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Cleaver J, Jeffery K, Klenerman P, Lim M, Handunnetthi L, Irani SR, Handel A. The immunobiology of herpes simplex virus encephalitis and post-viral autoimmunity. Brain 2024; 147:1130-1148. [PMID: 38092513 PMCID: PMC10994539 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSE) is the leading cause of non-epidemic encephalitis in the developed world and, despite antiviral therapy, mortality and morbidity is high. The emergence of post-HSE autoimmune encephalitis reveals a new immunological paradigm in autoantibody-mediated disease. A reductionist evaluation of the immunobiological mechanisms in HSE is crucial to dissect the origins of post-viral autoimmunity and supply rational approaches to the selection of immunotherapeutics. Herein, we review the latest evidence behind the phenotypic progression and underlying immunobiology of HSE including the cytokine/chemokine environment, the role of pathogen-recognition receptors, T- and B-cell immunity and relevant inborn errors of immunity. Second, we provide a contemporary review of published patients with post-HSE autoimmune encephalitis from a combined cohort of 110 patients. Third, we integrate novel mechanisms of autoimmunization in deep cervical lymph nodes to explore hypotheses around post-HSE autoimmune encephalitis and challenge these against mechanisms of molecular mimicry and others. Finally, we explore translational concepts where neuroglial surface autoantibodies have been observed with other neuroinfectious diseases and those that generate brain damage including traumatic brain injury, ischaemic stroke and neurodegenerative disease. Overall, the clinical and immunological landscape of HSE is an important and evolving field, from which precision immunotherapeutics could soon emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Cleaver
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Katie Jeffery
- Department of Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SY, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Ming Lim
- Children’s Neurosciences, Evelina London Children’s Hospital at Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, SE1 7EH, UK
- Department Women and Children’s Health, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Lahiru Handunnetthi
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Sarosh R Irani
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Adam Handel
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
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2
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Klein HC, Guest PC, Dobrowolny H, Steiner J. Inflammation and viral infection as disease modifiers in schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1231750. [PMID: 37850104 PMCID: PMC10577328 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1231750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have now implicated a role for inflammation in schizophrenia. However, many aspects surrounding this aspect of the disease are still controversial. This controversy has been driven by conflicting evidence on the role of both pro-and anti-inflammatory factors and by often contentious findings concerning cytokine and immune cell profiles in the central nervous system and periphery. Current evidence supports the point that interleukin-6 is elevated in CSF, but does not support activation of microglia, resident macrophage-like cells in the brain. Furthermore, the mechanisms involving transit of the peripheral immune system factors across the blood brain barrier to central parenchyma have still not been completely elucidated. This process appears to involve perivascular macrophages and accompanying dendritic cells retained in the parenchyma by the chemokine and cytokine composition of the surrounding milieu. In addition, a number of studies have shown that this can be modulated by infection with viruses such as herpes simplex virus type I which may disrupt antigen presentation in the perivascular space, with long-lasting consequences. In this review article, we discuss the role of inflammation and viral infection as potential disease modifiers in schizophrenia. The primary viral hit may occur in the fetus in utero, transforming the immune response regulatory T-cells or the virus may secondarily remain latent in immune cells or neurons and modify further immune responses in the developing individual. It is hoped that unraveling this pathway further and solidifying our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms involved will pave the way for future studies aimed at identification and implementation of new biomarkers and drug targets. This may facilitate the development of more effective personalized therapies for individuals suffering with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans C. Klein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Research and Education Department Addiction Care Northern Netherlands, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Paul C. Guest
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Henrik Dobrowolny
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Johann Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention (CHaMP), Magdeburg, Germany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Center for Intervention and Research on Adaptive and Maladaptive Brain Circuits Underlying Mental Health (C-I-R-C), Halle-Jena-Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
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3
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Korn T. Foxp3 + regulatory T cells in the central nervous system and other nonlymphoid tissues. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250227. [PMID: 37143298 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells are indispensable for the maintenance of immunologic self-tolerance as well as for the confinement of autoimmune inflammation after the breach of self-tolerance. In order to fulfill these tasks, Treg cells operate in secondary lymphoid tissues and nonlymphoid tissues. The conditions for Treg cell stability and for their modes of action are different according to their compartment of residence. In addition, Treg cells initiate residency programs to inhabit niches in nonlympoid tissues (NLT) in steady state and after re-establishment of previously deflected homeostasis for extended periods of time. These NLT Treg cells are different from lymphoid tissue residing Treg cells and are functionally specialized to subserve not only immune functions but support intrinsic functions of their tissue of residence. This review will highlight current ideas about the functional specialization of NLT Treg cells in particular in the central nervous system (CNS) and discuss challenges that we are facing in an effort to exploit the power of NLT Treg cells for maintenance of tissue homeostasis and perhaps also tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Korn
