While more and more signaling pathways are being discovered, for the most part it remains unknown how they are being put together by different cell types into complex, nonlinear, hierarchical control networks that, on the one hand, reliably maintain constant cell numbers, and on the other hand, quickly adjust to oversee the robust response to tissue damage. Theoretical approaches can fill the gap by being able to reconstruct the underlying control network, based on the observations about the aspects of cellular dynamics. We argue that while many hypothetical networks may be capable of basic cell lineage maintenance, some are much more efficient from the viewpoint of variance minimization. Thus, we developed a new methodology that can test various control networks for stability, variance, and robustness. In the example of the airway epithelium that we highlight, it turns out that the evolutionary selected, actual architecture coincides with the mathematically optimal solution that minimizes the fluctuations of cell numbers at homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Sun
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Maksim V. Plikus
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center and Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Natalia L. Komarova
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Tomkowicz B, Walsh E, Cotty A, Verona R, Sabins N, Kaplan F, Santulli-Marotto S, Chin CN, Mooney J, Lingham RB, Naso M, McCabe T. TIM-3 Suppresses Anti-CD3/CD28-Induced TCR Activation and IL-2 Expression through the NFAT Signaling Pathway. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140694. [PMID: 26492563 PMCID: PMC4619610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
TIM-3 (T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing protein 3) is a member of the TIM family of proteins that is preferentially expressed on Th1 polarized CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Recent studies indicate that TIM-3 serves as a negative regulator of T cell function (i.e. T cell dependent immune responses, proliferation, tolerance, and exhaustion). Despite having no recognizable inhibitory signaling motifs, the intracellular tail of TIM-3 is apparently indispensable for function. Specifically, the conserved residues Y265/Y272 and surrounding amino acids appear to be critical for function. Mechanistically, several studies suggest that TIM-3 can associate with interleukin inducible T cell kinase (ITK), the Src kinases Fyn and Lck, and the p85 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) adaptor protein to positively or negatively regulate IL-2 production via NF-κB/NFAT signaling pathways. To begin to address this discrepancy, we examined the effect of TIM-3 in two model systems. First, we generated several Jurkat T cell lines stably expressing human TIM-3 or murine CD28-ECD/human TIM-3 intracellular tail chimeras and examined the effects that TIM-3 exerts on T cell Receptor (TCR)-mediated activation, cytokine secretion, promoter activity, and protein kinase association. In this model, our results demonstrate that TIM-3 inhibits several TCR-mediated phenotypes: i) NF-kB/NFAT activation, ii) CD69 expression, and iii) suppression of IL-2 secretion. To confirm our Jurkat cell observations we developed a primary human CD8+ cell system that expresses endogenous levels of TIM-3. Upon TCR ligation, we observed the loss of NFAT reporter activity and IL-2 secretion, and identified the association of Src kinase Lck, and PLC-γ with TIM-3. Taken together, our results support the conclusion that TIM-3 is a negative regulator of TCR-function by attenuating activation signals mediated by CD3/CD28 co-stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Tomkowicz
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BT); (TM)
| | - Eileen Walsh
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States of America
| | - Adam Cotty
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States of America
| | - Raluca Verona
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States of America
| | - Nina Sabins
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States of America
| | - Fred Kaplan
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States of America
| | - Sandy Santulli-Marotto
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States of America
| | - Chen-Ni Chin
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States of America
| | - Jill Mooney
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States of America
| | - Russell B. Lingham
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States of America
| | - Michael Naso
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States of America
| | - Timothy McCabe
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BT); (TM)
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18
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Abstract
Tim-3 is a member of the T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain (Tim) family of proteins, which are expressed by several cell types in the immune system, including CD4 and CD8 T cells activated under certain conditions. These molecules are generally thought to act as receptors for multiple ligands and thus to function by engaging intracellular signaling pathways in a ligand-dependent manner. In recent years, the function of the Tim-3 protein has been studied in some detail, particularly with respect to its role in the regulation of CD4 and CD8 T cell responses. Here, we review the structural features of Tim-3, known ligands for this molecule and the links established between Tim-3 and signal transduction pathways. In addition, we review the current literature regarding the role of Tim-3 in the regulation of effector responses by CD4 and CD8 T cells. Overall, findings published thus far strongly support the conclusion that Tim-3 functions to inhibit T cell responses, particularly under conditions involving chronic stimulation. Conversely, some reports have provided evidence that Tim-3 can stimulate T cells under conditions involving acute stimulation, suggesting that the role of Tim-3 may vary depending on context. Further study of Tim-3 is likely to advance our understanding of how CD4 and CD8 T cell responses are regulated and could uncover novel approaches for manipulating T cell function for therapeutic benefit.
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19
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Increased frequency of Tim-3 expressing T cells is associated with symptomatic West Nile virus infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92134. [PMID: 24642562 PMCID: PMC3958446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
More than a decade after West Nile virus (WNV) entered North America, and despite a significant increase in reported cases during the 2012 and 2013 seasons, no treatment or vaccine for humans is available. Although antiviral T cells contribute to the control of WNV, little is known about their regulation during acute infection. We analyzed the expression of Tim-3 and PD-1, two recently identified T cell negative immune checkpoint receptors, over the course of WNV infection. Symptomatic WNV+ donors exhibited higher frequencies of Tim-3+ cells than asymptomatic subjects within naïve/early differentiated CD28+/–CD57–CD4+ and differentiated CD28–CD57–CD8+ T cells. Our study links Tim-3-expression on T cells during acute WNV infection with the development of symptomatic disease, suggesting Tim-3 and its ligands could be targeted therapeutically to alter anti-WNV immunity and improve disease outcome.
