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Lu J, Zhou H, Chen Y, Xia X, Yang J, Ma J, Tian J, Wang S. Tfh cell-derived small extracellular vesicles exacerbate the severity of collagen-induced arthritis by enhancing B-cell responses. J Autoimmun 2024; 146:103235. [PMID: 38696926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2024.103235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Soluble components secreted by Tfh cells are critical for the germinal center responses. In this study, we investigated whether Tfh cells could regulate the B-cell response by releasing small extracellular vesicles (sEVs). Our results showed that Tfh cells promote B-cell differentiation and antibody production through sEVs and that CD40L plays a crucial role in Tfh-sEVs function. In addition, increased Tfh-sEVs were found in mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Adoptive transfer of Tfh cells significantly exacerbated the severity of CIA; however, the effect of Tfh cells on exacerbating the CIA process was significantly diminished after inhibiting sEVs secretion. Moreover, the levels of plasma Tfh-like-sEVs and CD40L expression on Tfh-like-sEVs in RA patients were significantly higher than those in healthy subjects. In summary, Tfh cell-derived sEVs can enhance the B-cell response, and exacerbate the procession of autoimmune arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Huimin Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yuxuan Chen
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xueli Xia
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
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2
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Blenkinsopp HC, Seidler K, Barrow M. Microbial Imbalance and Intestinal Permeability in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Mechanism Review with a Focus on Bacterial Translocation, Citrullination, and Probiotic Intervention. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN NUTRITION ASSOCIATION 2024; 43:59-76. [PMID: 37294082 DOI: 10.1080/27697061.2023.2211129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This review aims to investigate the role of intestinal permeability (IP) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), following the hypotheses that leakage of intestinal microbes can influence increased citrullination of peptides leading to anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA) production and inflammation in RA; and that leaked microbes can migrate to the peripheral joints, leading to immune responses and synovitis in peripheral joints. This review explored the evidence for the link between microbial dysbiosis and increased IP in the inflammatory state in RA, as well as the role of increased citrullination and bacterial translocation in the link between microbiota and immune responses in RA. Furthermore, this research aims to evaluate the potential effect of probiotics on RA symptoms and pathogenesis via proposed mechanisms, including the support of microbial balance and suppression of inflammatory factors in RA. A systematic literature search was conducted in three tranches (review, mechanism, intervention). 71 peer-reviewed papers met the inclusions criteria and are summarized in a narrative analysis. Primary studies were critically appraised, synthesized and their relevance to clinical practice evaluated. Evidence found in this mechanism review consistently supported intestinal dysbiosis and increased IP in arthritis. An altered intestinal microbiome was demonstrated in RA with specific microbes such as Collinsella and Eggerthella correlating with increased IP, mucosal inflammation, and immune responses. Hypercitrullination and ACPA production correlated with arthritic symptoms and intestinal microbes were shown to influence hypercitrullination. Some in vitro and animal studies demonstrated a link between leakage of microbes and bacterial translocation, but further research is needed to elucidate the link between IP and citrullination. Probiotic intervention studies evidenced reductions in inflammatory markers IL-6 and TNFα, associated with proliferation of synovial tissue and pain perception in RA joint inflammation. Despite some conflict in the literature, probiotics may present a promising nutritional intervention in the suppression of both, disease activity and inflammatory markers.Key teaching pointsThere is evidence for a dysbiotic profile of the RA gut with specific RA-associated microbes.Increased intestinal permeability and leakage of PAD enzyme facilitates citrullination of peptides.Hypercitrullination and ACPA production correlate to arthritic signs.Microbial leakage and translocation plays a role in the pathogenesis of RA.Probiotics (e.g. L. Casei 01) may reduce inflammation and ameliorate RA symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly C Blenkinsopp
- The Centre for Nutritional Education and Lifestyle Management (CNELM), Wokingham, UK
| | - Karin Seidler
- The Centre for Nutritional Education and Lifestyle Management (CNELM), Wokingham, UK
| | - Michelle Barrow
- The Centre for Nutritional Education and Lifestyle Management (CNELM), Wokingham, UK
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3
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Baglaenko Y, Wagner C, Bhoj VG, Brodin P, Gershwin ME, Graham D, Invernizzi P, Kidd KK, Korsunsky I, Levy M, Mammen AL, Nizet V, Ramirez-Valle F, Stites EC, Williams MS, Wilson M, Rose NR, Ladd V, Sirota M. Making inroads to precision medicine for the treatment of autoimmune diseases: Harnessing genomic studies to better diagnose and treat complex disorders. CAMBRIDGE PRISMS. PRECISION MEDICINE 2023; 1:e25. [PMID: 38550937 PMCID: PMC10953750 DOI: 10.1017/pcm.2023.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Precision Medicine is an emerging approach for disease treatment and prevention that takes into account individual variability in genes, environment, and lifestyle. Autoimmune diseases are those in which the body's natural defense system loses discriminating power between its own cells and foreign cells, causing the body to mistakenly attack healthy tissues. These conditions are very heterogeneous in their presentation and therefore difficult to diagnose and treat. Achieving precision medicine in autoimmune diseases has been challenging due to the complex etiologies of these conditions, involving an interplay between genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. However, recent technological and computational advances in molecular profiling have helped identify patient subtypes and molecular pathways which can be used to improve diagnostics and therapeutics. This review discusses the current understanding of the disease mechanisms, heterogeneity, and pathogenic autoantigens in autoimmune diseases gained from genomic and transcriptomic studies and highlights how these findings can be applied to better understand disease heterogeneity in the context of disease diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Daniel Graham
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), IRCCS Fondazione San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
| | - Kenneth K. Kidd
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Michael Levy
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew L. Mammen
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Victor Nizet
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Edward C. Stites
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Michael Wilson
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Noel R. Rose
- Autoimmune Association, Clinton Township, MI, USA
| | | | - Marina Sirota
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
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4
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Šteigerová M, Šíma M, Slanař O. Pathogenesis of Collagen-Induced Arthritis: Role of Immune Cells with Associated Cytokines and Antibodies, Comparison with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Folia Biol (Praha) 2023; 69:41-49. [PMID: 38063000 DOI: 10.14712/fb2023069020041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Collagen-induced arthritis is the most com-mon in vivo model of rheumatoid arthritis used for investigation of new potential therapies in preclinical research. Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic inflammatory and autoimmune disease affecting joints, accompanied by significant extra-articular symptoms. The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and collagen-induced arthritis involves a so far properly unexplored network of immune cells, cytokines, antibodies and other factors. These agents trigger the autoimmune response leading to polyarthritis with cell infiltration, bone and cartilage degeneration and synovial cell proliferation. Our review covers the knowledge about cytokines present in the rat collagen-induced arthritis model and the factors affecting them. In addition, we provide a comparison with rheumatoid arthritis and a description of their important effects on the development of both diseases. We discuss the crucial roles of various immune cells (subtypes of T and B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, monocytes, macrophages), fibroblast-like synoviocy-tes, and their related cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17, IL-23, GM-CSF, TGF-β). Finally, we also focus on key antibodies (rheu-matoid factor, anti-citrullinated protein antibodies, anti-collagen II antibodies) and tissue-degrading enzymes (matrix metalloproteinases).
