1
|
Benichou G, Lancia HH. Intercellular transfer of MHC molecules in T cell alloimmunity and allotransplantation. Biomed J 2024:100749. [PMID: 38797478 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2024.100749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
After transplantation of allogeneic tissues and organs, recognition by recipient T cells of donor MHC molecules initiates the pro-inflammatory adaptive immune response leading to allograft rejection. T cell allorecognition has long been known to be mediated via two distinct pathways: the direct pathway in which T cells recognize intact allogeneic MHC molecules displayed on donor cells and the indirect pathway whereby T cells recognize donor MHC peptides processed and presented by recipient antigen-presenting cells (APCs). It is believed that direct allorecognition is the driving force behind early acute allograft rejection while indirect allorecognition is involved in chronic allograft rejection, a progressive condition characterized by graft vasculopathy and tissue fibrosis. Recently, we and others have reported that after transplantation of allogeneic skin and organs, donor MHC molecules are transferred from donor cells to the host's APCs via trogocytosis or extracellular vesicles. Recipient APCs having captured donor MHC molecules can either present them to T cells in the intact form on their surface (semi-direct pathway) or the form of peptides bound to self-MHC molecules (indirect pathway). The present article provides an overview of recent studies evaluating the role of intercellular exchange of MHC molecules in T cell alloimmunity and its contribution to allograft rejection and tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Benichou
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
| | - Hyshem H Lancia
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hori A, Toyoura S, Fujiwara M, Taniguchi R, Kano Y, Yamano T, Hanayama R, Nakayama M. MHC class I-dressing is mediated via phosphatidylserine recognition and is enhanced by polyI:C. iScience 2024; 27:109704. [PMID: 38680663 PMCID: PMC11046299 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
In addition to cross-presentation, cross-dressing plays an important role in the induction of CD8+ T cell immunity. In the process of cross-dressing, conventional dendritic cells (DCs) acquire major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI) from other cells and subsequently prime CD8+ T cells via the pre-formed antigen-MHCI complexes without antigen processing. However, the mechanisms underlying the cross-dressing pathway, as well as the relative contributions of cross-presentation and cross-dressing to CD8+ T cell priming are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that DCs rapidly acquire MHCI-containing membrane fragments from dead cells via the phosphatidylserine recognition-dependent mechanism for cross-dressing. The MHCI dressing is enhanced by a TLR3 ligand polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (polyI:C). Further, polyI:C promotes not only cross-presentation but also cross-dressing in vivo. Taken together, these results suggest that cross-dressing as well as cross-presentation is involved in inflammatory diseases associated with cell death and type I IFN production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arisa Hori
- Laboratory of Immunology and Microbiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Saori Toyoura
- Laboratory of Immunology and Microbiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Miyu Fujiwara
- Laboratory of Immunology and Microbiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Ren Taniguchi
- Laboratory of Immunology and Microbiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kano
- Laboratory of Immunology and Microbiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Yamano
- Department of Immunology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Rikinari Hanayama
- Department of Immunology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masafumi Nakayama
- Laboratory of Immunology and Microbiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
- Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Sciences, Seta, Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Schriek P, Villadangos JA. Trogocytosis and cross-dressing in antigen presentation. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 83:102331. [PMID: 37148582 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Antigen (Ag)-presenting cells capture or synthesize Ags that are processed into peptides bound and displayed on the plasma membrane by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Here, we review a mechanism that enables cells to present Ag-loaded MHC molecules that they have not produced themselves, namely trogocytosis. During trogocytosis, a cell acquires fragments from another living cell without, in most cases, affecting the viability of the donor cell. The trogocytic cell can incorporate into its own plasma membrane (becoming cross-dressed) proteins acquired from the donor cell, including intact Ag and MHC molecules. Trogocytosis and cross-dressing expand the immunological functions that immune and nonimmune cells are able to carry out, with both beneficial and deleterious consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Schriek
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jose A Villadangos
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cruz FM, Chan A, Rock KL. Pathways of MHC I cross-presentation of exogenous antigens. Semin Immunol 2023; 66:101729. [PMID: 36804685 PMCID: PMC10023513 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytes, particularly dendritic cells (DCs), generate peptide-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I complexes from antigens they have collected from cells in tissues and report this information to CD8 T cells in a process called cross-presentation. This process allows CD8 T cells to detect, respond and eliminate abnormal cells, such as cancers or cells infected with viruses or intracellular microbes. In some settings, cross-presentation can help tolerize CD8 T cells to self-antigens. One of the principal ways that DCs acquire tissue antigens is by ingesting this material through phagocytosis. The resulting phagosomes are key hubs in the cross-presentation (XPT) process and in fact experimentally conferring the ability to phagocytize antigens can be sufficient to allow non-professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) to cross-present. Once in phagosomes, exogenous antigens can be cross-presented (XPTed) through three distinct pathways. There is a vacuolar pathway in which peptides are generated and then bind to MHC I molecules within the confines of the vacuole. Ingested exogenous antigens can also be exported from phagosomes to the cytosol upon vesicular rupture and/or possibly transport. Once in the cytosol, the antigen is degraded by the proteasome and the resulting oligopeptides can be transported to MHC I molecule in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (a phagosome-to-cytosol (P2C) pathway) or in phagosomes (a phagosome-to-cytosol-to-phagosome (P2C2P) pathway). Here we review how phagosomes acquire the necessary molecular components that support these three mechanisms and the contribution of these pathways. We describe what is known as well as the gaps in our understanding of these processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Freidrich M Cruz
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Amanda Chan
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Kenneth L Rock
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
MHC-dressing on dendritic cells: Boosting anti-tumor immunity via unconventional tumor antigen presentation. Semin Immunol 2023; 66:101710. [PMID: 36640616 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells are crucial for anti-tumor immune responses due to their ability to activate cytotoxic effector CD8+ T cells. Canonically, in anti-tumor immunity, dendritic cells activate CD8+ T cells in a process termed cross-presentation. Recent studies have demonstrated that another type of antigen presentation, MHC-dressing, also serves to activate CD8+ T cells against tumor cell-derived antigens. Understanding MHC-dressing's specific contributions to anti-tumor immunity can open up novel therapeutic avenues. In this review, we summarize the early studies that identified MHC-dressing as a relevant antigen presentation pathway before diving into a deeper discussion of the biology of MHC-dressing, focusing in particular on which dendritic cell subsets are most capable of performing MHC-dressing and how MHC-dressing compares to other forms of antigen presentation. We conclude by discussing the implications MHC-dressing has for anti-tumor immunity.
