1
|
Singh R, Rani S, Jin Y, Hsiao CHC, Wiemer AJ. Synthesis and evaluation of (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl diphosphate analogs as competitive partial agonists of butyrophilin 3A1. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 276:116673. [PMID: 39029338 PMCID: PMC11323222 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Phosphoantigens (pAgs) induce conformational changes after binding to the intracellular region of BTN3A1 which result in its clustering with BTN2A1, forming an activating ligand for the Vγ9Vδ2 T cell receptor. Here, we designed a small panel of bulky analogs of the prototypical pAg (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl diphosphate (HMBPP) that contain an aromatic ring attached to the C-3 position in place of methyl group. These compounds bind with high affinity to BTN3A1 but fail to fully support its interaction with BTN2A1 and only partially trigger T cell activation relative to HMBPP. Furthermore, they can compete with HMBPP for cellular binding to BTN3A1 and reduce the cellular response to HMBPP, a classic partial agonist phenotype. Trifluoromethyl analog 6e was the weakest agonist but the strongest inhibitor of HMBPP ELISA response. Our study provides a rationale for the mode of action of pAg-induced γδ T cell activation and provides insights into other naturally occurring BTN proteins and their respective ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269-3092, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences & Technology, Dr. Vishwanath Karad, MIT-World Peace University, Pune, 411038, India
| | - Sarita Rani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269-3092, United States
| | - Yiming Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269-3092, United States
| | - Chia-Hung Christine Hsiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269-3092, United States
| | - Andrew J Wiemer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269-3092, United States; Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269-3092, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yared N, Papadopoulou M, Barennes P, Pham HP, Quiniou V, Netzer S, Kaminski H, Burguet L, Demeste A, Colas P, Mora-Charrot L, Rousseau B, Izotte J, Zouine A, Gauthereau X, Vermijlen D, Déchanet-Merville J, Capone M. Long-lived central memory γδ T cells confer protection against murine cytomegalovirus reinfection. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1010785. [PMID: 38976755 PMCID: PMC11257398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The involvement of γδ TCR-bearing lymphocytes in immunological memory has gained increasing interest due to their functional duality between adaptive and innate immunity. γδ T effector memory (TEM) and central memory (TCM) subsets have been identified, but their respective roles in memory responses are poorly understood. In the present study, we used subsequent mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infections of αβ T cell deficient mice in order to analyze the memory potential of γδ T cells. As for CMV-specific αβ T cells, MCMV induced the accumulation of cytolytic, KLRG1+CX3CR1+ γδ TEM that principally localized in infected organ vasculature. Typifying T cell memory, γδ T cell expansion in organs and blood was higher after secondary viral challenge than after primary infection. Viral control upon MCMV reinfection was prevented when masking γδ T-cell receptor, and was associated with a preferential amplification of private and unfocused TCR δ chain repertoire composed of a combination of clonotypes expanded post-primary infection and, more unexpectedly, of novel expanded clonotypes. Finally, long-term-primed γδ TCM cells, but not γδ TEM cells, protected T cell-deficient hosts against MCMV-induced death upon adoptive transfer, probably through their ability to survive and to generate TEM in the recipient host. This better survival potential of TCM cells was confirmed by a detailed scRNASeq analysis of the two γδ T cell memory subsets which also revealed their similarity to classically adaptive αβ CD8 T cells. Overall, our study uncovered memory properties of long-lived TCM γδ T cells that confer protection in a chronic infection, highlighting the interest of this T cell subset in vaccination approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Yared
- Bordeaux University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, ImmunoConcEpt, UMR 5164, ERL 1303, ImmunoConcEpt, Bordeaux, France
| | - Maria Papadopoulou
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
- Université Libre de Bruxelles Center for Research in Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Sonia Netzer
- Bordeaux University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, ImmunoConcEpt, UMR 5164, ERL 1303, ImmunoConcEpt, Bordeaux, France
| | - Hanna Kaminski
- Bordeaux University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, ImmunoConcEpt, UMR 5164, ERL 1303, ImmunoConcEpt, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laure Burguet
- Bordeaux University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, ImmunoConcEpt, UMR 5164, ERL 1303, ImmunoConcEpt, Bordeaux, France
| | - Amandine Demeste
- Bordeaux University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, ImmunoConcEpt, UMR 5164, ERL 1303, ImmunoConcEpt, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pacôme Colas
- Bordeaux University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, ImmunoConcEpt, UMR 5164, ERL 1303, ImmunoConcEpt, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lea Mora-Charrot
- Bordeaux University, Service Commun des Animaleries, Bordeaux, France
| | - Benoit Rousseau
- Bordeaux University, Service Commun des Animaleries, Bordeaux, France
| | - Julien Izotte
- Bordeaux University, Service Commun des Animaleries, Bordeaux, France
| | - Atika Zouine
- Bordeaux University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, FACSility, TBM Core, Bordeaux, France
| | - Xavier Gauthereau
- Bordeaux University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, OneCell, RT-PCR and Single Cell Libraries, TBM Core, Bordeaux, France
| | - David Vermijlen
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
- Université Libre de Bruxelles Center for Research in Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- WELBIO department, Walloon ExceLlence Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Julie Déchanet-Merville
- Bordeaux University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, ImmunoConcEpt, UMR 5164, ERL 1303, ImmunoConcEpt, Bordeaux, France
| | - Myriam Capone
- Bordeaux University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, ImmunoConcEpt, UMR 5164, ERL 1303, ImmunoConcEpt, Bordeaux, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fischer K, Bradlerova M, Decker T, Supper V. Vγ9+Vδ2+ T cell control of Listeria monocytogenes growth in infected epithelial cells requires butyrophilin 3A genes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18651. [PMID: 37903831 PMCID: PMC10616279 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45587-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular bacteria produce antigens, which serve as potent activators of γδ T cells. Phosphoantigens are presented via a complex of butyrophilins (BTN) to signal infection to human Vγ9+Vδ2+ T cells. Here, we established an in vitro system allowing for studies of Vγ9+Vδ2+ T cell activity in coculture with epithelial cells infected with the intracellular bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. We report that the Vγ9+Vδ2+ T cells efficiently control L. monocytogenes growth in such cultures. This effector function requires the expression of members of the BTN3A family on epithelial cells. Specifically, we observed a BTN3A1-independent BTN3A3 activity to present antigen to Vγ9+Vδ2+ T cells. Since BTN3A1 is the only BTN3A associated with phosphoantigen presentation, our study suggests that BTN3A3 may present different classes of antigens to mediate Vγ9+Vδ2+ T cell effector function against L. monocytogenes-infected epithelia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Fischer
- Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Center for Molecular Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Bradlerova
- Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Center for Molecular Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Decker
- Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Center for Molecular Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Verena Supper
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Perriman L, Tavakolinia N, Jalali S, Li S, Hickey PF, Amann-Zalcenstein D, Ho WWH, Baldwin TM, Piers AT, Konstantinov IE, Anderson J, Stanley EG, Licciardi PV, Kannourakis G, Naik SH, Koay HF, Mackay LK, Berzins SP, Pellicci DG. A three-stage developmental pathway for human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells within the postnatal thymus. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eabo4365. [PMID: 37450574 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abo4365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are the largest population of γδ T cells in adults and can play important roles in providing effective immunity against cancer and infection. Many studies have suggested that peripheral Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are derived from the fetal liver and thymus and that the postnatal thymus plays little role in the development of these cells. More recent evidence suggested that these cells may also develop postnatally in the thymus. Here, we used high-dimensional flow cytometry, transcriptomic analysis, functional assays, and precursor-product experiments to define the development pathway of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in the postnatal thymus. We identify three distinct stages of development for Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in the postnatal thymus that are defined by the progressive acquisition of functional potential and major changes in the expression of transcription factors, chemokines, and other surface markers. Furthermore, our analysis of donor-matched thymus and blood revealed that the molecular requirements for the development of functional Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are delivered predominantly by the postnatal thymus and not in the periphery. Tbet and Eomes, which are required for IFN-γ and TNFα expression, are up-regulated as Vγ9Vδ2 T cells mature in the thymus, and mature thymic Vγ9Vδ2 T cells rapidly express high levels of these cytokines after stimulation. Similarly, the postnatal thymus programs Vγ9Vδ2 T cells to express the cytolytic molecules, perforin, granzyme A, and granzyme K. This study provides a greater understanding of how Vγ9Vδ2 T cells develop in humans and may lead to opportunities to manipulate these cells to treat human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louis Perriman
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, Australia
- Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Australia
| | - Naeimeh Tavakolinia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sedigheh Jalali
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shuo Li
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter F Hickey
- Advanced Genomics Facility and Single Cell Open Research Endeavour (SCORE), Advanced Technology and Biology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniela Amann-Zalcenstein
- Advanced Genomics Facility and Single Cell Open Research Endeavour (SCORE), Advanced Technology and Biology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - William Wing Ho Ho
- Advanced Genomics Facility and Single Cell Open Research Endeavour (SCORE), Advanced Technology and Biology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tracey M Baldwin
- Advanced Genomics Facility and Single Cell Open Research Endeavour (SCORE), Advanced Technology and Biology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam T Piers
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Cardiovascular Genomics and Regenerative Medicine, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Igor E Konstantinov
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Cardiovascular Genomics and Regenerative Medicine, Melbourne, Australia
- Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jeremy Anderson
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Edouard G Stanley
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul V Licciardi
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - George Kannourakis
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, Australia
- Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Australia
| | - Shalin H Naik
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hui-Fern Koay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Laura K Mackay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stuart P Berzins
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, Australia
- Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Daniel G Pellicci
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Cardiovascular Genomics and Regenerative Medicine, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Barber-Axthelm IM, Wragg KM, Esterbauer R, Amarasena TH, Barber-Axthelm VR, Wheatley AK, Gibbon AM, Kent SJ, Juno JA. Phenotypic and functional characterization of pharmacologically expanded Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in pigtail macaques. iScience 2023; 26:106269. [PMID: 36936791 PMCID: PMC10014287 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
While gaining interest as treatment for cancer and infectious disease, the clinical efficacy of Vγ9Vδ2 T cell-based immunotherapeutics has to date been limited. An improved understanding of γδ T cell heterogeneity across lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues, before and after pharmacological expansion, is required. Here, we describe the phenotype and tissue distribution of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells at steady state and following in vivo pharmacological expansion in pigtail macaques. Intravenous phosphoantigen administration with subcutaneous rhIL-2 drove robust expansion of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in blood and pulmonary mucosa, while expansion was confined to the pulmonary mucosa following intratracheal antigen administration. Peripheral blood Vγ9Vδ2 T cell expansion was polyclonal, and associated with a significant loss of CCR6 expression due to IL-2-mediated receptor downregulation. Overall, we show the tissue distribution and phenotype of in vivo pharmacologically expanded Vγ9Vδ2 T cells can be altered based on the antigen administration route, with implications for tissue trafficking and the clinical efficacy of Vγ9Vδ2 T cell immunotherapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac M. Barber-Axthelm
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Kathleen M. Wragg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Robyn Esterbauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Thakshila H. Amarasena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Valerie R.B. Barber-Axthelm
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Adam K. Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Anne M. Gibbon