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Šteigerová
- Institute of Pharmacology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Šíma
- Institute of Pharmacology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Slanař
- Institute of Pharmacology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
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Zhao T, Xie Z, Xi Y, Liu L, Li Z, Qin D. How to Model Rheumatoid Arthritis in Animals: From Rodents to Non-Human Primates. Front Immunol 2022; 13:887460. [PMID: 35693791 PMCID: PMC9174425 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.887460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. At present, rodent models are primarily used to study the pathogenesis and treatment of RA. However, the genetic divergences between rodents and humans determine differences in the development of RA, which makes it necessary to explore the establishment of new models. Compared to rodents, non-human primates (NHPs) are much more closely related to humans in terms of the immune system, metabolic conditions, and genetic make-up. NHPs model provides a powerful tool to study the development of RA and potential complications, as well as preclinical studies in drug development. This review provides a brief overview of the RA animal models, emphasizes the replication methods, pros and cons, as well as evaluates the validity of the rodent and NHPs models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Zhaohu Xie
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Yujiang Xi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Li Liu
- Ge Jiu People's Hospital, Yunnan Honghe Prefecture Central Hospital, Gejiu, China
| | - Zhaofu Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Dongdong Qin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
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Saraiva AL, Peres RS, Veras FP, Talbot J, de Lima KA, Luiz JPM, Cunha TM, Louzada-Junior P, Cunha FQ, Alves-Filho JC. Citrullinated human fibrinogen triggers arthritis through an inflammatory response mediated by IL-23/IL-17 immune axis. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108363. [PMID: 34810129 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that causes joint destruction. Although its etiology remains unknown, citrullinated proteins have been considered as an auto-antigen able to trigger an inflammatory response in RA. Herein, we modified the classical antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) model by using citrullinated human plasma fibrinogen (hFIB) as an immunogen to investigate the mechanism of inflammation-driven joint damage by citrullinated hFIB in C57BL/6 mice. We found that hFIB-immunized mice showed high serum levels of anti-citrullinated peptides antibodies (ACPAs). Moreover, hFIB immunized mice showed increased mechanical hyperalgesia, massive leukocyte infiltration, high levels of inflammatory mediators, and progressive joint damage after the intra-articular challenge with citrullinated hFIB. Interestingly, hFIB-induced arthritis was dependent on IL-23/IL-17 immune axis-mediated inflammatory responses since leukocyte infiltration and mechanical hyperalgesia were abrogated in Il17ra-/- and Il23a-/- mice. Thus, we have characterized a novel model of experimental arthritis suitable to investigate the contribution of ACPAs and Th17 cell-mediated immune response in the pathogenesis of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Lopes Saraiva
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Raphael Sanches Peres
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Flávio Protasio Veras
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Jhimmy Talbot
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Kalil Alves de Lima
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Mesquita Luiz
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Thiago Mattar Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo Louzada-Junior
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando Queiroz Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Alves-Filho
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil.
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7
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Impact of Posttranslational Modification in Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Focusing on Citrullination, Carbamylation, and Acetylation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910576. [PMID: 34638916 PMCID: PMC8508717 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is caused by prolonged periodic interactions between genetic, environmental, and immunologic factors. Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as citrullination, carbamylation, and acetylation are correlated with the pathogenesis of RA. PTM and cell death mechanisms such as apoptosis, autophagy, NETosis, leukotoxic hypercitrullination (LTH), and necrosis are related to each other and induce autoantigenicity. Certain microbial infections, such as those caused by Porphyromonasgingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Prevotella copri, can induce autoantigens in RA. Anti-modified protein antibodies (AMPA) containing anti-citrullinated protein/peptide antibodies (ACPAs), anti-carbamylated protein (anti-CarP) antibodies, and anti-acetylated protein antibodies (AAPAs) play a role in pathogenesis as well as in prediction, diagnosis, and prognosis. Interestingly, smoking is correlated with both PTMs and AMPAs in the development of RA. However, there is lack of evidence that smoking induces the generation of AMPAs.
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8
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Lu J, Wu J, Xia X, Peng H, Wang S. Follicular helper T cells: potential therapeutic targets in rheumatoid arthritis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5095-5106. [PMID: 33880615 PMCID: PMC11073436 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03839-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease with joint and systemic inflammation that is accompanied by the production of autoantibodies, such as rheumatoid factor and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies. Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells, which are a subset of CD4+ T cells, facilitate germinal center (GC) reactions by providing signals required for high-affinity antibody production and the generation of long-lived antibody-secreting plasma cells. Uncontrolled expansion of Tfh cells is observed in various systemic autoimmune diseases. Particularly, the frequencies of circulating Tfh-like (cTfh-like) cells, their subtypes and synovial-infiltrated T helper cells correlate with disease activity in RA patients. Therefore, reducing autoantibody production and restricting excessive Tfh cell responses are ideal ways to control RA pathogenesis. The present review summarizes current knowledge of the involvement of Tfh cells in RA pathogenesis and highlights the potential of these cells as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212002, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University School of Medicine, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University School of Medicine, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xueli Xia
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University School of Medicine, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Huiyong Peng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212002, China.
