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Boschetto F, Ma C, Kang MS, Madero S, Kim HKW. Protocol for extracting and isolating porcine bone-marrow-derived macrophages from ribs. STAR Protoc 2024; 5:103085. [PMID: 38795355 PMCID: PMC11144798 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2024.103085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to anatomical and biological similarities with humans, pigs are increasingly used for inflammation- and immune-related studies in biomedical research, including the field of osteonecrosis and osteoimmunology. Here, we present a protocol for rib extraction, isolation of the bone marrow by centrifugation, and processing to obtain bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Then, we describe the procedures of in vitro experiments to evaluate the cell phenotype. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Andre et al.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Boschetto
- Center of Excellence in Hip, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX 75219, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Chi Ma
- Center of Excellence in Hip, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX 75219, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | - Sarah Madero
- Center of Excellence in Hip, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX 75219, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Harry K W Kim
- Center of Excellence in Hip, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX 75219, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Dodantenna N, Cha JW, Chathuranga K, Chathuranga WAG, Weerawardhana A, Ranathunga L, Kim Y, Jheong W, Lee JS. The African Swine Fever Virus Virulence Determinant DP96R Suppresses Type I IFN Production Targeting IRF3. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2099. [PMID: 38396775 PMCID: PMC10889005 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
DP96R of African swine fever virus (ASFV), also known as uridine kinase (UK), encodes a virulence-associated protein. Previous studies have examined DP96R along with other genes in an effort to create live attenuated vaccines. While experiments in pigs have explored the impact of DP96R on the pathogenicity of ASFV, the precise molecular mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains unknown. Here, we describe a novel molecular mechanism by which DP96R suppresses interferon regulator factor-3 (IRF3)-mediated antiviral immune responses. DP96R interacts with a crucial karyopherin (KPNA) binding site within IRF3, disrupting the KPNA-IRF3 interaction and consequently impeding the translocation of IRF3 to the nucleus. Under this mechanistic basis, the ectopic expression of DP96R enhances the replication of DNA and RNA viruses by inhibiting the production of IFNs, whereas DP96R knock-down resulted in higher IFNs and IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) transcription during ASFV infection. Collectively, these findings underscore the pivotal role of DP96R in inhibiting IFN responses and increase our understanding of the relationship between DP96R and the virulence of ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjan Dodantenna
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (N.D.); (J.-W.C.); (K.C.); (W.A.G.C.); (A.W.); (L.R.)
| | - Ji-Won Cha
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (N.D.); (J.-W.C.); (K.C.); (W.A.G.C.); (A.W.); (L.R.)
| | - Kiramage Chathuranga
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (N.D.); (J.-W.C.); (K.C.); (W.A.G.C.); (A.W.); (L.R.)
| | - W. A. Gayan Chathuranga
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (N.D.); (J.-W.C.); (K.C.); (W.A.G.C.); (A.W.); (L.R.)
| | - Asela Weerawardhana
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (N.D.); (J.-W.C.); (K.C.); (W.A.G.C.); (A.W.); (L.R.)
| | - Lakmal Ranathunga
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (N.D.); (J.-W.C.); (K.C.); (W.A.G.C.); (A.W.); (L.R.)
| | - Yongkwan Kim
- Wildlife Disease Response Team, National Institute of Wildlife Disease Control and Prevention, Gwangju 62407, Republic of Korea; (Y.K.); (W.J.)
| | - Weonhwa Jheong
- Wildlife Disease Response Team, National Institute of Wildlife Disease Control and Prevention, Gwangju 62407, Republic of Korea; (Y.K.); (W.J.)
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (N.D.); (J.-W.C.); (K.C.); (W.A.G.C.); (A.W.); (L.R.)
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Waddell LA, Wu Z, Sauter KA, Hope JC, Hume DA. A novel monoclonal antibody against porcine macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF1) detects expression on the cell surface of macrophages. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 266:110681. [PMID: 37992576 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF1) controls the proliferation and differentiation of cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system through binding to the receptor CSF1R. The expression and function of CSF1 has been well-studied in rodents and humans, but knowledge is lacking in other veterinary species. The development of a novel mouse anti-porcine CSF1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) facilitates the characterisation of this growth factor in pigs. Cell surface expression of CSF1 was confirmed on differentiated macrophage populations derived from blood and bone marrow monocytes, and on lung resident macrophages, the first species for this to be confirmed. However, monocytes isolated from blood and bone marrow lacked CSF1 expression. This species-specific mAb delivers the opportunity to further understanding of porcine myeloid cell biology. This is not only vital for the role of pigs as a model for human health, but also as a veterinary species of significant economic and agricultural importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A Waddell
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Zhiguang Wu
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Kristin A Sauter
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Jayne C Hope
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - David A Hume
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, 37 Kent St, Woolloongabba, Qld 4104, Australia
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Li D, Peng J, Wu J, Yi J, Wu P, Qi X, Ren J, Peng G, Duan X, Ru Y, Liu H, Tian H, Zheng H. African swine fever virus MGF-360-10L is a novel and crucial virulence factor that mediates ubiquitination and degradation of JAK1 by recruiting the E3 ubiquitin ligase HERC5. mBio 2023; 14:e0060623. [PMID: 37417777 PMCID: PMC10470787 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00606-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes acute hemorrhagic infectious disease in pigs. The ASFV genome encodes various proteins that enable the virus to escape innate immunity; however, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. The present study found that ASFV MGF-360-10L significantly inhibits interferon (IFN)-β-triggered STAT1/2 promoter activation and the production of downstream IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). ASFV MGF-360-10L deletion (ASFV-Δ10L) replication was impaired compared with the parental ASFV CN/GS/2018 strain, and more ISGs were induced by the ASFV-Δ10L in porcine alveolar macrophages in vitro. We found that MGF-360-10L mainly targets JAK1 and mediates its degradation in a dose-dependent manner. Meanwhile, MGF-360-10L also mediates the K48-linked ubiquitination of JAK1 at lysine residues 245 and 269 by recruiting the E3 ubiquitin ligase HERC5 (HECT and RLD domain-containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 5). The virulence of ASFV-Δ10L was significantly lower than that of the parental strain in vivo, which indicates that MGF-360-10L is a novel virulence factor of ASFV. Our findings elaborate the novel mechanism of MGF-360-10L on the STAT1/2 signaling pathway, expanding our understanding of the inhibition of host innate immunity by ASFV-encoded proteins and providing novel insights that could contribute to the development of African swine fever vaccines. IMPORTANCE African swine fever outbreaks remain a concern in some areas. There is no effective drug or commercial vaccine to prevent African swine fever virus (ASFV) infection. In the present study, we found that overexpression of MGF-360-10L strongly inhibited the interferon (IFN)-β-induced STAT1/2 signaling pathway and the production of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Furthermore, we demonstrated that MGF-360-10L mediates the degradation and K48-linked ubiquitination of JAK1 by recruiting the E3 ubiquitin ligase HERC5. The virulence of ASFV with MGF-360-10L deletion was significantly less than parental ASFV CN/GS/2018. Our study identified a new virulence factor and revealed a novel mechanism by which MGF-360-10L inhibits the immune response, thus providing new insights into the vaccination strategies against ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiangling Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Junhuang Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiamin Yi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Panxue Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaolan Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Gaochuang Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xianghan Duan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yi Ru
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huanan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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Yang X, Bie X, Liu H, Shi X, Zhang D, Zhao D, Hao Y, Yang J, Yan W, Chen G, Chen L, Zhu Z, Yang F, Ma X, Liu X, Zheng H, Zhang K. Metabolomic analysis of pig spleen reveals African swine fever virus infection increased acylcarnitine levels to facilitate viral replication. J Virol 2023; 97:e0058623. [PMID: 37582206 PMCID: PMC10506482 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00586-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a devastating disease caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV) that adversely affects the pig industry. The spleen is the main target organ of ASFV; however, the function of metabolites in the spleen during ASFV infection is yet to be investigated. To define the metabolic changes in the spleen after ASFV infection, untargeted and targeted metabolomics analyses of spleens from ASFV-infected pigs were conducted. Untargeted metabolomics analysis revealed 540 metabolites with significant differential levels. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis showed that these metabolites were mainly enriched in metabolic pathways, including nucleotide metabolism, purine metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction. Moreover, 134 of 540 metabolites quantified by targeted metabolomics analysis had differential levels and were enriched in metabolic pathways such as the biosynthesis of cofactors, ABC transporters, and biosynthesis of amino acids. Furthermore, coalition analysis of untargeted and targeted metabolomics data revealed that the levels of acylcarnitines, which are intermediates of fatty acid β-oxidation, were significantly increased in ASFV-infected spleens compared with those in the uninfected spleens. Moreover, inhibiting fatty acid β-oxidation significantly reduced ASFV replication, indicating that fatty acid β-oxidation is essential for this process. To our knowledge, this is the first report presenting the metabolite profiles of ASFV-infected pigs. This study revealed a new mechanism of ASFV-mediated regulation of host metabolism. These findings provide new insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of ASFV, which will benefit the development of target drugs for ASFV replication. IMPORTANCE African swine fever virus, the only member of the Asfarviridae family, relies on hijacking host metabolism to meet the demand for self-replication. However, the change in host metabolism after African swine fever virus (ASFV) infection remains unknown. Here, we analyzed the metabolic changes in the pig spleen after ASFV infection for the first time. ASFV infection increased the levels of acylcarnitines. Inhibition of the production and metabolism of acylcarnitines inhibited ASFV replication. Acylcarnitines are the vital intermediates of fatty acid β-oxidation. This study highlights the critical role of fatty acid β-oxidation in ASFV infection, which may help identify target drugs to control African swine fever disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xintian Bie
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huanan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xijuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dajun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - DengShuai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yu Hao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jinke Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenqian Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guohui Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lingling Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xusheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Keshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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Álvarez B, Revilla C, Poderoso T, Ezquerra A, Domínguez J. Porcine Macrophage Markers and Populations: An Update. Cells 2023; 12:2103. [PMID: 37626913 PMCID: PMC10453229 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides its importance as a livestock species, pig is increasingly being used as an animal model for biomedical research. Macrophages play critical roles in immunity to pathogens, tissue development, homeostasis and tissue repair. These cells are also primary targets for replication of viruses such as African swine fever virus, classical swine fever virus, and porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus, which can cause huge economic losses to the pig industry. In this article, we review the current status of knowledge on porcine macrophages, starting by reviewing the markers available for their phenotypical characterization and following with the characteristics of the main macrophage populations described in different organs, as well as the effect of polarization conditions on their phenotype and function. We will also review available cell lines suitable for studies on the biology of porcine macrophages and their interaction with pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Angel Ezquerra
- Departamento de Biotecnología, CSIC INIA, Ctra. De La Coruña, km7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (B.Á.); (C.R.); (T.P.); (J.D.)