- Monash Animal Research Platform, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Jennifer A. Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vidard L. 4-1BB and cytokines trigger human NK, γδ T, and CD8 + T cell proliferation and activation, but are not required for their effector functions. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e749. [PMID: 36705415 PMCID: PMC9753824 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study was designed to compare the costimulatory molecules and cytokines required to trigger the proliferation and activation of natural killer (NK), γδ T, and CD8+ T cells, and gain in-depth insight into the mechanisms shifting tolerance to immunity. METHODS K562-derived artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPCs); that is, K562 forced to express CD86 and 4-1BBL costimulatory receptors, in the presence of cytokines, were used to mimic dendritic cells (DCs) and provide signals to support the proliferation and activation of NK, γδ T, and CD8+ T cells. RESULTS Three signals are required to trigger optimal proliferation in MART-1-specific CD8+ T cells: activation of T-cell receptors (TCRs) by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I/peptide complexes (signal 1); 4-1BB engagement (signal 2); and IL-15 and IL-21 receptor co-signaling (signal 3). NK and γδ T cell proliferation also require three signals, but the precise nature of signal 1 involving cell-to-cell contact was not determined. Once they become effectors, only signal 1 determines the sensitivity or resistance of the target cells to cytolysis by killer lymphocytes. When freshly purified, none had effector functions, except the NK cells, which could be activated by CD16 engagement. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, lymphocytes committed to kill are produced as inactive precursors, and the license to kill is delivered by three signals, allowing for extensive proliferation and effector function acquisition. This data challenges the paradigm of anergy and supports the danger signal theory originally proposed by Polly Matzinger, which states that killer cells are tolerant by default, thereby protecting the mammalian body from autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Vidard
- Department of Immuno‐OncologySanofiVitry‐sur‐SeineFrance
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gay L, Mezouar S, Cano C, Frohna P, Madakamutil L, Mège JL, Olive D. Role of Vγ9vδ2 T lymphocytes in infectious diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:928441. [PMID: 35924233 PMCID: PMC9340263 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.928441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The T cell receptor Vγ9Vδ2 T cells bridge innate and adaptive antimicrobial immunity in primates. These Vγ9Vδ2 T cells respond to phosphoantigens (pAgs) present in microbial or eukaryotic cells in a butyrophilin 3A1 (BTN3) and butyrophilin 2A1 (BTN2A1) dependent manner. In humans, the rapid expansion of circulating Vγ9Vδ2 T lymphocytes during several infections as well as their localization at the site of active disease demonstrates their important role in the immune response to infection. However, Vγ9Vδ2 T cell deficiencies have been observed in some infectious diseases such as active tuberculosis and chronic viral infections. In this review, we are providing an overview of the mechanisms of Vγ9Vδ2 T cell-mediated antimicrobial immunity. These cells kill infected cells mainly by releasing lytic mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines and inducing target cell apoptosis. In addition, the release of chemokines and cytokines allows the recruitment and activation of immune cells, promoting the initiation of the adaptive immune response. Finaly, we also describe potential new therapeutic tools of Vγ9Vδ2 T cell-based immunotherapy that could be applied to emerging infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Gay
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Intitut Recherche pour le Développement (IRT), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbe, Evolution, Phylogeny, Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France
- Immunology Department, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- ImCheck Therapeutics, Marseille, France
| | - Soraya Mezouar
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Intitut Recherche pour le Développement (IRT), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbe, Evolution, Phylogeny, Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France
- Immunology Department, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | - Jean-Louis Mège
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Intitut Recherche pour le Développement (IRT), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbe, Evolution, Phylogeny, Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France
- Immunology Department, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Univ, APHM, Hôpital de la Conception, Laboratoire d’Immunologie, Marseille, France
| | - Daniel Olive
- Centre pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Marseille (CRCM), Inserm UMR1068, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) UMR7258, Institut Paoli Calmettes, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shen H, Yang E, Guo M, Yang R, Huang G, Peng Y, Sha W, Wang F, Shen L. Adjunctive Zoledronate+IL-2 administrations enhance anti-tuberculosis Vγ2Vδ2 T-effector populations, and improve treatment outcome of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:1790-1805. [PMID: 35765887 PMCID: PMC9310823 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2095930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a refractory disease with high mortality rate due to no or few choices of antibiotics. Adjunctive immunotherapy may help improve treatment outcome of MDR-TB. Our decade-long studies demonstrated that phosphoantigen-specific Vγ2Vδ2 T cells play protective roles in immunity against TB. Here, we hypothesized that enhancing protective Vγ2Vδ2 T-effector cells could improve treatment outcome of MDR-TB. To address this, we employed clinically approved drugs Zoledronate (ZOL) and IL-2 to induce anti-TB Vγ2Vδ2 T-effector cells as adjunctive immunotherapy against MDR-TB infection of macaques. We found that adjunctive ZOL/IL-2 administrations during TB drugs treatment of MDR-TB-infected macaques significantly expanded Vγ2Vδ2 T cells and enhanced/sustained Vγ2Vδ2 T-effector subpopulation producing anti-TB cytokines until week 21. ZOL/IL-2 administrations, while expanding Vγ2Vδ2 T cells, significantly increased/sustained numbers of circulating CD4+ Th1 and CD8+ Th1-like effector populations, with some γδ T- or αβ T-effector populations trafficking to airway at week 3 until week 19 or 21 after MDR-TB infection. Adjunctive ZOL/IL-2 administrations after MDR-TB infection led to lower bacterial burdens in lungs than TB drugs alone, IL-2 alone or saline controls, and resulted in milder MDR-TB pathology/lesions. Thus, adjunctive Zoledronate + IL-2 administrations can enhance anti-TB Vγ2Vδ2 T- and αβ T-effector populations, and improve treatment outcome of MDR-TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Shen
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease (tuberculosis), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Enzhuo Yang
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease (tuberculosis), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Rui Yang
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease (tuberculosis), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guixian Huang
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease (tuberculosis), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Peng
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease (tuberculosis), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Sha
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease (tuberculosis), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ling Shen
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gay L, Mezouar S, Cano C, Foucher E, Gabriac M, Fullana M, Madakamutil L, Mège JL, Olive D. BTN3A Targeting Vγ9Vδ2 T Cells Antimicrobial Activity Against Coxiella burnetii-Infected Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:915244. [PMID: 35833118 PMCID: PMC9272908 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.915244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vγ9Vδ2 T cells have been reported to participate to the immune response against infectious diseases such as the Q fever caused by Coxiella burnetii infection. Indeed, the number and proportion of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are increased during the acute phase of Q fever. Human Vγ9Vδ2 T cell responses are triggered by phosphoantigens (pAgs) produced by pathogens and malignant cells, that are sensed via the membrane receptors butyrophilin-3A1 (BTN3A1) and -2A1 (BTN2A1). Here, by using CRISPR-Cas9 inactivation in THP-1 cells, we show that BTN3A and BTN2A are required to Vγ9Vδ2 T cell response to C. burnetii infection, though not directly involved in the infection process. Furthermore, C. burnetii-infected monocytes display increased BTN3A and BTN2A expression and induce Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation that can be inhibited by specific antagonist mAb. More importantly, we show that the antimicrobial functions of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells towards C. burnetii are enhanced in the presence of an BTN3A activating antibody. This supports the role of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in the control of C. burnetii infection and argues in favor of targeting these cells as an alternative treatment strategy for infectious diseases caused by intracellular bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Gay
- Aix-Marseille University (Univ), IRD, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbe, Evolution, Phylogeny, Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- ImCheck Therapeutics, Marseille, France
| | - Soraya Mezouar
- Aix-Marseille University (Univ), IRD, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbe, Evolution, Phylogeny, Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jean-Louis Mège
- Aix-Marseille University (Univ), IRD, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbe, Evolution, Phylogeny, Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille University (Univ), Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille (APHM), Hôpital de la Conception, Laboratoire d’Immunologie, Marseille, France
| | - Daniel Olive
- Centre de Recheche contre le cancer de Marseille (CRCM), Inserm UMR1068, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) UMR7258, Institut Paoli Calmettes, Marseille, France
- *Correspondence: Daniel Olive,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rampoldi F, Prinz I. Three Layers of Intestinal γδ T Cells Talk Different Languages With the Microbiota. Front Immunol 2022; 13:849954. [PMID: 35422795 PMCID: PMC9004464 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.849954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosal surfaces of our body are the main contact site where the immune system encounters non-self molecules from food-derived antigens, pathogens, and symbiotic bacteria. γδ T cells are one of the most abundant populations in the gut. Firstly, they include intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes, which screen and maintain the intestinal barrier integrity in close contact with the epithelium. A second layer of intestinal γδ T cells is found among lamina propria lymphocytes (LPL)s. These γδ LPLs are able to produce IL-17 and likely have functional overlap with local Th17 cells and innate lymphoid cells. In addition, a third population of γδ T cells resides within the Peyer´s patches, where it is probably involved in antigen presentation and supports the mucosal humoral immunity. Current obstacles in understanding γδ T cells in the gut include the lack of information on cognate ligands of the γδ TCR and an incomplete understanding of their physiological role. In this review, we summarize and discuss what is known about different subpopulations of γδ T cells in the murine and human gut and we discuss their interactions with the gut microbiota in the context of homeostasis and pathogenic infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Rampoldi
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Institute of Systems Immunology, Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Khairallah C, Bettke JA, Gorbatsevych O, Qiu Z, Zhang Y, Cho K, Kim KS, Chu TH, Imperato JN, Hatano S, Romanov G, Yoshikai Y, Puddington L, Surh CD, Bliska JB, van der Velden AWM, Sheridan BS. A blend of broadly-reactive and pathogen-selected Vγ4 Vδ1 T cell receptors confer broad bacterial reactivity of resident memory γδ T cells. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:176-187. [PMID: 34462572 PMCID: PMC8738109 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00447-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Although murine γδ T cells are largely considered innate immune cells, they have recently been reported to form long-lived memory populations. Much remains unknown about the biology and specificity of memory γδ T cells. Here, we interrogated intestinal memory Vγ4 Vδ1 T cells generated after foodborne Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) infection to uncover an unanticipated complexity in the specificity of these cells. Deep TCR sequencing revealed that a subset of non-canonical Vδ1 clones are selected by Lm infection, consistent with antigen-specific clonal expansion. Ex vivo stimulations and in vivo heterologous challenge infections with diverse pathogenic bacteria revealed that Lm-elicited memory Vγ4 Vδ1 T cells are broadly reactive. The Vγ4 Vδ1 T cell recall response to Lm, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STm) and Citrobacter rodentium was largely mediated by the γδTCR as internalizing the γδTCR prevented T cell expansion. Both broadly-reactive canonical and pathogen-selected non-canonical Vδ1 clones contributed to memory responses to Lm and STm. Interestingly, some non-canonical γδ T cell clones selected by Lm infection also responded after STm infection, suggesting some level of cross-reactivity. These findings underscore the promiscuous nature of memory γδ T cells and suggest that pathogen-elicited memory γδ T cells are potential targets for broad-spectrum anti-infective vaccines.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Bacterial Infections/immunology
- Bacterial Vaccines/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Citrobacter rodentium/physiology
- Cross Reactions
- High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
- Immunity, Heterologous
- Listeria monocytogenes/physiology
- Memory T Cells/immunology
- Memory T Cells/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Salmonella typhi/physiology
- T-Cell Antigen Receptor Specificity
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Khairallah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Julie A Bettke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Oleksandr Gorbatsevych
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Zhijuan Qiu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Kyungjin Cho
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Division of integrative Biosciences & Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Soon Kim
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Division of integrative Biosciences & Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Timothy H Chu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Jessica N Imperato
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Shinya Hatano
- Division of Immunology and Genome Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Galina Romanov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Yasunobo Yoshikai
- Division of Immunology and Genome Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Lynn Puddington
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Charles D Surh