Collapse
|
6
|
He M, Roussak K, Ma F, Borcherding N, Garin V, White M, Schutt C, Jensen TI, Zhao Y, Iberg CA, Shah K, Bhatia H, Korenfeld D, Dinkel S, Gray J, Antonova AU, Ferris S, Donermeyer D, Arlehamn CL, Gubin MM, Luo J, Gorvel L, Pellegrini M, Sette A, Tung T, Bak R, Modlin RL, Fields RC, Schreiber RD, Allen PM, Klechevsky E. CD5 expression by dendritic cells directs T cell immunity and sustains immunotherapy responses. Science 2023; 379:eabg2752. [PMID: 36795805 PMCID: PMC10424698 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg2752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The induction of proinflammatory T cells by dendritic cell (DC) subtypes is critical for antitumor responses and effective immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. Here, we show that human CD1c+CD5+ DCs are reduced in melanoma-affected lymph nodes, with CD5 expression on DCs correlating with patient survival. Activating CD5 on DCs enhanced T cell priming and improved survival after ICB therapy. CD5+ DC numbers increased during ICB therapy, and low interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations promoted their de novo differentiation. Mechanistically, CD5 expression by DCs was required to generate optimally protective CD5hi T helper and CD8+ T cells; further, deletion of CD5 from T cells dampened tumor elimination in response to ICB therapy in vivo. Thus, CD5+ DCs are an essential component of optimal ICB therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu He
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kate Roussak
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Feiyang Ma
- Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nicholas Borcherding
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Vince Garin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mike White
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Charles Schutt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Trine I. Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Yun Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Courtney A. Iberg
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kairav Shah
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Himanshi Bhatia
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daniel Korenfeld
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sabrina Dinkel
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Judah Gray
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alina Ulezko Antonova
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Stephen Ferris
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David Donermeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Cecilia Lindestam Arlehamn
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Matthew M. Gubin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jingqin Luo
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Laurent Gorvel
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Thomas Tung
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rasmus Bak
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Robert L. Modlin
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ryan C. Fields
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Robert D. Schreiber
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Paul M. Allen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Eynav Klechevsky
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sackett SD, Kaplan SJ, Mitchell SA, Brown ME, Burrack AL, Grey S, Huangfu D, Odorico J. Genetic Engineering of Immune Evasive Stem Cell-Derived Islets. Transpl Int 2022; 35:10817. [PMID: 36545154 PMCID: PMC9762357 DOI: 10.3389/ti.2022.10817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genome editing has the potential to revolutionize many investigative and therapeutic strategies in biology and medicine. In the field of regenerative medicine, one of the leading applications of genome engineering technology is the generation of immune evasive pluripotent stem cell-derived somatic cells for transplantation. In particular, as more functional and therapeutically relevant human pluripotent stem cell-derived islets (SCDI) are produced in many labs and studied in clinical trials, there is keen interest in studying the immunogenicity of these cells and modulating allogeneic and autoimmune immune responses for therapeutic benefit. Significant experimental work has already suggested that elimination of Human Leukocytes Antigen (HLA) expression and overexpression of immunomodulatory genes can impact survival of a variety of pluripotent stem cell-derived somatic cell types. Limited work published to date focuses on stem cell-derived islets and work in a number of labs is ongoing. Rapid progress is occurring in the genome editing of human pluripotent stem cells and their progeny focused on evading destruction by the immune system in transplantation models, and while much research is still needed, there is no doubt the combined technologies of genome editing and stem cell therapy will profoundly impact transplantation medicine in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara D. Sackett
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, UW Transplant Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States,*Correspondence: Sara D. Sackett,
| | - Samuel J. Kaplan
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States,Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Samantha A. Mitchell
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, UW Transplant Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Matthew E. Brown
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, UW Transplant Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Adam L. Burrack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN,Center for Immunology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Shane Grey
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Danwei Huangfu
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jon Odorico
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, UW Transplant Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Meng JH, Chen CX, Ahmadian MR, Zan H, Luo KJ, Jiang JX. Cross-Activation of Hemichannels/Gap Junctions and Immunoglobulin-Like Domains in Innate–Adaptive Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:882706. [PMID: 35911693 PMCID: PMC9334851 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.882706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemichannels (HCs)/gap junctions (GJs) and immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain-containing proteins (IGLDCPs) are involved in the innate–adaptive immune response independently. Despite of available evidence demonstrating the importance of HCs/GJs and IGLDCPs in initiating, implementing, and terminating the entire immune response, our understanding of their mutual interactions in immunological function remains rudimentary. IGLDCPs include immune checkpoint molecules of the immunoglobulin family expressed in T and B lymphocytes, most of which are cluster of differentiation (CD) antigens. They also constitute the principal components of the immunological synapse (IS), which is formed on the cell surface, including the phagocytic synapse, T cell synapse, B cell synapse, and astrocytes–neuronal synapse. During the three stages of the immune response, namely innate immunity, innate–adaptive immunity, and adaptive immunity, HCs/GJs and IGLDCPs are cross-activated during the entire process. The present review summarizes the current understanding of HC-released immune signaling factors that influence IGLDCPs in regulating innate–adaptive immunity. ATP-induced “eat me” signals released by HCs, as well as CD31, CD47, and CD46 “don’t eat me” signaling molecules, trigger initiation of innate immunity, which serves to regulate phagocytosis. Additionally, HC-mediated trogocytosis promotes antigen presentation and amplification. Importantly, HC-mediated CD4+ T lymphocyte activation is critical in the transition of the innate immune response to adaptive immunity. HCs also mediate non-specific transcytosis of antibodies produced by mature B lymphocytes, for instance, IgA transcytosis in ovarian cancer cells, which triggers innate immunity. Further understanding of the interplay between HCs/GJs and IGLDCPs would aid in identifying therapeutic targets that regulate the HC–Ig-like domain immune response, thereby providing a viable treatment strategy for immunological diseases. The present review delineates the clinical immunology-related applications of HC–Ig-like domain cross-activation, which would greatly benefit medical professionals and immunological researchers alike. HCs/GJs and IGLDCPs mediate phagocytosis via ATP; “eat me and don’t eat me” signals trigger innate immunity; HC-mediated trogocytosis promotes antigen presentation and amplification in innate–adaptive immunity; HCs also mediate non-specific transcytosis of antibodies produced by mature B lymphocytes in adaptive immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Hui Meng
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of the University in Yunnan Province for International Cooperation in Intercellular Communications and Regulations, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Chang-Xu Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of the University in Yunnan Province for International Cooperation in Intercellular Communications and Regulations, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Mohammad R. Ahmadian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hong Zan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Kai-Jun Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of the University in Yunnan Province for International Cooperation in Intercellular Communications and Regulations, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Kai-Jun Luo, ; Jean X. Jiang,
| | - Jean X. Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Kai-Jun Luo, ; Jean X. Jiang,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nakayama M, Hori A, Toyoura S, Yamaguchi SI. Shaping of T Cell Functions by Trogocytosis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051155. [PMID: 34068819 PMCID: PMC8151334 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Trogocytosis is an active process whereby plasma membrane proteins are transferred from one cell to the other cell in a cell-cell contact-dependent manner. Since the discovery of the intercellular transfer of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules in the 1970s, trogocytosis of MHC molecules between various immune cells has been frequently observed. For instance, antigen-presenting cells (APCs) acquire MHC class I (MHCI) from allografts, tumors, and virally infected cells, and these APCs are subsequently able to prime CD8+ T cells without antigen processing via the preformed antigen-MHCI complexes, in a process called cross-dressing. T cells also acquire MHC molecules from APCs or other target cells via the immunological synapse formed at the cell-cell contact area, and this phenomenon impacts T cell activation. Compared with naïve and effector T cells, T regulatory cells have increased trogocytosis activity in order to remove MHC class II and costimulatory molecules from APCs, resulting in the induction of tolerance. Accumulating evidence suggests that trogocytosis shapes T cell functions in cancer, transplantation, and during microbial infections. In this review, we focus on T cell trogocytosis and the related inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
|
10
|
Rodjakovic D, Salm L, Beldi G. Function of Connexin-43 in Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1412. [PMID: 33573367 PMCID: PMC7866802 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have helped to increase the understanding of the function of Connexin-43 (Cx43) in macrophages (Mφ). The various roles of Cx43 in Mφs range from migration, antigen-presentation and some forms of intercellular communication to more delicate processes, such as electrochemical support in the propagation of the heartbeat, immunomodulatory regulation in the lungs and in macrophage-differentiation. Its relevance in pathophysiology becomes evident in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), tumours and HIV, in which aberrant functioning of Cx43 has been described. However, the involvement of Cx43 in other Mφ functions, such as phagocytosis and polarisation, and its involvement in other types of local and systemic inflammation, are still unclear and need further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rodjakovic
- Department for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; (D.R.); (L.S.)