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212002, China.
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University School of Medicine, Zhenjiang, China.
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Bezuidenhout JA, Venter C, Roberts TJ, Tarr G, Kell DB, Pretorius E. Detection of Citrullinated Fibrin in Plasma Clots of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients and Its Relation to Altered Structural Clot Properties, Disease-Related Inflammation and Prothrombotic Tendency. Front Immunol 2020; 11:577523. [PMID: 33424834 PMCID: PMC7793985 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.577523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims The risk of cardiovascular events in patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is disproportionately heightened as a result of systemic inflammation. The relative effect of autoimmune-associated citrullination on the structure and thrombotic potential of fibrin(ogen) remains unknown. We therefore compared indices of vascular function, inflammation, coagulation and fibrin clot composition in RA patients with healthy controls and evaluated parameter association with disease presence. Methods Blood samples were collected from 30 RA patients and 30 age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers. Levels of serum amyloid A (SAA), c-reactive protein (CRP), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (sVCAM-1) was measured using a sandwich immunoassay. Whole blood coagulation was assessed using Thromboelastography (TEG®). Fibrin clot networks and fiber structure was investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy. The detection and quantification of citrullination in formed fibrin clots was performed using a fluorescently labeled Citrulline monoclonal antibody with Fluorescence Wide Field Microscopy. Results Concentrations of SAA, CRP and ICAM-1 were significantly elevated in RA patients compared to controls. TEG parameters relating to coagulation initiation, rate of fibrin cross-linking, and time to reach maximum thrombus generation were attenuated in RA patients. Microscopic analysis revealed denser networks of thicker fibrin fibers in RA patients compared to controls and multiple citrullinated regions within fibrin clot structures in RA patients were present. Conclusion Our findings provide novel evidence for the citrullination of fibrin within vasculature is more prominent in RA plasma compared to control plasma and plasma is more accessible than synovial fluid. Citrullinated fibrinogen could play a role as a determinant of thrombotic risk in RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes A Bezuidenhout
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Chantelle Venter
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Timothy J Roberts
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Tarr
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Douglas B Kell
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Kemitorvet, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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10
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Bassin EJ, Buckley AR, Piganelli JD, Little SR. TRI microparticles prevent inflammatory arthritis in a collagen-induced arthritis model. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239396. [PMID: 32966314 PMCID: PMC7510963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent progress in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), many patients still fail to achieve remission or low disease activity. An imbalance between auto-reactive effector T cells (Teff) and regulatory T cells (Treg) may contribute to joint inflammation and damage in RA. Therefore, restoring this balance is a promising approach for the treatment of inflammatory arthritis. Accordingly, our group has previously shown that the combination of TGF-β-releasing microparticles (MP), rapamycin-releasing MP, and IL-2-releasing MP (TRI MP) can effectively increase the ratio of Tregs to Teff in vivo and provide disease protection in several preclinical models. In this study TRI MP was evaluated in the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model. Although this formulation has been tested previously in models of destructive inflammation and transplantation, this is the first model of autoimmunity for which this therapy has been applied. In this context, TRI MP effectively reduced arthritis incidence, the severity of arthritis scores, and bone erosion. The proposed mechanism of action includes not only reducing CD4+ T cell proliferation, but also expanding a regulatory population in the periphery soon after TRI MP administration. These changes were reflected in the CD4+ T cell population that infiltrated the paws at the onset of arthritis and were associated with a reduction of immune infiltrate and inflammatory myeloid cells in the paws. TRI MP administration also reduced the titer of collagen antibodies, however the contribution of this reduced titer to disease protection remains uncertain since there was no correlation between collagen antibody titer and arthritis score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan J. Bassin
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Abigail R. Buckley
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jon D. Piganelli
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Steven R. Little
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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11
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El Shikh MEM, El Sayed R, Nerviani A, Goldmann K, John CR, Hands R, Fossati-Jimack L, Lewis MJ, Pitzalis C. Extracellular traps and PAD4 released by macrophages induce citrullination and auto-antibody production in autoimmune arthritis. J Autoimmun 2019; 105:102297. [PMID: 31277965 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the transition of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) systemic autoimmunity to the joints remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that macrophages in the secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) and synovial ectopic lymphoid-like structures (ELSs) express peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) in murine collagen induced arthritis (CIA) and synovial biopsies from RA patients. Moreover, peptidyl citrulline colocalized with macrophages in SLOs and ELSs, and depletion of macrophages in CIA decreased lymphoid tissue citrullination and serum anti-citrullinated protein/peptide antibody (ACPA) levels. Furthermore, PAD was released from activated murine and RA synovial tissue and fluid (SF) macrophages which functionally deiminated extracellular proteins/peptides in vitro. Additionally, activated murine and SF macrophages displayed macrophage extracellular trap formation (METosis) and release of intracellular citrullinated histones. Moreover, presentation of citrullinated proteins induced ACPA production in vitro. Thus, lymphoid tissue macrophages contribute to self-antigen citrullination and ACPA production, indicating that their selective targeting would potentially ameliorate citrullination-dependent autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohey Eldin M El Shikh
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Riham El Sayed
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Alessandra Nerviani
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Katriona Goldmann
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Christopher Robert John
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Rebecca Hands
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Liliane Fossati-Jimack
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Myles J Lewis
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Costantino Pitzalis
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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12