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Division of integrative Biosciences & Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - James B Bliska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Adrianus W M van der Velden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Brian S Sheridan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Alice AF, Kramer G, Bambina S, Bahjat KS, Gough MJ, Crittenden MR. Listeria monocytogenes-infected human monocytic derived dendritic cells activate Vγ9Vδ2 T cells independently of HMBPP production. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16347. [PMID: 34381163 PMCID: PMC8358051 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95908-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-delta (γδ) T cells express T cell receptors (TCR) that are preconfigured to recognize signs of pathogen infection. In primates, γδ T cells expressing the Vγ9Vδ2 TCR innately recognize (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but- 2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP), a product of the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4- phosphate (MEP) pathway in bacteria that is presented in infected cells via interaction with members of the B7 family of costimulatory molecules butyrophilin (BTN) 3A1 and BTN2A1. In humans, Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) vaccine platforms have the potential to generate potent Vγ9Vδ2 T cell recognition. To evaluate the activation of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells by Lm-infected human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DC) we engineered Lm strains that lack components of the MEP pathway. Direct infection of Mo-DC with these bacteria were unchanged in their ability to activate CD107a expression in Vγ9Vδ2 T cells despite an inability to synthesize HMBPP. Importantly, functional BTN3A1 was essential for this activation. Unexpectedly, we found that cytoplasmic entry of Lm into human dendritic cells resulted in upregulation of cholesterol metabolism in these cells, and the effect of pathway regulatory drugs suggest this occurs via increased synthesis of the alternative endogenous Vγ9Vδ2 ligand isoprenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and/or its isomer dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP). Thus, following direct infection, host pathways regulated by cytoplasmic entry of Lm can trigger Vγ9Vδ2 T cell recognition of infected cells without production of the unique bacterial ligand HMBPP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro F Alice
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St, Portland, OR, 97213, USA
| | - Gwen Kramer
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St, Portland, OR, 97213, USA
| | - Shelly Bambina
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St, Portland, OR, 97213, USA
| | - Keith S Bahjat
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St, Portland, OR, 97213, USA.,Astellas Pharma US, 100 Kimball Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Michael J Gough
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St, Portland, OR, 97213, USA
| | - Marka R Crittenden
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St, Portland, OR, 97213, USA. .,The Oregon Clinic, Portland, OR, 97213, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
McCarthy NE, Stagg AJ, Price CL, Mann ER, Gellatly NL, Al-Hassi HO, Knight SC, Panoskaltsis N. Patients with gastrointestinal irritability after TGN1412-induced cytokine storm displayed selective expansion of gut-homing αβ and γδT cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:1143-1153. [PMID: 33048222 PMCID: PMC7552579 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02723-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Following infusion of the anti-CD28 superagonist monoclonal antibody TGN1412, three of six previously healthy, young male recipients developed gastrointestinal irritability associated with increased expression of 'gut-homing' integrin β7 on peripheral blood αβT cells. This subset of patients with intestinal symptoms also displayed a striking and persistent expansion of putative Vδ2+ γδT cells in the circulation which declined over a 2-year period following drug infusion, concordant with subsiding gut symptoms. These data demonstrate that TGN1412-induced gastrointestinal symptoms were associated with dysregulation of the 'gut-homing' pool of blood αβ and γδT cells, induced directly by the antibody and/or arising from the subsequent cytokine storm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil E McCarthy
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, London, UK.
- Centre for Immunobiology, The Blizard Institute, Bart's and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Andrew J Stagg
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, London, UK
- Centre for Immunobiology, The Blizard Institute, Bart's and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Claire L Price
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, London, UK
- Lucid Group Communications, Buckinghamshire, UK
| | - Elizabeth R Mann
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, London, UK
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Nichola L Gellatly
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, London, UK
| | - Hafid O Al-Hassi
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, London, UK
- Research Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Stella C Knight
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, London, UK
| | - Nicki Panoskaltsis
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, London, UK.
- Department of Haematology, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, London, UK.
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- BioMedical Systems Engineering Laboratory, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ruibal P, Voogd L, Joosten SA, Ottenhoff THM. The role of donor-unrestricted T-cells, innate lymphoid cells, and NK cells in anti-mycobacterial immunity. Immunol Rev 2021; 301:30-47. [PMID: 33529407 PMCID: PMC8154655 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination strategies against mycobacteria, focusing mostly on classical T‐ and B‐cells, have shown limited success, encouraging the addition of alternative targets. Classically restricted T‐cells recognize antigens presented via highly polymorphic HLA class Ia and class II molecules, while donor‐unrestricted T‐cells (DURTs), with few exceptions, recognize ligands via genetically conserved antigen presentation molecules. Consequently, DURTs can respond to the same ligands across diverse human populations. DURTs can be activated either through cognate TCR ligation or via bystander cytokine signaling. TCR‐driven antigen‐specific activation of DURTs occurs upon antigen presentation via non‐polymorphic molecules such as HLA‐E, CD1, MR1, and butyrophilin, leading to the activation of HLA‐E–restricted T‐cells, CD1‐restricted T‐cells, mucosal‐associated invariant T‐cells (MAITs), and TCRγδ T‐cells, respectively. NK cells and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), which lack rearranged TCRs, are activated through other receptor‐triggering pathways, or can be engaged through bystander cytokines, produced, for example, by activated antigen‐specific T‐cells or phagocytes. NK cells can also develop trained immune memory and thus could represent cells of interest to mobilize by novel vaccines. In this review, we summarize the latest findings regarding the contributions of DURTs, NK cells, and ILCs in anti–M tuberculosis, M leprae, and non‐tuberculous mycobacterial immunity and explore possible ways in which they could be harnessed through vaccines and immunotherapies to improve protection against Mtb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ruibal
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Linda Voogd
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Simone A Joosten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kumarasingha R, Ioannidis LJ, Abeysekera W, Studniberg S, Wijesurendra D, Mazhari R, Poole DP, Mueller I, Schofield L, Hansen DS, Eriksson EM. Transcriptional Memory-Like Imprints and Enhanced Functional Activity in γδ T Cells Following Resolution of Malaria Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:582358. [PMID: 33154754 PMCID: PMC7591758 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.582358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells play an essential role in the immune response to many pathogens, including Plasmodium. However, long-lasting effects of infection on the γδ T cell population still remain inadequately understood. This study focused on assessing molecular and functional changes that persist in the γδ T cell population following resolution of malaria infection. We investigated transcriptional changes and memory-like functional capacity of malaria pre-exposed γδ T cells using a Plasmodiumchabaudi infection model. We show that multiple genes associated with effector function (chemokines, cytokines and cytotoxicity) and antigen-presentation were upregulated in P. chabaudi-exposed γδ T cells compared to γδ T cells from naïve mice. This transcriptional profile was positively correlated with profiles observed in conventional memory CD8+ T cells and was accompanied by enhanced reactivation upon secondary encounter with Plasmodium-infected red blood cells in vitro. Collectively our data demonstrate that Plasmodium exposure result in "memory-like imprints" in the γδ T cell population and also promotes γδ T cells that can support antigen-presentation during subsequent infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rasika Kumarasingha
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Lisa J. Ioannidis
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Waruni Abeysekera
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephanie Studniberg
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Dinidu Wijesurendra
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ramin Mazhari
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel P. Poole
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Louis Schofield
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, QLD, Australia
| | - Diana S. Hansen
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Emily M. Eriksson
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Shen L, Huang D, Qaqish A, Frencher J, Yang R, Shen H, Chen ZW. Fast-acting γδ T-cell subpopulation and protective immunity against infections. Immunol Rev 2020; 298:254-263. [PMID: 33037700 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Unique Vγ2Vδ2 (Vγ9Vδ2) T cells existing only in human and non-human primates, account for the majority of circulating γδ T cells in human adults. Vγ2Vδ2 T cells are the sole γδ T-cell subpopulation capable of recognizing the microbial (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP) produced by selected pathogens during infections. Recent seminal studies in non-human primate models have demonstrated that the unique HMBPP-specific Vγ2Vδ2 T cells are fast-acting, multi-functional, and protective during infections. This article reviews the recent seminal observations of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells in protective mechanisms against tuberculosis and other infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Shen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dan Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Arwa Qaqish
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - James Frencher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rui Yang
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Tongji University Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongbo Shen
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Tongji University Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng W Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Magnoumba M, Singh A, Ogongo P, Roider J, Asowata O, Fehlings M, Karim F, Ndung'u T, Anderson F, Leslie A, Kløverpris H. Unbiased Profiling Reveals Compartmentalization of Unconventional T-Cells Within the Intestinal Mucosa Irrespective of HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:579743. [PMID: 33117384 PMCID: PMC7561384 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.579743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal mucosa is enriched for unconventional T-cells, including mucosal associated invariant T-cells (MAIT), invariant natural killer T-cells (iNKT) and γδ T-cells. These cells are activated by bacterial metabolites, lipid antigens and cytokines, and are important for intestinal barrier integrity. The loss of gut homeostasis observed in HIV infection is central to disease pathogenesis, and studies have highlighted impairment of particular unconventional T-cell subsets within a specific gut compartment. However, although the small and large intestine are distinct niches, the overall impact of HIV on unconventional T-cells across the gut mucosal has not been well-studied. We hypothesized that compartment specific differences in the unconventional T-cell repertoire would exist between the small and large intestine, due to increasing bacterial loads and microbial diversity; and that the impact of HIV infection might differ depending on the compartment examined. We used mass cytometry, flow cytometry and unbiased T-cell receptor profiling to quantify unconventional T-cells in blood and tissue from the small (duodenum) and large (colon) intestine in HIV infected and uninfected participants undergoing examination for a range of intestinal conditions. Overall, we find distinct compartmentalisation of T-cells between blood, duodenum and colon, with iNKT cells significantly enriched in the duodenum and δ-1 expressing γδ T-cells in the colon. In addition, we observe greater clonal expansion of conventional TCRs in the duodenum, suggestive of stronger adaptive immunity in this compartment. Conversely, we find evidence of an expanded unconventional TCR repertoire in the colon, which contained far more overlapping “donor unrestricted” sequences than the duodenum. Twelve of these TCRs were highly “MAIT-like” and 3 were unique to the colon, suggesting an enrichment of donor unrestricted T-cells (DURTs) in this compartment. Unexpectedly, however, no significant impact of HIV infection on any of the unconventional T-cell subsets measured was observed in either mucosal site in terms of frequency or TCR repertoire. Further studies are required to investigate the importance of these unconventional T-cell subsets to intestinal homeostasis within the different gut compartments and determine if they are functionally impaired during HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magalli Magnoumba
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa
| | - Alveera Singh
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa
| | - Paul Ogongo
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa.,Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Julia Roider
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medizinische Klinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Osaretin Asowata
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Farina Karim
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa
| | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa.,HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Anderson
- Department of Surgery, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Hospital, Durban, South Africa
| | - Alasdair Leslie
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa.,Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik Kløverpris
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa.,Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Immune memory is essential for host defense against invaders and it is also used as a basis for vaccine development. For these reasons, it is crucial to understand its molecular basis. In this review, we describe recent findings on memory characteristics of innate-like lymphocytes and its contribution to host protection.(Figure is included in full-text article.) RECENT FINDINGS: In addition to adaptive immune cells, innate cells are also able to mount memory responses through a process called 'trained immunity.' Importantly, the lymphoid lineage is not restricted to cells carrying specific T-cell or B-cell receptors, but include cells with germline-encoded receptors. Recent studies show that these innate-like lymphocytes are able to generate efficient recall responses to reinfection. In different circumstances and depending on the cell type, innate-like lymphocyte memory can be antigen-specific or unspecific. Epigenetic changes accompany the generation of memory in these cells, but are still poorly defined. SUMMARY Immune memory is not restricted to antigen-specific cells, but also encompass different populations of innate immune cells. Innate-like lymphocytes embrace features of both innate and adaptive immune memory, and thus bridge adaptive and innate immune characteristics.