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20
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Tata PR, Mou H, Pardo-Saganta A, Zhao R, Prabhu M, Law BM, Vinarsky V, Cho JL, Breton S, Sahay A, Medoff BD, Rajagopal J. Dedifferentiation of committed epithelial cells into stem cells in vivo. Nature 2013; 503:218-23. [PMID: 24196716 PMCID: PMC4035230 DOI: 10.1038/nature12777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 486] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cellular plasticity contributes to the regenerative capacity of plants, invertebrates, teleost fishes and amphibians. In vertebrates, differentiated cells are known to revert into replicating progenitors, but these cells do not persist as stable stem cells. Here we present evidence that differentiated airway epithelial cells can revert into stable and functional stem cells in vivo. After the ablation of airway stem cells, we observed a surprising increase in the proliferation of committed secretory cells. Subsequent lineage tracing demonstrated that the luminal secretory cells had dedifferentiated into basal stem cells. Dedifferentiated cells were morphologically indistinguishable from stem cells and they functioned as well as their endogenous counterparts in repairing epithelial injury. Single secretory cells clonally dedifferentiated into multipotent stem cells when they were cultured ex vivo without basal stem cells. By contrast, direct contact with a single basal stem cell was sufficient to prevent secretory cell dedifferentiation. In analogy to classical descriptions of amphibian nuclear reprogramming, the propensity of committed cells to dedifferentiate is inversely correlated to their state of maturity. This capacity of committed cells to dedifferentiate into stem cells may have a more general role in the regeneration of many tissues and in multiple disease states, notably cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purushothama Rao Tata
- 1] Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA [2] Departments of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA [3] Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA [4] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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21
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Paquette SG, Banner D, Chi LTB, Leόn AJ, Xu L, Ran L, Huang SSH, Farooqui A, Kelvin DJ, Kelvin AA. Pandemic H1N1 influenza A directly induces a robust and acute inflammatory gene signature in primary human bronchial epithelial cells downstream of membrane fusion. Virology 2013; 448:91-103. [PMID: 24314640 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pandemic H1N1 influenza A (H1N1pdm) elicits stronger pulmonary inflammation than previously circulating seasonal H1N1 influenza A (sH1N1), yet mechanisms of inflammatory activation in respiratory epithelial cells during H1N1pdm infection are unclear. We investigated host responses to H1N1pdm/sH1N1 infection and virus entry mechanisms in primary human bronchial epithelial cells in vitro. H1N1pdm infection rapidly initiated a robust inflammatory gene signature (3 h post-infection) not elicited by sH1N1 infection. Protein secretion inhibition had no effect on gene induction. Infection with membrane fusion deficient H1N1pdm failed to induce robust inflammatory gene expression which was rescued with restoration of fusion ability, suggesting H1N1pdm directly triggered the inflammatory signature downstream of membrane fusion. Investigation of intra-virion components revealed H1N1pdm viral RNA (vRNA) triggered a stronger inflammatory phenotype than sH1N1 vRNA. Thus, our study is first to report H1N1pdm induces greater inflammatory gene expression than sH1N1 in vitro due to direct virus-epithelial cell interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane G Paquette
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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22
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Mikhak Z, Strassner JP, Luster AD. Lung dendritic cells imprint T cell lung homing and promote lung immunity through the chemokine receptor CCR4. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:1855-69. [PMID: 23960189 PMCID: PMC3754856 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20130091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
T cell trafficking into the lung is critical for lung immunity, but the mechanisms that mediate T cell lung homing are not well understood. Here, we show that lung dendritic cells (DCs) imprint T cell lung homing, as lung DC-activated T cells traffic more efficiently into the lung in response to inhaled antigen and at homeostasis compared with T cells activated by DCs from other tissues. Consequently, lung DC-imprinted T cells protect against influenza more effectively than do gut and skin DC-imprinted T cells. Lung DCs imprint the expression of CCR4 on T cells, and CCR4 contributes to T cell lung imprinting. Lung DC-activated, CCR4-deficient T cells fail to traffic into the lung as efficiently and to protect against influenza as effectively as lung DC-activated, CCR4-sufficient T cells. Thus, lung DCs imprint T cell lung homing and promote lung immunity in part through CCR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zamaneh Mikhak
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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23
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Badley AD, Sainski A, Wightman F, Lewin SR. Altering cell death pathways as an approach to cure HIV infection. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e718. [PMID: 23846220 PMCID: PMC3730421 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent cases of successful control of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by bone marrow transplant in combination with suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART) and very early initiation of ART have provided proof of concept that HIV infection might now be cured. Current efforts focusing on gene therapy, boosting HIV-specific immunity, reducing inflammation and activation of latency have all been the subject of recent excellent reviews. We now propose an additional avenue of research towards a cure for HIV: targeting HIV apoptosis regulatory pathways. The central enigma of HIV disease is that HIV infection kills most of the CD4 T cells that it infects, but those cells that are spared subsequently become a latent reservoir for HIV against which current medications are ineffective. We propose that if strategies could be devised which would favor the death of all cells which HIV infects, or if all latently infected cells that release HIV would succumb to viral-induced cytotoxicity, then these approaches combined with effective ART to prevent spreading infection, would together result in a cure for HIV. This premise is supported by observations in other viral systems where the relationship between productive infection, apoptosis resistance, and the development of latency or persistence has been established. Therefore we propose that research focused at understanding the mechanisms by which HIV induces apoptosis of infected cells, and ways that some cells escape the pro-apoptotic effects of productive HIV infection are critical to devising novel and rational approaches to cure HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Badley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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