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Li J, Feng S, Pi Y, Jiang X, Li X, Zhou Z, Liu X, Wei H, Tao S. Limosilactobacillus johnsoni and Limosilactobacillus mucosae and Their Extracellular Vesicles Alleviate Gut Inflammatory Injury by Mediating Macrophage Polarization in a Lipopolysaccharide-Challenged Piglet Model. J Nutr 2023; 153:2497-2511. [PMID: 37343627 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limosilactobacillus johnsoni (L. j) and Limosilactobacillus mucosae (L. m) can alleviate the inflammatory response. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms by which L. j- and L. m-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) mitigate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestinal injury. METHODS Piglets were assigned to 4 groups: oral phosphate-buffered saline inoculation for 2 wk prior to intraperitoneal injection of physiological saline or LPS, and oral L. j/L. m inoculation for 2 wk prior to intraperitoneal injection of LPS. The intestinal integrity, macrophage markers, cytokine levels, and microbiota were determined. The cytokine levels and macrophage phenotype were detected after L. j/L. m and their EVs were coincubated with macrophages. The levels of cytokines, tight junction proteins, and apoptosis were measured after intestinal epithelial cells were cocultured with macrophages. RESULTS LPS challenge decreased jejunal villus length; expression levels of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), occludin, arginase-1 (Arg1), and interleukin (IL)-10; and number of CD163+ cells and increased the expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α compared with that in the control. L. j and L. m pretreatment rescued the aforementioned indicators compared with LPS challenge. Pretreatment of L. j and L. m and their EVs reversed the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10 and the gene expression of iNOS and Arg1 in the LPS group in macrophages. Pretreatment with L. j and L. m-derived EVs increased ZO-1 and occludin mRNA expression and reduced IL-1β, caspase-3, and bax gene expression in intestinal epithelial cells of the coculture system. Enzyme-treated EVs were less effective than native EVs. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that EVs secreted by L. j and L. m control inflammation by modulating macrophage polarization, thereby improving intestinal barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Li
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengkai Feng
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Pi
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xianren Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xilong Li
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zutao Zhou
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangdong Liu
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Wei
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shiyu Tao
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
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Franzoni G, Mecocci S, De Ciucis CG, Mura L, Dell’Anno F, Zinellu S, Fruscione F, De Paolis L, Carta T, Anfossi AG, Dei Guidici S, Chiaradia E, Pascucci L, Oggiano A, Cappelli K, Razzuoli E. Goat milk extracellular vesicles: immuno-modulation effects on porcine monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1209898. [PMID: 37469517 PMCID: PMC10352104 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1209898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanometric-membrane-bound sub-cellular structures, which can be recovered from milk. Milk EVs have drawn increasing interest due to their potential biomedical applications, therefore it is important to investigate their impact on key immune cells, such as macrophages. Methods In this work, the immunomodulatory effects of goat milk EVs on untreated (moMФ) and classically activated (moM1) porcine monocyte-derived macrophages were investigated using flow cytometry, ELISA, and gene expression assays. Results These particles were efficiently internalized by macrophages and high doses (60 mg protein weight) triggered the upregulation of MHC I and MHC II DR on moMФ, but not on moM1. In moMФ, exposure to low doses (0.6 mg) of mEVs enhanced the gene expression of IL10, EBI3, and IFNB, whereas high doses up-regulated several pro-inflammatory cytokines. These nanosized structures slightly modulated cytokine gene expression on moM1. Accordingly, the cytokine (protein) contents in culture supernatants of moMФ were mildly affected by exposure to low doses of mEVs, whereas high doses promoted the increased release of TNF, IL-8, IL-1a, IL-1b, IL-1Ra, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12. The cytokines content in moM1 supernatants was not critically affected. Discussion Overall, our data support a clinical application of these molecules: they polarized macrophages toward an M1-like phenotype, but this activation seemed to be controlled, to prevent potentially pathological over-reaction to stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Franzoni
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy
| | - Samanta Mecocci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Chiara Grazia De Ciucis
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Genova, Italy
| | - Lorena Mura
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Filippo Dell’Anno
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Genova, Italy
| | - Susanna Zinellu
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy
| | - Floriana Fruscione
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Genova, Italy
| | - Livia De Paolis
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Genova, Italy
| | - Tania Carta
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio G. Anfossi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Silvia Dei Guidici
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Luisa Pascucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Annalisa Oggiano
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy
| | - Katia Cappelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Razzuoli
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Genova, Italy
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PI3K-Akt pathway-independent PIK3AP1 identified as a replication inhibitor of the African swine fever virus based on iTRAQ proteomic analysis. Virus Res 2023; 327:199052. [PMID: 36775023 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a severe infectious disease that has a high global prevalence. The fatality rate of pigs infected with ASF virus (ASFV) is close to 100%; in the absence of a safe and reliable commercial vaccine, this poses a threat to the global pig industry and public health. To better understand the interaction of ASFV with its host, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation combined with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to conduct quantitative proteomic analysis of bone marrow-derived macrophage cells infected with ASFV. Overall, 4579 proteins were identified; 286 of these were significantly upregulated and 69 were significantly downregulated after ASFV infection. Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, and protein-protein interaction network analyses were used to obtain insights into the dynamics and complexity of the ASFV-host interaction. In addition, immunoblotting revealed that the expression of PIK3AP1, RNF114, and FABP5 was upregulated and that of TRAM1 was downregulated after ASFV infection. Overexpression of PIK3AP1 and RNF114 significantly inhibited ASFV replication in vitro, but the suppressive effect of PIK3AP1 on ASFV replication was independent of the PI3K-Akt pathway. Further studies confirmed that ASFV MGF360-9L interacts with PIK3AP1 to reduce its protein expression level. Moreover, LY294002, an inhibitor of the PI3K-Akt pathway, inhibited ASFV replication, indicating the importance of the PI3K-Akt pathway in ASFV infection. This study identified the network of interactions between ASFV and host cells and provides a reference for the development of anti-ASFV strategies and for studying the potential mechanisms and pathogenesis of ASFV infection.
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10
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Heterogeneity of Phenotypic and Functional Changes to Porcine Monocyte-Derived Macrophages Triggered by Diverse Polarizing Factors In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054671. [PMID: 36902099 PMCID: PMC10003195 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine are attracting increasing attention as a biomedical model, due to many immunological similarities with humans. However, porcine macrophage polarization has not been extensively analyzed. Therefore, we investigated porcine monocyte-derived macrophages (moMΦ) triggered by either IFN-γ + LPS (classical activation) or by diverse "M2-related" polarizing factors: IL-4, IL-10, TGF-β, and dexamethasone. IFN-γ and LPS polarized moMΦ toward a proinflammatory phenotype, although a significant IL-1Ra response was observed. Exposure to IL-4, IL-10, TGF-β, and dexamethasone gave rise to four distinct phenotypes, all antithetic to IFN-γ and LPS. Some peculiarities were observed: IL-4 and IL-10 both enhanced expression of IL-18, and none of the "M2-related" stimuli induced IL-10 expression. Exposures to TGF-β and dexamethasone were characterized by enhanced levels of TGF-β2, whereas stimulation with dexamethasone, but not TGF-β2, triggered CD163 upregulation and induction of CCL23. Macrophages stimulated with IL-10, TGF-β, or dexamethasone presented decreased abilities to release proinflammatory cytokines in response to TLR2 or TLR3 ligands: IL-10 showed a powerful inhibitory activity for CXCL8 and TNF release, whereas TGF-β provided a strong inhibitory signal for IL-6 production. While our results emphasized porcine macrophage plasticity broadly comparable to human and murine macrophages, they also highlighted some peculiarities in this species.
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11
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Shih BB, Brown SM, Barrington J, Lefevre L, Mabbott NA, Priller J, Thompson G, Lawrence AB, McColl BW. Defining the pig microglial transcriptome reveals its core signature, regional heterogeneity, and similarity with human and rodent microglia. Glia 2023; 71:334-349. [PMID: 36120803 PMCID: PMC10087207 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Microglia play key roles in brain homeostasis as well as responses to neurodegeneration and neuroinflammatory processes caused by physical disease and psychosocial stress. The pig is a physiologically relevant model species for studying human neurological disorders, many of which are associated with microglial dysfunction. Furthermore, pigs are an important agricultural species, and there is a need to understand how microglial function affects their welfare. As a basis for improved understanding to enhance biomedical and agricultural research, we sought to characterize pig microglial identity at genome-wide scale and conduct inter-species comparisons. We isolated pig hippocampal tissue and microglia from frontal cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum, as well as alveolar macrophages from the lungs and conducted RNA-sequencing (RNAseq). By comparing the transcriptomic profiles between microglia, macrophages, and hippocampal tissue, we derived a set of 239 highly enriched genes defining the porcine core microglial signature. We found brain regional heterogeneity based on 150 genes showing significant (adjusted p < 0.01) regional variations and that cerebellar microglia were most distinct. We compared normalized gene expression for microglia from human, mice and pigs using microglia signature gene lists derived from each species and demonstrated that a core microglial marker gene signature is conserved across species, but that species-specific expression subsets also exist. Our data provide a valuable resource defining the pig microglial transcriptome signature that validates and highlights pigs as a useful large animal species bridging between rodents and humans in which to study the role of microglia during homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara B Shih
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Sarah M Brown
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Jack Barrington
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, The Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lucas Lefevre
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, The Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neil A Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Josef Priller
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, The Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,DZNE, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerard Thompson
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alistair B Lawrence
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK.,Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh, UK
| | - Barry W McColl
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, The Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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12
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Vintrych P, Al-Obeidallah M, Horák J, Chvojka J, Valešová L, Nalos L, Jarkovská D, Matějovič M, Štengl M. Modeling sepsis, with a special focus on large animal models of porcine peritonitis and bacteremia. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1094199. [PMID: 36703923 PMCID: PMC9871395 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1094199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases, which often result in deadly sepsis or septic shock, represent a major global health problem. For understanding the pathophysiology of sepsis and developing new treatment strategies, reliable and clinically relevant animal models of the disease are necessary. In this review, two large animal (porcine) models of sepsis induced by either peritonitis or bacteremia are introduced and their strong and weak points are discussed in the context of clinical relevance and other animal models of sepsis, with a special focus on cardiovascular and immune systems, experimental design, and monitoring. Especially for testing new therapeutic strategies, the large animal (porcine) models represent a more clinically relevant alternative to small animal models, and the findings obtained in small animal (transgenic) models should be verified in these clinically relevant large animal models before translation to the clinical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Vintrych
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Mahmoud Al-Obeidallah
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Horák
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czechia,Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jiří Chvojka
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czechia,Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lenka Valešová
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czechia,Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lukáš Nalos
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czechia,Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Dagmar Jarkovská
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czechia,Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Matějovič
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czechia,Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Milan Štengl
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czechia,Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czechia,*Correspondence: Milan Štengl,
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13
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Kuang H, Dou G, Cheng L, Wang X, Xu H, Liu X, Ding F, Yang X, Liu S, Bao L, Liu H, Liu Y, Li B, Jin Y, Liu S. Humoral regulation of iron metabolism by extracellular vesicles drives antibacterial response. Nat Metab 2023; 5:111-128. [PMID: 36658400 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00723-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Immediate restriction of iron initiated by the host is a critical process to protect against bacterial infections and has been described in the liver and spleen, but it remains unclear whether this response also entails a humoral mechanism that would enable systemic sequestering of iron upon infection. Here we show that upon bacterial invasion, host macrophages immediately release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that capture circulating iron-containing proteins. Mechanistically, in a sepsis model in female mice, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium induces endoplasmic reticulum stress in macrophages and activates inositol-requiring enzyme 1α signaling, triggering lysosomal dysfunction and thereby promoting the release of EVs, which bear multiple receptors required for iron uptake. By binding to circulating iron-containing proteins, these EVs prevent bacteria from iron acquisition, which inhibits their growth and ultimately protects against infection and related tissue damage. Our findings reveal a humoral mechanism that can promptly regulate systemic iron metabolism during bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Geng Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Linfeng Cheng
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Haokun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Xuemei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Feng Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Xiaoshan Yang
- Stomatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Siying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Lili Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Bei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Yan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China.
| | - Shiyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China.