Collapse
|
19
|
Vγ9Vδ2 T Cells: Can We Re-Purpose a Potent Anti-Infection Mechanism for Cancer Therapy? Cells 2020; 9:cells9040829. [PMID: 32235616 PMCID: PMC7226769 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer therapies based on in vivo stimulation, or on adoptive T cell transfer of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, have been tested in the past decades but have failed to provide consistent clinical efficacy. New, promising concepts such as γδ Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) -T cells and γδ T-cell engagers are currently under preclinical evaluation. Since the impact of factors, such as the relatively low abundance of γδ T cells within tumor tissue is still under investigation, it remains to be shown whether these effector T cells can provide significant efficacy against solid tumors. Here, we highlight key learnings from the natural role of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in the elimination of host cells bearing intracellular bacterial agents and we translate these into the setting of tumor therapy. We discuss the availability and relevance of preclinical models as well as currently available tools and knowledge from a drug development perspective. Finally, we compare advantages and disadvantages of existing therapeutic concepts and propose a role for Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in immune-oncology next to Cluster of Differentiation (CD) 3 activating therapies.
Collapse
|
20
|
The Nonmevalonate Pathway of Isoprenoid Biosynthesis Supports Anaerobic Growth of Listeria monocytogenes. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00788-19. [PMID: 31792073 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00788-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoprenoids are an essential and diverse class of molecules, present in all forms of life, that are synthesized from an essential common precursor derived from either the mevalonate pathway or the nonmevalonate pathway. Most bacteria have one pathway or the other, but the Gram-positive, facultative intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes is unusual because it carries all the genes for both pathways. While the mevalonate pathway has previously been reported to be essential, here we demonstrate that the nonmevalonate pathway can support growth of strains 10403S and EGD-e, but only anaerobically. L. monocytogenes lacking the gene hmgR, encoding the rate-limiting enzyme of the mevalonate pathway, had a doubling time of 4 h under anaerobic conditions, in contrast to the 45 min doubling time of the wild type. In contrast, deleting hmgR in two clinical isolates resulted in mutants that grew significantly faster, doubling in approximately 2 h anaerobically, although they still failed to grow under aerobic conditions without mevalonate. The difference in anaerobic growth rate was traced to three amino acid changes in the nonmevalonate pathway enzyme GcpE, and these changes were sufficient to increase the growth rate of 10403S to the rate observed in the clinical isolates. Despite an increased growth rate, virulence was still dependent on the mevalonate pathway in 10403S strains expressing the more active GcpE allele.
Collapse
|
21
|
Dantzler KW, de la Parte L, Jagannathan P. Emerging role of γδ T cells in vaccine-mediated protection from infectious diseases. Clin Transl Immunology 2019; 8:e1072. [PMID: 31485329 PMCID: PMC6712516 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells are fascinating cells that bridge the innate and adaptive immune systems. They have long been known to proliferate rapidly following infection; however, the identity of the specific γδ T cell subsets proliferating and the role of this expansion in protection from disease have only been explored more recently. Several recent studies have investigated γδ T‐cell responses to vaccines targeting infections such as Mycobacterium, Plasmodium and influenza, and studies in animal models have provided further insight into the association of these responses with improved clinical outcomes. In this review, we examine the evidence for a role for γδ T cells in vaccine‐induced protection against various bacterial, protozoan and viral infections. We further discuss results suggesting potential mechanisms for protection, including cytokine‐mediated direct and indirect killing of infected cells, and highlight remaining open questions in the field. Finally, building on current efforts to integrate strategies targeting γδ T cells into immunotherapies for cancer, we discuss potential approaches to improve vaccines for infectious diseases by inducing γδ T‐cell activation and cytotoxicity.
Collapse
|
22
|
Yang R, Yao L, Shen L, Sha W, Modlin RL, Shen H, Chen ZW. IL-12 Expands and Differentiates Human Vγ2Vδ2 T Effector Cells Producing Antimicrobial Cytokines and Inhibiting Intracellular Mycobacterial Growth. Front Immunol 2019; 10:913. [PMID: 31080452 PMCID: PMC6497761 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
While IL-12 plays a key role in differentiation of protective CD4+ Th1 response, little is known about mechanisms whereby IL-12 differentiates other T-cell populations. Published studies suggest that predominant Vγ2Vδ2 T cells in humans/nonhuman primates (NHP) are a fast-acting T-cell subset, with capacities to rapidly expand and produce Th1 and cytotoxic cytokines in response to phosphoantigen (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP) produced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) or others. However, whether IL-12 signaling pathway mediates fast-acting and Th1 or anti-microbial features of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells remains poorly defined. Here, we show that IL-12, but not other IL-12 family members IL-27/IL-35, apparently expanded HMBPP-activated Vγ2Vδ2 T cells. Although IL-12 and IL-2 similarly expanded HMBPP-activated Vγ2Vδ2 T-cell clones, the IL-12-induced expansion did not require endogenous IL-2 or IL-2 co-signaling during HMBPP + IL-12 co-treatment. IL-12-induced expansion of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells required the PI3K/AKT and STAT4 activation pathways and endogenous TNF-α signaling but did not involve p38/MAPK or IFN-γ signals. IL-12-expanded Vγ2Vδ2 T cells exhibited central/effector memory phenotypes and differentiated into polyfunctional effector cell subtypes which expressed TBX21/T-bet, antimicrobial cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α, GM-CSF, and cytotoxic granule molecules. Furthermore, the IL-12-expanded Vγ2Vδ2 T cells inhibited the growth of intracellular mycobacteria in IFN-γ- or TNF-α-dependent fashion. Our findings support the concept that IL-12 drives early development of fast-acting Vγ2Vδ2 T effector cells in antimicrobial immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Yao
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Shen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Wei Sha
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Robert L Modlin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hongbo Shen
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng W Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Immunization of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells programs sustained effector memory responses that control tuberculosis in nonhuman primates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:6371-6378. [PMID: 30850538 PMCID: PMC6442559 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1811380116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the urgent need for a better tuberculosis (TB) vaccine, relevant protective mechanisms remain unknown. We previously defined protective phosphoantigen (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP)–specific Vγ2Vδ2 T cells as a unique subset in primates, and, here, we immunized them selectively for protection against TB. A single respiratory vaccination of macaques with attenuated HMBPP-producing Listeria monocytogenes (Lm ΔactA prfA*), but not an HMBPP-lacking ΔgcpE Listeria strain, expanded Vγ2Vδ2 T cells, elicited Th1-like Vγ2Vδ2 T cell responses, and reduced TB infection/pathology after moderate-dose TB challenge. Such protection correlated with rapid memory-like, Th1-like Vγ2Vδ2 T cell responses, the presence of tissue-resident Vγ2Vδ2 T effectors coproducing IFN-γ/perforin and inhibiting intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth, and enhanced CD4+/CD8+ T cell responses. These findings establish a concept incorporating immunization of human Vγ2Vδ2 T cells for TB vaccine development. Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading killer among infectious diseases, and a better TB vaccine is urgently needed. The critical components and mechanisms of vaccine-induced protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) remain incompletely defined. Our previous studies demonstrate that Vγ2Vδ2 T cells specific for (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP) phosphoantigen are unique in primates as multifunctional effectors of immune protection against TB infection. Here, we selectively immunized Vγ2Vδ2 T cells and assessed the effect on infection in a rhesus TB model. A single respiratory vaccination of macaques with an HMBPP-producing attenuated Listeria monocytogenes (Lm ΔactA prfA*) caused prolonged expansion of HMBPP-specific Vγ2Vδ2 T cells in circulating and pulmonary compartments. This did not occur in animals similarly immunized with an Lm ΔgcpE strain, which did not produce HMBPP. Lm ΔactA prfA* vaccination elicited increases in Th1-like Vγ2Vδ2 T cells in the airway, and induced containment of TB infection after pulmonary challenge. The selective immunization of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells reduced lung pathology and mycobacterial dissemination to extrapulmonary organs. Vaccine effects coincided with the fast-acting memory-like response of Th1-like Vγ2Vδ2 T cells and tissue-resident Vγ2Vδ2 effector T cells that produced both IFN-γ and perforin and inhibited intracellular Mtb growth. Furthermore, selective immunization of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells enabled CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to mount earlier pulmonary Th1 responses to TB challenge. Our findings show that selective immunization of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells can elicit fast-acting and durable memory-like responses that amplify responses of other T cell subsets, and provide an approach to creating more effective TB vaccines.