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Rims C, Uchtenhagen H, Kaplan MJ, Carmona-Rivera C, Carlucci P, Mikecz K, Markovics A, Carlin J, Buckner JH, James EA. Citrullinated Aggrecan Epitopes as Targets of Autoreactive CD4+ T Cells in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2019; 71:518-528. [PMID: 30390384 DOI: 10.1002/art.40768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recognition of citrullinated antigens such as vimentin, fibrinogen, and α-enolase is associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Emerging data suggest that the matrix protein aggrecan is also recognized as a citrullinated antigen. This study was undertaken to directly visualize Cit-aggrecan-specific T cells and characterize them in patients with RA. METHODS Citrullinated aggrecan peptides with likely DRB1*04:01 binding motifs were predicted using a previously published scanning algorithm. Peptides with detectable binding were assessed for immunogenicity by HLA tetramer staining, followed by single cell cloning. Selectivity for citrullinated peptide was assessed by tetramer staining and proliferation assays. Ex vivo tetramer staining was then performed to assess frequencies of aggrecan-specific T cells in peripheral blood. Finally, disease association was assessed by comparing T cell frequencies in RA patients and controls and correlating aggrecan-specific T cells with levels of aggrecan-specific antibodies. RESULTS We identified 6 immunogenic peptides, 2 of which were the predominant T cell targets in peripheral blood. These 2 epitopes were citrullinated at HLA binding residues and shared homologous sequences. RA patients had significantly higher frequencies of Cit-aggrecan-specific T cells than healthy subjects. Furthermore, T cell frequencies were significantly correlated with antibodies against citrullinated aggrecan. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that T cells that recognize citrullinated aggrecan are present in patients with RA and correlate with antibodies that target this same antigen. Consequently, aggrecan-specific T cells and antibodies are potentially relevant markers that could be used to monitor patients with RA or at-risk subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cliff Rims
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington
| | - Hannes Uchtenhagen
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington.,Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, and Karolinksa Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mariana J Kaplan
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Carmelo Carmona-Rivera
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Philip Carlucci
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | | | - Jane H Buckner
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington
| | - Eddie A James
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington
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13
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Sun Y, Deng W, Yao G, Chen W, Tang X, Feng X, Lu L, Sun L. Citrullinated fibrinogen impairs immunomodulatory function of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells by triggering toll-like receptor. Clin Immunol 2018; 193:38-45. [PMID: 29373844 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) have been shown to possess immunomodulatory activities, while its role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remains unknown. Citrullinated fibrinogen (cfb) has been considered as a specific autoantigen in RA pathogenesis. Our study aims to determine the role of cfb on immunomodulatory function of BMSC. We demonstrated the specific role of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-NFκB pathway in the pro-inflammatory response of BMSC to cfb with increased production of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and chemokine CC motif ligand 2 (CCL2). Moreover, cfb impaired BMSC-mediated suppression of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) proliferation and reduced the production of the key immunomodulatory molecule indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in BMSC. We have uncovered a previously unrecognized role of cfb in interfering BMSC-mediated immunoregulation in RA. Cfb could act as a damage-associated molecule pattern (DAMP) for BMSC and thereby contribute to the propagation of inflammation in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Wei Deng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Genhong Yao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xiaojun Tang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xuebing Feng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Liwei Lu
- Department of Pathology, Center of Infection and Immunology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Lingyun Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.
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14
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Sakkas LI, Daoussis D, Liossis SN, Bogdanos DP. The Infectious Basis of ACPA-Positive Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1853. [PMID: 29033912 PMCID: PMC5627006 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with HLA-DRB1 shared epitope (HLA-DRB1SE) and anti-citrullinated protein autoantibodies (ACPAs). ACPAs precedes the onset of clinical and subclinical RA. There are strong data for three infectious agents as autoimmunity triggers in RA, namely Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans causes of periodontal disease (PD), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). P. gingivalis expresses arginine gingipains, that cleave proteins at the arginine residues, and peptidyl arginine deiminase (PPAD), which citrullinates arginine residues of proteins, thus forming neoantigens that lead to ACPA production. Peripheral blood plasmablasts from ACPA+RA patients produce ACPAs the majority of which react against P. gingivalis. A. actinocycetemcomitans produces leukotoxin A, a toxin that forms pores in the neutrophil membranes and leads to citrullination and release of citrullinated autoantigens in the gums. EBV can infect B cells and epithelial cells and resides as latent infection in resting B cells. Abs against citrullinated peptides derived from EBV nuclear antigen appear years before RA and cross-react with human citrullinated fibrin. Citrullinated proteins are potential arthritogenic autoantigens in RA. The conversion of arginine to citrulline increases the peptide binding affinity to HLA-DRB1SE. Also, citrullinated fibrinogen induces arthritis in HLA-DRB1*0401 transgenic mice, and transfer of their splenic T cells causes arthritis to recipient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lazaros I Sakkas
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Daoussis
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Stamatis-Nick Liossis
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Dimitrios P Bogdanos
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
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15