- Institute for Experimental Neuroimmunology, Technical University of Munich School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
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4
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Tian J, Jiang L, Chen Z, Yuan Q, Liu C, He L, Jiang F, Rui K. Tissue-resident immune cells in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Inflamm Res 2023; 72:363-372. [PMID: 36547688 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01677-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in which genetic and environmental factors contribute to disease progression. Both innate and adaptive immune cells, including T cells, B cells, activated macrophages and microglia, have been identified to be involved in the pathogenesis of MS, leading to the CNS inflammation, neurodegeneration and demyelination. In recent years, there has been considerable progress in understanding the contribution of tissue-resident immune cells in the pathogenesis of MS. METHODS We performed a keyword-based search in PubMed database. We combined "multiple sclerosis" with keywords, such as tissue-resident memory T cells, microglia to search for relevant literatures in PubMed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION In this review, we comprehensively describe the characteristics of tissue-resident memory T cells and microglia, summarize their role in the pathogenesis of MS, and discuss their interaction with other immune cells in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tian
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212000, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lingli Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zixiang Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qingfang Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Longfeng He
- Department of Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ke Rui
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212000, China.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
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Cassidy BR, Logan S, Farley JA, Owen DB, Sonntag WE, Drevets DA. Progressive cognitive impairment after recovery from neuroinvasive and non-neuroinvasive Listeria monocytogenes infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1146690. [PMID: 37143648 PMCID: PMC10151798 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1146690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neuro-cognitive impairment is a deleterious complication of bacterial infections that is difficult to treat or prevent. Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is a neuroinvasive bacterial pathogen and commonly used model organism for studying immune responses to infection. Antibiotic-treated mice that survive systemic Lm infection have increased numbers of CD8+ and CD4+ T-lymphocytes in the brain that include tissue resident memory (TRM) T cells, but post-infectious cognitive decline has not been demonstrated. We hypothesized that Lm infection would trigger cognitive decline in accord with increased numbers of recruited leukocytes. Methods Male C57BL/6J mice (age 8 wks) were injected with neuroinvasive Lm 10403s, non-neuroinvasive Δhly mutants, or sterile saline. All mice received antibiotics 2-16d post-injection (p.i.) and underwent cognitive testing 1 month (mo) or 4 mo p.i. using the Noldus PhenoTyper with Cognition Wall, a food reward-based discrimination procedure using automated home cage based observation and monitoring. After cognitive testing, brain leukocytes were quantified by flow cytometry. Results Changes suggesting cognitive decline were observed 1 mo p.i. in both groups of infected mice compared with uninfected controls, but were more widespread and significantly worse 4 mo p.i. and most notably after Lm 10403s. Impairments were observed in learning, extinction of prior learning and distance moved. Infection with Lm 10403s, but not Δhly Lm, significantly increased numbers of CD8+ and CD4+ T-lymphocytes, including populations expressing CD69 and TRM cells, 1 mo p.i. Numbers of CD8+, CD69+CD8+ T-lymphocytes and CD8+ TRM remained elevated at 4 mo p.i. but numbers of CD4+ cells returned to homeostatic levels. Higher numbers of brain CD8+ T-lymphocytes showed the strongest correlations with reduced cognitive performance. Conclusions Systemic infection by neuroinvasive as well as non-neuroinvasive Lm triggers a progressive decline in cognitive impairment. Notably, the deficits are more profound after neuroinvasive infection that triggers long-term retention of CD8+ T-lymphocytes in the brain, than after non-neuroinvasive infection, which does not lead to retained cells in the brain. These results support the conclusion that systemic infections, particularly those that lead to brain leukocytosis trigger a progressive decline in cognitive function and implicate CD8+ T-lymphocytes, including CD8+TRM in the etiology of this impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R. Cassidy
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK, United States
| | - Sreemathi Logan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK, United States
| | - Julie A. Farley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK, United States
| | - Daniel B. Owen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK, United States
| | - William E. Sonntag
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK, United States
| | - Douglas A. Drevets
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK, United States
- *Correspondence: Douglas A. Drevets,
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Geginat J, Granucci F. Regulatory T-cell-derived interleukin-15 shapes cytotoxic T cell memory. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250238. [PMID: 36398486 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that regulatory T-cells (Tregs) are required to prevent autoimmunity, but they may also have some less-well understood immune-stimulatory effects. In particular, in CD8+ T-cell responses Tregs select high-affinity clones upon priming and promote memory by inhibiting inflammation-dependent generation of short-lived effector cells. In the current issue of the European Journal of Immunology [Eur. J. Immunol. 2023. 53: 2149400], Madi et al. report the surprising finding that human and murine FOXP3+ Tregs are a physiologically relevant source of IL-15, a homeostatic cytokine that promotes antigen-independent maintenance of CD8+ memory T-cells. In mice that lack IL-15 selectively in FOXP3+ Tregs the authors show that the composition of the CD8+ T-cell memory pool is altered in the absence of Treg-derived IL-15, since a subset of terminally effector memory cells is drastically reduced. Otherwise Treg-derived IL-15 is dispensable for antiviral immune responses and the generation of anti-viral CD8+ memory T-cells. These findings add to our understanding of the multifaceted role of Tregs in immune responses, and how IL-15 derived from different cellular sources maintains anti-viral T-cell memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Geginat
