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Akkoyunlu M. State of pneumococcal vaccine immunity. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2336358. [PMID: 38567485 PMCID: PMC10993918 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2336358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Like the other invasive encapsulated bacteria, Streptococcus pneumoniae is also covered with a polysaccharide structure. Infants and elderly are most vulnerable to the invasive and noninvasive diseases caused by S. pneumoniae. Although antibodies against polysaccharide capsule are efficient in eliminating S. pneumoniae, the T cell independent nature of the immune response against polysaccharide vaccines renders them weakly antigenic. The introduction of protein conjugated capsular polysaccharide vaccines helped overcome the weak immunogenicity of pneumococcal polysaccharides and decreased the incidence of pneumococcal diseases, especially in pediatric population. Conjugate vaccines elicit T cell dependent response which involve the interaction of specialized CD4+ T cells, called follicular helper T cells (Tfh) with germinal center B cells in secondary lymphoid organs. Despite their improved immunogenicity, conjugate vaccines still need to be administered three to four times in infants during the first 15 month of their life because they mount poor Tfh response. Recent studies revealed fundamental differences in the generation of Tfh cells between neonates and adults. As the portfolio of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines continues to increase, better understanding of the mechanisms of antibody development in different age groups will help in the development of pneumococcal vaccines tailored for different ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Akkoyunlu
- Division of Bacterial Allergenic and Parasitic Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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2
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Labeur-Iurman L, Harker JA. Mechanisms of antibody mediated immunity - Distinct in early life. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2024; 172:106588. [PMID: 38768890 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2024.106588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Immune responses in early life are characterized by a failure to robustly generate long-lasting protective responses against many common pathogens or upon vaccination. This is associated with a reduced ability to generate T-cell dependent high affinity antibodies. This review highlights the differences in T-cell dependent antibody responses observed between infants and adults, in particular focussing on the alterations in immune cell function that lead to reduced T follicular helper cell-B cell crosstalk within germinal centres in early life. Understanding the distinct functional characteristics of early life humoral immunity, and how these are regulated, will be critical in guiding age-appropriate immunological interventions in the very young.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Labeur-Iurman
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - James A Harker
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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3
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Lotspeich-Cole L, Parvathaneni S, Sakai J, Liu L, Takeda K, Lee RC, Akkoyunlu M. Sustained antigen delivery improves germinal center reaction and increases antibody responses in neonatal mice. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:92. [PMID: 38796539 PMCID: PMC11128021 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00875-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Neonates and young infants are known to have limited responses to pediatric vaccines due to reduced germinal center formation. Extended vaccine antigen dosing was previously shown to expand germinal center formation and improve humoral responses in adult mice. We report that sustained antigen delivery through sequential dosing overcomes neonatal limitations to form germinal center reactions and improves humoral immunity. Thus, vaccine strategies that extend the release of vaccine antigens may reduce the number of doses, and time needed, to achieve protective immunity in neonates and young infants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jiro Sakai
- US FDA/CBER/OVRR/DBPAP, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Lunhua Liu
- US FDA/CBER/OVRR/DBPAP, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Kazuyo Takeda
- US FDA/CBER/OBRR/DBCD, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Robert C Lee
- US FDA/CBER/OVRR/DBPAP, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Mustafa Akkoyunlu
- US FDA/CBER/OVRR/DBPAP, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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4
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Parvathaneni S, Yang J, Lotspeich-Cole L, Sakai J, Lee RC, Akkoyunlu M. IL6 suppresses vaccine responses in neonates by enhancing IL2 activity on T follicular helper cells. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:173. [PMID: 37938563 PMCID: PMC10632457 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00764-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The inability of neonates to develop CD4+FoxP3-CXCR5hiPD-1hi T follicular helper (TFH) cells contributes to their weak vaccine responses. In previous studies, we measured diminished IgG responses when IL-6 was co-injected with a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) in neonatal mice. This is in sharp contrast to adults, where IL-6 improves vaccine responses by downregulating the expression of IL-2Rβ on TFH cells and protecting them from the inhibitory effect of IL-2. In this study, we found that splenic IL-6 levels rapidly increased in both adult and neonatal mice following immunization, but the increase in neonatal mice was significantly more than that of adult mice. Moreover, immunized neonatal TFH cells expressed significantly more IL-2 as well as its receptors, IL-2Rα and IL-2Rβ, than the adult cells. Remarkably, IL-6 co-injection with PCV vaccine further increased the production of IL-2 and the expression of its receptors by neonatal TFH cells, whereas excess IL-6 had totally opposite effect in immunized adult mice. Underscoring the role of IL-6 in activating the IL-2 mediated suppression of vaccine responses, immunization of IL-6 knock-out neonates led to improved antibody responses accompanied by expanded TFH cells as well as lower levels of IL-2 and IL-2 receptors on TFH cells. Moreover, CpG containing PCV improved TFH response in neonates by suppressing the expression of IL-2 receptors on TFH cells and inhibiting IL-2 activity. These findings unveil age-specific differences in IL-6 mediated vaccine responses and highlight the need to consider age-related immunobiological attributes in designing vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiyeon Yang
- US FDA/CBER/OVRR/DBPAP, 10903, New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | - Jiro Sakai
- US FDA/CBER/OVRR/DBPAP, 10903, New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Robert C Lee
- US FDA/CBER/OVRR/DBPAP, 10903, New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Mustafa Akkoyunlu
- US FDA/CBER/OVRR/DBPAP, 10903, New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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5
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Kibler A, Seifert M, Budeus B. Age-related changes of the human splenic marginal zone B cell compartment. Immunol Lett 2023; 256-257:59-65. [PMID: 37044264 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we will summarize the growing body of knowledge on the age-related changes of human splenic B cell composition and molecular evidence of immune maturation and discuss the contribution of these changes on splenic protective function. From birth on, the splenic marginal zone (sMZ) contains a specialized B cell subpopulation, which recruits and archives memory B cells from immune responses throughout the organism. The quality of sMZ B cell responses is augmented by germinal center (GC)-dependent maturation of memory B cells during childhood, however, in old age, these mechanisms likely contribute to waning of splenic protective function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Kibler
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Marc Seifert
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Department of Hematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Bettina Budeus
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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6
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Vono M, Mastelic-Gavillet B, Mohr E, Östensson M, Persson J, Olafsdottir TA, Lemeille S, Pejoski D, Hartley O, Christensen D, Andersen P, Didierlaurent AM, Harandi AM, Lambert PH, Siegrist CA. C-type lectin receptor agonists elicit functional IL21-expressing Tfh cells and induce primary B cell responses in neonates. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1155200. [PMID: 37063899 PMCID: PMC10102809 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1155200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionC-type lectin receptor (CLR) agonists emerged as superior inducers of primary B cell responses in early life compared with Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, while both types of adjuvants are potent in adults.MethodsHere, we explored the mechanisms accounting for the differences in neonatal adjuvanticity between a CLR-based (CAF®01) and a TLR4-based (GLA-SE) adjuvant administered with influenza hemagglutinin (HA) in neonatal mice, by using transcriptomics and systems biology analyses.ResultsOn day 7 after immunization, HA/CAF01 increased IL6 and IL21 levels in the draining lymph nodes, while HA/GLA-SE increased IL10. CAF01 induced mixed Th1/Th17 neonatal responses while T cell responses induced by GLA-SE had a more pronounced Th2-profile. Only CAF01 induced T follicular helper (Tfh) cells expressing high levels of IL21 similar to levels induced in adult mice, which is essential for germinal center (GC) formation. Accordingly, only CAF01- induced neonatal Tfh cells activated adoptively transferred hen egg lysozyme (HEL)-specific B cells to form HEL+ GC B cells in neonatal mice upon vaccination with HEL-OVA.DiscussionCollectively, the data show that CLR-based adjuvants are promising neonatal and infant adjuvants due to their ability to harness Tfh responses in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vono
- Center for Vaccine Immunology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Maria Vono,
| | - Beatris Mastelic-Gavillet
- Center for Vaccine Immunology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elodie Mohr
- Center for Vaccine Immunology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Malin Östensson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Josefine Persson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Sylvain Lemeille
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David Pejoski
- Center for Vaccine Immunology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Hartley
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Vaccine Adjuvant Research, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Andersen
- Vaccine Adjuvant Research, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arnaud M. Didierlaurent
- Center for Vaccine Immunology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ali M. Harandi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, British Columbia (BC) Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Paul-Henri Lambert
- Center for Vaccine Immunology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Claire-Anne Siegrist
- Center for Vaccine Immunology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Sakai J, Yang J, Chou CK, Wu WW, Akkoyunlu M. B cell receptor-induced IL-10 production from neonatal mouse CD19 +CD43 - cells depends on STAT5-mediated IL-6 secretion. eLife 2023; 12:83561. [PMID: 36735294 PMCID: PMC9934864 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Newborns are unable to reach the adult-level humoral immune response partly due to the potent immunoregulatory role of IL-10. Increased IL-10 production by neonatal B cells has been attributed to the larger population of IL-10-producting CD43+ B-1 cells in neonates. Here, we show that neonatal mouse CD43- non-B-1 cells also produce substantial amounts of IL-10 following B cell antigen receptor (BCR) activation. In neonatal mouse CD43- non-B-1 cells, BCR engagement activated STAT5 under the control of phosphorylated forms of signaling molecules Syk, Btk, PKC, FAK, and Rac1. Neonatal STAT5 activation led to IL-6 production, which in turn was responsible for IL-10 production in an autocrine/paracrine fashion through the activation of STAT3. In addition to the increased IL-6 production in response to BCR stimulation, elevated expression of IL-6Rα expression in neonatal B cells rendered them highly susceptible to IL-6-mediated STAT3 phosphorylation and IL-10 production. Finally, IL-10 secreted from neonatal mouse CD43- non-B-1 cells was sufficient to inhibit TNF-α secretion by macrophages. Our results unveil a distinct mechanism of IL-6-dependent IL-10 production in BCR-stimulated neonatal CD19+CD43- B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiro Sakai
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Division of Bacterial Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, The US Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringUnited States
| | - Jiyeon Yang
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Division of Bacterial Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, The US Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringUnited States
| | - Chao-Kai Chou
- Facility for Biotechnology Resources, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringUnited States
| | - Wells W Wu
- Facility for Biotechnology Resources, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringUnited States
| | - Mustafa Akkoyunlu
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Division of Bacterial Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, The US Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringUnited States
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8
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TLR agonists induce sustained IgG to hemagglutinin stem and modulate T cells following newborn vaccination. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:102. [PMID: 36038596 PMCID: PMC9424286 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00523-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The newborn immune system is characterized by diminished immune responses that leave infants vulnerable to virus-mediated disease and make vaccination more challenging. Optimal vaccination strategies for influenza A virus (IAV) in newborns should result in robust levels of protective antibodies, including those with broad reactivity to combat the variability in IAV strains across seasons. The stem region of the hemagglutinin (HA) molecule is a target of such antibodies. Using a nonhuman primate model, we investigate the capacity of newborns to generate and maintain antibodies to the conserved stem region following vaccination. We find adjuvanting an inactivated vaccine with the TLR7/8 agonist R848 is effective in promoting sustained HA stem-specific IgG. Unexpectedly, HA stem-specific antibodies were generated with a distinct kinetic pattern compared to the overall response. Administration of R848 was associated with increased influenza-specific T follicular helper cells as well as Tregs with a less suppressive phenotype, suggesting adjuvant impacts multiple cell types that have the potential to contribute to the HA-stem response.