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14
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Characterization of Porcine Monocyte-Derived Macrophages Cultured in Serum-Reduced Medium. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11101457. [PMID: 36290361 PMCID: PMC9598231 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish a cell culture system for the generation of porcine monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) under reduced-serum conditions. Cultures based on either the Nu-Serum™ Growth Medium Supplement (NUS) or a conventional fetal bovine serum (FBS) were compared, which included the assessment of FBS from two different providers (FBS1 and FBS2). The data obtained confirmed the significant impact of culture conditions on in vitro-generated MDMs. The MDMs cultured under reduced-serum conditions showed increased levels of IL-1β and CD86 mRNA and a proinflammatory cytokine profile, characterized by the increased mRNA expression of IL-23p19, CXCL10, and CCL5. Phagocytic and respiratory burst activities were not adversely affected. Surprisingly, the difference between the two FBSs was much more pronounced than the effect of the reduced-serum supplement. The FBS1 culture conditions gave rise to macrophages with higher surface levels of CD14, CD16, and CD163, a lower CD80 mRNA expression, and an increased induction of IL-10 gene expression. In contrast, none of these trends were observed in macrophage cultures supplemented with FBS2. Instead, the FBS2 culture showed increased levels of IL-1b and CD86 mRNA. In conclusion, reduced-serum culture is a useful tool for in vitro porcine MDM generation, in line with the current research trend of reducing FBS use in biological research.
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15
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Boettcher AN, Schachtschneider KM, Schook LB, Tuggle CK. Swine models for translational oncological research: an evolving landscape and regulatory considerations. Mamm Genome 2022; 33:230-240. [PMID: 34476572 PMCID: PMC8888764 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-021-09907-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Swine biomedical models have been gaining in popularity over the last decade, particularly for applications in oncology research. Swine models for cancer research include pigs that have severe combined immunodeficiency for xenotransplantation studies, genetically modified swine models which are capable of developing tumors in vivo, as well as normal immunocompetent pigs. In recent years, there has been a low success rate for the approval of new oncological therapeutics in clinical trials. The two leading reasons for these failures are either due to toxicity and safety issues or lack of efficacy. As all therapeutics must be tested within animal models prior to clinical testing, there are opportunities to expand the ability to assess efficacy and toxicity profiles within the preclinical testing phases of new therapeutics. Most preclinical in vivo testing is performed in mice, canines, and non-human primates. However, swine models are an alternative large animal model for cancer research with similarity to human size, genetics, and physiology. Additionally, tumorigenesis pathways are similar between human and pigs in that similar driver mutations are required for transformation. Due to their larger size, the development of orthotopic tumors is easier than in smaller rodent models; additionally, porcine models can be harnessed for testing of new interventional devices and radiological/surgical approaches as well. Taken together, swine are a feasible option for preclinical therapeutic and device testing. The goals of this resource are to provide a broad overview on regulatory processes required for new therapeutics and devices for use in the clinic, cross-species differences in oncological therapeutic responses, as well as to provide an overview of swine oncology models that have been developed that could be used for preclinical testing to fulfill regulatory requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyle M. Schachtschneider
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Radiology, Chicago, Illinois, United States,University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, National Center for Supercomputing Applications, Urbana, Illinois, United States,University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Lawrence B. Schook
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Radiology, Chicago, Illinois, United States,University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, National Center for Supercomputing Applications, Urbana, Illinois, United States,University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Animal Sciences, Illinois, United States
| | - Christopher K Tuggle
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 2255 Kildee Hall, 806 Stange Road, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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16
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MGF360-9L Is a Major Virulence Factor Associated with the African Swine Fever Virus by Antagonizing the JAK/STAT Signaling Pathway. mBio 2022; 13:e0233021. [PMID: 35076286 PMCID: PMC8788333 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02330-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF)-an aggressive infectious disease caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV)-is significantly unfavorable for swine production. ASFV has a complex structure and encodes 150-167 proteins; however, the function of most of these proteins is unknown. This study identified ASFV MGF360-9L as a negative regulator of the interferon (IFN)-β signal. Further evidence showed that MGF360-9L interacts with signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1 and STAT2 and degrades STAT1 and STAT2 through apoptosis and ubiquitin-proteasome pathways, respectively. Subsequently, the activation of IFN-β signaling was inhibited. Naturally isolated or genetically manipulated live attenuated viruses are known to protect against the virulent parental ASFV strains. Therefore, through homologous recombination, we deleted MGF360-9L from the virulent ASFV CN/GS/2018 strain to construct a recombinant strain, ASFV-Δ360-9L. Compared with the parent ASFV CN/GS/2018 strain, the replication level of ASFV-Δ360-9L decreased in primary porcine alveolar macrophage cultures at 24 h postinfection, but the difference is unlikely to be biologically relevant. Notably, ASFV-Δ360-9L was partially attenuated in pigs. To our knowledge, this study is the first to uncover the function of MGF360-9L during ASFV infection. MGF360-9L inhibits IFN-β signaling through the targeted degradation of STAT1 and STAT2. Furthermore, MGF360-9L is a key virulence gene of ASFV. Our findings reveal a new mechanism by which ASFV inhibits host antiviral response; this might facilitate the development of live attenuated ASFV vaccines. IMPORTANCE African swine fever-an acute, febrile, hemorrhagic, highly contacting, and highly lethal disease caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV)-jeopardizes the global pig industry. Understanding the mechanism ASFV employs to evade host defense during infection is essential for developing targeted drugs and vaccines against ASFV. To our knowledge, this study identifies the mechanism of innate immunity against by MGF360-9L and the effect of MGF360-9L on ASFV pathogenicity. The results showed that MGF360-9L may help ASFV escape the host immunity by degrading STAT1 and STAT2 and thus inhibiting IFN-β signaling. MGF360-9L is also an important virulence factor of ASFV. The deletion of MGF360-9L reduces ASFV virulence in pigs. This study explored a new mechanism of ASFV against innate immunity and identified a new ASFV virulence factor; these findings may guide the development of live attenuated ASFV vaccines.
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17
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Franzoni G, Ciccotelli V, Masiello L, De Ciucis CG, Anfossi AG, Vivaldi B, Ledda M, Zinellu S, Dei Giudici S, Berio E, Tiziana A, Dellepiane M, Zoppi S, Masotti C, Crescio MI, Oggiano A, Ercolini C, Razzuoli E. Cadmium and wild boar: environmental exposure and immunological impact on macrophages. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:171-180. [PMID: 35145881 PMCID: PMC8819190 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild boar represents useful bioindicator for Cadmium environmental exposure. Cadmium can be absorbed by wild boar moMФ with subsequent cell viability decrease. Moderate cadmium concentration down-regulated IL-12p40, TNF-α expression in moMФ. Moderate cadmium concentration decreased antimicrobial molecules expression in moMФ. Moderate cadmium concentration down-regulated expression of several TLRs in moMФ.
Cadmium (Cd2+) is regarded as one of the most toxic heavy metals, which can enter the food chain through environmental contamination and be bioaccumulated. Its exposure in Ligurian wild boars was monitored between 2016–2020 and revealed high level of this heavy metal in different provinces. In one of these polluted area, 21 wild boars were additionally sampled and the relationship between hepatic and renal Cd2+ concentration suggested that majority of these animals presented chronic intoxication. Cd2+ exposure of wild boar might lead to an immunosuppression status, thus in vitro experiments on wild boar monocyte-derived macrophages (moMФ) were carried out. Effects of Cd2+ scalar doses were evaluated through viability and adsorption assays, ELISA, qPCR. Moderate doses of this environmental pollutant (20 μM) were absorbed by moMФ, with subsequent reduction of their viability. This heavy metal did not trigger release of either IFN- β, anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory cytokines by moMФ, instead 24 h treatment with 20 μM of Cd2+ resulted in down-regulated expression of TNF-α, IL-12p40, several TLRs, CD14, MD2, BD2, MyD88, p65, and NOS2. The results of our monitoring activity suggested that wild boar can be useful to monitor environmental exposure of this heavy metal and can help in understanding the type of contamination. In addition, in vitro experiments on wild boar moMФ revealed that Cd2+ exposure negatively affected the immune function of these cells, likely leading to increased susceptibility to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Franzoni
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Valentina Ciccotelli
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39-24, 16129 Genova, Italy
| | - Lucia Masiello
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39-24, 16129 Genova, Italy
| | - Chiara Grazia De Ciucis
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39-24, 16129 Genova, Italy
| | - Antonio Giovanni Anfossi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Mediterranean Center for Disease Control (MCDC), University of Sassari, Via Vienna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Barbara Vivaldi
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39-24, 16129 Genova, Italy
| | - Mauro Ledda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Susanna Zinellu
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Silvia Dei Giudici
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Enrica Berio
- Department of Imperia, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Nizza 4, 18100 Imperia, Italy
| | - Andreoli Tiziana
- Department of Savona, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Martini 6, 17100 Savona, Italy
| | - Monica Dellepiane
- Department of Savona, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Martini 6, 17100 Savona, Italy
| | - Simona Zoppi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Masotti
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Ines Crescio
- Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Annalisa Oggiano
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Carlo Ercolini
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39-24, 16129 Genova, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Razzuoli
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39-24, 16129 Genova, Italy
- Corresponding authors.
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18
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Meli VS, Donahue RP, Link JM, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA, Liu WF. Isolation and characterization of porcine macrophages and their inflammatory and fusion responses in different stiffness environments. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:7851-7861. [PMID: 34514479 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00746g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Evaluating the host immune response to biomaterials is an essential step in the development of medical devices and tissue engineering strategies. To aid in this process, in vitro studies, whereby immune cells such as macrophages are cultured on biomaterials, can often expedite high throughput testing of many materials prior to implantation. While most studies to date utilize murine or human cells, the use of porcine macrophages has been less well described, despite the prevalent use of porcine models in medical device and tissue engineering development. In this study, we describe the isolation and characterization of porcine bone marrow- and peripheral blood-derived macrophages, and their interactions with biomaterials. We confirmed the expression of the macrophage surface markers CD68 and F4/80 and characterized the porcine macrophage response to the inflammatory stimulus, bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Finally, we investigated the inflammatory and fusion response of porcine macrophages cultured on different stiffness hydrogels, and we found that stiffer hydrogels enhanced inflammatory activation by more than two-fold and promoted fusion to form foreign body giant cells. Together, this study establishes the use of porcine macrophages in biomaterial testing and reveals a stiffness-dependent effect on biomaterial-induced giant cell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaykumar S Meli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, 2412 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. .,The Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California Irvine, 2412 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ryan P Donahue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, 2412 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Jarrett M Link
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, 2412 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Jerry C Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, 2412 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Kyriacos A Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, 2412 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Wendy F Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, 2412 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. .,The Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California Irvine, 2412 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Irvine, 2412 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, 2412 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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19
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Hellstrom EA, Ziegler AL, Blikslager AT. Postoperative Ileus: Comparative Pathophysiology and Future Therapies. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:714800. [PMID: 34589533 PMCID: PMC8473635 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.714800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Postoperative ileus (POI), a decrease in gastrointestinal motility after surgery, is an important problem facing human and veterinary patients. 37.5% of horses that develop POI following small intestinal (SI) resection will not survive to discharge. The two major components of POI pathophysiology are a neurogenic phase which is then propagated by an inflammatory phase. Perioperative care has been implicated, namely the use of opioid therapy, inappropriate fluid therapy and electrolyte imbalances. Current therapy for POI variably includes an early return to feeding to induce physiological motility, reducing the inflammatory response with agents such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and use of prokinetic therapy such as lidocaine. However, optimal management of POI remains controversial. Further understanding of the roles of the gastrointestinal microbiota, intestinal barrier function, the post-surgical inflammatory response, as well as enteric glial cells, a component of the enteric nervous system, in modulating postoperative gastrointestinal motility and the pathogenesis of POI may provide future targets for prevention and/or therapy of POI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anthony T. Blikslager
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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20
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Franzoni G, Anfossi A, De Ciucis CG, Mecocci S, Carta T, Dei Giudici S, Fruscione F, Zinellu S, Vito G, Graham SP, Oggiano A, Chessa B, Razzuoli E. Targeting Toll-Like Receptor 2: Polarization of Porcine Macrophages by a Mycoplasma-Derived Pam2cys Lipopeptide. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9070692. [PMID: 34201691 PMCID: PMC8310132 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) ligands are attracting increasing attention as prophylactic and immunotherapeutic agents against pathogens and tumors. We previously observed that a synthetic diacylated lipopeptide based on a surface protein of Mycoplasma agalactiae (Mag-Pam2Cys) strongly activated innate immune cells, including porcine monocyte-derived macrophages (moMΦ). In this study, we utilized confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, multiplex cytokine ELISA, and RT-qPCR to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the effects of scalar doses of Mag-Pam2Cys on porcine moMΦ. We observed enhanced expression of activation markers (MHC class I, MHC class II DR, CD25), increased phagocytotic activity, and release of IL-12 and proinflammatory cytokines. Mag-Pam2Cys also upregulated the gene expression of several IFN-α subtypes, p65, NOS2, and molecules with antimicrobial activities (CD14, beta defensin 1). Overall, our data showed that Mag-Pam2Cys polarized porcine macrophages towards a proinflammatory antimicrobial phenotype. However, Mag-Pam2Cys downregulated the expression of IFN-α3, six TLRs (TLR3, -4, -5, -7, -8, -9), and did not interfere with macrophage polarization induced by the immunosuppressive IL-10, suggesting that the inflammatory activity evoked by Mag-Pam2Cys could be regulated to avoid potentially harmful consequences. We hope that our in vitro results will lay the foundation for the further evaluation of this diacylated lipopeptide as an immunopotentiator in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Franzoni
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (T.C.); (S.D.G.); (S.Z.); (A.O.)