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lilian Salm
- Department for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; (D.R.); (L.S.)
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Guido Beldi
- Department for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; (D.R.); (L.S.)
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells cross-prime naive CD8 T cells by transferring antigen to conventional dendritic cells through exosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:23730-23741. [PMID: 32879009 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002345117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) have been shown to play a critical role in generating viral immunity and promoting tolerance to suppress antitumor immunity, whether and how pDCs cross-prime CD8 T cells in vivo remain controversial. Using a pDC-targeted vaccine model to deliver antigens specifically to pDCs, we have demonstrated that pDC-targeted vaccination led to strong cross-priming and durable CD8 T cell immunity. Surprisingly, cross-presenting pDCs required conventional DCs (cDCs) to achieve cross-priming in vivo by transferring antigens to cDCs. Taking advantage of an in vitro system where only pDCs had access to antigens, we further demonstrated that cross-presenting pDCs were unable to efficiently prime CD8 T cells by themselves, but conferred antigen-naive cDCs the capability of cross-priming CD8 T cells by transferring antigens to cDCs. Although both cDC1s and cDC2s exhibited similar efficiency in acquiring antigens from pDCs, cDC1s but not cDC2s were required for cross-priming upon pDC-targeted vaccination, suggesting that cDC1s played a critical role in pDC-mediated cross-priming independent of their function in antigen presentation. Antigen transfer from pDCs to cDCs was mediated by previously unreported pDC-derived exosomes (pDCexos), that were also produced by pDCs under various conditions. Importantly, all these pDCexos primed naive antigen-specific CD8 T cells only in the presence of bystander cDCs, similarly to cross-presenting pDCs, thus identifying pDCexo-mediated antigen transfer to cDCs as a mechanism for pDCs to achieve cross-priming. In summary, our data suggest that pDCs employ a unique mechanism of pDCexo-mediated antigen transfer to cDCs for cross-priming.
Collapse
|
12
|
Ruhland MK, Roberts EW, Cai E, Mujal AM, Marchuk K, Beppler C, Nam D, Serwas NK, Binnewies M, Krummel MF. Visualizing Synaptic Transfer of Tumor Antigens among Dendritic Cells. Cancer Cell 2020; 37:786-799.e5. [PMID: 32516589 PMCID: PMC7671443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Generation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes begins when tumor antigens reach the lymph node (LN) to stimulate T cells, yet we know little of how tumor material is disseminated among the large variety of antigen-presenting dendritic cell (DC) subsets in the LN. Here, we demonstrate that tumor proteins are carried to the LN within discrete vesicles inside DCs and are then transferred among DC subsets. A synapse is formed between interacting DCs and vesicle transfer takes place in the absence of free exosomes. DCs -containing vesicles can uniquely activate T cells, whereas DCs lacking them do not. Understanding this restricted sharing of tumor identity provides substantial room for engineering better anti-tumor immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan K Ruhland
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Edward W Roberts
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - En Cai
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Adriana M Mujal
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kyle Marchuk
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Biological Imaging Development CoLab, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Casey Beppler
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - David Nam
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Nina K Serwas
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Mikhail Binnewies
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Matthew F Krummel
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ugur M, Mueller SN. T cell and dendritic cell interactions in lymphoid organs: More than just being in the right place at the right time. Immunol Rev 2019; 289:115-128. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Milas Ugur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Scott N. Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne Victoria Australia
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sumpter TL, Balmert SC, Kaplan DH. Cutaneous immune responses mediated by dendritic cells and mast cells. JCI Insight 2019; 4:123947. [PMID: 30626752 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.123947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In the skin, complex cellular networks maintain barrier function and immune homeostasis. Tightly regulated multicellular cascades are required to initiate innate and adaptive immune responses. Innate immune cells, particularly DCs and mast cells, are central to these networks. Early studies evaluated the function of these cells in isolation, but recent studies clearly demonstrate that cutaneous DCs (dermal DCs and Langerhans cells) physically interact with neighboring cells and are receptive to activation signals from surrounding cells, such as mast cells. These interactions amplify immune activation. In this review, we discuss the known functions of cutaneous DC populations and mast cells and recent studies highlighting their roles within cellular networks that determine cutaneous immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel H Kaplan
- Department of Dermatology and.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Extracellular vesicle-mediated MHC cross-dressing in immune homeostasis, transplantation, infectious diseases, and cancer. Semin Immunopathol 2018; 40:477-490. [PMID: 29594331 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-018-0679-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells employ different types of extracellular vesicles (EVs) to exchange proteins, mRNAs, non-coding regulatory RNAs, carbohydrates, and lipids. Cells of the immune system, in particular antigen (Ag)-presenting cells (APCs), acquire major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II molecules loaded with antigenic peptides from leukocytes and tissue parenchymal and stromal cells, through a mechanism known as MHC cross-dressing. Increasing evidence indicates that cross-dressing of APCs with pre-formed Ag-peptide/MHC complexes (pMHCs) is mediated via passage of clusters of EVs with characteristics of exosomes. A percentage of the transferred EVs remain attached to the acceptor APCs, with the appropriate orientation, at sufficient concentration within localized areas of the plasma membrane, and for sufficient time, so the preformed pMHCs carried by the EVs are presented without further processing, to cognate T cells. Although its biological relevance is not fully understood, numerous studies have demonstrated that MHC cross-dressing of APCs represents a pathway of Ag presentation of acquired pre-formed pMHCs to T cells-alternative to direct and cross-presentation-participate in immune homeostasis and T cell tolerance, cross-regulate alloreactive T cells with different MHC restricted specificities, and is a mechanism of Ag spreading for autologous, allogeneic, microbial, tumor, or vaccine-delivered Ags. Here, we compare MHC cross-dressing with other mechanisms and terminologies used for pMHC transfer, including trogocytosis. We discuss the experimental evidence, mostly from in vitro and ex vivo studies, of the role of MHC cross-dressing of APCs via EVs in positive or negative regulation of T cell immunity in the steady state, transplantation, microbial diseases, and cancer.