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9
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LAMP-1 Chimeric to HIV-1 p55Gag in the Immunization of Neonate Mice Induces an Early Germinal Center Formation and AID Expression. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081246. [PMID: 36016134 PMCID: PMC9414238 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonates have a limited adaptive response of plasma cells, germinal center (GC) B cells, and T follicular helper cells (TFH). As neonatal vaccination can be an important tool for AIDS prevention, these limitations need to be overcome. Chimeric DNA vaccine encoding p55Gag HIV-1 protein conjugated with lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP-1) has been described as immunogenic in the neonate period. Herein, we investigated the immunologic mechanisms involved in neonatal immunization with a LAMP-1/p55Gag (LAMP/Gag) DNA vaccine in a C57BL/6 mouse background. Neonatal LAMP/Gag vaccination induced strong Gag-specific T-cell response until adulthood and elevated levels of anti-Gag IgG antibodies. We also demonstrated for the first time that the immunogenicity of the neonatal period with LAMP/Gag is due to the induction of high-affinity anti-p24 IgG antibodies and long-term plasma cells. Together with that, there is the generation of early TFH cells and the formation of GC sites with the upregulation of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) enzyme mRNA and protein expression in draining lymph nodes after neonatal LAMP/Gag vaccination. These findings underscore that the LAMP-1 strategy in the chimeric vaccine could be useful to enhance antibody production even in the face of neonatal immaturity, and they contribute to the development of new vaccine approaches for other emerging pathogens at an early stage of life.
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Eddens T, Parks OB, Williams JV. Neonatal Immune Responses to Respiratory Viruses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:863149. [PMID: 35493465 PMCID: PMC9047724 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.863149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in newborns, infants, and young children. These early life infections present a formidable immunologic challenge with a number of possibly conflicting goals: simultaneously eliminate the acute pathogen, preserve the primary gas-exchange function of the lung parenchyma in a developing lung, and limit long-term sequelae of both the infection and the inflammatory response. The latter has been most well studied in the context of childhood asthma, where multiple epidemiologic studies have linked early life viral infection with subsequent bronchospasm. This review will focus on the clinical relevance of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), and rhinovirus (RV) and examine the protective and pathogenic host responses within the neonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Eddens
- Pediatric Scientist Development Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Division of Allergy/Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Olivia B. Parks
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - John V. Williams
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Ucciferri CC, Dunn SE. Effect of puberty on the immune system: Relevance to multiple sclerosis. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:1059083. [PMID: 36533239 PMCID: PMC9755749 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.1059083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Puberty is a dynamic period marked by changing levels of sex hormones, the development of secondary sexual characteristics and reproductive maturity. This period has profound effects on various organ systems, including the immune system. The critical changes that occur in the immune system during pubertal onset have been shown to have implications for autoimmune conditions, including Multiple Sclerosis (MS). MS is rare prior to puberty but can manifest in children after puberty. This disease also has a clear female preponderance that only arises following pubertal onset, highlighting a potential role for sex hormones in autoimmunity. Early onset of puberty has also been shown to be a risk factor for MS. The purpose of this review is to overview the evidence that puberty regulates MS susceptibility and disease activity. Given that there is a paucity of studies that directly evaluate the effects of puberty on the immune system, we also discuss how the immune system is different in children and mice of pre- vs. post-pubertal ages and describe how gonadal hormones may regulate these immune mechanisms. We present evidence that puberty enhances the expression of co-stimulatory molecules and cytokine production by type 2 dendritic cells (DC2s) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), increases T helper 1 (Th1), Th17, and T follicular helper immunity, and promotes immunoglobulin (Ig)G antibody production. Overall, this review highlights how the immune system undergoes a functional maturation during puberty, which has the potential to explain the higher prevalence of MS and other autoimmune diseases seen in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen C Ucciferri
- Department of Immunology, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shannon E Dunn
- Department of Immunology, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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12
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Oyong DA, Loughland JR, Soon MSF, Chan JA, Andrew D, Wines BD, Hogarth PM, Olver SD, Collinge AD, Varelias A, Beeson JG, Kenangalem E, Price RN, Anstey NM, Minigo G, Boyle MJ. Adults with Plasmodium falciparum malaria have higher magnitude and quality of circulating T-follicular helper cells compared to children. EBioMedicine 2022; 75:103784. [PMID: 34968760 PMCID: PMC8718734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protective malarial antibodies are acquired more rapidly in adults than children, independently of cumulative exposure, however the cellular responses mediating these differences are unknown. CD4 T-follicular helper (Tfh) cells have key roles in inducing antibodies, with Th2-Tfh cell activation associated with antibody development in malaria. Whether Tfh cell activation in malaria is age dependent is unknown and no studies have compared Tfh cell activation in children and adults with malaria. METHODS We undertook a comprehensive study of Tfh cells, along with B cells and antibody induction in children and adults with malaria. Activation and proliferation of circulating Tfh (cTfh) cell subsets was measured ex vivo and parasite-specific Tfh cell frequencies and functions studied with Activation Induced Marker (AIM) assays and intracellular cytokine staining. FINDINGS During acute malaria, the magnitude of cTfh cell activation was higher in adults than in children and occurred across all cTfh cell subsets in adults but was restricted only to the Th1-cTfh subset in children. Further, adults had higher levels of parasite-specific cTfh cells, and cTfh cells which produced more Th2-Tfh associated cytokine IL-4. Consistent with a role of higher Tfh cell activation in rapid immune development in adults, adults had higher activation of B cells during infection and higher induction of antibodies 7 and 28 days after malaria compared to children. INTERPRETATION Our data provide evidence that age impacts Tfh cell activation during malaria, and that these differences may influence antibody induction after treatment. Findings have important implications for vaccine development in children. FUNDING This word was supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, Wellcome Trust, Charles Darwin University Menzies School of Health Research, Channel 7 Children's Research Foundation, and National Health Institute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian A Oyong
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia; Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Jessica R Loughland
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Megan S F Soon
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jo-Anne Chan
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Dean Andrew
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Bruce D Wines
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, VIC, Australia; Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - P Mark Hogarth
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, VIC, Australia; Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart D Olver
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Alika D Collinge
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Antiopi Varelias
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, QLD, Australia
| | - James G Beeson
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Monash University, VIC, Australia
| | - Enny Kenangalem
- Timika Malaria Research Program, Papuan Health and Community Development Foundation, Timika, Papua, Indonesia; District Health Authority, Timika, Papua, Indonesia
| | - Ric N Price
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nicholas M Anstey
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Gabriela Minigo
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia; Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Michelle J Boyle
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, QLD, Australia.
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13
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Pyle CJ, Labeur-Iurman L, Groves HT, Puttur F, Lloyd CM, Tregoning JS, Harker JA. Enhanced IL-2 in early life limits the development of TFH and protective antiviral immunity. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20201555. [PMID: 34665220 PMCID: PMC8529914 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper cell (TFH)-dependent antibody responses are critical for long-term immunity. Antibody responses are diminished in early life, limiting long-term protective immunity and allowing prolonged or recurrent infection, which may be important for viral lung infections that are highly prevalent in infancy. In a murine model using respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), we show that TFH and the high-affinity antibody production they promote are vital for preventing disease on RSV reinfection. Following a secondary RSV infection, TFH-deficient mice had significantly exacerbated disease characterized by delayed viral clearance, increased weight loss, and immunopathology. TFH generation in early life was compromised by heightened IL-2 and STAT5 signaling in differentiating naive T cells. Neutralization of IL-2 during early-life RSV infection resulted in a TFH-dependent increase in antibody-mediated immunity and was sufficient to limit disease severity upon reinfection. These data demonstrate the importance of TFH in protection against recurrent RSV infection and highlight a mechanism by which this is suppressed in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe J. Pyle
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, UK
| | - Lucia Labeur-Iurman
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, UK
| | - Helen T. Groves
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, London, UK
| | - Franz Puttur
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, UK
| | - Clare M. Lloyd
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, UK
- Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms for Asthma, London, UK
| | - John S. Tregoning
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, London, UK
| | - James A. Harker
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, UK
- Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms for Asthma, London, UK
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14
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Clemens EA, Alexander-Miller MA. Understanding Antibody Responses in Early Life: Baby Steps towards Developing an Effective Influenza Vaccine. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071392. [PMID: 34372597 PMCID: PMC8310046 DOI: 10.3390/v13071392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system of young infants is both quantitatively and qualitatively distinct from that of adults, with diminished responsiveness leaving these individuals vulnerable to infection. Because of this, young infants suffer increased morbidity and mortality from respiratory pathogens such as influenza viruses. The impaired generation of robust and persistent antibody responses in these individuals makes overcoming this increased vulnerability through vaccination challenging. Because of this, an effective vaccine against influenza viruses in infants under 6 months is not available. Furthermore, vaccination against influenza viruses is challenging even in adults due to the high antigenic variability across viral strains, allowing immune evasion even after induction of robust immune responses. This has led to substantial interest in understanding how specific antibody responses are formed to variable and conserved components of influenza viruses, as immune responses tend to strongly favor recognition of variable epitopes. Elicitation of broadly protective antibody in young infants, therefore, requires that both the unique characteristics of young infant immunity as well as the antibody immunodominance present among epitopes be effectively addressed. Here, we review our current understanding of the antibody response in newborns and young infants and discuss recent developments in vaccination strategies that can modulate both magnitude and epitope specificity of IAV-specific antibody.