- Correspondence: (G.F.); (B.C.)
| | - Antonio Anfossi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Chiara Grazia De Ciucis
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39/24, 16129 Genoa, Italy; (C.G.D.C.); (F.F.); (G.V.); (E.R.)
| | - Samanta Mecocci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Tania Carta
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (T.C.); (S.D.G.); (S.Z.); (A.O.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Silvia Dei Giudici
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (T.C.); (S.D.G.); (S.Z.); (A.O.)
| | - Floriana Fruscione
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39/24, 16129 Genoa, Italy; (C.G.D.C.); (F.F.); (G.V.); (E.R.)
| | - Susanna Zinellu
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (T.C.); (S.D.G.); (S.Z.); (A.O.)
| | - Guendalina Vito
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39/24, 16129 Genoa, Italy; (C.G.D.C.); (F.F.); (G.V.); (E.R.)
| | | | - Annalisa Oggiano
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (T.C.); (S.D.G.); (S.Z.); (A.O.)
| | - Bernardo Chessa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
- Correspondence: (G.F.); (B.C.)
| | - Elisabetta Razzuoli
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39/24, 16129 Genoa, Italy; (C.G.D.C.); (F.F.); (G.V.); (E.R.)
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21
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Walsh KB, Zimmerman KD, Zhang X, Demel SL, Luo Y, Langefeld CD, Wohleb E, Schulert G, Woo D, Adeoye O. miR-181a Mediates Inflammatory Gene Expression After Intracerebral Hemorrhage: An Integrated Analysis of miRNA-seq and mRNA-seq in a Swine ICH Model. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 71:1802-1814. [PMID: 33755911 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01815-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a severe neurological disorder with no proven treatment. Inflammation after ICH contributes to clinical outcomes, but the relevant molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. In studies of peripheral leukocyte counts and mRNA-sequencing (mRNA-seq), our group previously reported that monocytes and Interleukin-8 (IL-8) were important contributors to post-ICH inflammation. microRNA (miRNA) are powerful regulators of gene expression and promising therapeutic targets. We now report findings from an integrated analysis of miRNA-seq and mRNA-seq in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from a swine ICH model. In 10 pigs, one PBMC sample was collected immediately prior to ICH induction and a second 6 h later; miRNA-seq and mRNA-seq were completed for each sample. An aggregate score calculation determined which miRNA regulated the differentially expressed mRNA. Networks of molecular interactions were generated for the combined miRNA/target mRNA. A total of 227 miRNA were identified, and 46 were differentially expressed after ICH (FDR < 0.05). The anti-inflammatory miR-181a was decreased post-ICH, and it was the most highly connected miRNA in the miRNA/mRNA bioinformatic network analysis. miR-181a has interconnected pathophysiology with IL-8 and monocytes; in prior studies, we found that IL-8 and monocytes contributed to post-ICH inflammation and ICH clinical outcome, respectively. miR-181a was a significant mediator of post-ICH inflammation and is promising for further study, including as a potential therapeutic target. This investigation also demonstrated feasible methodology for miRNA-seq/mRNA-seq analysis in swine that is innovative, and with unique challenges, compared with transcriptomics research in more established species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle B Walsh
- University of Cincinnati Gardner Neuroscience Institute, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Kip D Zimmerman
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Stacie L Demel
- University of Cincinnati Gardner Neuroscience Institute, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Carl D Langefeld
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Eric Wohleb
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- University of Cincinnati Neurobiology Research Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Grant Schulert
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Daniel Woo
- University of Cincinnati Gardner Neuroscience Institute, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Opeolu Adeoye
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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22
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Liu JX, Chao XY, Chen P, Wang YD, Su TJ, Li M, Xu RY, Wu Q. Transcriptome Analysis of Selenium-Treated Porcine Alveolar Macrophages Against Lipopolysaccharide Infection. Front Genet 2021; 12:645401. [PMID: 33747052 PMCID: PMC7970123 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.645401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xuan Liu
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Yu Chao
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Ding Wang
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Tong-Jian Su
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Li
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Ru-Yu Xu
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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23
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Pridans C, Irvine KM, Davis GM, Lefevre L, Bush SJ, Hume DA. Transcriptomic Analysis of Rat Macrophages. Front Immunol 2021; 11:594594. [PMID: 33633725 PMCID: PMC7902030 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.594594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The laboratory rat is widely used as a model for human diseases. Many of these diseases involve monocytes and tissue macrophages in different states of activation. Whilst methods for in vitro differentiation of mouse macrophages from embryonic stem cells (ESC) and bone marrow (BM) are well established, these are lacking for the rat. The gene expression profiles of rat macrophages have also not been characterised to the same extent as mouse. We have established the methodology for production of rat ESC-derived macrophages and compared their gene expression profiles to macrophages obtained from the lung and peritoneal cavity and those differentiated from BM and blood monocytes. We determined the gene signature of Kupffer cells in the liver using rats deficient in macrophage colony stimulating factor receptor (CSF1R). We also examined the response of BM-derived macrophages to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The results indicate that many, but not all, tissue-specific adaptations observed in mice are conserved in the rat. Importantly, we show that unlike mice, rat macrophages express the CSF1R ligand, colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Pridans
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Katharine M. Irvine
- Mater Research Institute Mater Research Institute – University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gemma M. Davis
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Lucas Lefevre
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Bush
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Hume
- Mater Research Institute Mater Research Institute – University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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24
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Engel JE, Williams ML, Williams E, Azar C, Taylor EB, Bidwell GL, Chade AR. Recovery of Renal Function following Kidney-Specific VEGF Therapy in Experimental Renovascular Disease. Am J Nephrol 2020; 51:891-902. [PMID: 33130676 DOI: 10.1159/000511260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic renovascular disease (RVD) can lead to a progressive loss of renal function, and current treatments are inefficient. We designed a fusion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) conjugated to an elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) carrier protein with an N-terminal kidney-targeting peptide (KTP). We tested the hypothesis that KTP-ELP-VEGF therapy will effectively recover renal function with an improved targeting profile. Further, we aimed to elucidate potential mechanisms driving renal recovery. METHODS Unilateral RVD was induced in 14 pigs. Six weeks later, renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were quantified by multidetector CT imaging. Pigs then received a single intrarenal injection of KTP-ELP-VEGF or vehicle. CT quantification of renal hemodynamics was repeated 4 weeks later, and then pigs were euthanized. Ex vivo renal microvascular (MV) density and media-to-lumen ratio, macrophage infiltration, and fibrosis were quantified. In parallel, THP-1 human monocytes were differentiated into naïve macrophages (M0) or inflammatory macrophages (M1) and incubated with VEGF, KTP-ELP, KTP-ELP-VEGF, or control media. The mRNA expression of macrophage polarization and angiogenic markers was quantified (qPCR). RESULTS Intrarenal KTP-ELP-VEGF improved RBF, GFR, and MV density and attenuated MV media-to-lumen ratio and renal fibrosis compared to placebo, accompanied by augmented renal M2 macrophages. In vitro, exposure to VEGF/KTP-ELP-VEGF shifted M0 macrophages to a proangiogenic M2 phenotype while M1s were nonresponsive to VEGF treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the efficacy of a new renal-specific biologic construct in recovering renal function and suggest that VEGF may directly influence macrophage phenotype as a possible mechanism to improve MV integrity and function in the stenotic kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E Engel
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Maxx L Williams
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Erika Williams
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Camille Azar
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Erin B Taylor
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Gene L Bidwell
- Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Alejandro R Chade
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA,
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA,
- Department of Radiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA,
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25
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Karagianni AE, Lisowski ZM, Hume DA, Scott Pirie R. The equine mononuclear phagocyte system: The relevance of the horse as a model for understanding human innate immunity. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:231-249. [PMID: 32881079 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) is a family of cells of related function that includes bone marrow progenitors, blood monocytes and resident tissue macrophages. Macrophages are effector cells in both innate and acquired immunity. They are a major resident cell population in every organ and their numbers increase in response to proinflammatory stimuli. Their function is highly regulated by a wide range of agonists, including lymphokines, cytokines and products of microorganisms. Macrophage biology has been studied most extensively in mice, yet direct comparisons of rodent and human macrophages have revealed many functional differences. In this review, we provide an overview of the equine MPS, describing the variation in the function and phenotype of macrophages depending on their location and the similarities and differences between the rodent, human and equine immune response. We discuss the use of the horse as a large animal model in which to study macrophage biology and pathological processes shared with humans. Finally, following the recent update to the horse genome, facilitating further comparative analysis of regulated gene expression between the species, we highlight the importance of future transcriptomic macrophage studies in the horse, the findings of which may also be applicable to human as well as veterinary research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Karagianni
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Zofia M Lisowski
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - David A Hume
- Mater Research Institute-UQ, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - R Scott Pirie
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
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26
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Li W, Shi L, Zhuang Z, Wu H, Lian M, Chen Y, Li L, Ge W, Jin Q, Zhang Q, Zhao Y, Liu Z, Ouyang Z, Ye Y, Li Y, Wang H, Liao Y, Quan L, Xiao L, Lai L, Meng G, Wang K. Engineered Pigs Carrying a Gain-of-Function NLRP3 Homozygous Mutation Can Survive to Adulthood and Accurately Recapitulate Human Systemic Spontaneous Inflammatory Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:2532-2544. [PMID: 32958688 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The NLRP3 inflammasome is associated with a variety of human diseases, including cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS). CAPS is a dominantly inherited disease with NLRP3 missense mutations. Currently, most studies on the NLRP3-inflammasome have been performed with mice, but the activation patterns and the signaling pathways of the mouse NLRP3 inflammasome are not always identical with those in humans. The NLRP3 inflammasome activation in pigs is similar to that in humans. Therefore, pigs with precise NLRP3-point mutations may model human CAPS more accurately. In this study, an NLRP3 gain-of-function pig model carrying a homozygous R259W mutation was generated by combining CRISPR/Cpf1-mediated somatic cell genome editing with nuclear transfer. The newborn NLRP3 R259W homozygous piglets showed early mortality, poor growth, and spontaneous systemic inflammation symptoms, including skin lesion, joint inflammation, severe contracture, and inflammation-mediated multiorgan failure. Severe myocardial fibrosis was also observed. The tissues of inflamed skins and several organs showed significantly increased expressions of NLRP3, Caspase-1, and inflammation-associated cytokines and factors (i.e., IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-17). Notably, approximately half of the homozygous piglets grew up to adulthood and even gave birth to offspring. Although the F1 heterozygous piglets showed improved survival rate and normal weight gain, 39.1% (nine out of 23) of the piglets died early and exhibited spontaneous systemic inflammation symptoms. In addition, similar to homozygotes, adult heterozygotes showed increased delayed hypersensitivity response. Thus, the NLRP3 R259W pigs are similar to human CAPS and can serve as an ideal animal model to bridge the gap between rodents and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Li
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lei Shi
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhenpeng Zhuang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Han Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangzhou 510005, China.,Research Unit of Generation of Large Animal Disease Models, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU015), Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Meng Lian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China.,Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yihui Chen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.,The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; and
| | - Lei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Weikai Ge