Collapse
|
24
|
Yang E, Yang R, Guo M, Huang D, Wang W, Zhang Z, Chen C, Wang F, Ho W, Shen L, Xiao H, Chen ZW, Shen H. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) strain infection in macaques results in high bacilli burdens in airways, driving broad innate/adaptive immune responses. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:207. [PMID: 30538219 PMCID: PMC6290002 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0213-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) has become the most deadly infectious diseases due to epidemics of HIV/AIDS and multidrug-resistant/extensively drug-resistant TB (MDR-/XDR-TB). Although person-to-person transmission contributes to MDR-TB, it remains unknown whether infection with MDR strains resembles infection with drug-sensitive (DS) TB strains, manipulating limited or broad immune responses. To address these questions, macaques were infected with MDR strain V791 and a drug-sensitive Erdman strain of TB. MDR bacilli burdens in the airway were significantly higher than those of the Erdman control after pulmonary exposure. This productive MDR strain infection upregulated the expression of caspase 3 in macrophages/monocytes and induced appreciable innate-like effector responses of CD3-negative lymphocytes and Ag-specific γδ T-cell subsets. Concurrently, MDR strain infection induced broad immune responses of T-cell subpopulations producing Th1, Th17, Th22, and CTL cytokines. Furthermore, MDR bacilli, like the Erdman strain, were capable of inducing typical TB disease characterized by weight loss, lymphocytopenia, and severe TB lesions. For the first time, our results suggest that MDR-TB infection acts like DS to induce high bacterial burdens in the airway (transmission advantage), innate/adaptive immune responses, and disease processes. Because nonhuman primates are biologically closer to humans than other species, our data may provide useful information for predicting the effects of primary MDR strain infection after person-to-person transmission. The findings also support the hypothesis that a vaccine or host-directed adjunctive modality that is effective for drug-sensitive TB is likely to also impact MDR-TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enzhuo Yang
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rui Yang
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Unit of Anti-Tuberculosis Immunity, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Ming Guo
- College of Medicine,Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Dan Huang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wandang Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zhuoran Zhang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Crystal Chen
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Feifei Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wenzhe Ho
- College of Medicine,Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Ling Shen
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Heping Xiao
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zheng W Chen
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Hongbo Shen
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Unit of Anti-Tuberculosis Immunity, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Khairallah C, Chu TH, Sheridan BS. Tissue Adaptations of Memory and Tissue-Resident Gamma Delta T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2636. [PMID: 30538697 PMCID: PMC6277633 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial and mucosal barriers are critical interfaces physically separating the body from the outside environment and are the tissues most exposed to microorganisms and potential inflammatory agents. The integrity of these tissues requires fine tuning of the local immune system to enable the efficient elimination of invasive pathogens while simultaneously preserving a beneficial relationship with commensal organisms and preventing autoimmunity. Although they only represent a small fraction of circulating and lymphoid T cells, γδ T cells form a substantial population at barrier sites and even outnumber conventional αβ T cells in some tissues. After their egress from the thymus, several γδ T cell subsets naturally establish residency in predetermined mucosal and epithelial locations, as exemplified by the restricted location of murine Vγ5+ and Vγ3Vδ1+ T cell subsets to the intestinal epithelium and epidermis, respectively. Because of their preferential location in barrier sites, γδ T cells are often directly or indirectly influenced by the microbiota or the pathogens that invade these sites. More recently, a growing body of studies have shown that γδ T cells form long-lived memory populations upon local inflammation or bacterial infection, some of which permanently populate the affected tissues after pathogen clearance or resolution of inflammation. Natural and induced resident γδ T cells have been implicated in many beneficial processes such as tissue homeostasis and pathogen control, but their presence may also exacerbate local inflammation under certain circumstances. Further understanding of the biology and role of these unconventional resident T cells in homeostasis and disease may shed light on potentially novel vaccines and therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Khairallah
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Timothy H Chu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Brian S Sheridan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Matsuzaki G, Umemura M. Interleukin-17 family cytokines in protective immunity against infections: role of hematopoietic cell-derived and non-hematopoietic cell-derived interleukin-17s. Microbiol Immunol 2018; 62:1-13. [PMID: 29205464 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-17 family cytokines, consisting of six members, participate in immune response in infections and autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. The prototype cytokine of the family, IL-17A, was originally identified from CD4+ T cells which are now termed Th17 cells. Later, IL-17A-producing cells were expanded to include various hematopoietic cells, namely CD8+ T cells (Tc17), invariant NKT cells, γδ T cells, non-T non-B lymphocytes (termed type 3 innate lymphoid cells) and neutrophils. Some IL-17 family cytokines other than IL-17A are also expressed by CD4+ T cells: IL-17E by Th2 cells and IL-17F by Th17 cells. IL-17A and IL-17F induce expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines to induce inflammation and anti-microbial peptides to kill pathogens, whereas IL-17E induces allergic inflammation. However, the functions of other IL-17 family cytokines have been unclear. Recent studies have shown that IL-17B and IL-17C are expressed by epithelial rather than hematopoietic cells. Interestingly, expression of IL-17E and IL-17F by epithelial cells has also been reported and epithelial cell-derived IL-17 family cytokines shown to play important roles in immune responses to infections at epithelial sites. In this review, we summarize current information on hematopoietic cell-derived IL-17A and non-hematopoietic cell-derived IL-17B, IL-17C, IL-17D, IL-17E and IL-17F in infections and propose functional differences between these two categories of IL-17 family cytokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Goro Matsuzaki
- Molecular Microbiology Group, Tropical Biosphere Research Center and Department of Host Defense, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Masayuki Umemura
- Molecular Microbiology Group, Tropical Biosphere Research Center and Department of Host Defense, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
McCarthy NE, Eberl M. Human γδ T-Cell Control of Mucosal Immunity and Inflammation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:985. [PMID: 29867962 PMCID: PMC5949325 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Human γδ T-cells include some of the most common "antigen-specific" cell types in peripheral blood and are enriched yet further at mucosal barrier sites where microbial infection and tumors often originate. While the γδ T-cell compartment includes multiple subsets with highly flexible effector functions, human mucosal tissues are dominated by host stress-responsive Vδ1+ T-cells and microbe-responsive Vδ2+ T-cells. Widely recognized for their potent cytotoxicity, emerging data suggest that γδ T-cells also exert strong influences on downstream adaptive immunity to pathogens and tumors, in particular via activation of antigen-presenting cells and/or direct stimulation of other mucosal leukocytes. These unique functional attributes and lack of MHC restriction have prompted considerable interest in therapeutic targeting of γδ T-cells. Indeed, several drugs already in clinical use, including vedolizumab, infliximab, and azathioprine, likely owe their efficacy in part to modulation of γδ T-cell function. Recent clinical trials of Vδ2+ T-cell-selective treatments indicate a good safety profile in human patients, and efficacy is set to increase as more potent/targeted drugs continue to be developed. Key advances will include identifying methods of directing γδ T-cell recruitment to specific tissues to enhance host protection against invading pathogens, or alternatively, retaining these cells in the circulation to limit peripheral inflammation and/or improve responses to blood malignancies. Human γδ T-cell control of mucosal immunity is likely exerted via multiple mechanisms that induce diverse responses in other types of tissue-resident leukocytes. Understanding the microenvironmental signals that regulate these functions will be critical to the development of new γδ T-cell-based therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil E. McCarthy
- Centre for Immunobiology, Bart’s and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, The Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Fichtner AS, Karunakaran MM, Starick L, Truman RW, Herrmann T. The Armadillo ( Dasypus novemcinctus): A Witness but Not a Functional Example for the Emergence of the Butyrophilin 3/Vγ9Vδ2 System in Placental Mammals. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29527206 PMCID: PMC5829056 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
1–5% of human blood T cells are Vγ9Vδ2 T cells whose T cell receptor (TCR) contain a TRGV9/TRGJP rearrangement and a TRDV2 comprising Vδ2-chain. They respond to phosphoantigens (PAgs) like isopentenyl pyrophosphate or (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl-pyrophosphate (HMBPP) in a butyrophilin 3 (BTN3)-dependent manner and may contribute to the control of mycobacterial infections. These cells were thought to be restricted to primates, but we demonstrated by analysis of genomic databases that TRGV9, TRDV2, and BTN3 genes coevolved and emerged together with placental mammals. Furthermore, we identified alpaca (Vicugna pacos) as species with typical Vγ9Vδ2 TCR rearrangements and currently aim to directly identify Vγ9Vδ2 T cells and BTN3. Other candidates to study this coevolution are the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) with genomic sequences encoding open reading frames for TRGV9, TRDV2, and the extracellular part of BTN3. Dolphins have been shown to express Vγ9- and Vδ2-like TCR chains and possess a predicted BTN3-like gene homologous to human BTN3A3. The other candidate, the armadillo, is of medical interest since it serves as a natural reservoir for Mycobacterium leprae. In this study, we analyzed the armadillo genome and found evidence for multiple non-functional BTN3 genes including genomic context which closely resembles the organization of the human, alpaca, and dolphin BTN3A3 loci. However, no BTN3 transcript could be detected in armadillo cDNA. Additionally, attempts to identify a functional TRGV9/TRGJP rearrangement via PCR failed. In contrast, complete TRDV2 gene segments preferentially rearranged with a TRDJ4 homolog were cloned and co-expressed with a human Vγ9-chain in murine hybridoma cells. These cells could be stimulated by immobilized anti-mouse CD3 antibody but not with human RAJI-RT1Bl cells and HMBPP. So far, the lack of expression of TRGV9 rearrangements and BTN3 renders the armadillo an unlikely candidate species for PAg-reactive Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. This is in line with the postulated coevolution of the three genes, where occurrence of Vγ9Vδ2 TCRs coincides with a functional BTN3 molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alina Suzann Fichtner
- Institut für Virologie und Immunbiologie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Lisa Starick
- Institut für Virologie und Immunbiologie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Richard W Truman
- National Hansen's Disease Program, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Thomas Herrmann
- Institut für Virologie und Immunbiologie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhu Y, Wang H, Xu Y, Hu Y, Chen H, Cui L, Zhang J, He W. Human γδ T cells augment antigen presentation in Listeria Monocytogenes infection. Mol Med 2016; 22:737-746. [PMID: 27652377 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2015.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating γδ T cells in healthy individuals rapidly respond to bacterial and viral pathogens. Many studies have demonstrated that γδ T cells are activated and expanded by Listeria monocytogenes (L.monocytogenes), a foodborne bacterial pathogen with high fatality rates. However, the roles of γδ T cells during L.monocytogenes infection are not clear. In the present study, we characterized the morphological characteristics of phagocytosis in γδ T cells after L.monocytogenes infection using transmission electron microscopy. Results show activation markers including HLA-DR and lymph node-homing receptor CCR7 on γδ T cells were upregulated after stimulation via L.monocytogenes. Significant proliferation and differentiation of primary αβ T cells was also observed after co-culture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with γδ T cells anteriorly stimulated by L.monocytogenes. L.monocytogenes infection decreased the percentage of γδ T cells in mouse IELs and increased MHC-II expression on the surface of γδ T cells in vivo. Our findings shed light on antigen presentation of γδ T cells during L.monocytogenes infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Huaishan Wang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China.,Child Development and Disease Research Center, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China.,Child Development and Disease Research Center, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College
| | - Lianxian Cui
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China.,Child Development and Disease Research Center, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
| | - Wei He
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lalor SJ, McLoughlin RM. Memory γδ T Cells-Newly Appreciated Protagonists in Infection and Immunity. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:690-702. [PMID: 27567182 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the potential for diversity in their T cell receptor, γδ T cells are primarily considered to be innate immune cells. Recently, memory-like γδ T cell responses have been identified in murine models of infection and autoimmunity. Similar memory responses have also been described in human and non-human primate γδ T cells. It has thus become clear that subpopulations of γδ T cells can develop long-lasting memory akin to conventional αβ T cells, with protective and pathogenic consequences. Hence, a re-evaluation of their true capabilities and role in infection and immunity is required. This review discusses recent reports of memory-type responses attributed to γδ T cells and assesses this underappreciated facet of these enigmatic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Lalor
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rachel M McLoughlin