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15
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Hill DL, Carr EJ, Rutishauser T, Moncunill G, Campo JJ, Innocentin S, Mpina M, Nhabomba A, Tumbo A, Jairoce C, Moll HA, van Zelm MC, Dobaño C, Daubenberger C, Linterman MA. Immune system development varies according to age, location, and anemia in African children. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/529/eaaw9522. [PMID: 32024802 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw9522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Children from low- and middle-income countries, where there is a high incidence of infectious disease, have the greatest need for the protection afforded by vaccination, but vaccines often show reduced efficacy in these populations. An improved understanding of how age, infection, nutrition, and genetics influence immune ontogeny and function is key to informing vaccine design for this at-risk population. We sought to identify factors that shape immune development in children under 5 years of age from Tanzania and Mozambique by detailed immunophenotyping of longitudinal blood samples collected during the RTS,S malaria vaccine phase 3 trial. In these cohorts, the composition of the immune system is dynamically transformed during the first years of life, and this was further influenced by geographical location, with some immune cell types showing an altered rate of development in Tanzanian children compared to Dutch children enrolled in the Generation R population-based cohort study. High-titer antibody responses to the RTS,S/AS01E vaccine were associated with an activated immune profile at the time of vaccination, including an increased frequency of antibody-secreting plasmablasts and follicular helper T cells. Anemic children had lower frequencies of recent thymic emigrant T cells, isotype-switched memory B cells, and plasmablasts; modulating iron bioavailability in vitro could recapitulate the B cell defects observed in anemic children. Our findings demonstrate that the composition of the immune system in children varies according to age, geographical location, and anemia status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danika L Hill
- Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK. .,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Edward J Carr
- Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK.,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Tobias Rutishauser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel 4051, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel 4001, Switzerland
| | - Gemma Moncunill
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia 08036, Spain
| | - Joseph J Campo
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia 08036, Spain
| | - Silvia Innocentin
- Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Maxmillian Mpina
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel 4051, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel 4001, Switzerland.,Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Augusto Nhabomba
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, CP 1929, Mozambique
| | - Anneth Tumbo
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel 4051, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel 4001, Switzerland.,Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Chenjerai Jairoce
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, CP 1929, Mozambique
| | - Henriëtte A Moll
- Department of Pediatrics, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 GD, Netherlands
| | - Menno C van Zelm
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Carlota Dobaño
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia 08036, Spain.,Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, CP 1929, Mozambique
| | - Claudia Daubenberger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel 4051, Switzerland. .,University of Basel, Basel 4001, Switzerland
| | - Michelle A Linterman
- Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK.
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16
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Sartoretti J, Eberhardt CS. The Potential Role of Nonhuman Primate Models to Better Comprehend Early Life Immunity and Maternal Antibody Transfer. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9040306. [PMID: 33804886 PMCID: PMC8063815 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9040306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Early life immunity is a complex field of research and there are still gaps in knowledge regarding the detailed mechanism of maternal antibody transfer, the impact of maternal antibodies on infant vaccine responses and the ontogeny of human early life immunity. A comprehensive understanding is necessary to identify requirements for early life vaccines and to improve early childhood immunization. New immunological methods have facilitated performing research in the youngest, however, some questions can only be addressed in animal models. To date, mostly murine models are used to study neonatal and infant immunity since they are well-described, easy to use and cost effective. Given their limitations especially in the transfer biology of maternal antibodies and the lack of infectivity of numerous human pathogens, this opinion piece discusses the potential and prerequisites of the nonhuman primate model in studying early life immunity and maternal antibody transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Sartoretti
- Center for Vaccinology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland;
- Department of Woman, Child and Adolescent Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, 6 rue Willy-Donze, 1211 Geneve 4, Switzerland
| | - Christiane S. Eberhardt
- Center for Vaccinology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland;
- Department of Woman, Child and Adolescent Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, 6 rue Willy-Donze, 1211 Geneve 4, Switzerland
- Center for Vaccinology, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Correspondence:
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17
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Multiple Levels of Immunological Memory and Their Association with Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9020174. [PMID: 33669597 PMCID: PMC7922266 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological memory is divided into many levels to counteract the provocations of diverse and ever-changing infections. Fast functions of effector memory and the superposition of both quantitatively and qualitatively plastic anticipatory memory responses together form the walls of protection against pathogens. Here we provide an overview of the role of different B and T cell subsets and their interplay, the parallel and independent functions of the B1, marginal zone B cells, T-independent- and T-dependent B cell responses, as well as functions of central and effector memory T cells, tissue-resident and follicular helper T cells in the memory responses. Age-related limitations in the immunological memory of these cell types in neonates and the elderly are also discussed. We review how certain aspects of immunological memory and the interactions of components can affect the efficacy of vaccines, in order to link our knowledge of immunological memory with the practical application of vaccination.
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18
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Lirussi D, Weissmann SF, Ebensen T, Nitsche-Gloy U, Franz HBG, Guzmán CA. Cyclic Di-Adenosine Monophosphate: A Promising Adjuvant Candidate for the Development of Neonatal Vaccines. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13020188. [PMID: 33535570 PMCID: PMC7912751 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Underdeveloped immunity during the neonatal age makes this period one of the most dangerous during the human lifespan, with infection-related mortality being one of the highest of all age groups. It is also discussed that vaccination during this time window may result in tolerance rather than in productive immunity, thus raising concerns about the overall vaccine-mediated protective efficacy. Cyclic di-nucleotides (CDN) are bacterial second messengers that are rapidly sensed by the immune system as a danger signal, allowing the utilization of these molecules as potent activators of the immune response. We have previously shown that cyclic di-adenosine monophosphate (CDA) is a potent and versatile adjuvant capable of promoting humoral and cellular immunity. We characterize here the cytokine profiles elicited by CDA in neonatal cord blood in comparison with other promising neonatal adjuvants, such as the imidazoquinoline resiquimod (R848), which is a synthetic dual TLR7 and TLR8 agonist. We observed superior activity of CDA in eliciting T helper 1 (Th1) and T follicular helper (TfH) cytokines in cells from human cord blood when compared to R848. Additional in vivo studies in mice showed that neonatal priming in a three-dose vaccination schedule is beneficial when CDA is used as a vaccine adjuvant. Humoral antibody titers were significantly higher in mice that received a neonatal prime as compared to those that did not. This effect was absent when using other adjuvants that were reported as suitable for neonatal vaccination. The biological significance of this immune response was assessed by a challenge with a genetically modified influenza H1N1 PR8 virus. The obtained results confirmed that CDA performed better than any other adjuvant tested. Altogether, our results suggest that CDA is a potent adjuvant in vitro on human cord blood, and in vivo in newborn mice, and thus a suitable candidate for the development of neonatal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darío Lirussi
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (S.F.W.); (C.A.G.)
- Correspondence: (D.L.); (T.E.); Tel.: +49-531-61814607 (T.E.); Fax: +49-531-618414699 (T.E.)
| | - Sebastian Felix Weissmann
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (S.F.W.); (C.A.G.)
| | - Thomas Ebensen
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (S.F.W.); (C.A.G.)
- Correspondence: (D.L.); (T.E.); Tel.: +49-531-61814607 (T.E.); Fax: +49-531-618414699 (T.E.)
| | - Ursula Nitsche-Gloy
- Women’s Clinic, Hospital Marienstift GmbH, Helmstedter Strasse 35, 38102 Braunschweig, Germany;
| | - Heiko B. G. Franz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women’s Clinic, Braunschweig Central Hospital, Celler Strasse 38, 38114 Braunschweig, Germany;
| | - Carlos A. Guzmán
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (S.F.W.); (C.A.G.)
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19
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Semmes EC, Chen JL, Goswami R, Burt TD, Permar SR, Fouda GG. Understanding Early-Life Adaptive Immunity to Guide Interventions for Pediatric Health. Front Immunol 2021; 11:595297. [PMID: 33552052 PMCID: PMC7858666 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.595297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Infants are capable of mounting adaptive immune responses, but their ability to develop long-lasting immunity is limited. Understanding the particularities of the neonatal adaptive immune system is therefore critical to guide the design of immune-based interventions, including vaccines, in early life. In this review, we present a thorough summary of T cell, B cell, and humoral immunity in early life and discuss infant adaptive immune responses to pathogens and vaccines. We focus on the differences between T and B cell responses in early life and adulthood, which hinder the generation of long-lasting adaptive immune responses in infancy. We discuss how knowledge of early life adaptive immunity can be applied when developing vaccine strategies for this unique period of immune development. In particular, we emphasize the use of novel vaccine adjuvants and optimization of infant vaccine schedules. We also propose integrating maternal and infant immunization strategies to ensure optimal neonatal protection through passive maternal antibody transfer while avoiding hindering infant vaccine responses. Our review highlights that the infant adaptive immune system is functionally distinct and uniquely regulated compared to later life and that these particularities should be considered when designing interventions to promote pediatric health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor C. Semmes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Children’s Health and Discovery Initiative, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jui-Lin Chen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Ria Goswami
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Trevor D. Burt
- Children’s Health and Discovery Initiative, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sallie R. Permar
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Children’s Health and Discovery Initiative, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Genevieve G. Fouda
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Children’s Health and Discovery Initiative, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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20
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Parra M, Yang J, Weitner M, Akkoyunlu M. Neonatal mice resist Plasmodium yoelii infection until exposed to para-aminobenzoic acid containing diet after weaning. Sci Rep 2021; 11:90. [PMID: 33420157 PMCID: PMC7794322 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79703-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a newborn (NB) mouse Plasmodium yoelii NL infection model to study malaria in early age. Surprisingly, the onset of parasitemia in P. yoelii challenged NB mice was delayed compared to adults and coincided with the weaning date when weanlings switched from maternal milk to normal chow diet. Also, compared to adult mice, parasitemia resolved much later (48 days vs 20 days post challenge) and the peak parasitemia was twice as high in weanlings. Concurrently, weanlings’ germinal center reaction was delayed and diminished compared to adult mice. Maternal milk is deficient in para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), which is required for de novo folate synthesis by Plasmodium. Suggesting a possible role for the protection afforded by PABA-deficient maternal milk, mice fed with a PABA-deficient diet after the weaning continued to control parasitemia. Despite the reduced parasitemia, these mice developed robust T follicular helper (Tfh) responses and were protected from a second P. yoelii challenge. The NB malaria model provides mechanistic insight into the human infant malaria manifestations where a diet solely based on breast-feeding reduces the incidence of severe malaria in infants. NB mice experiments also support further studies to investigate dietary PABA restriction in the management of severe malaria in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Parra
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Division of Bacterial Allergenic and Parasitic Diseases, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jiyeon Yang
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Division of Bacterial Allergenic and Parasitic Diseases, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Megan Weitner
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Division of Bacterial Allergenic and Parasitic Diseases, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.,Viral & Rickettsial Diseases Department (NMRC VRDD), Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Mustafa Akkoyunlu
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Division of Bacterial Allergenic and Parasitic Diseases, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA. .,DBPAP, US FDA, CBER, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Building 52/72, Room, 5214, Silver Spring, MD, 209903, USA.