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Qin Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Quanjun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangzhou 510005, China.,Research Unit of Generation of Large Animal Disease Models, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU015), Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangzhou 510005, China.,Research Unit of Generation of Large Animal Disease Models, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU015), Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Zhaoming Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangzhou 510005, China.,Research Unit of Generation of Large Animal Disease Models, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU015), Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Zhen Ouyang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangzhou 510005, China.,Research Unit of Generation of Large Animal Disease Models, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU015), Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Yinghua Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangzhou 510005, China.,Research Unit of Generation of Large Animal Disease Models, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU015), Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Yingying Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Hai Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangzhou 510005, China.,Research Unit of Generation of Large Animal Disease Models, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU015), Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Yuan Liao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China.,Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Longquan Quan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangzhou 510005, China.,Research Unit of Generation of Large Animal Disease Models, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU015), Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Lei Xiao
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Huangzhou 310058, China
| | - Liangxue Lai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; .,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangzhou 510005, China.,Research Unit of Generation of Large Animal Disease Models, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU015), Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Guangxun Meng
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China; .,The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; and
| | - Kepin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; .,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangzhou 510005, China.,Research Unit of Generation of Large Animal Disease Models, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU015), Guangzhou 510530, China
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27
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Beirão BCB, Raposo TP, Imamura LM, Ingberman M, Hupp T, Vojtěšek B, Argyle DJ. A blocking antibody against canine CSF-1R maturated by limited CDR mutagenesis. Antib Ther 2020; 3:193-204. [PMID: 33937625 PMCID: PMC7990251 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbaa018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
CSF-1R is a receptor mostly associated with the mononuclear phagocytic system. However, its expression within tumors has been linked with poor prognosis in both humans and dogs. Accordingly, several reports have demonstrated the beneficial effects of blocking CSF-1R in model systems of cancer. In this study, we generated a monoclonal antibody that could block CSF-1R in dogs as the first step to develop an anticancer drug for this species. Initially, an antibody was raised by the hybridoma methodology against the fragment responsible for receptor dimerization. mAb3.1, one of the resulting hybridoma clones, was able to bind macrophages in fixed tissues and was shown to inhibit cells of the mononuclear phagocytic line. Nevertheless, mAb 3.1 could not bind to some glycoforms of the receptor in its native form, while also demonstrating cross-reactivity with other proteins. To enhance binding properties of the mAb, five amino acids of the complementarity-determining region 2 of the variable heavy chain of mAb3.1 were mutated by PCR, and the variant scFv clones were screened by phage display. The selected scFv clones demonstrated improved binding to the native receptor as well as increased anti-macrophage activity. The resulting scFv antibody fragment presented here has the potential for use in cancer patients and in inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, this work provides insights into the use of such restricted mutations in antibody engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breno C B Beirão
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh-Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Teresa P Raposo
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh-Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Louise M Imamura
- Department of Research and Development, Imunova Análises Biológicas, Curitiba, PR 80215-182, Brazil
| | - Max Ingberman
- Department of Research and Development, Imunova Análises Biológicas, Curitiba, PR 80215-182, Brazil
| | - Ted Hupp
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Bořivoj Vojtěšek
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, 656 53, Czech Republic
| | - David J Argyle
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh-Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
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28
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Bush SJ, McCulloch MEB, Lisowski ZM, Muriuki C, Clark EL, Young R, Pridans C, Prendergast JGD, Summers KM, Hume DA. Species-Specificity of Transcriptional Regulation and the Response to Lipopolysaccharide in Mammalian Macrophages. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:661. [PMID: 32793601 PMCID: PMC7386301 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian macrophages differ in their basal gene expression profiles and response to the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In human macrophages, LPS elicits a temporal cascade of transient gene expression including feed forward activators and feedback regulators that limit the response. Here we present a transcriptional network analysis of the response of sheep bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) to LPS based upon RNA-seq at 0, 2, 4, 7, and 24 h post-stimulation. The analysis reveals a conserved transcription factor network with humans, and rapid induction of feedback regulators that constrain the response at every level. The gene expression profiles of sheep BMDM at 0 and 7 h post LPS addition were compared to similar data obtained from goat, cow, water buffalo, horse, pig, mouse and rat BMDM. This comparison was based upon identification of 8,200 genes annotated in all species and detected at >10TPM in at least one sample. Analysis of expression of transcription factors revealed a conserved transcriptional millieu associated with macrophage differentiation and LPS response. The largest co-expression clusters, including genes encoding cell surface receptors, endosome–lysosome components and secretory activity, were also expressed in all species and the combined dataset defines a macrophage functional transcriptome. All of the large animals differed from rodents in lacking inducible expression of genes involved in arginine metabolism and nitric oxide production. Instead, they expressed inducible transporters and enzymes of tryptophan and kynurenine metabolism. BMDM from all species expressed high levels of transcripts encoding transporters and enzymes involved in glutamine metabolism suggesting that glutamine is a major metabolic fuel. We identify and discuss transcripts that were uniquely expressed or regulated in rodents compared to large animals including ACOD1, CXC and CC chemokines, CD163, CLEC4E, CPM, CSF1, CSF2, CTSK, MARCO, MMP9, SLC2A3, SLC7A7, and SUCNR1. Conversely, the data confirm the conserved regulation of multiple transcripts for which there is limited functional data from mouse models and knockouts. The data provide a resource for functional annotation and interpretation of loci involved in susceptibility to infectious and inflammatory disease in humans and large animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Bush
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mary E B McCulloch
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Zofia M Lisowski
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Charity Muriuki
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Emily L Clark
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Young
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Pridans
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kim M Summers
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - David A Hume
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
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29
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Lowry MB, Guo C, Zhang Y, Fantacone ML, Logan IE, Campbell Y, Zhang W, Le M, Indra AK, Ganguli-Indra G, Xie J, Gallo RL, Koeffler HP, Gombart AF. A mouse model for vitamin D-induced human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide gene expression. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 198:105552. [PMID: 31783153 PMCID: PMC7089838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In humans and other primates, 1,25(OH)2vitamin D3 regulates the expression of the cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) gene via toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling that activates the vitamin D pathway. Mice and other mammals lack the vitamin D response element (VDRE) in their CAMP promoters. To elucidate the biological importance of this pathway, we generated transgenic mice that carry a genomic DNA fragment encompassing the entire human CAMP gene and crossed them with Camp knockout (KO) mice. We observed expression of the human transgene in various tissues and innate immune cells. However, in mouse CAMP transgenic macrophages, TLR activation in the presence of 25(OH)D3 did not induce expression of either CAMP or CYP27B1 as would normally occur in human macrophages, reinforcing important species differences in the actions of vitamin D. Transgenic mice did show increased resistance to colonization by Salmonella typhimurium in the gut. Furthermore, the human CAMP gene restored wound healing in the skin of Camp KO mice. Topical application of 1,25(OH)2vitamin D3 to the skin of CAMP transgenic mice induced CAMP expression and increased killing of Staphylococcus aureus in a wound infection model. Our model can help elucidate the biological importance of the vitamin D-cathelicidin pathway in both pathogenic and non-pathogenic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm B Lowry
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Chunxiao Guo
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Nutrition Graduate Program, School of Biological & Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health & Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Mary L Fantacone
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Isabelle E Logan
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Yan Campbell
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Weijian Zhang
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Mai Le
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Arup K Indra
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Knight Cancer Institute, OHSU, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Gitali Ganguli-Indra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Knight Cancer Institute, OHSU, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jingwei Xie
- Department of Surgery, Transplant & Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Richard L Gallo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - H Phillip Koeffler
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Adrian F Gombart
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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30
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Summers KM, Bush SJ, Wu C, Su AI, Muriuki C, Clark EL, Finlayson HA, Eory L, Waddell LA, Talbot R, Archibald AL, Hume DA. Functional Annotation of the Transcriptome of the Pig, Sus scrofa, Based Upon Network Analysis of an RNAseq Transcriptional Atlas. Front Genet 2020; 10:1355. [PMID: 32117413 PMCID: PMC7034361 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The domestic pig (Sus scrofa) is both an economically important livestock species and a model for biomedical research. Two highly contiguous pig reference genomes have recently been released. To support functional annotation of the pig genomes and comparative analysis with large human transcriptomic data sets, we aimed to create a pig gene expression atlas. To achieve this objective, we extended a previous approach developed for the chicken. We downloaded RNAseq data sets from public repositories, down-sampled to a common depth, and quantified expression against a reference transcriptome using the mRNA quantitation tool, Kallisto. We then used the network analysis tool Graphia to identify clusters of transcripts that were coexpressed across the merged data set. Consistent with the principle of guilt-by-association, we identified coexpression clusters that were highly tissue or cell-type restricted and contained transcription factors that have previously been implicated in lineage determination. Other clusters were enriched for transcripts associated with biological processes, such as the cell cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. The same approach was used to identify coexpression clusters within RNAseq data from multiple individual liver and brain samples, highlighting cell type, process, and region-specific gene expression. Evidence of conserved expression can add confidence to assignment of orthology between pig and human genes. Many transcripts currently identified as novel genes with ENSSSCG or LOC IDs were found to be coexpressed with annotated neighbouring transcripts in the same orientation, indicating they may be products of the same transcriptional unit. The meta-analytic approach to utilising public RNAseq data is extendable to include new data sets and new species and provides a framework to support the Functional Annotation of Animals Genomes (FAANG) initiative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M. Summers
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Bush
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Chunlei Wu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Andrew I. Su
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Charity Muriuki
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Emily L. Clark
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lel Eory
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsey A. Waddell
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Talbot
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Alan L. Archibald
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Hume
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
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31
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Gamage AM, Zhu F, Ahn M, Foo RJH, Hey YY, Low DHW, Mendenhall IH, Dutertre CA, Wang LF. Immunophenotyping monocytes, macrophages and granulocytes in the Pteropodid bat Eonycteris spelaea. Sci Rep 2020; 10:309. [PMID: 31941952 PMCID: PMC6962400 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats are asymptomatic reservoir hosts for several highly pathogenic viruses. Understanding this enigmatic relationship between bats and emerging zoonotic viruses requires tools and approaches which enable the comparative study of bat immune cell populations and their functions. We show that bat genomes have a conservation of immune marker genes which delineate phagocyte populations in humans, while lacking key mouse surface markers such as Ly6C and Ly6G. Cross-reactive antibodies against CD44, CD11b, CD14, MHC II, and CD206 were multiplexed to characterize circulating monocytes, granulocytes, bone-marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) and lung alveolar macrophages (AMs) in the cave nectar bat Eonycteris spelaea. Transcriptional profiling of bat monocytes and BMDMs identified additional markers – including MARCO, CD68, CD163, CD172α, and CD88 – which can be used to further characterize bat myeloid populations. Bat cells often resembled their human counterparts when comparing immune parameters that are divergent between humans and mice, such as the expression patterns of certain immune cell markers. A genome-wide comparison of immune-related genes also revealed a much closer phylogenetic relationship between bats and humans compared to rodents. Taken together, this study provides a set of tools and a comparative framework which will be important for unravelling viral disease tolerance mechanisms in bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshamal M Gamage