Collapse
|
16
|
Lauron EJ, Yang L, Elliott JI, Gainey MD, Fremont DH, Yokoyama WM. Cross-priming induces immunodomination in the presence of viral MHC class I inhibition. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006883. [PMID: 29444189 PMCID: PMC5812664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses have evolved mechanisms of MHCI inhibition in order to evade recognition by cytotoxic CD8+ T cells (CTLs), which is well-illustrated by our prior studies on cowpox virus (CPXV) that encodes potent MHCI inhibitors. Deletion of CPXV viral MHCI inhibitors markedly attenuated in vivo infection due to effects on CTL effector function, not priming. However, the CTL response to CPXV in C57BL/6 mice is dominated by a single peptide antigen presented by H-2Kb. Here we evaluated the effect of viral MHCI inhibition on immunodominant (IDE) and subdominant epitopes (SDE) as this has not been thoroughly examined. We found that cross-priming, but not cross-dressing, is the main mechanism driving IDE and SDE CTL responses following CPXV infection. Secretion of the immunodominant antigen was not required for immunodominance. Instead, immunodominance was caused by CTL interference, known as immunodomination. Both immunodomination and cross-priming of SDEs were not affected by MHCI inhibition. SDE-specific CTLs were also capable of exerting immunodomination during primary and secondary responses, which was in part dependent on antigen abundance. Furthermore, CTL responses directed solely against SDEs protected against lethal CPXV infection, but only in the absence of the CPXV MHCI inhibitors. Thus, both SDE and IDE responses can contribute to protective immunity against poxviruses, implying that these principles apply to poxvirus-based vaccines. The use of vaccinia virus (VACV) to eradicate smallpox is the arguably the most successful demonstration of vaccination. The VACV vaccine also provides cross-protection against related zoonotic orthopoxviruses, including monkey poxvirus (MXPV) and CPXV, which circulate between various animal hosts and humans. Interestingly, Edward Jenner first demonstrated the concept of vaccination against smallpox in the late 1700s using CPXV. He also made the curious observation that CPXV vaccination did not always protect against recurrent exposure to CPXV. Jenner’s observations may be explained by the ability for CPXV to evade antiviral CD8+ T cell immune responses. To evade CD8+ T cells, CPXV inhibits MHCI antigen presentation, which is required to prime CD8+ T cells. Importantly, CPXV is the only orthopoxvirus that inhibits MHCI and thus provides a unique opportunity to investigate the effects of viral MHCI inhibition on CD8+ T cell priming. Here, we examine the factors that contribute to priming of CPXV-specific CD8+ T cells and show that viral MHCI inhibition does not affect CD8+ T cell priming, but prior CPXV immunization does inhibit priming during subsequent exposure to CPXV. The effects of pre-existing poxvirus immunity are therefore important to consider if poxvirus-based vaccines against various diseases are to be widely used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elvin J. Lauron
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Liping Yang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jabari I. Elliott
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Maria D. Gainey
- Department of Biology, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Daved H. Fremont
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Wayne M. Yokoyama
- Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zaric M, Becker PD, Hervouet C, Kalcheva P, Ibarzo Yus B, Cocita C, O'Neill LA, Kwon SY, Klavinskis LS. Long-lived tissue resident HIV-1 specific memory CD8 + T cells are generated by skin immunization with live virus vectored microneedle arrays. J Control Release 2017; 268:166-175. [PMID: 29056444 PMCID: PMC5735037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The generation of tissue resident memory (TRM) cells at the body surfaces to provide a front line defence against invading pathogens represents an important goal in vaccine development for a wide variety of pathogens. It has been widely assumed that local vaccine delivery to the mucosae is necessary to achieve that aim. Here we characterise a novel micro-needle array (MA) delivery system fabricated to deliver a live recombinant human adenovirus type 5 vaccine vector (AdHu5) encoding HIV-1 gag. We demonstrate rapid dissolution kinetics of the microneedles in skin. Moreover, a consequence of MA vaccine cargo release was the generation of long-lived antigen-specific CD8+ T cells that accumulate in mucosal tissues, including the female genital and respiratory tract. The memory CD8+ T cell population maintained in the peripheral mucosal tissues was attributable to a MA delivered AdHu5 vaccine instructing CD8+ T cell expression of CXCR3+, CD103+, CD49a+, CD69+, CD127+ homing, retention and survival markers. Furthermore, memory CD8+ T cells generated by MA immunization significantly expanded upon locally administered antigenic challenge and showed a predominant poly-functional profile producing high levels of IFNγ and Granzyme B. These data demonstrate that skin vaccine delivery using microneedle technology induces mobilization of long lived, poly-functional CD8+ T cells to peripheral tissues, phenotypically displaying hallmarks of residency and yields new insights into how to design and deliver effective vaccine candidates with properties to exert local immunosurveillance at the mucosal surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marija Zaric
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo Daniel Becker
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Hervouet
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Petya Kalcheva
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Ibarzo Yus
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Clement Cocita
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren Alexandra O'Neill
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Linda Sylvia Klavinskis
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gurevich I, Feferman T, Milo I, Tal O, Golani O, Drexler I, Shakhar G. Active dissemination of cellular antigens by DCs facilitates CD8 + T-cell priming in lymph nodes. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1802-1818. [PMID: 28872666 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Antigen (Ag) specific activation of naïve T cells by migrating dendritic cells (DCs) is a highly efficient process, although the chances for their colocalization in lymph nodes (LNs) appear low. Ag presentation may be delegated from Ag-donor DCs to the abundant resident DCs, but the routes of Ag transfer and how it facilitates T-cell activation remain unclear. We visualized CD8+ T cell-DC interactions to study the sites, routes, and cells mediating Ag transfer in mice. In vitro, Ag transfer from isolated ovalbumin (OVA)+ bone marrow (BM) DCs triggered widespread arrest, Ca2+ flux, and CD69 upregulation in OT-I T cells contacting recipient DCs. Intravital two-photon imaging revealed that survival of Ag-donor DCs in LNs was required for Ag dissemination among resident CD11c+ DCs. Upon interaction with recipient DCs, CD8+ T cells clustered, upregulated CD69, proliferated and differentiated into effectors. Few DCs sufficed for activation, and for efficient Ag dissemination lymphocyte function associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) expression on recipient DCs was essential. Similar findings characterized DCs infected with a replication-deficient OVA-expressing Vaccinia virus known to downregulate MHC-I. Overall, active Ag dissemination from live incoming DCs helped activate CD8+ T cells by increasing the number of effective presenting cells and salvaged T-cell priming when Ag-donor DCs could not present Ag.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Gurevich
- Department of Immunology and Veterinary Services, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.,Dermatology Department, School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Tali Feferman
- Department of Immunology and Veterinary Services, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Idan Milo
- Department of Immunology and Veterinary Services, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.,Immunology Department, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Orna Tal
- Department of Immunology and Veterinary Services, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ofra Golani
- Department of Veterinary Services, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ingo Drexler
- Institute for Virology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Guy Shakhar