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21
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Tahamtan A, Besteman S, Samadizadeh S, Rastegar M, Bont L, Salimi V. Neutrophils in respiratory syncytial virus infection: From harmful effects to therapeutic opportunities. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:515-530. [PMID: 33169387 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important infectious agent in infants and young children. In most cases, RSV infection only causes mild disease, but in some, it requires invasive ventilation. Although antiviral drugs are obvious candidates to treat viral illness, and some have shown antiviral effects in humans, antivirals such as GS-5806, ALX-0171 and ALS-8176 have not yet met their expectations. Since the inappropriate or dysregulated immune response against RSV leads to harmful immune pathology, a robust immune cascade is probably underway by the time patients reach the hospital. RSV infection is associated with a strong neutrophil influx into the airway. It not clear if these cells contribute to antiviral defence or to lung pathology. This article discusses the protective and harmful roles of neutrophils during RSV infection and provides an overview of mechanisms by which neutrophil function could be targeted to prevent tissue injury and preserve homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Tahamtan
- Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Sjanna Besteman
- Department of Paediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Center for Translation Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saeed Samadizadeh
- Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mostafa Rastegar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Louis Bont
- Department of Paediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Vahid Salimi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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22
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Auderset F, Belnoue E, Mastelic-Gavillet B, Lambert PH, Siegrist CA. A TLR7/8 Agonist-Including DOEPC-Based Cationic Liposome Formulation Mediates Its Adjuvanticity Through the Sustained Recruitment of Highly Activated Monocytes in a Type I IFN-Independent but NF-κB-Dependent Manner. Front Immunol 2020; 11:580974. [PMID: 33262759 PMCID: PMC7686571 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.580974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel adjuvants, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) agonists, are needed for the development of new formulations able to circumvent limitations of current vaccines. Among TLRs, TLR7/8 agonists represent promising candidates, as they are well described to enhance antigen-specific antibody responses and skew immunity toward T helper (TH) 1 responses. We find here that the incorporation of the synthetic TLR7/8 ligand 3M-052 in a cationic DOEPC-based liposome formulation shifts immunity toward TH1 responses and elicits strong and long-lasting germinal center and follicular T helper cell responses in adult mice. This reflects the prolonged recruitment of innate cells toward the site of immunization and homing of activated antigen-loaded monocytes and monocyte-derived dendritic cells toward draining lymph nodes. We further show that this adjuvanticity is independent of type I IFN but NF-κB-dependent. Overall, our data identify TLR7/8 agonists incorporated in liposomes as promising and effective adjuvants to enhance TH1 and germinal center responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriane Auderset
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vaccine Immunology, Departments of Pathology-Immunology and Pediatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elodie Belnoue
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vaccine Immunology, Departments of Pathology-Immunology and Pediatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Beatris Mastelic-Gavillet
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vaccine Immunology, Departments of Pathology-Immunology and Pediatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paul-Henri Lambert
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vaccine Immunology, Departments of Pathology-Immunology and Pediatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Claire-Anne Siegrist
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vaccine Immunology, Departments of Pathology-Immunology and Pediatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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23
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Bikhet M, Morsi M, Hara H, Rhodes LA, Carlo WF, Cleveland D, Cooper DK, Iwase H. The immune system in infants: Relevance to xenotransplantation. Pediatr Transplant 2020; 24:e13795. [PMID: 32845539 PMCID: PMC7606572 DOI: 10.1111/petr.13795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite the improvement in surgical interventions in the treatment of congenital heart disease, many life-threatening lesions (eg, hypoplastic left heart syndrome) ultimately require transplantation. However, there is a great limitation in the availability of deceased human cardiac donors of a suitable size. Hearts from genetically engineered pigs may provide an alternative source. The relatively immature immune system in infants (eg, absence of anti-carbohydrate antibodies, reduced complement activation, reduced innate immune cell activity) should minimize the risk of early antibody-mediated rejection of a pig graft. Additionally, recipient thymectomy, performed almost routinely as a preliminary to orthotopic heart transplantation in this age-group, impairs the T-cell response. Because of the increasing availability of genetically engineered pigs (eg, triple-knockout pigs that do not express any of the three known carbohydrate antigens against which humans have natural antibodies) and the ability to diagnose congenital heart disease during fetal life, cardiac xenotransplantation could be preplanned to be carried out soon after birth. Because of these several advantages, prolonged graft survival and even the induction of tolerance, for example, following donor-specific pig thymus transplantation, are more likely to be achieved in infants than in adults. In this review, we summarize the factors in the infant immune system that would be advantageous in the success of cardiac xenotransplantation in this age-group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Bikhet
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mahmoud Morsi
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hidetaka Hara
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Leslie A. Rhodes
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Waldemar F. Carlo
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - David Cleveland
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - David K.C Cooper
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hayato Iwase
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
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24
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Alexander-Miller MA. Challenges for the Newborn Following Influenza Virus Infection and Prospects for an Effective Vaccine. Front Immunol 2020; 11:568651. [PMID: 33042150 PMCID: PMC7524958 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.568651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Newborns are at significantly increased risk of severe disease following infection with influenza virus. This is the collective result of their naïve status, altered immune responsiveness, and the lack of a vaccine that is effective in these individuals. Numerous studies have revealed impairments in both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system of newborns. The consequence of these alterations is a quantitative and qualitative decrease in both antibody and T cell responses. This review summarizes the hurdles newborns experience in mounting an effective response that can clear influenza virus and limit disease following infection. In addition, the challenges, as well as the opportunities, for developing vaccines that can elicit protective responses in these at risk individuals are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha A Alexander-Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
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Challenges for the Newborn Immune Response to Respiratory Virus Infection and Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040558. [PMID: 32987691 PMCID: PMC7712002 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial months of life reflect an extremely challenging time for newborns as a naïve immune system is bombarded with a large array of pathogens, commensals, and other foreign entities. In many instances, the immune response of young infants is dampened or altered, resulting in increased susceptibility and disease following infection. This is the result of both qualitative and quantitative changes in the response of multiple cell types across the immune system. Here we provide a review of the challenges associated with the newborn response to respiratory viral pathogens as well as the hurdles and advances for vaccine-mediated protection.