- University of Milan, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Milan, Italy.,Fondazione Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Granucci
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, Milan, Italy
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7
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Madi A, Wu J, Ma S, Weisshaar N, Mieg A, Hering M, Ming Y, Zettl F, Mohr K, Ten Bosch N, Schlimbach T, Hertel F, Cui G. Regulatory T cell-derived interleukin-15 promotes the diversity of immunological memory. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2149400. [PMID: 36263815 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
While the immunosuppressive function of regulatory T (Treg) cells has been extensively studied, their immune-supportive roles have been less well investigated. Using a lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) Armstrong infection mouse model, we found that Treg cell-derived interleukin (IL)-15 is required for long-term maintenance of the KLRG1+ IL-7Rα- CD62L- terminal effector memory CD8+ T (tTEM) cell subset, but dispensable for the suppressive function of Treg cells themselves. In contrast, deletion of Il15 from other sources, including myeloid cells and muscles, did not affect the composition of the memory CD8+ T cell pool. Our findings identify Treg cells as an essential IL-15 source maintaining tTEM cells and suggest that Treg cells promote the diversity of immunological memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Madi
- T Cell Metabolism Group (D192), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jingxia Wu
- T Cell Metabolism Group (D192), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sicong Ma
- T Cell Metabolism Group (D192), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nina Weisshaar
- T Cell Metabolism Group (D192), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alessa Mieg
- T Cell Metabolism Group (D192), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marvin Hering
- T Cell Metabolism Group (D192), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yanan Ming
- T Cell Metabolism Group (D192), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Zettl
- T Cell Metabolism Group (D192), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Mohr
- T Cell Metabolism Group (D192), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nora Ten Bosch
- T Cell Metabolism Group (D192), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for Translational Oncology (HI-TRON), Mainz, Germany
| | - Tilo Schlimbach
- T Cell Metabolism Group (D192), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Franziska Hertel
- T Cell Metabolism Group (D192), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Guoliang Cui
- T Cell Metabolism Group (D192), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for Translational Oncology (HI-TRON), Mainz, Germany
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8
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Mix MR, Harty JT. Keeping T cell memories in mind. Trends Immunol 2022; 43:1018-1031. [PMID: 36369103 PMCID: PMC9691610 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian central nervous system (CNS) contains a vibrant community of resident adaptive immune cells at homeostasis. Among these are memory CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, which reside in the CNS in the settings of health, aging, and neurological disease. These T cells commonly exhibit a tissue-resident memory (TRM) phenotype, suggesting that they are antigen-experienced and remain separate from the circulation. Despite these characterizations, T cell surveillance of the CNS has only recently been studied through the lens of TRM immunology. In this Review, we outline emerging concepts of CNS TRM generation, localization, maintenance, function, and specificity. In this way, we hope to highlight roles of CNS TRM in health and disease to inform future studies of adaptive neuroimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison R Mix
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - John T Harty
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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Regulatory T-Cells Suppress Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Responses against Microglia. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182826. [PMID: 36139401 PMCID: PMC9496959 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T-cells (Tregs) play pivotal roles during infection, cancer, and autoimmunity. In our previous study, we demonstrated a role for the PD-1:PD-L1 pathway in controlling cytolytic responses of CD8+ T lymphocytes against microglial cells presenting viral peptides. In this study, we investigated the role of Tregs in suppressing CD8+ T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity against primary microglial cells. Using in vitro cytotoxicity assays and flow cytometry, we demonstrated a role for Tregs in suppressing antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses against microglia loaded with a model peptide (SIINFEKL). We went on to show a significant decrease in the frequency of IFN-γ- and TNF-producing CD8+ T-cells when cultured with Tregs. Interestingly, a significant increase in the frequency of granzyme B- and Ki67-producing CTLs was observed. We also observed a significant decrease in the production of interleukin (IL)-6 by microglia. On further investigation, we found that Tregs significantly reduced MHC class 1 (MHC-1) expression on IFN-γ-treated microglial cells. Taken together, these studies demonstrate an immunosuppressive role for Tregs on CTL responses generated against primary microglia. Hence, modulation of Treg cell activity in combination with negative immune checkpoint blockade may stimulate anti-viral T-cell responses to more efficiently clear viral infection from microglial cell reservoirs.