- Department of Immunology and Veterinary Services, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cruz FM, Colbert JD, Merino E, Kriegsman BA, Rock KL. The Biology and Underlying Mechanisms of Cross-Presentation of Exogenous Antigens on MHC-I Molecules. Annu Rev Immunol 2017; 35:149-176. [PMID: 28125356 PMCID: PMC5508990 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-041015-055254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To monitor the health of cells, the immune system tasks antigen-presenting cells with gathering antigens from other cells and bringing them to CD8 T cells in the form of peptides bound to MHC-I molecules. Most cells would be unable to perform this function because they use their MHC-I molecules to exclusively present peptides derived from the cell's own proteins. However, the immune system evolved mechanisms for dendritic cells and some other phagocytes to sample and present antigens from the extracellular milieu on MHC-I through a process called cross-presentation. How this important task is accomplished, its role in health and disease, and its potential for exploitation are the subject of this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Freidrich M Cruz
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655; , , , ,
| | - Jeff D Colbert
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655; , , , ,
| | - Elena Merino
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655; , , , ,
| | - Barry A Kriegsman
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655; , , , ,
| | - Kenneth L Rock
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655; , , , ,
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Prophylactic Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV-2) Vaccines Adjuvanted with Stable Emulsion and Toll-Like Receptor 9 Agonist Induce a Robust HSV-2-Specific Cell-Mediated Immune Response, Protect against Symptomatic Disease, and Reduce the Latent Viral Reservoir. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02257-16. [PMID: 28228587 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02257-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several prophylactic vaccines targeting herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) have failed in the clinic to demonstrate sustained depression of viral shedding or protection from recurrences. Although these vaccines have generated high titers of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), their induction of robust CD8 T cells has largely been unreported, even though evidence for the importance of HSV-2 antigen-specific CD8 T cells is mounting in animal models and in translational studies involving subjects with active HSV-2-specific immune responses. We developed a subunit vaccine composed of the NAb targets gD and gB and the novel T cell antigen and tegument protein UL40, and we compared this vaccine to a whole-inactivated-virus vaccine (formaldehyde-inactivated HSV-2 [FI-HSV-2]). We evaluated different formulations in combination with several Th1-inducing Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists in vivo In mice, the TLR9 agonist cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) oligodeoxynucleotide formulated in a squalene-based oil-in-water emulsion promoted most robust, functional HSV-2 antigen-specific CD8 T cell responses and high titers of neutralizing antibodies, demonstrating its superiority to vaccines adjuvanted by monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL)-alum. We further established that FI-HSV-2 alone or in combination with adjuvants as well as adjuvanted subunit vaccines were successful in the induction of NAbs and T cell responses in guinea pigs. These immunological responses were coincident with a suppression of vaginal HSV-2 shedding, low lesion scores, and a reduction in latent HSV-2 DNA in dorsal root ganglia to undetectable levels. These data support the further preclinical and clinical development of prophylactic HSV-2 vaccines that contain appropriate antigen and adjuvant components responsible for programming elevated CD8 T cell responses.IMPORTANCE Millions of people worldwide are infected with herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2), and to date, an efficacious prophylactic vaccine has not met the rigors of clinical trials. Attempts to develop a vaccine have focused primarily on glycoproteins necessary for HSV-2 entry as target antigens and to which the dominant neutralizing antibody response is directed during natural infection. Individuals with asymptomatic infection have exhibited T cell responses against specific HSV-2 antigens not observed in symptomatic individuals. We describe for the first time the immunogenicity profile in animal models of UL40, a novel HSV-2 T cell antigen that has been correlated with asymptomatic HSV-2 disease. Additionally, vaccine candidates adjuvanted by a robust formulation of the CpG oligonucleotide delivered in emulsion were superior to unadjuvanted or MPL-alum-adjuvanted formulations at eliciting a robust cell-mediated immune response and blocking the establishment of a latent viral reservoir in the guinea pig challenge model of HSV-2 infection.
Collapse
|
21
|
Smyth LA, Lechler RI, Lombardi G. Continuous Acquisition of MHC:Peptide Complexes by Recipient Cells Contributes to the Generation of Anti-Graft CD8 + T Cell Immunity. Am J Transplant 2017; 17:60-68. [PMID: 27495898 PMCID: PMC5213774 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the evolution of the direct and indirect pathways of allorecognition following tissue transplantation is essential in the design of tolerance-promoting protocols. On the basis that donor bone marrow-derived antigen-presenting cells are eliminated within days of transplantation, it has been argued that the indirect response represents the major threat to long-term transplant survival, and is consequently the key target for regulation. However, the detection of MHC transfer between cells, and particularly the capture of MHC:peptide complexes by dendritic cells (DCs), led us to propose a third, semidirect, pathway of MHC allorecognition. Persistence of this pathway would lead to sustained activation of direct-pathway T cells, arguably persisting for the life of the transplant. In this study, we focused on the contribution of acquired MHC-class I on recipient DCs during the life span of a skin graft. We observed that MHC-class I acquisition by recipient DCs occurs for at least 1 month following transplantation and may be the main source of alloantigen that drives CD8+ cytotoxic T cell responses. In addition, acquired MHC-class I:peptide complexes stimulate T cell responses in vivo, further emphasizing the need to regulate both pathways to induce indefinite survival of the graft.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L. A. Smyth
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for TransplantationKing's College LondonLondonUK,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Comprehensive Biomedical Research CentreGuy's and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King's College LondonLondonUK,School of Health, Sport and BioscienceUniversity of East LondonLondonUK
| | - R. I. Lechler
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for TransplantationKing's College LondonLondonUK,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Comprehensive Biomedical Research CentreGuy's and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - G. Lombardi
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for TransplantationKing's College LondonLondonUK,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Comprehensive Biomedical Research CentreGuy's and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King's College LondonLondonUK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
The CD8 T-cell response during tolerance induction in liver transplantation. Clin Transl Immunology 2016; 5:e102. [PMID: 27867515 PMCID: PMC5099425 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2016.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Both experimental and clinical studies have shown that the liver possesses unique tolerogenic properties. Liver allografts can be spontaneously accepted across complete major histocompatibility mismatch in some animal models. In addition, some liver transplant patients can be successfully withdrawn from immunosuppressive medications, developing ‘operational tolerance'. Multiple mechanisms have been shown to be involved in inducing and maintaining alloimmune tolerance associated with liver transplantation. Here, we focus on CD8 T-cell tolerance in this setting. We first discuss how alloreactive cytotoxic T-cell responses are generated against allografts, before reviewing how the liver parenchyma, donor passenger leucocytes and the host immune system function together to attenuate alloreactive CD8 T-cell responses to promote the long-term survival of liver transplants.