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Schussek S, Bernasconi V, Mattsson J, Wenzel UA, Strömberg A, Gribonika I, Schön K, Lycke NY. The CTA1-DD adjuvant strongly potentiates follicular dendritic cell function and germinal center formation, which results in improved neonatal immunization. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:545-557. [PMID: 31959882 PMCID: PMC7223721 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-0253-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination of neonates and young infants is hampered by the relative immaturity of their immune systems and the lack of safe and efficacious vaccine adjuvants. Immaturity of the follicular dendritic cells (FDCs), in particular, appears to play a critical role for the inability to stimulate immune responses. Using the CD21mT/mG mouse model we found that at 7 days of life, FDCs exhibited a mature phenotype only in the Peyer´s patches (PP), but our unique adjuvant, CTA1-DD, effectively matured FDCs also in peripheral lymph nodes following systemic, as well as mucosal immunizations. This was a direct effect of complement receptor 2-binding to the FDC and a CTA1-enzyme-dependent enhancing effect on gene transcription, among which CR2, IL-6, ICAM-1, IL-1β, and CXCL13 encoding genes were upregulated. This way we achieved FDC maturation, increased germinal center B-cell- and Tfh responses, and enhanced specific antibody levels close to adult magnitudes. Oral priming immunization of neonates against influenza infection with CTA1-3M2e-DD effectively promoted anti-M2e-immunity and significantly reduced morbidity against a live virus challenge infection. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate direct effects of an adjuvant on FDC gene transcriptional functions and the subsequent enhancement of neonatal immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Schussek
- Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center (MIVAC), Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Valentina Bernasconi
- Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center (MIVAC), Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Mattsson
- Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center (MIVAC), Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulf Alexander Wenzel
- Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center (MIVAC), Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anneli Strömberg
- Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center (MIVAC), Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Inta Gribonika
- Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center (MIVAC), Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karin Schön
- Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center (MIVAC), Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nils Y Lycke
- Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center (MIVAC), Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Mastelic-Gavillet B, Vono M, Gonzalez-Dias P, Ferreira FM, Cardozo L, Lambert PH, Nakaya HI, Siegrist CA. Neonatal T Follicular Helper Cells Are Lodged in a Pre-T Follicular Helper Stage Favoring Innate Over Adaptive Germinal Center Responses. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1845. [PMID: 31456798 PMCID: PMC6700230 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells have emerged as a critical limiting factor for controlling the magnitude of neonatal germinal center (GC) reactions and primary vaccine antibody responses. We compared the functional attributes of neonatal and adult Tfh cells at the transcriptomic level and demonstrated that the Tfh cell program is well-initiated in neonates although the Tfh gene-expression pattern (i.e., CXCR5, IL-21, BCL6, TBK1, STAT4, ASCL2, and c-MAF) is largely underrepresented as compared to adult Tfh cells. Importantly, we identified a TH2-bias of neonatal Tfh cells, with preferential differentiation toward short-lived pre-Tfh effector cells. Remarkably, adjuvantation with CpG-ODNs redirect neonatal pre-Tfh cells toward committed GC-Tfh cells, as illustrated by increased expression of Tfh signature genes and reduced expression of TH2-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatris Mastelic-Gavillet
- Departments of Pathology-Immunology and Pediatrics, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vaccine Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria Vono
- Departments of Pathology-Immunology and Pediatrics, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vaccine Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrícia Gonzalez-Dias
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frederico Moraes Ferreira
- Laboratory of Immunology, School of Medicine, Heart Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Cardozo
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paul-Henri Lambert
- Departments of Pathology-Immunology and Pediatrics, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vaccine Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Helder I Nakaya
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claire-Anne Siegrist
- Departments of Pathology-Immunology and Pediatrics, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vaccine Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Abstract
Introduction: Neonates are less responsive to vaccines than adults, making it harder to protect newborns against infection. Neonatal differences in antigen-presenting cell, B and T cell function, all likely contribute. A key question is whether novel adjuvants might be able to make neonatal vaccines more effective. Areas covered: This review addresses the issues of how to improve neonatal vaccines, which we have defined as vaccines given in the first 4 weeks of life in a human infant or the first week of life in a mouse. A search was performed using keywords including 'neonatal immunity', 'neonatal immunisation', 'vaccine' and 'adjuvant' of PubMed articles published between 1960 and 2018. Expert opinion: Sugar-like structures have recently been shown to prime the infant adaptive immune system to respond to vaccines, being potentially more effective than traditional adjuvants. Sugar-based compounds with beneficial adjuvant effects in neonatal vaccine models include delta inulin (Advax), curdlan, and trehalose 6,6'-dibehenate. Such compounds make interesting neonatal adjuvant candidates, either used alone or in combination with traditional innate immune adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac G Sakala
- a Vaxine Pty Ltd , Adelaide , Australia.,b Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Flinders Medical Centre/Flinders University , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Katherine Marie Eichinger
- c Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- a Vaxine Pty Ltd , Adelaide , Australia.,b Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Flinders Medical Centre/Flinders University , Adelaide , Australia
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Curtis AD, Walter KA, Nabi R, Jensen K, Dwivedi A, Pollara J, Ferrari G, Van Rompay KK, Amara RR, Kozlowski PA, De Paris K. Oral Coadministration of an Intramuscular DNA/Modified Vaccinia Ankara Vaccine for Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Is Associated with Better Control of Infection in Orally Exposed Infant Macaques. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2019; 35:310-325. [PMID: 30303405 PMCID: PMC6434602 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2018.0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 infections in infants are acquired orally through breastfeeding. Toward development of a pediatric HIV vaccine to prevent breastmilk transmission, we tested the efficacy of a simultaneous oral and intramuscular (IM) vaccination regimen for preventing oral simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) transmission in infant rhesus macaques. Two groups of neonatal macaques were immunized with DNA encoding SIV virus-like particles (DNA-SIV) on weeks 0 and 3, then boosted with modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) virus expressing SIV antigens (MVA-SIV) on weeks 6 and 9. One group was prime/boosted by the IM route only. Another group was immunized with DNA by both the IM and topical oral (O) buccal routes, and boosted with MVA-SIV by both the IM and sublingual (SL) routes. A third group of control animals received saline by O + IM routes on weeks 0 and 3, and empty MVA by SL + IM routes on weeks 6 and 9. On week 12, infants were orally challenged once weekly with SIVmac251 until infected. The vaccine regimen that included oral routes resulted in reduced peak viremia. The rate of infection acquisition in vaccinated infants was found to be associated with prechallenge intestinal immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses to SIV gp120 and V1V2. Peak viremia was inversely correlated with postinfection intestinal IgG responses to gp120, gp41, and V1V2. These results suggest that codelivery of a pediatric HIV vaccine by an oral route may be superior to IM-only regimens for generating mucosal antibodies and preventing HIV breastmilk transmission in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan D. Curtis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Korey A. Walter
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Rafiq Nabi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Kara Jensen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Aanini Dwivedi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Justin Pollara
- Duke University Medical Center, Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke University Medical Center, Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Rama R. Amara
- Emory University and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Pamela A. Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Kristina De Paris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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New technologies and applications in infant B cell immunology. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 57:53-57. [PMID: 30825678 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The human immune system changes dramatically with age, and early life exposures to pathogens and environmental antigens begin the formation of immune memory which influences subsequent responses later in life. To study infant immunity, sample-sparing experimental methods that extract maximal data from small samples of blood or other tissues are needed; fortunately, recent developments in high-throughput sequencing and multiplexed labeling and measurement of markers on cells are well-suited to these tasks. Here, we review some recent studies of infant immune responses to infectious disease, highlighting similarities and differences between infants and adults, and identifying important questions for future research. Recent clinical trials in food allergy have revealed the critical role of immunological events in the first year of life that determine an individual's risk of developing peanut allergy; these also warrant thorough evaluation using the new immune monitoring tools.
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Yang J, Sakai J, Siddiqui S, Lee RC, Ireland DDC, Verthelyi D, Akkoyunlu M. IL-6 Impairs Vaccine Responses in Neonatal Mice. Front Immunol 2018; 9:3049. [PMID: 30619375 PMCID: PMC6307459 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The inability of infants to mount proper follicular helper T (TFH) cell response renders this age group susceptible to infectious diseases. Initial instruction of T cells by antigen presenting cells and subsequent differentiation into TFH cells are controlled by T cell receptor signal strength, co-stimulatory molecules and cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-21. In immunized adults, IL-6 promotes TFH development by increasing the expression of CXCR5 and the TFH master transcription factor, B cell lymphoma 6. Underscoring the importance of IL-6 in TFH generation, we found improved antibody responses accompanied by increased TFH cells and decreased follicular regulatory helper T (TFR) cells, a Foxp3 expressing inhibitory CD4+ T cell occupying the germinal center (GC), when a tetanus toxoid conjugated pneumococcal polysaccharide type 14 vaccine was injected in adult mice together with IL-6. Paradoxically, in neonates IL-6 containing PPS14-TT vaccine suppressed the already impaired TFH development and antibody responses in addition to increasing TFR cell population. Supporting the diminished TFH development, we detected lower frequency of phospho-STAT-3+ TFH in immunized neonatal T cells after IL-6 stimulation than adult cells. Moreover, IL-6 induced more phospho-STAT-3+ TFR in neonatal cells than adult cells. We also measured lower expression of IL-6R on TFH cells and higher expression on TFR cells in neonatal cells than adult cells, a possible explanation for the difference in IL-6 induced signaling in different age groups. Supporting the flow cytometry findings, microscopic examination revealed the localization of Treg cells in the splenic interfollicular niches of immunized adult mice compared to splenic follicles in neonatal mice. In addition to the limitations in the formation of IL-21 producing TFH cells, neonatal mice GC B cells also expressed lower levels of IL-21R in comparison to the adult mice cells. These findings point to diminished IL-6 activity on neonatal TFH cells as an underlying mechanism of the increased TFR: TFH ratio in immunized neonatal mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Yang
- Division of Bacterial Allergenic and Parasitic Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Jiro Sakai
- Division of Bacterial Allergenic and Parasitic Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Shafiuddin Siddiqui
- Division of Bacterial Allergenic and Parasitic Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Robert C Lee
- Division of Bacterial Allergenic and Parasitic Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Derek D C Ireland
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research III, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Daniela Verthelyi
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research III, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Mustafa Akkoyunlu
- Division of Bacterial Allergenic and Parasitic Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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Permar S, Levy O, Kollman TR, Singh A, De Paris K. Early Life HIV-1 Immunization: Providing a Window for Protection Before Sexual Debut. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2018; 34:823-827. [PMID: 29860868 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2018.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited success of current HIV-1 vaccines warrants new approaches. We discuss feasibility and potential benefits of early life HIV-1 immunization followed by vaccine boosts during childhood that may enable maturation of vaccine-induced broad anti-HIV-1 immunity over several years. By initiating this immunization approach in the very young, well before sexual debut, such a strategy may dramatically reduce the risk of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sallie Permar
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ofer Levy
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tobias R. Kollman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Anjali Singh
- Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Kristina De Paris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Adjuvant-Dependent Enhancement of HIV Env-Specific Antibody Responses in Infant Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01051-18. [PMID: 30089691 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01051-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toward the goal of developing an effective HIV vaccine that can be administered in infancy to protect against postnatal and lifelong sexual HIV transmission risks, the current pilot study was designed to compare the effect of novel adjuvants on the induction of HIV Env-specific antibody responses in infant macaques. Aligning our studies with the adjuvanted proteins evaluated in a prime-boost schedule with ALVAC in the ongoing HVTN (HIV Vaccine Trials Network) 702 efficacy trial, we selected the bivalent clade C Env immunogens gp120 C.1086 and gp120 TV1 in combination with the MF59 adjuvant. However, we hypothesized that the adjuvant system AS01, that is included in the pediatric RTS,S malaria vaccine, would promote Env-specific antibody responses superior to those of the oil-in-water MF59 emulsion adjuvant. In a second study arm, we compared two emulsions, glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant formulated in a stable emulsion (GLA-SE) and 3M-052-SE, containing Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and TLR7/TLR8 (TLR7/8) ligand, respectively. The latter adjuvant had been previously demonstrated to be especially effective in activating neonatal antigen-presenting cells. Our results demonstrate that different adjuvants drive quantitatively or qualitatively distinct responses to the bivalent Env vaccine. AS01 induced higher Env-specific plasma IgG antibody levels than the antigen in MF59 and promoted improved antibody function in infants, and 3M-052-SE outperformed GLA-SE by inducing the highest breadth and functionality of antibody responses. Thus, distinct adjuvants are likely to be required for maximizing vaccine-elicited immune responses in infants, particularly when immunization in infancy aims to elicit both perinatal and lifelong immunity against challenging pathogens such as HIV.IMPORTANCE Alum remains the adjuvant of choice for pediatric vaccines. Yet the distinct nature of the developing immune system in infants likely requires novel adjuvants targeted specifically at the pediatric population to reach maximal vaccine efficacy with an acceptable safety profile. The current study supports the idea that additional adjuvants for pediatric vaccines should be, and need to be, tested in infants for their potential to enhance immune responses. Using an infant macaque model, our results suggest that both AS01 and 3M-052-SE can significantly improve and better sustain HIV Env-specific antibody responses than alum. Despite the limited number of animals, the results revealed interesting differences that warrant further testing of promising novel adjuvant candidates in larger preclinical and clinical studies to define the mechanisms leading to adjuvant-improved antibody responses and to identify targets for adjuvant and vaccine optimization.