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chen ZW. Protective immune responses of major Vγ2Vδ2 T-cell subset in M. tuberculosis infection. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 42:105-112. [PMID: 27491008 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent observation that prenyl pyrophosphates bind the Ig superfamily protein butyrophilin 3A1 (BTN3A1) suggests that modifying BTN3A1 activates major γδ T-cell subset, Vγ2Vδ2 T cells. Studies also show that microbial phosphoantigen HMBPP is required for expansion, pulmonary response, effector functions and memory polarization of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells during infections. Broad repertoires of cytokines involve expansion, recall-like expansion and effector functions of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells after Mtb infection or vaccination. Finally, mechanistic studies in nonhuman primate TB model demonstrate early expansion and differentiation of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells during Mtb infection can increase immune resistance to TB in macaques, with a potential mechanism of early/sustained IFN-γ production and CTL killing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng W Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine Chicago, 909 South Wolcott Avenue, MC790, E704, Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Schrager LK, Izzo A, Velmurugan K. Immunopathogenesis of tuberculosis and novel mechanisms of vaccine activity. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 99 Suppl 1:S3-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
33
|
Kilcollins AM, Li J, Hsiao CHC, Wiemer AJ. HMBPP Analog Prodrugs Bypass Energy-Dependent Uptake To Promote Efficient BTN3A1-Mediated Malignant Cell Lysis by Vγ9Vδ2 T Lymphocyte Effectors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:419-28. [PMID: 27271567 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Vγ9Vδ2 effector T cells lyse cells in response to phosphorus-containing small molecules, providing primates a unique route to remove infected or malignant cells. Yet, the triggering mechanisms remain ill defined. We examined lysis mediated by human Vγ9Vδ2 effector T cells in response to the naturally occurring (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl diphosphate (HMBPP) or a synthetic cell-permeable prodrug, bis (pivaloyloxymethyl) (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl phosphonate. CD27(+)/CD45RA(-) Th1-like effector cells killed K562 target cells through a mechanism that could be enhanced by either compound or TCR Ab and blocked by Src inhibition or butyrophilin 3 isoform A1 (BTN3A1) disruption. Pretreatment at 4 °: C decreased HMBPP-induced lysis but did not reduce lysis induced by bis (pivaloyloxymethyl) (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl phosphonate. Together, our results show that internalization of HMBPP into target cells is required for BTN3A1-dependent lysis by Vγ9Vδ2 effector T cells. The enhanced activity of the prodrug analog is due to its ability to bypass the pathways required for entry of HMBPP. These findings support an inside-out model of T cell triggering driven by small-molecule induction of BTN3A1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Kilcollins
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269; and
| | | | - Andrew J Wiemer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269; and Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zeng J, Song Z, Cai X, Huang S, Wang W, Zhu Y, Huang Y, Kong B, Xiang W, Lin D, Liu G, Zhang J, Chen CY, Shen H, Huang D, Shen L, Yi L, Xu J, Chen ZW. Tuberculous pleurisy drives marked effector responses of γδ, CD4+, and CD8+ T cell subpopulations in humans. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:851-7. [PMID: 26156008 PMCID: PMC4600062 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4a0814-398rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although tuberculous pleurisy (TP) presumably involves a hypersensitivity reaction, there is limited evidence indicating overreactive effector responses of γδ T cells and αβ T cells and their interrelation with Foxp3(+) Tregs in pleural and other compartments. We found that TP induced reciprocal representations of Foxp3(+) Tregs and Mtb phosphoantigen-specific Vγ2Vδ2 T cells in different anatomic compartments. Patients with TP exhibited appreciable numbers of "proliferating" Ki-67(+) Vγ2Vδ2 T cells in the airway where Foxp3(+) Tregs were not dominant, whereas striking increases in Foxp3(+) Tregs in the blood and pleural compartments coincided with low frequencies of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells. Interestingly, anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy control of Mtb infection in patients with TP reversed reciprocal representations of Foxp3(+) Tregs and proliferating Vγ2Vδ2 T cells. Surprisingly, despite high-level Foxp3(+) Tregs, TP appeared to drive overreactive responses of IFN-γ-producing Vγ2Vδ2, CD4(+)CD25(+), and CD8(+)CD25(+) T effector subpopulations, whereas IL-22-producing Vγ2Vδ2 T cells increased subtly. Th1 effector responses were sustained despite remarkable declines in Foxp3(+) Tregs at 1 mo after the treatment. Overreactive T effector responses of Mtb-reactive γδ T cells, αβ CD25(+)CD4(+), and CD25(+)CD8(+) T cell subpopulations appear to be immune features for TP. Increased Foxp3(+) Tregs might be responsive to overreactive TP but unable to influence T effector responses despite having an inverse relation with proliferating Vγ2Vδ2 T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jincheng Zeng
- *Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan China; Department of Respiration, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China; Department of Respiration, Affiliated Houjie Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China; Dongguan Hospital for Prophylaxis and Treatment of Chronic Disease, Dongguan, China; Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Zeqing Song
- *Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan China; Department of Respiration, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China; Department of Respiration, Affiliated Houjie Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China; Dongguan Hospital for Prophylaxis and Treatment of Chronic Disease, Dongguan, China; Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Xiaozhen Cai
- *Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan China; Department of Respiration, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China; Department of Respiration, Affiliated Houjie Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China; Dongguan Hospital for Prophylaxis and Treatment of Chronic Disease, Dongguan, China; Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Su Huang
- *Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan China; Department of Respiration, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China; Department of Respiration, Affiliated Houjie Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China; Dongguan Hospital for Prophylaxis and Treatment of Chronic Disease, Dongguan, China; Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Wandang Wang
- *Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan China; Department of Respiration, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China; Department of Respiration, Affiliated Houjie Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China; Dongguan Hospital for Prophylaxis and Treatment of Chronic Disease, Dongguan, China; Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yanfen Zhu
- *Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan China; Department of Respiration, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China; Department of Respiration, Affiliated Houjie Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China; Dongguan Hospital for Prophylaxis and Treatment of Chronic Disease, Dongguan, China; Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yinan Huang
- *Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan China; Department of Respiration, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China; Department of Respiration, Affiliated Houjie Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China; Dongguan Hospital for Prophylaxis and Treatment of Chronic Disease, Dongguan, China; Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bin Kong
- *Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan China; Department of Respiration, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China; Department of Respiration, Affiliated Houjie Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China; Dongguan Hospital for Prophylaxis and Treatment of Chronic Disease, Dongguan, China; Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Wenyu Xiang
- *Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan China; Department of Respiration, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China; Department of Respiration, Affiliated Houjie Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China; Dongguan Hospital for Prophylaxis and Treatment of Chronic Disease, Dongguan, China; Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dongzi Lin
- *Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan China; Department of Respiration, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China; Department of Respiration, Affiliated Houjie Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China; Dongguan Hospital for Prophylaxis and Treatment of Chronic Disease, Dongguan, China; Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ganbin Liu
- *Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan China; Department of Respiration, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China; Department of Respiration, Affiliated Houjie Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China; Dongguan Hospital for Prophylaxis and Treatment of Chronic Disease, Dongguan, China; Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Junai Zhang
- *Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan China; Department of Respiration, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China; Department of Respiration, Affiliated Houjie Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China; Dongguan Hospital for Prophylaxis and Treatment of Chronic Disease, Dongguan, China; Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Crystal Y Chen
- *Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan China; Department of Respiration, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China; Department of Respiration, Affiliated Houjie Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China; Dongguan Hospital for Prophylaxis and Treatment of Chronic Disease, Dongguan, China; Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Hongbo Shen
- *Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan China; Department of Respiration, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China; Department of Respiration, Affiliated Houjie Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China; Dongguan Hospital for Prophylaxis and Treatment of Chronic Disease, Dongguan, China; Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dan Huang
- *Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan China; Department of Respiration, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China; Department of Respiration, Affiliated Houjie Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China; Dongguan Hospital for Prophylaxis and Treatment of Chronic Disease, Dongguan, China; Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ling Shen
- *Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan China; Department of Respiration, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China; Department of Respiration, Affiliated Houjie Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China; Dongguan Hospital for Prophylaxis and Treatment of Chronic Disease, Dongguan, China; Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lailong Yi
- *Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan China; Department of Respiration, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China; Department of Respiration, Affiliated Houjie Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China; Dongguan Hospital for Prophylaxis and Treatment of Chronic Disease, Dongguan, China; Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Junfa Xu
- *Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan China; Department of Respiration, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China; Department of Respiration, Affiliated Houjie Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China; Dongguan Hospital for Prophylaxis and Treatment of Chronic Disease, Dongguan, China; Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Zheng W Chen
- *Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan China; Department of Respiration, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China; Department of Respiration, Affiliated Houjie Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China; Dongguan Hospital for Prophylaxis and Treatment of Chronic Disease, Dongguan, China; Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hartwig T, Pantelyushin S, Croxford AL, Kulig P, Becher B. Dermal IL-17-producing γδ T cells establish long-lived memory in the skin. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:3022-33. [PMID: 26332438 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Conventional αβ T cells have the ability to form a long-lasting resident memory T-cell (TRM ) population in nonlymphoid tissues after encountering foreign antigen. Conversely, the concept of 'innate memory', where the ability of nonadaptive branches of the immune system to deliver a rapid, strengthened immune response upon reinfection or rechallenge, is just emerging. Using the αβ T-cell-independent Aldara psoriasis mouse model in combination with genetic fate-mapping and reporter systems, we identified a subset of γδ T cells in mice that is capable of establishing a long-lived memory population in the skin. IL-17A/F-producing Vγ4(+) Vδ4(+) T cells populate and persist in the dermis for long periods of time after initial stimulation with Aldara. Experienced Vγ4(+) Vδ4(+) cells show enhanced effector functions and mediate an exacerbated secondary inflammatory response. In addition to identifying a unique feature of γδ T cells during inflammation, our results have direct relevance to the human disease as this quasi-innate memory provides a mechanistic insight into relapses and chronification of psoriasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Hartwig
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stanislav Pantelyushin
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andrew L Croxford
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paulina Kulig
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Burkhard Becher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Casetti R, De Simone G, Sacchi A, Rinaldi A, Viola D, Agrati C, Bordoni V, Cimini E, Tumino N, Besi F, Martini F. Vγ9Vδ2 T-Cell Polyfunctionality Is Differently Modulated in HAART-Treated HIV Patients according to CD4 T-Cell Count. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132291. [PMID: 26161861 PMCID: PMC4498914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alteration of γδ T-cell distribution and function in peripheral blood is among the earliest defects during HIV-infection. We asked whether the polyfunctional response could also be affected, and how this impairment could be associated to CD4 T-cell count. To this aim, we performed a cross-sectional study on HIV-infected individuals. In order to evaluate the polyfunctional-Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell response after phosphoantigen-stimulation, we assessed the cytokine/chemokine production and cytotoxicity by flow-cytometry in HAART-treated-HIV+ persons and healthy-donors. During HIV-infection Vγ9Vδ2-polyfunctional response quality is affected, since several Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell subsets resulted significantly lower in HIV+ patients in respect to healthy donors. Interestingly, we found a weak positive correlation between Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell-response and CD4 T-cell counts. By dividing the HIV+ patients according to CD4 T-cell count, we found that Low-CD4 patients expressed a lower number of two Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell subsets expressing MIP-1β in different combinations with other molecules (CD107a/IFNγ) in respect to High-CD4 individuals. Our results show that the Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell-response quality in Low-CD4 patients is specifically affected, suggesting a direct link between innate Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells and CD4 T-cell count. These findings suggest that Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell quality may be indirectly influenced by HAART therapy and could be included in a new therapeutical strategy which would perform an important role in fighting HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Casetti