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Feng Zhu
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Matae Ahn
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Randy Jee Hiang Foo
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ying Ying Hey
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dolyce H W Low
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ian H Mendenhall
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Charles-Antoine Dutertre
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
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32
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Borowska D, Kuo R, Bailey RA, Watson KA, Kaiser P, Vervelde L, Stevens MP. Highly multiplexed quantitative PCR-based platform for evaluation of chicken immune responses. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225658. [PMID: 31794562 PMCID: PMC6890255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To address the need for sensitive high-throughput assays to analyse avian innate and adaptive immune responses, we developed and validated a highly multiplexed qPCR 96.96 Fluidigm Dynamic Array to analyse the transcription of chicken immune-related genes. This microfluidic system permits the simultaneous analysis of expression of 96 transcripts in 96 samples in 6 nanolitre reactions and the 9,216 reactions are ready for interpretation immediately. A panel of 89 genes was selected from an RNA-seq analysis of the transcriptional response of chicken macrophages, dendritic cells and heterophils to agonists of innate immunity and from published transcriptome data. Assays were confirmed to be highly specific by amplicon sequencing and melting curve analysis and the reverse transcription and preamplification steps were optimised. The array was applied to RNA of various tissues from a commercial line of broiler chickens housed at two different levels of biosecurity. Gut-associated lymphoid tissues, bursa, spleen and peripheral blood leukocytes were isolated and transcript levels for immune-related genes were defined. The results identified blood cells as a potentially reliable indicator of immune responses among all the tissues tested with the highest number of genes significantly differentially transcribed between birds housed under varying biosecurity levels. Conventional qPCR analysis of three differentially transcribed genes confirmed the results from the multiplex qPCR array. A highly multiplexed qPCR-based platform for evaluation of chicken immune responses has been optimised and validated using samples from commercial chickens. Apart from applications in selective breeding programmes, the array could be used to analyse the complex interplay between the avian immune system and pathogens by including pathogen-specific probes, to screen vaccine responses, and as a predictive tool for immune robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Borowska
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Richard Kuo
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kellie A. Watson
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Aviagen Ltd, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Pete Kaiser
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Lonneke Vervelde
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Mark P. Stevens
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
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33
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Infante M, Ricordi C, Padilla N, Alvarez A, Linetsky E, Lanzoni G, Mattina A, Bertuzzi F, Fabbri A, Baidal D, Alejandro R. The Role of Vitamin D and Omega-3 PUFAs in Islet Transplantation. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2937. [PMID: 31816979 PMCID: PMC6950335 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrence of autoimmunity and allograft rejection represent major challenges that impact the success of islet transplantation. Despite the remarkable improvements achieved in immunosuppression strategies after the publication of the Edmonton protocol, long-term data of intra-hepatic islet transplantation show a gradual decline in beta-cell function. Therefore, there is a growing interest in the investigation of novel, safe and effective anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory strategies able to promote long-term islet graft survival and notable improvements in clinical outcomes of islet transplant recipients. Vitamin D has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. Pre-clinical studies investigating the use of vitamin D and its analogs (alone or in combination with immunosuppressive agents and/or other anti-inflammatory agents, such as omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids) showed beneficial results in terms of islet graft survival and prevention of recurrence of autoimmunity/allograft rejection in animal models of syngeneic and allogeneic islet transplantation. Moreover, epidemiologic studies demonstrated that vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent after solid organ transplantation (e.g., heart, liver or kidney transplantation). However, studies that critically assess the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among islet transplant recipients have yet to be conducted. In addition, prospective studies aimed to address the safety and efficacy of vitamin D supplementation as an adjuvant immunomodulatory strategy in islet transplant recipients are lacking and are therefore awaited in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Infante
- Diabetes Research Institute (DRI) and Clinical Cell Transplant Program, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (C.R.); (N.P.); (A.A.); (G.L.); (D.B.); (R.A.)
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Camillo Ricordi
- Diabetes Research Institute (DRI) and Clinical Cell Transplant Program, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (C.R.); (N.P.); (A.A.); (G.L.); (D.B.); (R.A.)
| | - Nathalia Padilla
- Diabetes Research Institute (DRI) and Clinical Cell Transplant Program, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (C.R.); (N.P.); (A.A.); (G.L.); (D.B.); (R.A.)
| | - Ana Alvarez
- Diabetes Research Institute (DRI) and Clinical Cell Transplant Program, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (C.R.); (N.P.); (A.A.); (G.L.); (D.B.); (R.A.)
| | - Elina Linetsky
- Diabetes Research Institute (DRI) and Cell Transplant Center, cGMP Cell Processing Facility, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Giacomo Lanzoni
- Diabetes Research Institute (DRI) and Clinical Cell Transplant Program, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (C.R.); (N.P.); (A.A.); (G.L.); (D.B.); (R.A.)
| | - Alessandro Mattina
- Diabetes and Islet Transplantation Unit, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services, IRCCS-ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad alta specializzazione), UPMC, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | | | - Andrea Fabbri
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - David Baidal
- Diabetes Research Institute (DRI) and Clinical Cell Transplant Program, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (C.R.); (N.P.); (A.A.); (G.L.); (D.B.); (R.A.)
| | - Rodolfo Alejandro
- Diabetes Research Institute (DRI) and Clinical Cell Transplant Program, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (C.R.); (N.P.); (A.A.); (G.L.); (D.B.); (R.A.)
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34
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Engel JE, Williams E, Williams ML, Bidwell GL, Chade AR. Targeted VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) Therapy Induces Long-Term Renal Recovery in Chronic Kidney Disease via Macrophage Polarization. Hypertension 2019; 74:1113-1123. [PMID: 31542966 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.13469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) universally associates with renal microvascular rarefaction and inflammation, but whether a link exists between these 2 processes is unclear. We designed a therapeutic construct of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) fused to an ELP (elastin-like polypeptide) carrier and show that it improves renal function in experimental renovascular disease. We test the hypothesis that ELP-VEGF therapy will improve CKD, and that recovery will be driven by decreasing microvascular rarefaction partly via modulation of macrophage phenotype and inflammation. CKD was induced in 14 pigs, which were observed for 14 weeks. At 6 weeks, renal blood flow and filtration were quantified using multidetector computed tomography, and then pigs received single intrarenal ELP-VEGF or placebo (n=7 each). Renal function was quantified again 4 and 8 weeks later. Pigs were euthanized and renal microvascular density, angiogenic and inflammatory markers, fibrosis, macrophage infiltration, and phenotype were quantified. Loss of renal hemodynamics in CKD was progressively recovered by ELP-VEGF therapy, accompanied by improved renal microvascular density, fibrosis, and expression of inflammatory mediators. Although renal macrophage infiltration was similar in both CKD groups, ELP-VEGF therapy distinctly shifted their phenotype from proinflammatory M1 to VEGF-expressing M2. Our study unravels potential mechanisms and feasibility of a new strategy to offset progression of CKD using drug-delivery technologies. The results indicate that renal recovery after ELP-VEGF therapy was largely driven by modulation of renal macrophages toward VEGF-expressing M2 phenotype, restoring VEGF signaling and sustaining improvement of renal function and microvascular integrity in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E Engel
- From the Departments of Physiology and Biophysics (J.E.E., E.W., M.L.W., A.R.C.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Erika Williams
- From the Departments of Physiology and Biophysics (J.E.E., E.W., M.L.W., A.R.C.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Maxx L Williams
- From the Departments of Physiology and Biophysics (J.E.E., E.W., M.L.W., A.R.C.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Gene L Bidwell
- Neurology (G.L.B.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson.,Cell and Molecular Biology (G.L.B.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson.,Pharmacology and Toxicology (G.L.B.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Alejandro R Chade
- From the Departments of Physiology and Biophysics (J.E.E., E.W., M.L.W., A.R.C.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson.,Medicine (A.R.C.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson.,Radiology (A.R.C.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
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35
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Chen C, Perry TL, Chitko-McKown CG, Smith AD, Cheung L, Beshah E, Urban JF, Dawson HD. The regulatory actions of retinoic acid on M2 polarization of porcine macrophages. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 98:20-33. [PMID: 30974109 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that the most bioactive vitamin A metabolite, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), increased T helper 2-associated responses induced in pigs by infection with the parasitic nematode Ascaris suum We also showed that ATRA potentiated the mRNA expression of several IL-4 induced chemokines (chemokine (CC motif) ligand 11 [(CCL11), CCL17, CCL22 and CCL26] associated with alternative activation (M2a) in porcine macrophages in vitro. Herein, several mechanisms whereby ATRA affects IL-4 signaling are profiled using large-scale real time PCR and RNA-Seq analysis. Twenty-three genes associated with M2a markers in other species were independently upregulated by both IL-4 and ATRA, including the adenosine receptor A2B (ADORA2B), cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2 (CYSLTR2) and the vitamin D receptor (VDR). ATRA synergistically enhanced IL-4 up-regulation of Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 2 (HAVCR2) and transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) and further repressed IL-4 down-regulated CD163 and Cytochrome b-245, beta polypeptide (CYBB) mRNA. Macrophages treated with ATRA exhibited a dose-dependent reduction in phagocytosis of opsonized Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, the combination of IL-4 and ATRA up-regulated the anti-inflammatory protein, IL-1R antagonist (IL1RN) and TGM2. These data indicate that ATRA induces a state of partial alternative activation in porcine macrophages, and amplifies certain aspects of M2a activation induced by IL-4. Given the prevalence of allergic and parasitic diseases worldwide and the close similarities in the porcine and human immune responses, these findings have important implications for the nutritional regulation of allergic inflammation at mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Chen
- U.S. Department of Agriculture - Agriculture Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | | | - Carol G Chitko-McKown
- Genetics, Breeding, and Animal Health Research Unit, USMARC, Clay Center, NE, 68933, USA
| | - Allen D Smith
- U.S. Department of Agriculture - Agriculture Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Lumei Cheung
- U.S. Department of Agriculture - Agriculture Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Ethiopia Beshah
- U.S. Department of Agriculture - Agriculture Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Joseph F Urban
- U.S. Department of Agriculture - Agriculture Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Harry D Dawson
- U.S. Department of Agriculture - Agriculture Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
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36
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Young R, Lefevre L, Bush SJ, Joshi A, Singh SH, Jadhav SK, Dhanikachalam V, Lisowski ZM, Iamartino D, Summers KM, Williams JL, Archibald AL, Gokhale S, Kumar S, Hume DA. A Gene Expression Atlas of the Domestic Water Buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis). Front Genet 2019; 10:668. [PMID: 31428126 PMCID: PMC6689995 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The domestic water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) makes a major contribution to the global agricultural economy in the form of milk, meat, hides, and draught power. The global water buffalo population is predominantly found in Asia, and per head of population more people depend upon the buffalo than on any other livestock species. Despite its agricultural importance, there are comparatively fewer genomic and transcriptomic resources available for buffalo than for other livestock species. We have generated a large-scale gene expression atlas covering multiple tissue and cell types from all major organ systems collected from three breeds of riverine water buffalo (Mediterranean, Pandharpuri and Bhadawari) and used the network analysis tool Graphia Professional to identify clusters of genes with similar expression profiles. Alongside similar data, we and others have generated for ruminants as part of the Functional Annotation of Animal Genomes Consortium; this comprehensive transcriptome supports functional annotation and comparative analysis of the water buffalo genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Young
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lucas Lefevre