Collapse
|
23
|
Alegre ML, Lakkis FG, Morelli AE. Antigen Presentation in Transplantation. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:831-843. [PMID: 27743777 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation of solid organs between genetically distinct individuals leads, in the absence of immunosuppression, to T cell-dependent transplant rejection. Activation of graft-reactive T cells relies on the presentation of transplant-derived antigens (intact donor MHC molecules or processed peptides on host MHC molecules) by mature dendritic cells (DCs). This review focuses on novel insights regarding the steps for maturation and differentiation of DCs that are necessary for productive presentation of transplant antigens to host T cells. These steps include the licensing of DCs by the microbiota, their activation and maturation following recognition of allogeneic non-self, and their capture of donor cell exosomes to amplify the presentation of transplant antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Luisa Alegre
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, 924 East 57th Street, JFK-R312, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Fadi G Lakkis
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and Departments of Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Adrian E Morelli
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and Departments of Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Liu Q, Rojas-Canales DM, Divito SJ, Shufesky WJ, Stolz DB, Erdos G, Sullivan MLG, Gibson GA, Watkins SC, Larregina AT, Morelli AE. Donor dendritic cell-derived exosomes promote allograft-targeting immune response. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:2805-20. [PMID: 27348586 DOI: 10.1172/jci84577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response against transplanted allografts is one of the most potent reactions mounted by the immune system. The acute rejection response has been attributed to donor dendritic cells (DCs), which migrate to recipient lymphoid tissues and directly activate alloreactive T cells against donor MHC molecules. Here, using a murine heart transplant model, we determined that only a small number of donor DCs reach lymphoid tissues and investigated how this limited population of donor DCs efficiently initiates the alloreactive T cell response that causes acute rejection. In our mouse model, efficient passage of donor MHC molecules to recipient conventional DCs (cDCs) was dependent on the transfer of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from donor DCs that migrated from the graft to lymphoid tissues. These EVs shared characteristics with exosomes and were internalized or remained attached to the recipient cDCs. Recipient cDCs that acquired exosomes became activated and triggered full activation of alloreactive T cells. Depletion of recipient cDCs after cardiac transplantation drastically decreased presentation of donor MHC molecules to directly alloreactive T cells and delayed graft rejection in mice. These findings support a key role for transfer of donor EVs in the generation of allograft-targeting immune responses and suggest that interrupting this process has potential to dampen the immune response to allografts.
Collapse
|
25
|
Burlingham WJ. Exosomes: The missing link between microchimerism and acquired tolerance? CHIMERISM 2015; 5:63-7. [PMID: 26679558 DOI: 10.1080/19381956.2015.1082026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It has become increasingly clear that the immune system of viviparous mammals is much more in the business of acquiring tolerance to non-self antigens, than it is in rejecting cells that express them (for a recent review, highlighting the role of Treg cells, see ref. (1) ). It is also clear that both self-tolerance, and acquired tolerance to non-self is a dynamic process, with a natural ebb and flow. As has been often said of an effective team defense in sports, tolerance will "bend but does not break." How microchimerism, defined as the presence of extremely rare [1/10(4)-1/10(6)] cells of a genetically different individual, can induce either new immunogenetic pressures that push self-tolerance to the breaking point, or alternatively, provide relief from pre-existing immunogenetic risk, preventing development of autoimmune disease, remains a mystery. Indeed, the inability to directly correlate DNA-level microchimerism detected in blood samples by qPCR, with naturally occurring regulation to minor H and MHC alloantigens expressed by the rare cells themselves, has been frustrating to researchers in this field. (2) [Haynes, W.J. et al, this issue] However, recent developments in the areas of transplantation and reproductive immunology offer clues to how the effects of microchimerism can be amplified, and how a disproportionate immune impact might occur from a very limited cell source.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William J Burlingham
- a Department of Surgery; Division of Transplantation ; University of Wisconsin ; Madison , WI , USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Campana S, De Pasquale C, Carrega P, Ferlazzo G, Bonaccorsi I. Cross-dressing: an alternative mechanism for antigen presentation. Immunol Lett 2015; 168:349-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
27
|
Becker PD, Hervouet C, Mason GM, Kwon SY, Klavinskis LS. Skin vaccination with live virus vectored microneedle arrays induce long lived CD8(+) T cell memory. Vaccine 2015; 33:4691-8. [PMID: 25917679 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A simple dissolvable microneedle array (MA) platform has emerged as a promising technology for vaccine delivery, due to needle-free injection with a formulation that preserves the immunogenicity of live viral vectored vaccines dried in the MA matrix. While recent studies have focused largely on design parameters optimized to induce primary CD8(+) T cell responses, the hallmark of a vaccine is synonymous with engendering long-lasting memory. Here, we address the capacity of dried MA vaccination to programme phenotypic markers indicative of effector/memory CD8(+) T cell subsets and also responsiveness to recall antigen benchmarked against conventional intradermal (ID) injection. We show that despite a slightly lower frequency of dividing T cell receptor transgenic CD8(+) T cells in secondary lymphoid tissue at an early time point, the absolute number of CD8(+) T cells expressing an effector memory (CD62L(-)CD127(+)) and central memory (CD62L(+)CD127(+)) phenotype during peak expansion were comparable after MA and ID vaccination with a recombinant human adenovirus type 5 vector (AdHu5) encoding HIV-1 gag. Similarly, both vaccination routes generated CD8(+) memory T cell subsets detected in draining LNs for at least two years post-vaccination capable of responding to secondary antigen. These data suggest that CD8(+) T cell effector/memory generation and long-term memory is largely unaffected by physical differences in vaccine delivery to the skin via dried MA or ID suspension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo D Becker
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Kings's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.
| | - Catherine Hervouet
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Kings's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.
| | - Gavin M Mason
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Kings's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Linda S Klavinskis
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Kings's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as conventional dendritic cells (DCs) process protein antigens to MHC-bound peptides and then present the peptide–MHC complexes to T cells. In addition to this canonical antigen presentation pathway, recent studies have revealed that DCs and non-APCs can acquire MHC class I (MHCI) and/or MHC class II (MHCII) from neighboring cells through a process of cell–cell contact-dependent membrane transfer called trogocytosis. These MHC-dressed cells subsequently activate or regulate T cells via the preformed antigen peptide–MHC complexes without requiring any further processing. In addition to trogocytosis, intercellular transfer of MHCI and MHCII can be mediated by secretion of membrane vesicles such as exosomes from APCs, generating MHC-dressed cells. This review focuses on the physiological role of antigen presentation by MHCI- or MHCII-dressed cells, and also discusses differences and similarities between trogocytosis and exosome-mediated transfer of MHC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Nakayama
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lambrecht BN, Neyt K, van Helden MJ. The Mucosal Immune Response to Respiratory Viruses. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00094-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
30
|
|
31
|
Trivedi S, Jackson RJ, Ranasinghe C. Different HIV pox viral vector-based vaccines and adjuvants can induce unique antigen presenting cells that modulate CD8 T cell avidity. Virology 2014; 468-470:479-489. [PMID: 25261870 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The lung-derived dendritic cell (LDC) recruitment following intranasal (i.n.) vaccination of different poxviral vector-based vaccines/adjuvants were evaluated to decipher how these factors influenced CD8(+) T cell avidity. Compared to the standard i.n. recombinant fowlpox virus (FPV)-HIV vaccination, the FPV-HIV IL-13Rα2 or IL-4Rα antagonist adjuvanted vaccines that induced higher avidity CD8(+) T cells, also recruited significantly elevated MHCII(+) CD11c(+) CD11b(+) CD103(-) CD64(-) MAR-1(-) conventional DC (cDCs) to the lung mucosae (hierarchy: IL-4R antagonist>IL-13Rα2>unadjuvanted). In contrast, elevated CD11b(-) CD103(+) LDCs were detected in animals that received recombinant HIV vaccinia virus (rVV) or Modified Vaccinia Ankara virus (MVA) vector-based vaccines. Adoptive transfer studies indicated that CD11b(-) CD103(+) LDCs significantly dampened HIV-specific CD8(+) T cell avidity compared to CD11b(+) CD103(-) LDCs. Collectively; our observations revealed that rFPV vector prime and transient inhibition of IL-4/IL-13 at the vaccination site favoured the recruitment of unique LDCs, associated with the induction of high quality immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shubhanshi Trivedi
- Molecular Mucosal Vaccine Immunology Group, Department of Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia.