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Witalison EE, Cui X, Causey CP, Thompson PR, Hofseth LJ. Molecular targeting of protein arginine deiminases to suppress colitis and prevent colon cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:36053-62. [PMID: 26440311 PMCID: PMC4742161 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic disease, in which the lining of the colon becomes inflamed and develops ulcers leading to abdominal pain, diarrhea, and rectal bleeding. The extent of these symptoms depends on disease severity. The protein arginine deiminase (PAD) family of enzymes converts peptidyl-Arginine to peptidyl-Citrulline through citrullination. PADs are dysregulated, with abnormal citrullination in many diseases, including UC and colorectal cancer (CRC). We have developed the small molecule, pan-PAD inhibitor, Chlor-amidine (Cl-amidine), with multiple goals, including treating UC and preventing CRC. Building off our recent results showing that: 1) Cl-amidine suppresses colitis in vivo in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) mouse model; and 2) Cl-amidine induces microRNA (miR)-16 in vitro causing cell cycle arrest, we tested the hypothesis that Cl-amidine can prevent tumorigenesis and that miR-16 induction, by Cl-amidine, may be involved in vivo. Consistent with our hypothesis, we present evidence that Cl-amidine, delivered in the drinking water, prevents colon tumorigenesis in our mouse model of colitis-associated CRC where mice are given carcinogenic azoxymethane (AOM), followed by multiple cycles of 2% DSS to induce colitis. To begin identifying mechanisms, we examined the effects of Cl-amidine on miR-16. Results show miR-16 suppression during the colitis-to-cancer sequence in colon epithelial cells, which was rescued by drinking Cl-amidine. Likewise, Ki67 and cellular proliferation targets of miR-16 (Cyclins D1 and E1) were suppressed by Cl-amidine. The decrease in cell proliferation markers and increase in tumor suppressor miRNA expression potentially define a mechanism of how Cl-amidine is suppressing tumorigenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Witalison
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Xiangli Cui
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.,Shanxi Medical University, Taiyun, China
| | - Corey P Causey
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Lorne J Hofseth
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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16
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Kinslow JD, Blum LK, Deane KD, Demoruelle MK, Okamoto Y, Parish MC, Kongpachith S, Lahey LJ, Norris JM, Robinson WH, Holers VM. Elevated IgA Plasmablast Levels in Subjects at Risk of Developing Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2016; 68:2372-83. [PMID: 27273876 PMCID: PMC5042824 DOI: 10.1002/art.39771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The disease process in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) starts years before the clinical diagnosis is made, and elevated levels of disease-specific autoantibodies can be detected during this period. Early responses to known or novel autoantigens likely drive the eventual production of pathogenic autoimmunity. Importantly, the presence of disease-specific autoantibodies can identify individuals who are at high risk of developing RA but who do not currently have arthritis. The goal of the current study was to characterize plasmablasts from individuals at risk of developing RA. METHODS We investigated antibody-secreting plasmablasts derived from a well-characterized cohort of individuals who were at risk of developing RA, based on RA-related serum autoantibody positivity, as compared to patients with early (<1 year) seropositive RA as well as healthy control subjects. The plasmablast antibody repertoires of at-risk subjects were analyzed using DNA barcode-based methods with paired heavy- and light-chain gene sequencing. Cells were single-cell sorted, the cell- and plate-specific DNA barcodes were sequentially added, and next-generation sequencing was performed. RESULTS Total plasmablast levels were similar in the antibody-positive (1%) and control (0.4-1.6%) groups. However, increased frequencies of IgA+ versus IgG+ plasmablasts were observed in the antibody-positive group (39% IgA+ and 37% IgG+) as compared to other groups (1-9% IgA+ and 71-87% IgG+). Paired antibody sequences from antibody-positive subjects revealed cross-isotype clonal families and similar sequence characteristics in the IgA and IgG plasmablast repertoires. Antibody-positive individuals also demonstrated elevated serum levels of IgA isotype anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide 3 antibodies. CONCLUSION The IgA plasmablast dominance in these antibody-positive individuals suggests that a subset of RA-related autoantibodies may arise from mucosal immune responses and may be involved in early disease pathogenesis in individuals who are at risk of developing RA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa K Blum
- Stanford University, Stanford, California, and VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | | | | | - Yuko Okamoto
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
| | | | - Sarah Kongpachith
- Stanford University, Stanford, California, and VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Lauren J Lahey
- Stanford University, Stanford, California, and VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Jill M Norris
- Colorado School of Public Health and University of Colorado, Aurora
| | - William H Robinson
- Stanford University, Stanford, California, and VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
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17
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Zeng JZ, Ma LF, Meng H, Yu HM, Zhang YK, Guo A. (5R)-5-hydroxytriptolide (LLDT-8) prevents collagen-induced arthritis through OPG/RANK/RANKL signaling in a rat model of rheumatoid arthritis. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:3101-3106. [PMID: 27882124 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
(5R)-5-hydroxytriptolide (LLDT-8) extracts from Tripterygium have anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic and immunity adjustment functions. The present study used a collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model to evaluate whether LLDT-8 prevents collagen-induced arthritis, and investigated the signaling underlying this. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were induced to generate CIA, mimicking rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The presence of arthritis was determined using RA progression scores. The inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and nuclear factor-κB were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-13 protein expression were measured using western blot analysis. Lastly, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (RANK) gene expression. LLDT-8 improved RA progression scores and reduced the incidence and severity of CIA. Furthermore, LLDT-8 administration inhibited collagen-induced inflammation and iNOS protein expression in arthritic rats. The current data indicated that MMP-13 production was suppressed and OPG/RANKL expression was increased by LLDT-8 treatment in the arthritic rat. The present results suggest that LLDT-8 attenuates CIA through OPG/RANK/RANK ligand signaling in a rat model of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Zhou Zeng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China; Department of Orthopaedics, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, P.R. China
| | - Li-Feng Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Hai Meng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Hao-Miao Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Kui Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, P.R. China
| | - Ai Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
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18