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T follicular helper cell development and functionality in immune ageing. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:1925-1935. [PMID: 30185614 DOI: 10.1042/cs20171157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
By 2050, there will be over 1.6 billion adults aged 65 years and older, making age-related diseases and conditions a growing public health concern. One of the leading causes of death in the ageing population is pathogenic infections (e.g. influenza, Streptococcus pneumoniae). This age-dependent susceptibility to infection has been linked to a reduced ability of the ageing immune system to mount protective responses against infectious pathogens, as well as to vaccines against these pathogens. The primary immune response that promotes protection is the production of antibodies by B cells - a response that is directly mediated by T follicular helper (TFH) cells within germinal centers (GCs) in secondary lymphoid tissues. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge on the development and functionality of TFH cells, the use of circulating TFH (cTFH) cells as vaccine biomarkers, and the influence of age on these processes. Moreover, we will discuss the strategies for overcoming TFH cell dysfunction to improve protective antibody responses in the ageing human population.
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Xu H, Ziani W, Shao J, Doyle-Meyers LA, Russell-Lodrigue KE, Ratterree MS, Veazey RS, Wang X. Impaired Development and Expansion of Germinal Center Follicular Th Cells in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Neonatal Macaques. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:1994-2003. [PMID: 30104244 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Germinal center (GC) CD4+ follicular Th (Tfh) cells are critical for cognate B cell help in humoral immune responses to pathogenic infections. Although Tfh cells are expanded or depleted in HIV/SIV-infected adults, the effects of pediatric HIV/SIV infection on Tfh cells remain unclear. In this study, we examined changes in lymphoid follicle formation in lymph nodes focusing on GC Tfh cells, B cell development, and differentiation in SIV-infected neonatal rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) compared with age-matched cohorts. Our data showed that follicles and GCs of normal infants rapidly formed in the first few weeks of age, in parallel with increasing GC Tfh cells in various lymphoid tissues. In contrast, GC development and GC Tfh cells were markedly impaired in SIV-infected infants. There was a very low frequency of GC Tfh cells throughout SIV infection in neonates and subsequent infants, accompanied by high viremia, reduction of B cell proliferation/resting memory B cells, and displayed proinflammatory unresponsiveness. These findings indicate neonatal HIV/SIV infection compromises the development of GC Tfh cells, likely contributing to ineffective Ab responses, high viremia, and eventually rapid disease progression to AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanbin Xu
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Widade Ziani
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Jiasheng Shao
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Lara A Doyle-Meyers
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Kasi E Russell-Lodrigue
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Marion S Ratterree
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Ronald S Veazey
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
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36
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Vono M, Eberhardt CS, Mohr E, Auderset F, Christensen D, Schmolke M, Coler R, Meinke A, Andersen P, Lambert PH, Mastelic-Gavillet B, Siegrist CA. Overcoming the Neonatal Limitations of Inducing Germinal Centers through Liposome-Based Adjuvants Including C-Type Lectin Agonists Trehalose Dibehenate or Curdlan. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29541075 PMCID: PMC5835515 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonates and infants are more vulnerable to infections and show reduced responses to vaccination. Consequently, repeated immunizations are required to induce protection and early life vaccines against major pathogens such as influenza are yet unavailable. Formulating antigens with potent adjuvants, including immunostimulators and delivery systems, is a demonstrated approach to enhance vaccine efficacy. Yet, adjuvants effective in adults may not meet the specific requirements for activating the early life immune system. Here, we assessed the neonatal adjuvanticity of three novel adjuvants including TLR4 (glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant-squalene emulsion), TLR9 (IC31®), and Mincle (CAF01) agonists, which all induce germinal centers (GCs) and potent antibody responses to influenza hemagglutinin (HA) in adult mice. In neonates, a single dose of HA formulated into each adjuvant induced T follicular helper (TFH) cells. However, only HA/CAF01 elicited significantly higher and sustained antibody responses, engaging neonatal B cells to differentiate into GCs already after a single dose. Although antibody titers remained lower than in adults, HA-specific responses induced by a single neonatal dose of HA/CAF01 were sufficient to confer protection against influenza viral challenge. Postulating that the neonatal adjuvanticity of CAF01 may result from the functionality of the C-type lectin receptor (CLR) Mincle in early life we asked whether other C-type lectin agonists would show a similar neonatal adjuvanticity. Replacing the Mincle agonist trehalose 6,6′-dibehenate by Curdlan, which binds to Dectin-1, enhanced antibody responses through the induction of similar levels of TFH, GCs and bone marrow high-affinity plasma cells. Thus, specific requirements of early life B cells may already be met after a single vaccine dose using CLR-activating agonists, identified here as promising B cell immunostimulators for early life vaccines when included into cationic liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vono
- WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccine Immunology, Department of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christiane Sigrid Eberhardt
- WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccine Immunology, Department of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccine Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elodie Mohr
- WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccine Immunology, Department of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Floriane Auderset
- WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccine Immunology, Department of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Vaccine Adjuvant Research, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mirco Schmolke
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rhea Coler
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - Peter Andersen
- Vaccine Adjuvant Research, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul-Henri Lambert
- WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccine Immunology, Department of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Beatris Mastelic-Gavillet
- WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccine Immunology, Department of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Claire-Anne Siegrist
- WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccine Immunology, Department of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccine Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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37
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Scheid A, Borriello F, Pietrasanta C, Christou H, Diray-Arce J, Pettengill MA, Joshi S, Li N, Bergelson I, Kollmann T, Dowling DJ, Levy O. Adjuvant Effect of Bacille Calmette-Guérin on Hepatitis B Vaccine Immunogenicity in the Preterm and Term Newborn. Front Immunol 2018; 9:29. [PMID: 29416539 PMCID: PMC5787546 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunization is key to protecting term and preterm infants from a heightened risk of infection. However, preterm immunity is distinct from that of the term, limiting its ability to effectively respond to vaccines routinely given at birth, such as hepatitis B vaccine (HBV). As part of the Expanded Program on Immunization, HBV is often given together with the live-attenuated vaccine Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), known to activate multiple pattern-recognition receptors. Of note, some clinical studies suggest BCG can enhance efficacy of other vaccines in term newborns. However, little is known about whether BCG can shape Th-polarizing cytokine responses to HBV nor the age-dependency of such effects, including whether they may extend to the preterm. To characterize the effects of BCG on HBV immunogenicity, we studied individual and combined administration of these vaccines to cord newborn and adult human whole blood and mononuclear cells in vitro and to neonatal and adult mice in vivo. Compared to either BCG or HBV alone, (BCG + HBV) synergistically enhanced in vitro whole blood production of IL-1β, while (BCG + HBV) also promoted production of several cytokines/chemokines in all age groups, age-specific enhancement included IL-12p70 in the preterm and GM-CSF in the preterm and term. In human mononuclear cells, (BCG + HBV) enhanced mRNA expression of several genes including CSF2, which contributed to clustering of genes by vaccine treatment via principle component analysis. To assess the impact of BCG on HBV immunization, mice of three different age groups were immunized subcutaneously with, BCG, HBV, (BCG + HBV) into the same site; or BCG and HBV injected into separate sites. Whether injected into a separate site or at the same site, co-administration of BCG with HBV significantly enhanced anti-HBV IgG titers in mice immunized on day of life-0 or -7, respectively, but not in adult mice. In summary, our data demonstrate that innate and adaptive vaccine responses of preterm and term newborns are immunologically distinct. Furthermore, BCG or "BCG-like" adjuvants should be further studied as a promising adjuvantation approach to enhance immunogenicity of vaccines to protect these vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Scheid
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Francesco Borriello
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Pietrasanta
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Helen Christou
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Joann Diray-Arce
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Matthew A. Pettengill
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sweta Joshi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Medical Eli Lilly, Shanghai, China
| | - Ilana Bergelson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tobias Kollmann
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David J. Dowling
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ofer Levy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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38
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Borriello F, Pietrasanta C, Lai JCY, Walsh LM, Sharma P, O'Driscoll DN, Ramirez J, Brightman S, Pugni L, Mosca F, Burkhart DJ, Dowling DJ, Levy O. Identification and Characterization of Stimulator of Interferon Genes As a Robust Adjuvant Target for Early Life Immunization. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1772. [PMID: 29312305 PMCID: PMC5732947 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunization is key to preventing infectious diseases, a leading cause of death early in life. However, due to age-specific immunity, vaccines often demonstrate reduced efficacy in newborns and young infants as compared to adults. Here, we combined in vitro and in vivo approaches to identify adjuvant candidates for early life immunization. We employed newborn and adult bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) to perform a screening of pattern recognition receptor agonists and found that the stimulator of interferon genes ligand 2′3′-cGAMP (hereafter cGAMP) induces a comparable expression of surface maturation markers in newborn and adult BMDCs. Then, we utilized the trivalent recombinant hemagglutinin (rHA) influenza vaccine, Flublok, as a model antigen to investigate the role of cGAMP in adult and early life immunization. cGAMP adjuvantation alone could increase rHA-specific antibody titers in adult but not newborn mice. Remarkably, as compared to alum or cGAMP alone, immunization with cGAMP formulated with alum (Alhydrogel) enhanced newborn rHA-specific IgG2a/c titers ~400-fold, an antibody subclass associated with the development of IFNγ-driven type 1 immunity in vivo and endowed with higher effector functions, by 42 days of life. Highlighting the amenability for successful vaccine formulation and delivery, we next confirmed that cGAMP adsorbs onto alum in vitro. Accordingly, immunization early in life with (cGAMP+alum) promoted IFNγ production by CD4+ T cells and increased the proportions and absolute numbers of CD4+ CXCR5+ PD-1+ T follicular helper and germinal center (GC) GL-7+ CD138+ B cells, suggesting an enhancement of the GC reaction. Adjuvantation effects were apparently specific for IgG2a/c isotype switching without effect on antibody affinity maturation, as there was no effect on rHA-specific IgG avidity. Overall, our studies suggest that cGAMP when formulated with alum may represent an effective adjuvantation system to foster humoral and cellular aspects of type 1 immunity for early life immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Borriello
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Precision Vaccines Program, Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy.,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Pietrasanta
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Precision Vaccines Program, Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Jacqueline C Y Lai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Precision Vaccines Program, Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lois M Walsh
- Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Science Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Pankaj Sharma
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Precision Vaccines Program, Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - David N O'Driscoll
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Precision Vaccines Program, Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Juan Ramirez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Precision Vaccines Program, Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Spencer Brightman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Precision Vaccines Program, Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lorenza Pugni
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Mosca
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - David J Burkhart
- Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Science Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - David J Dowling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ofer Levy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Precision Vaccines Program, Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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39
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Abstract
Immunisation of the newborn represents a key global strategy in overcoming morbidity and mortality due to infection in early life. Potential limitations, however, include poor immunogenicity, safety concerns and the development of tolerogenicity or hypo-responsiveness to either the same antigen and/or concomitant antigens administered at birth or in the subsequent months. Furthermore, the neonatal immunological milieu is polarised towards Th2-type immunity with dampening of Th1-type responses and impaired humoral immunity, resulting in qualitatively and quantitatively poorer antibody responses compared to older infants. Innate immunity also shows functional deficiency in antigen-presenting cells: the expression and signalling of Toll-like receptors undergo maturational changes associated with distinct functional responses. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of BCG, hepatitis B and oral polio vaccines, the only immunisations currently in use in the neonatal period, is proof of concept that vaccines can be successfully administered to the newborn via different routes of delivery to induce a range of protective mechanisms for three different diseases. In this review paper, we discuss the rationale for and challenges to neonatal immunisation, summarising progress made in the field, including lessons learnt from newborn vaccines in the pipeline. Furthermore, we explore important maternal, infant and environmental co-factors that may impede the success of current and future neonatal immunisation strategies. A variety of approaches have been proposed to overcome the inherent regulatory constraints of the newborn innate and adaptive immune system, including alternative routes of delivery, novel vaccine configurations, improved innate receptor agonists and optimised antigen-adjuvant combinations. Crucially, a dual strategy may be employed whereby immunisation at birth is used to prime the immune system in order to improve immunogenicity to subsequent homologous or heterologous boosters in later infancy. Similarly, potent non-specific immunomodulatory effects may be elicited when challenged with unrelated antigens, with the potential to reduce the overall risk of infection and allergic disease in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Saso
- Centre of International Child Health, Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, W2 1NY, London, UK
| | - Beate Kampmann
- Centre of International Child Health, Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, W2 1NY, London, UK.