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Bush
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Akshay Joshi
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Velu Dhanikachalam
- Central Research Station, BAIF Development Research Foundation, Pune, India
| | - Zofia M. Lisowski
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kim M. Summers
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - John L. Williams
- Davies Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Alan L. Archibald
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Suresh Gokhale
- Central Research Station, BAIF Development Research Foundation, Pune, India
| | - Satish Kumar
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
- School of Life Science, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergargh, India
| | - David A. Hume
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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37
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Hume DA, Caruso M, Ferrari-Cestari M, Summers KM, Pridans C, Irvine KM. Phenotypic impacts of CSF1R deficiencies in humans and model organisms. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 107:205-219. [PMID: 31330095 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.mr0519-143r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mϕ proliferation, differentiation, and survival are controlled by signals from the Mϕ CSF receptor (CSF1R). Mono-allelic gain-of-function mutations in CSF1R in humans are associated with an autosomal-dominant leukodystrophy and bi-allelic loss-of-function mutations with recessive skeletal dysplasia, brain disorders, and developmental anomalies. Most of the phenotypes observed in these human disease states are also observed in mice and rats with loss-of-function mutations in Csf1r or in Csf1 encoding one of its two ligands. Studies in rodent models also highlight the importance of genetic background and likely epistatic interactions between Csf1r and other loci. The impacts of Csf1r mutations on the brain are usually attributed solely to direct impacts on microglial number and function. However, analysis of hypomorphic Csf1r mutants in mice and several other lines of evidence suggest that primary hydrocephalus and loss of the physiological functions of Mϕs in the periphery contribute to the development of brain pathology. In this review, we outline the evidence that CSF1R is expressed exclusively in mononuclear phagocytes and explore the mechanisms linking CSF1R mutations to pleiotropic impacts on postnatal growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Hume
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Melanie Caruso
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Kim M Summers
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Clare Pridans
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Katharine M Irvine
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
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38
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Bernelin-Cottet C, Urien C, McCaffrey J, Collins D, Donadei A, McDaid D, Jakob V, Barnier-Quer C, Collin N, Bouguyon E, Bordet E, Barc C, Boulesteix O, Leplat JJ, Blanc F, Contreras V, Bertho N, Moore AC, Schwartz-Cornil I. Electroporation of a nanoparticle-associated DNA vaccine induces higher inflammation and immunity compared to its delivery with microneedle patches in pigs. J Control Release 2019; 308:14-28. [PMID: 31265882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccination is an attractive technology, based on its well-established manufacturing process, safety profile, adaptability to rapidly combat pandemic pathogens, and stability at ambient temperature; however an optimal delivery method of DNA remains to be determined. As pigs are a relevant model for humans, we comparatively evaluated the efficiency of vaccine DNA delivery in vivo to pigs using dissolvable microneedle patches, intradermal inoculation with needle (ID), surface electroporation (EP), with DNA associated or not to cationic poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid nanoparticles (NPs). We used a luciferase encoding plasmid (pLuc) as a reporter and vaccine plasmids encoding antigens from the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV), a clinically-significant swine arterivirus. Patches were successful at inducing luciferase expression in skin although at lower level than EP. EP induced the cutaneaous recruitment of granulocytes, of MHC2posCD172Apos myeloid cells and type 1 conventional dendritic cells, in association with local production of IL-1β, IL-8 and IL-17; these local responses were more limited with ID and undetectable with patches. The addition of NP to EP especially promoted the recruitment of the MHC2posCD172Apos CD163int and CD163neg myeloid subsets. Notably we obtained the strongest and broadest IFNγ T-cell response against a panel of PRRSV antigens with DNA + NPs delivered by EP, whereas patches and ID were ineffective. The anti-PRRSV IgG responses were the highest with EP administration independently of NPs, mild with ID, and undetectable with patches. These results contrast with the immunogenicity and efficacy previously induced in mice with patches. This study concludes that successful DNA vaccine administration in skin can be achieved in pigs with electroporation and patches, but only the former induces local inflammation, humoral and cellular immunity, with the highest potency when NPs were used. This finding shows the importance of evaluating the delivery and immunogenicity of DNA vaccines beyond the mouse model in a preclinical model relevant to human such as pig and reveals that EP with DNA combined to NP induces strong immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Céline Urien
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Joanne McCaffrey
- School of Pharmacy, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Xeolas Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Dublin, Ireland
| | - Damien Collins
- School of Pharmacy, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Xeolas Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Dublin, Ireland
| | - Agnese Donadei
- School of Pharmacy, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Xeolas Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Virginie Jakob
- Vaccine Formulation Laboratory, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Barnier-Quer
- Vaccine Formulation Laboratory, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Collin
- Vaccine Formulation Laboratory, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Edwige Bouguyon
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Elise Bordet
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | | | - Jean-Jacques Leplat
- GABI, INRA-AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Fany Blanc
- GABI, INRA-AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Vanessa Contreras
- Immunology of viral infections and autoimmune diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, INSERM U1184-CEA - Université Paris Sud 11, Fontenay-Aux-Roses et Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Nicolas Bertho
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; BIOEPAR, Oniris, INRA, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - Anne C Moore
- School of Pharmacy, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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39
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Walsh KB, Zhang X, Zhu X, Wohleb E, Woo D, Lu L, Adeoye O. Intracerebral hemorrhage induces monocyte-related gene expression within six hours: Global transcriptional profiling in swine ICH. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34:763-774. [PMID: 30796715 PMCID: PMC6910870 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00399-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a severe neurological disorder with no proven treatment. Our prior research identified a significant association with monocyte level and ICH mortality. To advance our understanding, we sought to identify gene expression after ICH using a swine model to test the hypothesis that ICH would induce peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) gene expression. In 10 pigs with ICH, two PBMC samples were drawn from each with the first immediately prior to ICH induction and the second six hours later. RNA-seq was performed with subsequent bioinformatics analysis using Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and Ingenuity® Pathway Analysis (IPA). There were 182 significantly upregulated and 153 significantly down-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) after ICH. Consistent with findings in humans, significant GO and KEGG pathways were primarily related to inflammation and the immune response. Five genes, all upregulated post-ICH and known to be associated with monocyte activation, were repeatedly DEGs in the significant KEGG pathways: CD14, TLR4, CXCL8, IL-18, and CXCL2. In IPA, the majority of upregulated disease/function categories were related to inflammation and immune cell activation. TNF and LPS were the most significantly activated upstream regulators, and ERK was the most highly connected node in the top network. ICH induced changes in PBMC gene expression within 6 h of onset related to inflammation, the immune response, and, more specifically, monocyte activation. Further research is needed to determine if these changes affect outcomes and may represent new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle B Walsh
- University of Cincinnati Gardner Neuroscience Institute, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0769, USA.
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Xiaoting Zhu
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Eric Wohleb
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- University of Cincinnati Neurobiology Research Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Daniel Woo
- University of Cincinnati Gardner Neuroscience Institute, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Long Lu
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Opeolu Adeoye
- University of Cincinnati Gardner Neuroscience Institute, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0769, USA
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40
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Smith AD, Panickar KS, Urban JF, Dawson HD. Impact of Micronutrients on the Immune Response of Animals. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2019; 6:227-254. [PMID: 29447473 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-022516-022914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Vitamins and minerals (micronutrients) play an important role in regulating and shaping an immune response. Deficiencies generally result in inadequate or dysregulated cellular activity and cytokine expression, thereby affecting the immune response. Decreased levels of natural killer, granulocyte, and phagocytic cell activity and T and B cell proliferation and trafficking are associated with inadequate levels of micronutrients, as well as increased susceptibility to various adverse health conditions, including inflammatory disorders, infection, and altered vaccine efficacy. In addition, most studies of micronutrient modulation of immune responses have been done in rodents and humans, thus limiting application to the health and well-being of livestock and companion animals. This exploratory review elucidates the role of vitamins and minerals on immune function and inflammatory responses in animals (pigs, dogs, cats, horses, goats, sheep, and cattle), with reference to rodents and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen D Smith
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics & Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350, USA;
| | - Kiran S Panickar
- Science & Technology Center, Hills Pet Nutrition Center, Topeka, Kansas 66617, USA
| | - Joseph F Urban
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics & Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350, USA;
| | - Harry D Dawson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics & Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350, USA;
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41
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Herron LR, Pridans C, Turnbull ML, Smith N, Lillico S, Sherman A, Gilhooley HJ, Wear M, Kurian D, Papadakos G, Digard P, Hume DA, Gill AC, Sang HM. A chicken bioreactor for efficient production of functional cytokines. BMC Biotechnol 2018; 18:82. [PMID: 30594166 PMCID: PMC6311007 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-018-0495-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global market for protein drugs has the highest compound annual growth rate of any pharmaceutical class but their availability, especially outside of the US market, is compromised by the high cost of manufacture and validation compared to traditional chemical drugs. Improvements in transgenic technologies allow valuable proteins to be produced by genetically-modified animals; several therapeutic proteins from such animal bioreactors are already on the market after successful clinical trials and regulatory approval. Chickens have lagged behind mammals in bioreactor development, despite a number of potential advantages, due to the historic difficulty in producing transgenic birds, but the production of therapeutic proteins in egg white of transgenic chickens would substantially lower costs across the entire production cycle compared to traditional cell culture-based production systems. This could lead to more affordable treatments and wider markets, including in developing countries and for animal health applications. RESULTS Here we report the efficient generation of new transgenic chicken lines to optimize protein production in eggs. As proof-of-concept, we describe the expression, purification and functional characterization of three pharmaceutical proteins, the human cytokine interferon α2a and two species-specific Fc fusions of the cytokine CSF1. CONCLUSION Our work optimizes and validates a transgenic chicken system for the cost-effective production of pure, high quality, biologically active protein for therapeutics and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lissa R. Herron
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
- Roslin Technologies Limited, Roslin Innovation Centre, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
| | - Clare Pridans
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
- Centre for Inflammation Research at the University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ UK
| | - Matthew L. Turnbull
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
- Medical Research Council University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH UK
| | - Nikki Smith
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
| | - Simon Lillico
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
| | - Adrian Sherman
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
| | - Hazel J. Gilhooley
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
| | - Martin Wear
- Edinburgh Protein Production Facility, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology (WTCCB), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JR UK
| | - Dominic Kurian
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
| | - Grigorios Papadakos
- Roslin Technologies Limited, Roslin Innovation Centre, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
| | - Paul Digard
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
| | - David A. Hume
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
- Centre for Inflammation Research at the University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ UK
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
| | - Andrew C. Gill
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Banks Laboratories, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, Lincolnshire LN6 7DL UK
| | - Helen M. Sang
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