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Nguyen H, James EA. Immune recognition of citrullinated epitopes. Immunology 2016; 149:131-8. [PMID: 27531825 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Conversion of arginine into citrulline is a post-translational modification that is observed in normal physiological processes. However, abnormal citrullination can provoke autoimmunity by generating altered self-epitopes that are specifically targeted by autoantibodies and T cells. In this review we discuss the recognition of citrullinated antigens in human autoimmune diseases and the role that this modification plays in increasing antigenic diversity and circumventing tolerance mechanisms. Early published work demonstrated that citrullinated proteins are specifically targeted by autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis and that citrullinated peptides are more readily presented to T cells by arthritis-susceptible HLA class II 'shared epitope' proteins. Emerging data support the relevance of citrullinated epitopes in other autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis, whose susceptible HLA haplotypes also preferentially present citrullinated peptides. In these settings, autoimmune patients have been shown to have elevated responses to citrullinated epitopes derived from tissue-specific antigens. Contrasting evidence implicates autophagy or perforin and complement-mediated membrane attack as inducers of ectopic citrullination. In either case, the peptidyl deiminases responsible for citrullination are activated in response to inflammation or insult, providing a mechanistic link between this post-translational modification and interactions with the environment and infection. As such, it is likely that immune recognition of citrullinated epitopes also plays a role in pathogen clearance. Indeed, our recent data suggest that responses to citrullinated peptides facilitate recognition of novel influenza strains. Therefore, increased understanding of responses to citrullinated epitopes may provide important insights about the initiation of autoimmunity and recognition of heterologous viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Nguyen
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eddie A James
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
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19
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20
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Unanue ER, Turk V, Neefjes J. Variations in MHC Class II Antigen Processing and Presentation in Health and Disease. Annu Rev Immunol 2016; 34:265-97. [PMID: 26907214 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-041015-055420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
MHC class II (MHC-II) molecules are critical in the control of many immune responses. They are also involved in most autoimmune diseases and other pathologies. Here, we describe the biology of MHC-II and MHC-II variations that affect immune responses. We discuss the classic cell biology of MHC-II and various perturbations. Proteolysis is a major process in the biology of MHC-II, and we describe the various components forming and controlling this endosomal proteolytic machinery. This process ultimately determines the MHC-II-presented peptidome, including cryptic peptides, modified peptides, and other peptides that are relevant in autoimmune responses. MHC-II also variable in expression, glycosylation, and turnover. We illustrate that MHC-II is variable not only in amino acids (polymorphic) but also in its biology, with consequences for both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil R Unanue
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110;
| | - Vito Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, J. Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Jacques Neefjes
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; .,Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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21
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Becatti M, Emmi G, Silvestri E, Bruschi G, Ciucciarelli L, Squatrito D, Vaglio A, Taddei N, Abbate R, Emmi L, Goldoni M, Fiorillo C, Prisco D. Neutrophil Activation Promotes Fibrinogen Oxidation and Thrombus Formation in Behçet Disease. Circulation 2016; 133:302-11. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.115.017738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background—
Behçet disease (BD) is a systemic vasculitis with a broad range of organ involvement, characterized by a multisystemic, immune-inflammatory disorder involving vessels of all sizes and often complicated by thrombosis. Systemic redox imbalance and circulating neutrophil hyperactivation have been observed in BD patients and are thought to be responsible for impaired coagulation. We here focused on the pathogenetic mechanisms potentially linking immune cell activation and thrombosis, and specifically examined whether neutrophil activation can affect fibrinogen modifications and consequently elicit thrombosis.
Methods and Results—
Blood samples were collected from 98 consecutive BD patients attending our dedicated Center and from 70 age- and sex-matched healthy controls; in all patients fibrinogen function and structure, fibrin susceptibility to plasmin-lysis, plasma redox status, leukocyte oxidative stress markers, and possible reactive oxygen species sources were examined. Thrombin-catalyzed fibrin formation and fibrin susceptibility to plasmin-induced lysis were significantly impaired in BD patients (
P
<0.001). These findings were associated with increased plasma oxidative stress markers (
P
<0.001) and with a marked carbonylation of fibrinogen (
P
<0.001), whose secondary structure appeared deeply modified. Neutrophils displayed an enhanced NADPH oxidase activity and increased reactive oxygen species production (
P
<0.001), which significantly correlated with fibrinogen carbonylation level (
r
2
=0.33,
P
<0.0001), residual β-band intensity (
r
2
=0.07,
P
<0.01), and fibrinogen clotting ability (
r
2
=0.073,
P
<0.01)
Conclusions—
In BD patients, altered fibrinogen structure and impaired fibrinogen function are associated with neutrophil activation and enhanced reactive oxygen species production whose primary source is represented by neutrophil NADPH oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Becatti
- From Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio” (M.B., G.B., N.T., C.F.) and Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine (G.E., E.S., L.C., D.S., R.A., D.P.), University of Florence, Italy; Nephrology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Italy (A.V.); Interdisciplinary Internal Medicine, Center for Autoimmune Systemic Diseases, Behçet Center and Lupus Clinic, AOU Careggi, Florence, Italy (L.E., D.P.); and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University
| | - Giacomo Emmi
- From Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio” (M.B., G.B., N.T., C.F.) and Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine (G.E., E.S., L.C., D.S., R.A., D.P.), University of Florence, Italy; Nephrology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Italy (A.V.); Interdisciplinary Internal Medicine, Center for Autoimmune Systemic Diseases, Behçet Center and Lupus Clinic, AOU Careggi, Florence, Italy (L.E., D.P.); and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University
| | - Elena Silvestri
- From Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio” (M.B., G.B., N.T., C.F.) and Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine (G.E., E.S., L.C., D.S., R.A., D.P.), University of Florence, Italy; Nephrology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Italy (A.V.); Interdisciplinary Internal Medicine, Center for Autoimmune Systemic Diseases, Behçet Center and Lupus Clinic, AOU Careggi, Florence, Italy (L.E., D.P.); and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University
| | - Giulia Bruschi
- From Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio” (M.B., G.B., N.T., C.F.) and Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine (G.E., E.S., L.C., D.S., R.A., D.P.), University of Florence, Italy; Nephrology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Italy (A.V.); Interdisciplinary Internal Medicine, Center for Autoimmune Systemic Diseases, Behçet Center and Lupus Clinic, AOU Careggi, Florence, Italy (L.E., D.P.); and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University
| | - Lucia Ciucciarelli
- From Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio” (M.B., G.B., N.T., C.F.) and Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine (G.E., E.S., L.C., D.S., R.A., D.P.), University of Florence, Italy; Nephrology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Italy (A.V.); Interdisciplinary Internal Medicine, Center for Autoimmune Systemic Diseases, Behçet Center and Lupus Clinic, AOU Careggi, Florence, Italy (L.E., D.P.); and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University