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, "Lazzaro Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele De Simone
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, "Lazzaro Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Sacchi
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, "Lazzaro Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Rinaldi
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, "Lazzaro Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Viola
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, "Lazzaro Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Agrati
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, "Lazzaro Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Bordoni
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, "Lazzaro Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cimini
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, "Lazzaro Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Tumino
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, "Lazzaro Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Besi
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, "Lazzaro Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Martini
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, "Lazzaro Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Shen H, Wang Y, Chen CY, Frencher J, Huang D, Yang E, Ryan-Payseur B, Chen ZW. Th17-related cytokines contribute to recall-like expansion/effector function of HMBPP-specific Vγ2Vδ2 T cells after Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection or vaccination. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:442-51. [PMID: 25141829 PMCID: PMC4916493 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Whether cytokines can influence the adaptive immune response by antigen-specific γδ T cells during infections or vaccinations remains unknown. We previously demonstrated that, during BCG/Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infections, Th17-related cytokines markedly upregulated when phosphoantigen-specific Vγ2Vδ2 T cells expanded. In this study, we examined the involvement of Th17-related cytokines in the recall-like responses of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells following Mtb infection or vaccination against TB. Treatment with IL-17A/IL-17F or IL-22 expanded phosphoantigen 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP)-stimulated Vγ2Vδ2 T cells from BCG-vaccinated macaques but not from naïve animals, and IL-23 induced greater expansion than the other Th17-related cytokines. Consistently, Mtb infection of macaques also enhanced the ability of IL-17/IL-22 or IL-23 to expand HMBPP-stimulated Vγ2Vδ2 T cells. When evaluating IL-23 signaling as a prototype, we found that HMBPP/IL-23-expanded Vγ2Vδ2 T cells from macaques infected with Mtb or vaccinated with BCG or Listeria ΔactA prfA*-ESAT6/Ag85B produced IL-17, IL-22, IL-2, and IFN-γ. Interestingly, HMBPP/IL-23-induced production of IFN-γ in turn facilitated IL-23-induced expansion of HMBPP-activated Vγ2Vδ2 T cells. Furthermore, HMBPP/IL-23-induced proliferation of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells appeared to require APC contact and involve the conventional and novel protein kinase C signaling pathways. These findings suggest that Th17-related cytokines can contribute to recall-like expansion and effector function of Ag-specific γδ T cells after infection or vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Shen
- Chinese Academy of Science, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yunqi Wang
- Department of Immunology, University of North Carolina, NC, USA
| | - Crystal Y. Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - James Frencher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dan Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Enzhuo Yang
- Chinese Academy of Science, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bridgett Ryan-Payseur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zheng W. Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Frencher JT, Shen H, Yan L, Wilson JO, Freitag NE, Rizzo AN, Chen CY, Chen ZW. HMBPP-deficient Listeria mutant immunization alters pulmonary/systemic responses, effector functions, and memory polarization of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 96:957-67. [PMID: 25114162 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.6hi1213-632r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas infection or immunization of humans/primates with microbes coproducing HMBPP/IPP can remarkably activate Vγ2Vδ2 T cells, in vivo studies have not been done to dissect HMBPP- and IPP-driven expansion, pulmonary trafficking, effector functions, and memory polarization of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells. We define these phosphoantigen-host interplays by comparative immunizations of macaques with the HMBPP/IPP-coproducing Listeria ΔactA prfA* and HMBPP-deficient Listeria ΔactA ΔGCPE: prfA* mutant. The HMBPP-deficient ΔGCPE: mutant shows lower ability to expand Vγ2Vδ2 T cells in vitro than the parental HMBPP-producing strain but displays comparably attenuated infectivity or immunogenicity. Respiratory immunization of macaques with the HMBPP-deficient mutant elicits lower pulmonary and systemic responses of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells compared with the HMBPP-producing vaccine strain. Interestingly, HMBPP-deficient mutant reimmunization or boosting elicits enhanced responses of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells, but the magnitude is lower than that by HMBPP-producing listeria. HMBPP-deficient listeria differentiated fewer Vγ2Vδ2 T effector cells capable of coproducing IFN-γ and TNF-α and inhibiting intracellular listeria than HMBPP-producing listeria. Furthermore, HMBPP deficiency in listerial immunization influences memory polarization of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells. Thus, both HMBPP and IPP production in listerial immunization or infection elicit systemic/pulmonary responses and differentiation of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells, but a role for HMBPP is more dominant. Findings may help devise immune intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James T Frencher
- Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Hongbo Shen
- Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lin Yan
- Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | | | - Crystal Y Chen
- Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Zheng W Chen
- Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sedlak C, Patzl M, Saalmüller A, Gerner W. CD2 and CD8α define porcine γδ T cells with distinct cytokine production profiles. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 45:97-106. [PMID: 24561103 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
γδ T cells are a remarkably prominent T-cell subset in swine with a high prevalence in blood. Phenotypic analyses in this study showed that CD2(-) γδ T cells in their vast majority had a CD8α(-)SLA-DR(-)CD27(+) phenotype. CD2(+) γδ T cells dominated in spleen and lymph nodes and had a more heterogeneous phenotype. CD8α(+)SLA-DR(-)CD27(+) γδ T cells prevailed in blood, spleen and lymph nodes whereas in liver a CD8α(+)SLA-DR(+)CD27(-) phenotype dominated, indicating an enrichment of terminally differentiated γδ T cells. γδ T cells were also investigated for their potential to produce IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-17A. Within CD2(+) γδ T cells, IFN-γ and TNF-α single-producers as well as IFN-γ/TNF-α double-producers dominated, which had a CD8α(+)CD27(+/-) phenotype. IL-17A-producing γδ T cells were only found within CD2(-) γδ T cells, mostly co-produced TNF-α and had a rare CD8α(+)CD27(-) phenotype. However, quantitatively TNF-α single-producers strongly dominated within CD2(-) γδ T cells. In summary, our data identify CD2 and CD8α as important molecules correlating with functional differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Sedlak
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Patzl
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Armin Saalmüller
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wilhelm Gerner
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Workalemahu G, Wang H, Puan KJ, Nada MH, Kuzuyama T, Jones BD, Jin C, Morita CT. Metabolic engineering of Salmonella vaccine bacteria to boost human Vγ2Vδ2 T cell immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:708-21. [PMID: 24943221 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Human Vγ2Vδ2 T cells monitor isoprenoid metabolism by recognizing foreign (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP), a metabolite in the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate pathway used by most eubacteria and apicomplexan parasites, and self isopentenyl pyrophosphate, a metabolite in the mevalonate pathway used by humans. Whereas microbial infections elicit prolonged expansion of memory Vγ2Vδ2 T cells, immunization with prenyl pyrophosphates or aminobisphosphonates elicit short-term Vγ2Vδ2 expansion with rapid anergy and deletion upon subsequent immunizations. We hypothesized that a live, attenuated bacterial vaccine that overproduces HMBPP would elicit long-lasting Vγ2Vδ2 T cell immunity by mimicking a natural infection. Therefore, we metabolically engineered the avirulent aroA(-) Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium SL7207 strain by deleting the gene for LytB (the downstream enzyme from HMBPP) and functionally complementing for this loss with genes encoding mevalonate pathway enzymes. LytB(-) Salmonella SL7207 had high HMBPP levels, infected human cells as efficiently as did the wild-type bacteria, and stimulated large ex vivo expansions of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells from human donors. Importantly, vaccination of a rhesus monkey with live lytB(-) Salmonella SL7207 stimulated a prolonged expansion of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells without significant side effects or anergy induction. These studies provide proof-of-principle that metabolic engineering can be used to derive live bacterial vaccines that boost Vγ2Vδ2 T cell immunity. Similar engineering of metabolic pathways to produce lipid Ags or B vitamin metabolite Ags could be used to derive live bacterial vaccine for other unconventional T cells that recognize nonpeptide Ags.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grefachew Workalemahu
- Division of Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242; Department of Veterans Affairs, Iowa City Health Care System, Iowa City, IA 52246
| | - Hong Wang
- Division of Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242; Department of Veterans Affairs, Iowa City Health Care System, Iowa City, IA 52246
| | - Kia-Joo Puan
- Division of Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242; Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648
| | - Mohanad H Nada
- Division of Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242; Department of Veterans Affairs, Iowa City Health Care System, Iowa City, IA 52246; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Tomohisa Kuzuyama
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Bradley D Jones
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242; and Inflammation Program, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Chenggang Jin
- Division of Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242; Department of Veterans Affairs, Iowa City Health Care System, Iowa City, IA 52246
| | - Craig T Morita
- Division of Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242; Department of Veterans Affairs, Iowa City Health Care System, Iowa City, IA 52246; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242;
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Murphy AG, O'Keeffe KM, Lalor SJ, Maher BM, Mills KHG, McLoughlin RM. Staphylococcus aureus infection of mice expands a population of memory γδ T cells that are protective against subsequent infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 192:3697-708. [PMID: 24623128 PMCID: PMC3979672 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of vaccines against Staphylococcus aureus has consistently failed in clinical trials, likely due to inefficient induction of cellular immunity. T cell-derived IL-17 is one of the few known correlates of antistaphylococcoal immunity, conferring protection against S. aureus infections through its ability to promote phagocytic cell effector functions. A comprehensive understanding of the discrete T cell subsets critical for site-specific IL-17-mediated bacterial clearance will therefore be necessary to inform the development of vaccines that efficiently target cellular immunity. In this study, we have identified a population of CD44+ CD27- memory γδ T cells, expanded upon infection of C57BL/6 mice with S. aureus, which produce high levels of IL-17 and mediate enhanced bacterial clearance upon reinfection with the bacterium. These cells are comprised largely of the Vγ4+ subset and accumulate at the site of infection subsequent to an initial Vγ1.1+ and Vγ2+ T cell response. Moreover, these Vγ4+ T cells are retained in the peritoneum and draining mediastinal lymph nodes for a prolonged period following bacterial clearance. In contrast to its critical requirement for γδ T cell activation during the primary infection, IL-1 signaling was dispensable for activation and expansion of memory γδ T cells upon re-exposure to S. aureus. Our findings demonstrate that a γδ T cell memory response can be induced upon exposure to S. aureus, in a fashion analogous to that associated with classical αβ T cells, and suggest that induction of IL-17-expressing γδ T cells may be an important property of a protective vaccine against S. aureus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison G Murphy
- Host Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
γδ T cells, αβ T cells, and B cells are present together in all but the most primitive vertebrates, suggesting that each population contributes to host immune competence uniquely and that all three are necessary for maintaining immune competence. Functional and molecular analyses indicate that in infections, γδ T cells respond earlier than αβ T cells do and that they emerge late after pathogen numbers start to decline. Thus, these cells may be involved in both establishing and regulating the inflammatory response. Moreover, γδ T cells and αβ T cells are clearly distinct in their antigen recognition and activation requirements as well as in the development of their antigen-specific repertoire and effector function. These aspects allow γδ T cells to occupy unique temporal and functional niches in host immune defense. We review these and other advances in γδ T cell biology in the context of their being the major initial IL-17 producers in acute infection.