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, MRC Unit The Gambia, Fajara, The Gambia.
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40
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Holbrook BC, D'Agostino RB, Tyler Aycock S, Jorgensen MJ, Hadimani MB, Bruce King S, Alexander-Miller MA. Adjuvanting an inactivated influenza vaccine with conjugated R848 improves the level of antibody present at 6months in a nonhuman primate neonate model. Vaccine 2017; 35:6137-6142. [PMID: 28967521 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Generation of a potent antibody response that can be sustained over time is highly challenging in young infants. Our previous studies using a nursery-reared nonhuman primate model identified R848 conjugated to inactivated influenza virus as a highly immunogenic vaccine for neonates. Here we determined the effectiveness of this vaccine in mother-reared infants as well as its ability to promote improved responses at 6months compared to vaccination in the absence of R848. In agreement with our nursery study, R848 conjugated to influenza virus induced a higher antibody response in neonates compared to the non-adjuvanted vaccine. Further, the increase in the response relative to that induced by the non-adjuvanted vaccine was maintained at 6months suggesting the increased antibody secreting cells that resulted from inclusion of conjugated R848 production were capable of surviving long term. There was no significant difference in quality of antibody (i.e. neutralization or affinity), suggesting the beneficial effect of conjugated R848 during vaccination of neonates with inactivated influenza virus is likely manifest during the early generation of antibody secreting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth C Holbrook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Ralph B D'Agostino
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - S Tyler Aycock
- Animal Resources Program, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Matthew J Jorgensen
- Department of Pathology, Section of Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | | | - S Bruce King
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, United States
| | - Martha A Alexander-Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States.
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41
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Specialized Proresolving Mediators Rescue Infant Mice from Lethal Citrobacter rodentium Infection and Promote Immunity against Reinfection. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00464-17. [PMID: 28694292 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00464-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infants are generally highly susceptible to oral pathogens. Intestinal infection and the associated diarrhea are significant global causes of morbidity and mortality in infants. Among the enteric pathogens, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) stands out as showing the highest risk for infection-induced death in infants ≤12 months old. We have developed an experimental model of infant infection with EPEC, using the mouse-specific pathogen Citrobacter rodentium Our murine infant model is similar to EPEC infection in human infants since infant mice are much more susceptible to C. rodentium infection than adult mice; infants infected with 50-fold fewer bacteria than the standard adult dose uniformly succumbed to the infection. Infant infection is characterized by high early and sustained bacterial titers and profound intestinal inflammation associated with extensive necrosis and systemic dissemination of the bacteria. Therefore, it seems likely that infant deaths result from sepsis secondary to intestinal damage. Recently, specialized proresolving mediators (SPM) have been found to exert profound beneficial effects in adult models of infection. Thus, we investigated the actions of two proresolving lipid mediators, resolvin D1 (RvD1) and resolvin D5 (RvD5), on the course of infection in infants. Strikingly, postinfection treatment with RvD1 and RvD5 reduced bacterial loads, mitigated inflammation, and rescued the infants from death. Furthermore, postinfection treatment with RvD1 and RvD5 led to protection from reinfection associated with C. rodentium-specific IgG responses comparable to those in adults. These results indicate that SPM may provide novel therapeutic tools for the treatment of pathological intestinal infections in infants.
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42
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Dowling DJ, van Haren SD, Scheid A, Bergelson I, Kim D, Mancuso CJ, Foppen W, Ozonoff A, Fresh L, Theriot TB, Lackner AA, Fichorova RN, Smirnov D, Vasilakos JP, Beaurline JM, Tomai MA, Midkiff CC, Alvarez X, Blanchard JL, Gilbert MH, Aye PP, Levy O. TLR7/8 adjuvant overcomes newborn hyporesponsiveness to pneumococcal conjugate vaccine at birth. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e91020. [PMID: 28352660 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.91020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection is the most common cause of mortality in early life, and immunization is the most promising biomedical intervention to reduce this burden. However, newborns fail to respond optimally to most vaccines. Adjuvantation is a key approach to enhancing vaccine immunogenicity, but responses of human newborn leukocytes to most candidate adjuvants, including most TLR agonists, are functionally distinct. Herein, we demonstrate that 3M-052 is a locally acting lipidated imidazoquinoline TLR7/8 agonist adjuvant in mice, which, when properly formulated, can induce robust Th1 cytokine production by human newborn leukocytes in vitro, both alone and in synergy with the alum-adjuvanted pneumococcal conjugate vaccine 13 (PCV13). When admixed with PCV13 and administered i.m. on the first day of life to rhesus macaques, 3M-052 dramatically enhanced generation of Th1 CRM-197-specific neonatal CD4+ cells, activation of newborn and infant Streptococcus pneumoniae polysaccharide-specific (PnPS-specific) B cells as well as serotype-specific antibody titers, and opsonophagocytic killing. Remarkably, a single dose at birth of PCV13 plus 0.1 mg/kg 3M-052 induced PnPS-specific IgG responses that were approximately 10-100 times greater than a single birth dose of PCV13 alone, rapidly exceeding the serologic correlate of protection, as early as 28 days of life. This potent immunization strategy, potentially effective with one birth dose, could represent a new paradigm in early life vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Dowling
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Simon D van Haren
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Precision Vaccines Program, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Annette Scheid
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Precision Vaccines Program, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Newborn Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ilana Bergelson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dhohyung Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christy J Mancuso
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Willemina Foppen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Al Ozonoff
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Precision Vaccines Program, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Patient Safety and Quality Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lynn Fresh
- Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC), Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Terese B Theriot
- Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC), Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Andrew A Lackner
- Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC), Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Raina N Fichorova
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mark A Tomai
- 3M Drug Delivery Systems, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Cecily C Midkiff
- Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC), Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC), Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - James L Blanchard
- Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC), Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Margaret H Gilbert
- Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC), Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Pyone Pyone Aye
- Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC), Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Ofer Levy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Precision Vaccines Program, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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43
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Munguía-Fuentes R, Yam-Puc JC, Silva-Sánchez A, Marcial-Juárez E, Gallegos-Hernández IA, Calderón-Amador J, Randall TD, Flores-Romo L. Immunization of Newborn Mice Accelerates the Architectural Maturation of Lymph Nodes, But AID-Dependent IgG Responses Are Still Delayed Compared to the Adult. Front Immunol 2017; 8:13. [PMID: 28154564 PMCID: PMC5243854 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) have evolved to maximize antigen (Ag) collection and presentation as well as lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation—processes that are spatially regulated by stromal cell subsets, including fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) and follicular dendritic cells (FDCs). Here, we showed that naïve neonatal mice have poorly organized LNs with few B and T cells and undetectable FDCs, whereas adult LNs have numerous B cells and large FDC networks. Interestingly, immunization on the day of birth accelerated B cell accumulation and T cell recruitment into follicles as well as FDC maturation and FRC organization in neonatal LNs. However, compared to adults, the formation of germinal centers was both delayed and reduced following immunization of neonatal mice. Although immunized neonates poorly expressed activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), they were able to produce Ag-specific IgGs, but with lower titers than adults. Interestingly, the Ag-specific IgM response in neonates was similar to that in adults. These results suggest that despite an accelerated structural maturation of LNs in neonates following vaccination, the B cell response is still delayed and reduced in its ability to isotype switch most likely due to poor AID expression. Of note, naïve pups born to Ag-immunized mothers had high titers of Ag-specific IgGs from day 0 (at birth). These transferred antibodies confirm a mother-derived coverage to neonates for Ags to which mothers (and most likely neonates) are exposed, thus protecting the neonates while they produce their own antibodies. Finally, the type of Ag used in this study and the results obtained also indicate that T cell help would be operating at this stage of life. Thus, neonatal immune system might not be intrinsically immature but rather evolutionary adapted to cope with Ags at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Munguía-Fuentes
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Advanced Research, The National Polytechnic Institute, Cinvestav-IPN , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Yam-Puc
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Advanced Research, The National Polytechnic Institute, Cinvestav-IPN , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Aarón Silva-Sánchez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL , USA
| | - Edith Marcial-Juárez
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Advanced Research, The National Polytechnic Institute, Cinvestav-IPN , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Isis Amara Gallegos-Hernández
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Advanced Research, The National Polytechnic Institute, Cinvestav-IPN , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Juana Calderón-Amador
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Advanced Research, The National Polytechnic Institute, Cinvestav-IPN , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Troy D Randall