| | - Danilo Squatrito
- From Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio” (M.B., G.B., N.T., C.F.) and Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine (G.E., E.S., L.C., D.S., R.A., D.P.), University of Florence, Italy; Nephrology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Italy (A.V.); Interdisciplinary Internal Medicine, Center for Autoimmune Systemic Diseases, Behçet Center and Lupus Clinic, AOU Careggi, Florence, Italy (L.E., D.P.); and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University
| | - Augusto Vaglio
- From Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio” (M.B., G.B., N.T., C.F.) and Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine (G.E., E.S., L.C., D.S., R.A., D.P.), University of Florence, Italy; Nephrology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Italy (A.V.); Interdisciplinary Internal Medicine, Center for Autoimmune Systemic Diseases, Behçet Center and Lupus Clinic, AOU Careggi, Florence, Italy (L.E., D.P.); and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University
| | - Niccolò Taddei
- From Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio” (M.B., G.B., N.T., C.F.) and Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine (G.E., E.S., L.C., D.S., R.A., D.P.), University of Florence, Italy; Nephrology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Italy (A.V.); Interdisciplinary Internal Medicine, Center for Autoimmune Systemic Diseases, Behçet Center and Lupus Clinic, AOU Careggi, Florence, Italy (L.E., D.P.); and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University
| | - Rosanna Abbate
- From Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio” (M.B., G.B., N.T., C.F.) and Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine (G.E., E.S., L.C., D.S., R.A., D.P.), University of Florence, Italy; Nephrology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Italy (A.V.); Interdisciplinary Internal Medicine, Center for Autoimmune Systemic Diseases, Behçet Center and Lupus Clinic, AOU Careggi, Florence, Italy (L.E., D.P.); and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University
| | - Lorenzo Emmi
- From Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio” (M.B., G.B., N.T., C.F.) and Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine (G.E., E.S., L.C., D.S., R.A., D.P.), University of Florence, Italy; Nephrology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Italy (A.V.); Interdisciplinary Internal Medicine, Center for Autoimmune Systemic Diseases, Behçet Center and Lupus Clinic, AOU Careggi, Florence, Italy (L.E., D.P.); and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University
| | - Matteo Goldoni
- From Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio” (M.B., G.B., N.T., C.F.) and Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine (G.E., E.S., L.C., D.S., R.A., D.P.), University of Florence, Italy; Nephrology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Italy (A.V.); Interdisciplinary Internal Medicine, Center for Autoimmune Systemic Diseases, Behçet Center and Lupus Clinic, AOU Careggi, Florence, Italy (L.E., D.P.); and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University
| | - Claudia Fiorillo
- From Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio” (M.B., G.B., N.T., C.F.) and Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine (G.E., E.S., L.C., D.S., R.A., D.P.), University of Florence, Italy; Nephrology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Italy (A.V.); Interdisciplinary Internal Medicine, Center for Autoimmune Systemic Diseases, Behçet Center and Lupus Clinic, AOU Careggi, Florence, Italy (L.E., D.P.); and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University
| | - Domenico Prisco
- From Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio” (M.B., G.B., N.T., C.F.) and Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine (G.E., E.S., L.C., D.S., R.A., D.P.), University of Florence, Italy; Nephrology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Italy (A.V.); Interdisciplinary Internal Medicine, Center for Autoimmune Systemic Diseases, Behçet Center and Lupus Clinic, AOU Careggi, Florence, Italy (L.E., D.P.); and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University
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22
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Caplazi P, Baca M, Barck K, Carano RAD, DeVoss J, Lee WP, Bolon B, Diehl L. Mouse Models of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Vet Pathol 2015; 52:819-26. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985815588612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic debilitating autoimmune disorder characterized by synovitis that leads to cartilage and bone erosion by invading fibrovascular tissue. Mouse models of RA recapitulate many features of the human disease. Despite the availability of medicines that are highly effective in many patient populations, autoimmune diseases (including RA) remain an area of active biomedical research, and consequently mouse models of RA are still extensively used for mechanistic studies and validation of therapeutic targets. This review aims to integrate morphologic features with model biology and cover the key characteristics of the most commonly used induced and spontaneous mouse models of RA. Induced models emphasized in this review include collagen-induced arthritis and antibody-induced arthritis. Collagen-induced arthritis is an example of an active immunization strategy, whereas antibody- induced arthritis models, such as collagen antibody–induced arthritis and K/BxN antibody transfer arthritis, represent examples of passive immunization strategies. The coverage of spontaneous models in this review is focused on the TNFΔ ARE mouse, in which arthritis results from overexpression of TNF-α, a master proinflammatory cytokine that drives disease in many patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Caplazi
- Departments of Research Pathology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - M. Baca
- Departments of Research Pathology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - K. Barck
- Biomedical Imaging, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - R. A. D. Carano
- Biomedical Imaging, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J. DeVoss
- Translational Immunology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - W. P. Lee
- Translational Immunology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - B. Bolon
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and the Comparative Pathology and Mouse Phenotyping Shared Resource, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - L. Diehl
- Departments of Research Pathology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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Abstract
Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are chemically heterogeneous endogenous host molecules rapidly released from damaged or dying cells that incite a sterile inflammatory response mediated via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The sources of DAMPs are dead or dying cells or the extracellular matrix and can signal through the PRRs, the Toll-like receptors or cytosolic Nod-like receptors, culminating in nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. Together, these molecules are involved in sterile inflammation and many are associated with rheumatic autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythromatosus, psoriatic arthritis and systemic sclerosis. These diseases are associated with inflammation and many danger signals are found in sites of sterile inflammation and mediate inflammation. The present review examines the role of DAMPs in rheumatic conditions and suggests avenues for their therapeutic modulation.