Collapse
|
43
|
Paul S, Singh AK, Shilpi, Lal G. Phenotypic and functional plasticity of gamma-delta (γδ) T cells in inflammation and tolerance. Int Rev Immunol 2013; 33:537-58. [PMID: 24354324 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2013.863306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-delta T cells (γδ T cells) are an unique group of lymphocytes and play an important role in bridging the gap between innate and adaptive immune systems under homeostatic condition as well as during infection and inflammation. They are predominantly localized into the mucosal and epithelial sites, but also exist in other peripheral tissues and secondary lymphoid organs. γδ T cells can produce cytokines and chemokines to regulate the migration of other immune cells, can bring about lysis of infected or stressed cells by secreting granzymes, provide help to B cells and induce IgE production, can present antigen to conventional T cells, activate antigen presenting cells (APC) maturation, and are also known to produce growth factors that regulate the stromal cell function. γδ T cells spontaneously produce IFN-γ and IL-17 cytokines compared to delayed differentiation of Th1 and Th17 cells. In this review, we discussed the current knowledge about the mechanism of γδ T cell function including its mode of antigen recognition, and differentiation into various subsets of γδ T cells. We also explored how γδ T cells interact with different types of innate and adaptive immune cells, and how these interactions shape the immune response highlighting the plasticity and role of these cells-protective or pathogenic under inflammatory and tolerogenic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Paul
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
γδ T cells exhibit multifunctional and protective memory in intestinal tissues. Immunity 2013; 39:184-95. [PMID: 23890071 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The study of T cell memory and the target of vaccine design have focused on memory subsumed by T cells bearing the αβ T cell receptor. Alternatively, γδ T cells are thought to provide rapid immunity, particularly at mucosal borders. Here, we have shown that a distinct subset of mucosal γδ T cells mounts an immune response to oral Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) infection and leads to the development of multifunctional memory T cells capable of simultaneously producing interferon-γ and interleukin-17A in the murine intestinal mucosa. Challenge infection with oral Lm, but not oral Salmonella or intravenous Lm, induced rapid expansion of memory γδ T cells, suggesting contextual specificity to the priming pathogen. Importantly, memory γδ T cells were able to provide enhanced protection against infection. These findings illustrate that γδ T cells play a role with hallmarks of adaptive immunity in the intestinal mucosa.
Collapse
|
45
|
Chen CY, Yao S, Huang D, Wei H, Sicard H, Zeng G, Jomaa H, Larsen MH, Jacobs WR, Wang R, Letvin N, Shen Y, Qiu L, Shen L, Chen ZW. Phosphoantigen/IL2 expansion and differentiation of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells increase resistance to tuberculosis in nonhuman primates. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003501. [PMID: 23966854 PMCID: PMC3744401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dominant Vγ2Vδ2 T-cell subset exist only in primates, and recognize phosphoantigen from selected pathogens including M. tuberculosis(Mtb). In vivo function of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells in tuberculosis remains unknown. We conducted mechanistic studies to determine whether earlier expansion/differentiation of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells during Mtb infection could increase immune resistance to tuberculosis in macaques. Phosphoantigen/IL-2 administration specifically induced major expansion and pulmonary trafficking/accumulation of phosphoantigen-specific Vγ2Vδ2 T cells, significantly reduced Mtb burdens and attenuated tuberculosis lesions in lung tissues compared to saline/BSA or IL-2 controls. Expanded Vγ2Vδ2 T cells differentiated into multifunctional effector subpopulations capable of producing anti-TB cytokines IFNγ, perforin and granulysin, and co-producing perforin/granulysin in lung tissue. Mechanistically, perforin/granulysin-producing Vγ2Vδ2 T cells limited intracellular Mtb growth, and macaque granulysin had Mtb-bactericidal effect, and inhibited intracellular Mtb in presence of perforin. Furthermore, phosphoantigen/IL2-expanded Vγ2Vδ2 T effector cells produced IL-12, and their expansion/differentiation led to enhanced pulmonary responses of peptide-specific CD4+/CD8+ Th1-like cells. These results provide first in vivo evidence implicating that early expansion/differentiation of Vγ2Vδ2 T effector cells during Mtb infection increases resistance to tuberculosis. Thus, data support a rationale for conducting further studies of the γδ T-cell-targeted treatment of established TB, which might ultimately help explore single or adjunctive phosphoantigen expansion of Vγ2Vδ2 T-cell subset as intervention of MDR-tuberculosis or HIV-related tuberculosis. Tuberculosis(TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb), remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. While CD4+/CD8+ T cells are protective, role of γδ T cells in TB and other infections remains unknown in humans. Vγ2Vδ2 T cells exist only in primates, represent a dominant circulating γδ T-cell subpopulation, and recognize phosphoantigen from Mtb and some selected pathogens. Here, we determined whether earlier expansion/differentiation of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells during Mtb infection increased resistance to TB in macaques. Phosphoantigen plus IL-2 administration induced expansion and pulmonary accumulation of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells, significantly reduced Mtb counts and attenuated TB lesions in lung tissues. Expanded Vγ2Vδ2 T cells produced anti-TB cytokines IFNγ, perforin and granulysin, and co-produced perforin and granulysin in lung tissue. Perforin/granulysin-co-producing Vγ2Vδ2 T cells limited intracellular Mtb growth, and macaque granulysin killed Mtb bacteria, and inhibited intracellular Mtb in presence of perforin. Furthermore, expansion of Vγ2Vδ2 T effectors enhanced pulmonary responses of peptide-specific CD4+/CD8+ T cells, which correlated with the ability of Vγ2Vδ2 T effector cells to produce IL-12. These results provide first evidence implicating a protective role of Vγ2Vδ2 T effector cells in TB, supporting a rationale to explore Vγ2Vδ2 T-cell-targeted treatment of drug-resistant TB or HIV-related TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Y. Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Shuyu Yao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Dan Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Huiyong Wei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | | | - Gucheng Zeng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Hassan Jomaa
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Michelle H. Larsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - William R. Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Richard Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Norman Letvin
- Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yun Shen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Liyou Qiu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ling Shen
- Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Zheng W. Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
McCarthy NE, Bashir Z, Vossenkämper A, Hedin CR, Giles EM, Bhattacharjee S, Brown SG, Sanders TJ, Whelan K, MacDonald TT, Lindsay JO, Stagg AJ. Proinflammatory Vδ2+ T Cells Populate the Human Intestinal Mucosa and Enhance IFN-γ Production by Colonic αβ T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:2752-63. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
47
|
Wang H, Henry O, Distefano MD, Wang YC, Räikkönen J, Mönkkönen J, Tanaka Y, Morita CT. Butyrophilin 3A1 plays an essential role in prenyl pyrophosphate stimulation of human Vγ2Vδ2 T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:1029-42. [PMID: 23833237 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Most human γδ T cells express Vγ2Vδ2 TCRs and play important roles in microbial and tumor immunity. Vγ2Vδ2 T cells are stimulated by self- and foreign prenyl pyrophosphate intermediates in isoprenoid synthesis. However, little is known about the molecular basis for this stimulation. We find that a mAb specific for butyrophilin 3 (BTN3)/CD277 Ig superfamily proteins mimics prenyl pyrophosphates. The 20.1 mAb stimulated Vγ2Vδ2 T cell clones regardless of their functional phenotype or developmental origin and selectively expanded blood Vγ2Vδ2 T cells. The γδ TCR mediates 20.1 mAb stimulation because IL-2 is released by β(-) Jurkat cells transfected with Vγ2Vδ2 TCRs. 20.1 stimulation was not due to isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) accumulation because 20.1 treatment of APC did not increase IPP levels. In addition, stimulation was not inhibited by statin treatment, which blocks IPP production. Importantly, small interfering RNA knockdown of BTN3A1 abolished stimulation by IPP that could be restored by re-expression of BTN3A1 but not by BTN3A2 or BTN3A3. Rhesus monkey and baboon APC presented HMBPP and 20.1 to human Vγ2Vδ2 T cells despite amino acid differences in BTN3A1 that localize to its outer surface. This suggests that the conserved inner and/or top surfaces of BTN3A1 interact with its counterreceptor. Although no binding site exists on the BTN3A1 extracellular domains, a model of the intracellular B30.2 domain predicts a basic pocket on its binding surface. However, BTN3A1 did not preferentially bind a photoaffinity prenyl pyrophosphate. Thus, BTN3A1 is required for stimulation by prenyl pyrophosphates but does not bind the intermediates with high affinity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Division of Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Frencher JT, Ryan-Pasyeur BK, Huang D, Wang RC, McMullen PD, Letvin NL, Collins WE, Freitag NE, Malkovsky M, Chen CY, Shen L, Chen ZW. SHIV antigen immunization alters patterns of immune responses to SHIV/malaria coinfection and protects against life-threatening SHIV-related malaria. J Infect Dis 2013; 208:260-70. [PMID: 23568175 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether vaccination against a virus can protect against more virulent coinfection with the virus and additional pathogen(s) remains poorly characterized. Overlapping endemicity of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and malaria suggests that HIV/malaria coinfection frequently complicates acute and chronic HIV infection. Here we showed that vaccination of macaques with recombinant Listeria ΔactA prfA* expressing simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) gag and env elicited Gag- and Env-specific T-cell responses, and protected against life-threatening SHIV-related malaria after SHIV/Plasmodium fragile coinfection. SHIV antigen immunization reduced peak viremia, resisted SHIV/malaria-induced lymphoid destruction, and blunted coinfection-accelerated decline of CD4(+) T-cell counts after SHIV/malaria coinfection. SHIV antigen immunization also weakened coinfection-driven overreactive proinflammatory interferon-γ (IFNγ) responses and led to developing T helper cell 17/22 (Th17/Th22) responses after SHIV/malaria coinfection. The findings suggest that vaccination against AIDS virus can alter patterns of immune responses to the SHIV/malaria coinfection and protect against life-threatening SHIV-related malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James T Frencher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Silva-Santos B, Schamel WWA, Fisch P, Eberl M. γδ T-cell conference 2012: close encounters for the fifth time. Eur J Immunol 2013; 42:3101-5. [PMID: 23255005 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201270101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The fifth international γδ T-cell conference was held in Freiburg, Germany, from May 31 to June 2, 2012, bringing together approximately 170 investigators from all over the world. The scientific program covered topics such as thymic development and the mechanisms of ligand recognition and activation, the interaction of γδ T cells with other immune and non-immune cells and its implications for homeostasis, infection, tissue repair and autoimmunity, and the role of γδ T cells in malignancy and their potential for novel immunotherapies. Here we discuss a selection of the oral communications at the conference, and summarise exciting new findings in the field regarding the development, mode of antigen recognition, and responses to microorganisms, viruses and tumours by human and mouse γδ T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Silva-Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Born WK, Kemal Aydintug M, O'Brien RL. Diversity of γδ T-cell antigens. Cell Mol Immunol 2013; 10:13-20. [PMID: 23085946 PMCID: PMC4003174 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2012.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, it has become clear that γδ T cells recognize a diverse array of antigens including self and foreign, large and small, and peptidic and non-peptidic molecules. In this respect, γδ antigens as a whole resemble more the antigens recognized by antibodies than those recognized by αβ T cells. Because of this antigenic diversity, no single mechanism-such as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restriction of αβ T cells-is likely to provide a basis for all observed T-cell antigen receptor (TCR)-dependent γδ T-cell responses. Furthermore, available evidence suggests that many individual γδ T cells are poly-specific, probably using different modes of ligand recognition in their responses to unrelated antigens. While posing a unique challenge in the maintenance of self-tolerance, this broad reactivity pattern might enable multiple overlapping uses of γδ T-cell populations, and thus generate a more efficient immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Willi K Born
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|