| | - Ronald J Jackson
- Molecular Mucosal Vaccine Immunology Group, Department of Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Charani Ranasinghe
- Molecular Mucosal Vaccine Immunology Group, Department of Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Breman E, van Miert PP, van der Steen DM, Heemskerk MH, Doxiadis II, Roelen D, Claas FH, van Kooten C. HLA monomers as a tool to monitor indirect allorecognition. Transplantation 2014; 97:1119-27. [PMID: 24798312 PMCID: PMC4032218 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recognition of donor antigens can occur through two separate pathways: the direct pathway (non-self HLA on donor cells) and the indirect pathway (self-restricted presentation of donor derived peptides on recipient cells). Indirect allorecognition is important in the development of humoral rejection; therefore, there is an increasing interest in the monitoring of indirect alloreactive T-cells. We have used an in vitro model to determine the optimal requirements for indirect presentation and assessed the risk for semidirect presentation in this system. METHODS HLA-typed monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) were incubated with cellular fragments or necrotic cells and incubated with either indirect or direct alloreactive T-cell clones. T-cell reactivity was measured through proliferation or cytokine secretion. HLA-typed moDC, monocytes, or PBMCs were incubated with HLA class I monomers, in combination with either direct/indirect T-cell clones. RESULTS Although both were efficiently taken up, alloreactivity was limited to the semi-direct pathway, as measured by allospecific CD4 (indirect) and CD8 T-cell clones (direct) when cells were used. In contrast, HLA-A2 monomers were not only efficiently taken up but also processed and presented by HLA-typed moDC, monocytes, and PBMCs. Activation was shown by a dose-dependent induction of IFN-γ production and proliferation by the CD4 T-cell clone. Antigen presentation was most efficient when the monomers were cultured for longer periods (24-48 hr) in the presence of the T-cells. Using this method, no reactivity was observed by the CD8 T-cell clone, confirming no semidirect alloreactivity. CONCLUSION We have developed a system that could be used to monitor indirect alloreactive T-cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eytan Breman
- 1 Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands. 2 Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, LUMC, Leiden, the Netherlands. 3 Department of Hematology, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands. 4 Address correspondence to: Cees van Kooten, MD, PhD, Albinusdreef 2, C07-35 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Markey KA, Koyama M, Gartlan KH, Leveque L, Kuns RD, Lineburg KE, Teal BE, MacDonald KPA, Hill GR. Cross-dressing by donor dendritic cells after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation contributes to formation of the immunological synapse and maximizes responses to indirectly presented antigen. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:5426-33. [PMID: 24790149 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The stimulation of naive donor T cells by recipient alloantigen is central to the pathogenesis of graft-versus-host disease after bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Using mouse models of transplantation, we have observed that donor cells become "cross-dressed" in very high levels of recipient hematopoietic cell-derived MHC class I and II molecules following BMT. Recipient-type MHC is transiently present on donor dendritic cells (DCs) after BMT in the setting of myeloablative conditioning but is persistent after nonmyeloablative conditioning, in which recipient hematopoietic cells remain in high numbers. Despite the high level of recipient-derived alloantigen present on the surface of donor DCs, donor T cell proliferative responses are generated only in response to processed recipient alloantigen presented via the indirect pathway and not in response to cross-dressed MHC. Assays in which exogenous peptide is added to cross-dressed MHC in the presence of naive TCR transgenic T cells specific to the MHC class II-peptide combination confirm that cross-dressed APC cannot induce T cell proliferation in isolation. Despite failure to induce T cell proliferation, cross-dressing by donor DCs contributes to generation of the immunological synapse between DCs and CD4 T cells, and this is required for maximal responses induced by classical indirectly presented alloantigen. We conclude that the process of cross-dressing by donor DCs serves as an efficient alternative pathway for the acquisition of recipient alloantigen and that once acquired, this cross-dressed MHC can assist in immune synapse formation prior to the induction of full T cell proliferative responses by concurrent indirect Ag presentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kate A Markey
- The Bone Marrow Transplantation Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia; The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland 4029, Australia; and
| | - Motoko Koyama
- The Bone Marrow Transplantation Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Kate H Gartlan
- The Bone Marrow Transplantation Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia; The Antigen Presentation and Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Lucie Leveque
- The Antigen Presentation and Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Rachel D Kuns
- The Bone Marrow Transplantation Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Katie E Lineburg
- The Antigen Presentation and Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Bianca E Teal
- The Antigen Presentation and Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Kelli P A MacDonald
- The Antigen Presentation and Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Geoffrey R Hill
- The Bone Marrow Transplantation Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia; The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland 4029, Australia; and
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Neyt K, Lambrecht BN. The role of lung dendritic cell subsets in immunity to respiratory viruses. Immunol Rev 2014; 255:57-67. [PMID: 23947347 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections are a common cause of acute respiratory disease. The clinical course of infection and symptoms depend on the viral strain, the health status of the host, and the immunological status of the host. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a crucial role in recognizing and presenting viral antigens and in inducing adaptive immune responses that clear the virus. Because the lung is continuously exposed to the air, the lung is equipped with an elaborate network of DCs to sense incoming foreign pathogens. Increasing knowledge on DC biology has informed us that DCs are not a single cell type. In the steady state lung, three DC subsets can be defined: CD11b(+) or CD103(+) conventional DCs and plasmacytoid DCs. Upon inflammation, inflammatory monocyte-derived DCs are recruited to the lung. It is only recently that tools became available to allow DC subsets to be clearly studied. This review focuses on the activation of DCs and the function of lung DCs in the context of respiratory virus infection and highlights some cautionary points for interpreting older experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrijn Neyt
- VIB Inflammation Research Center, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Ghent, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
|
36
|
Mazzini E, Massimiliano L, Penna G, Rescigno M. Oral Tolerance Can Be Established via Gap Junction Transfer of Fed Antigens from CX3CR1+ Macrophages to CD103+ Dendritic Cells. Immunity 2014; 40:248-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
37
|
Ma Y, Galluzzi L, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G. Autophagy and cellular immune responses. Immunity 2013; 39:211-27. [PMID: 23973220 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy constitutes a mechanism for the sequestration and lysosomal degradation of various cytoplasmic structures, including damaged organelles and invading microorganisms. Autophagy not only represents an essential cell-intrinsic mechanism to protect against internal and external stress conditions but also shapes cellular immunity. Recent evidence indicates that autophagic responses in antigen-donor cells affect the release of several cytokines and "danger signals." Thus, especially when it precedes cell death, autophagy alerts innate immune effectors to elicit cognate immune responses. Autophagy is also important for the differentiation, survival, and activation of myeloid and lymphoid cells. Accordingly, inherited mutations in autophagy-relevant genes are associated with immune diseases, whereas oncogenesis-associated autophagic defects promote the escape of developing tumors from immunosurveillance. Here, we discuss the regulation of autophagy in the course of cellular immune responses and emphasize its impact on the immunogenicity of antigen-donor cells and on the activity of antigen-presenting cells and T lymphocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Ma