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24
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Holers VM. Insights from populations at risk for the future development of classified rheumatoid arthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2014; 40:605-20. [PMID: 25437280 PMCID: PMC4250577 DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) develops through a series of stages. In the seropositive subset of classified RA patients, a preclinical stage is present for years before the onset of clinically apparent disease. Relevant preclinical biomarkers include autoantibodies, alterations of lymphoid populations, elevated cytokines/chemokines, genetic/genomic factors, imaging studies, clinical findings, dietary and environmental biomarkers, cardiovascular disease risk assessment, microbiome analyses, and metabolomic changes. Identifying the population of asymptomatic subjects at sufficiently high risk for disease to be informative and representative of "preclinical patients" is a challenge. This article reviews the results of analyses that have been undertaken in these "at-risk" subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Michael Holers
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Room 3102E, 1775 Aurora Court, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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25
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James EA, Rieck M, Pieper J, Gebe JA, Yue BB, Tatum M, Peda M, Sandin C, Klareskog L, Malmström V, Buckner JH. Citrulline-specific Th1 cells are increased in rheumatoid arthritis and their frequency is influenced by disease duration and therapy. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:1712-22. [PMID: 24665079 DOI: 10.1002/art.38637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is thought to be a T cell-mediated disease, based on its strong association with HLA class II alleles, clinical responsiveness to T cell-directed therapies, and the presence of CD4+ T cells in rheumatoid joints. The presence of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) in RA serum and the association of these antibodies with HLA-DR4 alleles implicate citrulline-specific autoreactive T cells in the development and progression of RA. The goal of this study was to determine the characteristics and specificity of autoreactive T cell responses in RA. METHODS We developed a panel of HLA-DRB1*04:01 tetramers, selecting citrullinated peptides from synovial antigens and verifying their immunogenicity in DRB1*04:01-transgenic mice. Seven tetramers were used to examine the ex vivo frequency and surface phenotype of citrulline-specific (Cit-specific) T cells in patients with RA and healthy subjects with DRB1*04:01 haplotypes, using a magnetic enrichment procedure. RESULTS Cit-specific T cells were detectable in peripheral blood samples from both healthy subjects and RA patients. In comparison to healthy subjects, RA patients had significantly higher frequencies of Cit-specific T cells, and a greater proportion of these cells displayed a Th1 memory phenotype. Among RA patients, the frequency of Cit-specific T cells was highest within the first 5 years after diagnosis of RA and was decreased in patients taking biologic agents, irrespective of disease duration. CONCLUSION These findings link the presence of ACPAs in RA with Th1 cells specific for citrullinated epitopes and provide tools for disease-specific immunomonitoring of autoreactive T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie A James
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington
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26
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Wang H, Wang Y, Jiang X, Wang Z, Zhong B, Fang Y. The molecular mechanism of curcumol on inducing cell growth arrest and apoptosis in Jurkat cells, a model of CD4+ T cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 21:375-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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27
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Clayton GM, Wang Y, Crawford F, Novikov A, Wimberly BT, Kieft JS, Falta MT, Bowerman NA, Marrack P, Fontenot AP, Dai S, Kappler JW. Structural basis of chronic beryllium disease: linking allergic hypersensitivity and autoimmunity. Cell 2014; 158:132-42. [PMID: 24995984 PMCID: PMC4269484 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
T-cell-mediated hypersensitivity to metal cations is common in humans. How the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) recognizes these cations bound to a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein and self-peptide is unknown. Individuals carrying the MHCII allele, HLA-DP2, are at risk for chronic beryllium disease (CBD), a debilitating inflammatory lung condition caused by the reaction of CD4 T cells to inhaled beryllium. Here, we show that the T cell ligand is created when a Be(2+) cation becomes buried in an HLA-DP2/peptide complex, where it is coordinated by both MHC and peptide acidic amino acids. Surprisingly, the TCR does not interact with the Be(2+) itself, but rather with surface changes induced by the firmly bound Be(2+) and an accompanying Na(+) cation. Thus, CBD, by creating a new antigen by indirectly modifying the structure of preexisting self MHC-peptide complex, lies on the border between allergic hypersensitivity and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M Clayton
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA; Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Frances Crawford
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA; Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Andrey Novikov
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Brian T Wimberly
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Program in Structural Biology and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Kieft
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Program in Structural Biology and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Michael T Falta
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Natalie A Bowerman
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Philippa Marrack
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA; Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Andrew P Fontenot
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Shaodong Dai
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - John W Kappler
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA; Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Program in Structural Biology and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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28
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Kobezda T, Ghassemi-Nejad S, Mikecz K, Glant TT, Szekanecz Z. Of mice and men: how animal models advance our understanding of T-cell function in RA. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2014; 10:160-70. [PMID: 24394350 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2013.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of autoreactive T cells in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as well as in autoimmune animal models of arthritis has been well established; however, unanswered questions, such as the role of joint-homing T cells, remain. Animal models of arthritis are superb experimental tools in demonstrating how T cells trigger joint inflammation, and thus can help to further our knowledge of disease mechanisms and potential therapies. In this Review, we discuss the similarities and differences in T-cell subsets and functions between RA and mouse arthritis models. For example, various T-cell subsets are involved in both human and mouse arthritis, but differences might exist in the cytokine regulation and plasticity of these cells. With regard to joint-homing T cells, an abundance of synovial T cells is present in humans compared with mice. On the other hand, local expansion of type 17 T-helper (TH17) cells is observed in some animal models, but not in RA. Finally, whereas T-cell depletion therapy essentially failed in RA, antibody targeting of T cells can work, at least preventatively, in most arthritis models. Clearly, additional human and animal studies are needed to fill the gap in our understanding of the specific contribution of T-cell subsets to arthritis in mice and men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Kobezda
- Department of Rheumatology, Institute of Medicine, University of Debrecen Medical and Health Science Centre, 98 Nagyerdei Street, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
| | - Sheida Ghassemi-Nejad
- Department of Rheumatology, Institute of Medicine, University of Debrecen Medical and Health Science Centre, 98 Nagyerdei Street, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
| | - Katalin Mikecz
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Biochemistry and Rheumatology, Rush University Medical Centre, 1735 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Tibor T Glant
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Biochemistry and Rheumatology, Rush University Medical Centre, 1735 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Zoltán Szekanecz
- Department of Rheumatology, Institute of Medicine, University of Debrecen Medical and Health Science Centre, 98 Nagyerdei Street, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
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29
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Holers VM. Autoimmunity to citrullinated proteins and the initiation of rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:728-35. [PMID: 24215742 PMCID: PMC3895448 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Clinical manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the second most common human autoimmune disease, are primarily focused on the joints, causing disability and requiring life-long treatment to ameliorate signs and symptoms. The etiology of RA is unknown; however, important discoveries in two areas have been made which provide hope that the causal mechanisms can be identified. First, the most severe form of this disease is associated with the presence of humoral and cellular autoimmunity to citrullinated proteins and peptides. Second, in the natural history of RA, autoimmunity to citrullinated antigens appears years before the onset of clinically apparent disease. Herein is described a model in which to consider how these two features are linked during very early disease development.
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