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL , USA
| | - Leopoldo Flores-Romo
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Advanced Research, The National Polytechnic Institute, Cinvestav-IPN , Mexico City , Mexico
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44
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Ciabattini A, Pettini E, Fiorino F, Pastore G, Andersen P, Pozzi G, Medaglini D. Modulation of Primary Immune Response by Different Vaccine Adjuvants. Front Immunol 2016; 7:427. [PMID: 27781036 PMCID: PMC5066114 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants contribute to enhancing and shaping the vaccine immune response through different modes of action. Here early biomarkers of adjuvanticity after primary immunization were investigated using four different adjuvants combined with the chimeric tuberculosis vaccine antigen H56. C57BL/6 mice were immunized by the subcutaneous route with different vaccine formulations, and the modulation of primary CD4+ T cell and B cell responses was assessed within draining lymph nodes, blood, and spleen, 7 and 12 days after priming. Vaccine formulations containing the liposome system CAF01 or a squalene-based oil-in-water emulsion (o/w squalene), but not aluminum hydroxide (alum) or CpG ODN 1826, elicited a significant primary antigen-specific CD4+ T cell response compared to antigen alone, 7 days after immunization. The effector function of activated CD4+ T cells was skewed toward a Th1/Th17 response by CAF01, while a Th1/Th2 response was elicited by o/w squalene. Differentiation of B cells in short-lived plasma cells, and subsequent early H56-specific IgG secretion, was observed in mice immunized with o/w squalene or CpG adjuvants. Tested adjuvants promoted the germinal center reaction with different magnitude. These results show that the immunological activity of different adjuvants can be characterized by profiling early immunization biomarkers after primary immunization. These data and this approach could give an important contribution to the rational development of heterologous prime–boost vaccine immunization protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Ciabattini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Elena Pettini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Fabio Fiorino
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Gabiria Pastore
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Peter Andersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Gianni Pozzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Donata Medaglini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena , Siena , Italy
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Palomo J, Mastelic-Gavillet B, Woldt E, Troccaz S, Rodriguez E, Palmer G, Siegrist CA, Gabay C. IL-36–Induced Toxicity in Neonatal Mice Involves TNF-α Production by Liver Myeloid Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2239-49. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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A critical role of T follicular helper cells in human mucosal anti-influenza response that can be enhanced by immunological adjuvant CpG-DNA. Antiviral Res 2016; 132:122-30. [PMID: 27247060 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
T Follicular helper cells (TFH) are considered critical for B cell antibody response, and recent efforts have focused on promoting TFH in order to enhance vaccine efficacy. We studied the frequency and function of TFH in nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissues (NALT) from children and adults, and its role in anti-influenza antibody response following stimulation by a live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) or an inactivated seasonal virus antigen (sH1N1). We further studied whether CpG-DNA promotes TFH and by which enhances anti-influenza response. We showed NALT from children aged 1.5-10 years contained abundant TFH, suggesting efficient priming of TFH during early childhood. Stimulation by LAIV induced a marked increase in TFH that correlated with a strong production of anti-hemagglutinin (HA) IgA/IgG/IgM antibodies in tonsillar cells. Stimulation by the inactivated sH1N1 antigen induced a small increase in TFH which was markedly enhanced by CpG-DNA, accompanied by enhanced anti-HA antibody responses. In B cell co-culture experiment, anti-HA responses were only seen in the presence of TFH, and addition of plasmacytoid dendritic cell to TFH-B cell co-culture enhanced the TFH-mediated antibody production following CpG-DNA and sH1N1 antigen stimulation. Induction of TFH differentiation from naïve T cells was also shown following the stimulation. Our results support a critical role of TFH in human mucosal anti-influenza antibody response. Use of an adjuvant such as CpG-DNA that has the capacity to promote TFH by which to enhance antigen-induced antibody responses in NALT tissue may have important implications for future vaccination strategies against respiratory pathogens.
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Vaccination in early life: standing up to the challenges. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 41:1-8. [PMID: 27104290 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The challenge for any vaccine design is to elicit protective humoral and/or cytotoxic immunity against life threatening pathogens while remaining innocuous. Neonatal vaccinology faces additional challenges linked to intrinsic peculiarities of the innate and adaptive neonatal immune system. These include anti-inflammatory rather than pro-inflammatory responses to innate signals, preferential Th2 differentiation limiting the induction of Th1 and cytotoxic responses, trends to immunoregulatory responses and weak plasma cell and germinal centre B cell responses. Recent progresses in our understanding of the molecular bases of these physiological peculiarities and of the mode of action of novel adjuvants open new opportunities to design vaccine formulations and immunization strategies better adapted to the early life period.
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Carey AJ, Gracias DT, Thayer JL, Boesteanu AC, Kumova OK, Mueller YM, Hope JL, Fraietta JA, van Zessen DBH, Katsikis PD. Rapid Evolution of the CD8+ TCR Repertoire in Neonatal Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2602-13. [PMID: 26873987 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there is little consensus regarding the most appropriate animal model to study acute infection and the virus-specific CD8(+) T cell (CTL) responses in neonates. TCRβ high-throughput sequencing in naive CTL of differently aged neonatal mice was performed, which demonstrated differential Vβ family gene usage. Using an acute influenza infection model, we examined the TCR repertoire of the CTL response in neonatal and adult mice infected with influenza type A virus. Three-day-old mice mounted a greatly reduced primary NP(366-374)-specific CTL response when compared with 7-d-old and adult mice, whereas secondary CTL responses were normal. Analysis of NP(366-374)-specific CTL TCR repertoire revealed different Vβ gene usage and greatly reduced public clonotypes in 3-d-old neonates. This could underlie the impaired CTL response in these neonates. To directly test this, we examined whether controlling the TCR would restore neonatal CTL responses. We performed adoptive transfers of both nontransgenic and TCR-transgenic OVA(257-264)-specific (OT-I) CD8(+) T cells into influenza-infected hosts, which revealed that naive neonatal and adult OT-I cells expand equally well in neonatal and adult hosts. In contrast, nontransgenic neonatal CD8(+) T cells when transferred into adults failed to expand. We further demonstrate that differences in TCR avidity may contribute to decreased expansion of the endogenous neonatal CTL. These studies highlight the rapid evolution of the neonatal TCR repertoire during the first week of life and show that impaired neonatal CTL immunity results from an immature TCR repertoire, rather than intrinsic signaling defects or a suppressive environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J Carey
- Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102; Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102;
| | - Donald T Gracias
- Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Jillian L Thayer
- Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Alina C Boesteanu
- Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Ogan K Kumova
- Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Yvonne M Mueller
- Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102; Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jennifer L Hope
- Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102; Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joseph A Fraietta
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| | - David B H van Zessen
- Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Bioinformatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter D Katsikis
- Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102; Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands;
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Honda-Okubo Y, Ong CH, Petrovsky N. Advax delta inulin adjuvant overcomes immune immaturity in neonatal mice thereby allowing single-dose influenza vaccine protection. Vaccine 2015; 33:4892-900. [PMID: 26232344 PMCID: PMC4562881 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A single dose of Advax-adjuvanted influenza vaccine in 7-day-old pups protected against lethal influenza infection. Advax adjuvant enhanced both B-cell and T-cell memory in neonates. Influenza protection in Advax-immunized neonates was dependent on memory B-cells. Advax adjuvant confirmed to be safe and well tolerated in neonates.
Neonates are at high risk for influenza morbidity and mortality due to immune immaturity and lack of priming by prior influenza virus exposure. Inactivated influenza vaccines are ineffective in infants under six months and to provide protection in older children generally require two doses given a month apart. This leaves few options for rapid protection of infants, e.g. during an influenza pandemic. We investigated whether Advax™, a novel polysaccharide adjuvant based on delta inulin microparticles could help overcome neonatal immune hypo-responsiveness. We first tested whether it was possible to use Advax to obtain single-dose vaccine protection of neonatal pups against lethal influenza infection. Inactivated influenza A/H1N1 vaccine (iH1N1) combined with Advax™ adjuvant administered as a single subcutaneous immunization to 7-day-old mouse pups significantly enhanced serum influenza-specific IgM, IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b levels and was associated with a 3–4 fold increase in the frequency of splenic influenza-specific IgM and IgG antibody secreting cells. Pups immunized with Advax had significantly higher splenocyte influenza-stimulated IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 production by CBA and a 3–10 fold higher frequency of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4 or IL-17 secreting T cells by ELISPOT. Immunization with iH1N1 + Advax induced robust protection of pups against virus challenge 3 weeks later, whereas pups immunized with iH1N1 antigen alone had no protection. Protection by Advax-adjuvanted iH1N1 was dependent on memory B cells rather than memory T cells, with no protection in neonatal μMT mice that are B-cell deficient. Hence, Advax adjuvant overcame neonatal immune hypo-responsiveness and enabled single-dose protection of pups against otherwise lethal influenza infection, thereby supporting ongoing development of Advax™ as a neonatal vaccine adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Honda-Okubo
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., Bedford Park, Australia; Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | - Chun Hao Ong
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., Bedford Park, Australia; Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., Bedford Park, Australia; Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide 5042, Australia; Department of Endocrinology, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia.
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