- INSERM, U848, F-94805 Villejuif, France; Institut Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Shabir S, Kaul B, Pachnio A, Banham GD, Smith H, Chand S, Jham S, Harper L, Ball S, Rahbar A, Söderberg-Nauclér C, Moss P, Borrows R. Impaired direct priming of CD8 T cells by donor-derived cytomegalovirus following kidney transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 24:1698-708. [PMID: 23847277 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013040340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection increases the risk of complications after renal transplantation, but the mechanisms controlling donor-derived infection are not adequately characterized. Here, we assessed the risk of clinically significant CMV disease in donor-seropositive, recipient-seropositive (D+R+) renal transplantation and examined recipients' CMV antigen-specific cellular immune responses primed directly by donor cells. In a retrospective cohort of 569 patients administered standardized basiliximab-tacrolimus-mycophenolate-corticosteroid immunosuppressive therapy, CMV disease rates increased in D+R+ serostatus pairings compared with D-R+ pairings (hazard ratio [HR], 2.61; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.36 to 5.01; P=0.004) and associated with increased donor-recipient HLA mismatch in the D+R+ group (HR [per class 1 mismatch], 1.43; 95% CI, 1.12 to 1.82]; P=0.02). D+R+ and D+R- transplants in which the donor and recipient differentially expressed at least one HLA class I allele were followed prospectively from the time of transplantation. During the first year after transplantation, four of eight seropositive recipients and one of three seronegative recipients displayed peripheral blood CD8+ T cell responses to CMV presented by recipient-specific HLA. Notably, no recipients mounted responses to CMV presented by donor-specific HLA, despite the detection of CMV antigen expression in all seropositive donor organs examined (n=10), suggesting that the allograft of Class I HLA-mismatched seropositive donors is inaccessible to CD8+ T cell responses. Finally, pretransplant assays of anti-CMV cellular immunity predicted post-transplant CMV replication less accurately in D+R+ pairings than in D-R+ pairings, possibly reflecting in vitro assay specificity for recipient, rather than donor, HLA. These findings are relevant to the clinical management and immunologic understanding of donor-transmitted viral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shazia Shabir
- Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Smyth LA, Ratnasothy K, Moreau A, Alcock S, Sagoo P, Meader L, Tanriver Y, Buckland M, Lechler R, Lombardi G. Tolerogenic Donor-Derived Dendritic Cells Risk Sensitization In Vivo owing to Processing and Presentation by Recipient APCs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:4848-60. [PMID: 23536635 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Modification of allogeneic dendritic cells (DCs) through drug treatment results in DCs with in vitro hallmarks of tolerogenicity. Despite these observations, using murine MHC-mismatched skin and heart transplant models, donor-derived drug-modified DCs not only failed to induce tolerance but also accelerated graft rejection. The latter was inhibited by injecting the recipient with anti-CD8 Ab, which removed both CD8(+) T cells and CD8(+) DCs. The discrepancy between in vitro and in vivo data could be explained, partly, by the presentation of drug-modified donor DC MHC alloantigens by recipient APCs and activation of recipient T cells with indirect allospecificity, leading to the induction of alloantibodies. Furthermore, allogeneic MHC molecules expressed by drug-treated DCs were rapidly processed and presented in peptide form by recipient APCs in vivo within hours of DC injection. Using TCR-transgenic T cells, Ag presentation of injected OVA-pulsed DCs was detectable for ≤ 3 d, whereas indirect presentation of MHC alloantigen by recipient APCs led to activation of T cells within 14 h and was partially inhibited by reducing the numbers of CD8(+) DCs in vivo. In support of this observation when mice lacking CD8(+) DCs were pretreated with drug-modified DCs prior to transplantation, skin graft rejection kinetics were similar to those in non-DC-treated controls. Of interest, when the same mice were treated with anti-CD40L blockade plus drug-modified DCs, skin graft survival was prolonged, suggesting endogenous DCs were responsible for T cell priming. Altogether, these findings highlight the risks and limitations of negative vaccination using alloantigen-bearing "tolerogenic" DCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lesley A Smyth
- Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Langerin negative dendritic cells promote potent CD8+ T-cell priming by skin delivery of live adenovirus vaccine microneedle arrays. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:3041-6. [PMID: 23386724 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1214449110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stabilization of virus protein structure and nucleic acid integrity is challenging yet essential to preserve the transcriptional competence of live recombinant viral vaccine vectors in the absence of a cold chain. When coupled with needle-free skin delivery, such a platform would address an unmet need in global vaccine coverage against HIV and other global pathogens. Herein, we show that a simple dissolvable microneedle array (MA) delivery system preserves the immunogenicity of vaccines encoded by live recombinant human adenovirus type 5 (rAdHu5). Specifically, dried rAdHu5 MA immunization induced CD8(+) T-cell expansion and multifunctional cytokine responses equipotent with conventional injectable routes of immunization. Intravital imaging demonstrated MA cargo distributed both in the epidermis and dermis, with acquisition by CD11c(+) dendritic cells (DCs) in the dermis. The MA immunizing properties were attributable to CD11c(+) MHCII(hi) CD8α(neg) epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM(neg)) CD11b(+) langerin (Lang; CD207)(neg) DCs, but neither Langerhans cells nor Lang(+) DCs were required for CD8(+) T-cell priming. This study demonstrates an important technical advance for viral vaccine vectors progressing to the clinic and provides insights into the mechanism of CD8(+) T-cell priming by live rAdHu5 MAs.
Collapse
|
41
|
Huang J, Li X, Kohno K, Hatano M, Tokuhisa T, Murray PJ, Brocker T, Tsuji M. Generation of tissue-specific H-2Kd transgenic mice for the study of K(d)-restricted malaria epitope-specific CD8+ T-cell responses in vivo. J Immunol Methods 2012; 387:254-61. [PMID: 23142461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2012.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells are critical for the control of various intracellular infections and cancers. To date, however, effective T cell-based vaccines remain elusive, due, in part, to the lack of in vivo models that facilitate the dissection of antigen-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses primed by different antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In this study, we generated four lines of H-2K(d) transgenic (K(d) Tg) mice that differed in their expression of H-2K(d): dendritic cells (DCs) only (CD11c-K(d)), macrophages only (huCD68-K(d)), hepatocytes only (Alb-K(d)), or all nucleated cells (major histocompatibility complex-I-K(d)). Immunization of each of these K(d) Tg mouse strains with a synthetic peptide or a recombinant adenovirus expressing a well-known immunodominant, H-2K(d)-restricted CD8(+) T-cell epitope, SYVPSAEQI, which was derived from the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium yoelii, promoted distinct SYVPSAEQI-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses. The route of immunization also greatly influenced the magnitude of the epitope-specific CD8(+) T-cell response. These tissue-specific K(d) Tg mice may be valuable tools for determining the mode of induction of CD8(+) T-cell responses by different APCs in vivo and for characterizing the CD8(+) T-cell responses promoted in response to various microbial infections and/or different types of vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- HIV and Malaria Vaccine Program, Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of the Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|