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42
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Waddell LA, Lefevre L, Bush SJ, Raper A, Young R, Lisowski ZM, McCulloch MEB, Muriuki C, Sauter KA, Clark EL, Irvine KM, Pridans C, Hope JC, Hume DA. ADGRE1 (EMR1, F4/80) Is a Rapidly-Evolving Gene Expressed in Mammalian Monocyte-Macrophages. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2246. [PMID: 30327653 PMCID: PMC6174849 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The F4/80 antigen, encoded by the Adgre1 locus, has been widely-used as a monocyte-macrophage marker in mice, but its value as a macrophage marker in other species is unclear, and has even been questioned. ADGRE1 is a seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor with an extracellular domain containing repeated Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)-like calcium binding domains. Using a new monoclonal antibody, we demonstrated that ADGRE1 is a myeloid differentiation marker in pigs, absent from progenitors in bone marrow, highly-expressed in mature granulocytes, monocytes, and tissue macrophages and induced by macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF1) treatment in vivo. Based upon these observations, we utilized RNA-Seq to assess the expression of ADGRE1 mRNA in bone marrow or monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) and alveolar macrophages from 8 mammalian species including pig, human, rat, sheep, goat, cow, water buffalo, and horse. ADGRE1 mRNA was expressed by macrophages in each species, with inter-species variation both in expression level and response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Analysis of the RNA-Seq data also revealed additional exons in several species compared to current Ensembl annotations. The ruminant species and horses appear to encode a complete duplication of the 7 EGF-like domains. In every species, Sashimi plots revealed evidence of exon skipping of the EGF-like domains, which are highly-variable between species and polymorphic in humans. Consistent with these expression patterns, key elements of the promoter and a putative enhancer are also conserved across all species. The rapid evolution of this molecule and related ADGRE family members suggests immune selection and a role in pathogen recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A. Waddell
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lucas Lefevre
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Bush
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Raper
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Young
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Zofia M. Lisowski
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Charity Muriuki
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kristin A. Sauter
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Emily L. Clark
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Clare Pridans
- Centre for Inflammation Research at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jayne C. Hope
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Hume
- Mater Research-University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Inflammation Research at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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43
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Bagheri M, Zahmatkesh A. Evolution and species-specific conservation of toll-like receptors in terrestrial vertebrates. Int Rev Immunol 2018; 37:217-228. [DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2018.1506780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Bagheri
- Department of Genomics and Genetic Engineering, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Azadeh Zahmatkesh
- Department of Genomics and Genetic Engineering, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
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44
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Combination of novel and public RNA-seq datasets to generate an mRNA expression atlas for the domestic chicken. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:594. [PMID: 30086717 PMCID: PMC6081845 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4972-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The domestic chicken (Gallus gallus) is widely used as a model in developmental biology and is also an important livestock species. We describe a novel approach to data integration to generate an mRNA expression atlas for the chicken spanning major tissue types and developmental stages, using a diverse range of publicly-archived RNA-seq datasets and new data derived from immune cells and tissues. Results Randomly down-sampling RNA-seq datasets to a common depth and quantifying expression against a reference transcriptome using the mRNA quantitation tool Kallisto ensured that disparate datasets explored comparable transcriptomic space. The network analysis tool Graphia was used to extract clusters of co-expressed genes from the resulting expression atlas, many of which were tissue or cell-type restricted, contained transcription factors that have previously been implicated in their regulation, or were otherwise associated with biological processes, such as the cell cycle. The atlas provides a resource for the functional annotation of genes that currently have only a locus ID. We cross-referenced the RNA-seq atlas to a publicly available embryonic Cap Analysis of Gene Expression (CAGE) dataset to infer the developmental time course of organ systems, and to identify a signature of the expansion of tissue macrophage populations during development. Conclusion Expression profiles obtained from public RNA-seq datasets – despite being generated by different laboratories using different methodologies – can be made comparable to each other. This meta-analytic approach to RNA-seq can be extended with new datasets from novel tissues, and is applicable to any species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4972-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Liu Q, Zhang YL, Hu W, Hu SP, Zhang Z, Cai XH, He XJ. Transcriptome of porcine alveolar macrophages activated by interferon-gamma and lipopolysaccharide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:2666-2672. [PMID: 30086883 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The molecular repertoire of porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) is greatly affected by the microenvironment they are exposed to, and specifically by inflammatory cytokines, such as interferon gamma (IFN-γ) released by activated lymphocytes, and microbial products, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In our previous study, we found that IFN-γ- and LPS-activated PAMs (M1) could inhibit porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) replication. In this study, comprehensive analysis of the expression profiles of the genes associated with the polarization of M0-type PAMs (resting) toward M1 phenotypes (activated by IFN-γ and LPS) led to the following main results: 1) 1551 and 1823 genes were upregulated or downregulated in M1-type PAMs, respectively, compared with M0-type PAMs; 2) Among these, genes encoding ASS1 and CRTAM were the most upregulated and downregulated, respectively; 3) Genes involved in cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and the JAK/STAT signaling pathway were significantly upregulated, suggesting their critical role in cellular activation; and 4) Genes involved in antigen proteolysis and presentation (immunoproteasome subunits), and inhibition of virus replication (host restriction factors) were significantly upregulated, emphasizing the critical role of these cytokines in immunity. Thus, our results provide important information for future studies on the role of PAM polarization in modulation of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China. liuqiang.@caas.cn
| | - Yong-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.
| | - Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.
| | - Shou-Ping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.
| | - Xue-Hui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.
| | - Xi-Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.
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Abstract
Like many other pathological infectious processes, sepsis is mainly studied in vivo using mice models. Over the past 30 years, such studies have led to significant achievements in understanding of the sepsis pathophysiology. However, unfortunately, none of them led to any «discoveries» in the treatment of patients. In this review, we question the relevance of the experimental models applied, list some aspects rarely taken into account and discuss ways to resolve the deadlock.The text is a translation of the article: Cavail-lon J. M. New methods of treating sepsis: failure of animal models, Bull. Assoc. Anc. El. Inst. Pastor, 2017, 59,230, 58—60. Translation from French by «Akademperevod», Moscow, Russia.
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Fernández-Caballero T, Álvarez B, Alonso F, Revilla C, Martínez-Lobo J, Prieto C, Ezquerra Á, Domínguez J. Interaction of PRRS virus with bone marrow monocyte subsets. Vet Microbiol 2018; 219:123-127. [PMID: 29778184 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PRRSV can replicate for months in lymphoid organs leading to persistent host infections. Porcine bone marrow comprises two major monocyte subsets, one of which expresses CD163 and CD169, two receptors involved in the entry of PRRSV in macrophages. In this study, we investigate the permissiveness of these subsets to PRRSV infection. PRRSV replicates efficiently in BM CD163+ monocytes reaching titers similar to those obtained in alveolar macrophages, but with a delayed kinetics. Infection of BM CD163- monocytes was variable and yielded lower titers. This may be related with the capacity of BM CD163- monocytes to differentiate into CD163+ CD169+ cells after culture in presence of M-CSF. Both subsets secreted IL-8 in response to virus but CD163+ cells tended to produce higher amounts. The infection of BM monocytes by PRRSV may contribute to persistence of the virus in this compartment and to hematological disorders found in infected animals such as the reduction in the number of peripheral blood monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Fernández-Caballero
- Dpto. Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Álvarez
- Dpto. Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Alonso
- Dpto. Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Revilla
- Dpto. Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Martínez-Lobo
- Dpto. Sanidad Animal. Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cinta Prieto
- Dpto. Sanidad Animal. Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Ezquerra
- Dpto. Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Domínguez
- Dpto. Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Chade AR, Williams ML, Engel J, Guise E, Harvey TW. A translational model of chronic kidney disease in swine. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F364-F373. [PMID: 29693449 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00063.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models of chronic kidney disease (CKD) are critical for understanding its pathophysiology and for therapeutic development. The cardiovascular and renal anatomy and physiology of the pig are virtually identical to humans. This study aimed to develop a novel translational model of CKD that mimics the pathological features of CKD in humans. CKD was induced in seven domestic pigs by bilateral renal artery stenosis and diet-induced dyslipidemia. Animals were observed for a total of 14 wk. Renal hemodynamics and function were quantified in vivo using multi-detector CT after 6, 10, and 14 wk of CKD. Urine and blood were collected at each time-point, and blood pressure was continuously measured (telemetry). After completion of in vivo studies, pigs were euthanized, kidneys were removed, and microvascular (MV) architecture (μCT), markers of renal injury, inflammation, and fibrosis were evaluated ex vivo. Additional pigs were used as controls ( n = 7). Renal blood flow and glomerular filtration were reduced by 50% in CKD, accompanied by hypertension and elevated plasma creatinine, albumin-to-creatinine ratio and increased urinary KIM-1 and NGAL, suggesting renal injury. Furthermore, 14 wk of CKD resulted in cortical and medullary MV remodeling and loss, inflammation, glomerulosclerosis, tubular atrophy, and tubule-interstitial fibrosis compared with controls. The current study characterizes a novel model of CKD that mimics several of the pathological features observed in human CKD, irrespective of the etiology. Current approaches only slow rather than halt CKD progression, and this novel model may offer a suitable platform for the development of new treatments in a translational fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro R Chade
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi.,Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi.,Department of Radiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Maxx L Williams
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Jason Engel
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Erika Guise
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Taylor W Harvey
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
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Gao J, Scheenstra MR, van Dijk A, Veldhuizen EJA, Haagsman HP. A new and efficient culture method for porcine bone marrow-derived M1- and M2-polarized macrophages. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 200:7-15. [PMID: 29776615 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages play an important role in the innate immune system as part of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS). They have a pro-inflammatory signature (M1-polarized macrophages) or anti-inflammatory signature (M2-polarized macrophages) based on expression of surface receptors and secretion of cytokines. However, very little is known about the culture of macrophages from pigs and more specific about the M1 and M2 polarization in vitro. METHODS Porcine monocytes or mononuclear bone marrow cells were used to culture M1- and M2-polarized macrophages in the presence of GM-CSF and M-CSF, respectively. Surface receptor expression was measured with flow cytometry and ELISA was used to quantify cytokine secretion in response to LPS and PAM3CSK4 stimulation. Human monocyte-derived macrophages were used as control. RESULTS Porcine M1- and M2-polarized macrophages were cultured best using porcine GM-CSF and murine M-CSF, respectively. Cultures from bone marrow cells resulted in a higher yield M1- and M2-polarized macrophages which were better comparable to human monocyte-derived macrophages than cultures from porcine monocytes. Porcine M1-polarized macrophages displayed the characteristic fried egg shape morphology, lower CD163 expression and low IL-10 production. Porcine M2-polarized macrophages contained the spindle-like morphology, higher CD163 expression and high IL-10 production. CONCLUSION Porcine M1- and M2-polarized macrophages can be most efficiently cultured from mononuclear bone marrow cells using porcine GM-CSF and murine M-CSF. The new culture method facilitates more refined studies of porcine macrophages in vitro, important for both porcine and human health since pigs are increasingly used as model for translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiye Gao
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Rongchang Campus, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Maaike R Scheenstra
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert van Dijk
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin J A Veldhuizen
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Henk P Haagsman
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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