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Palatella M, Guillaume SM, Linterman MA, Huehn J. The dark side of Tregs during aging. Front Immunol 2022; 13:940705. [PMID: 36016952 PMCID: PMC9398463 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.940705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last century, we have seen a dramatic rise in the number of older persons globally, a trend known as the grey (or silver) tsunami. People live markedly longer than their predecessors worldwide, due to remarkable changes in their lifestyle and in progresses made by modern medicine. However, the older we become, the more susceptible we are to a series of age-related pathologies, including infections, cancers, autoimmune diseases, and multi-morbidities. Therefore, a key challenge for our modern societies is how to cope with this fragile portion of the population, so that everybody could have the opportunity to live a long and healthy life. From a holistic point of view, aging results from the progressive decline of various systems. Among them, the distinctive age-dependent changes in the immune system contribute to the enhanced frailty of the elderly. One of these affects a population of lymphocytes, known as regulatory T cells (Tregs), as accumulating evidence suggest that there is a significant increase in the frequency of these cells in secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) of aged animals. Although there are still discrepancies in the literature about modifications to their functional properties during aging, mounting evidence suggests a detrimental role for Tregs in the elderly in the context of bacterial and viral infections by suppressing immune responses against non-self-antigens. Interestingly, Tregs seem to also contribute to the reduced effectiveness of immunizations against many pathogens by limiting the production of vaccine-induced protective antibodies. In this review, we will analyze the current state of understandings about the role of Tregs in acute and chronic infections as well as in vaccination response in both humans and mice. Lastly, we provide an overview of current strategies for Treg modulation with potential future applications to improve the effectiveness of vaccines in older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Palatella
- Department Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | | | - Jochen Huehn
- Department Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jochen Huehn,
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11
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Merkler D, Vincenti I, Masson F, Liblau RS. Tissue-resident CD8 T cells in central nervous system inflammatory diseases: present at the crime scene and …guilty. Curr Opin Immunol 2022; 77:102211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2022.102211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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12
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The fellowship of regulatory and tissue-resident memory cells. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:64-73. [PMID: 34608235 PMCID: PMC8488068 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00456-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
T cells located in non-lymphoid tissues have come to prominence in recent years. CD8+ tissue-resident memory (Trm) cells are important for tissue immune surveillance, provide an important line of defence against invading pathogens and show promise in cancer therapies. These cells differ in phenotype from other memory populations, are adapted to the tissue they home to where they found their cognate antigen and have different metabolic requirements for survival and activation. CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells also consist of specialised populations, found in non-lymphoid tissues, with distinct transcriptional programmes. These cells have equally adapted to function in the tissue they made their home. Both Trm and Treg cells have functions beyond immune defence, involving tissue homeostasis, repair and turnover. They are part of a multicellular communication network. Intriguingly, occupying the same niche, Treg cells are important in the establishment of Trm cells, which may have implications to harness the immune surveillance and tissue homeostasis properties of Trm cells for future therapies.
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13
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Vick SC, Frutoso M, Mair F, Konecny AJ, Greene E, Wolf CR, Logue JK, Franko NM, Boonyaratanakornkit J, Gottardo R, Schiffer JT, Chu HY, Prlic M, Lund JM. A regulatory T cell signature distinguishes the immune landscape of COVID-19 patients from those with other respiratory infections. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj0274. [PMID: 34757794 PMCID: PMC8580318 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent studies of immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), little is known about how the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 differs from other respiratory infections. We compare the immune signature from hospitalized SARS-CoV-2–infected patients to patients hospitalized prepandemic with influenza or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Our in-depth profiling indicates that the immune landscape in SARS-CoV-2 patients is largely similar to flu or RSV patients. Unique to patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 who had the most critical clinical disease were changes in the regulatory T cell (Treg) compartment. A Treg signature including increased frequency, activation status, and migration markers was correlated COVID-19 severity. These findings are relevant as Tregs are considered for therapy to combat the severe inflammation seen in COVID-19 patients. Likewise, having defined the overlapping immune landscapes in SARS-CoV-2, existing knowledge of flu and RSV infections could be leveraged to identify common treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Vick
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Marie Frutoso
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Florian Mair
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Andrew J. Konecny
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Evan Greene
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Caitlin R. Wolf
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jennifer K. Logue
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nicholas M. Franko
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jim Boonyaratanakornkit
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Joshua T. Schiffer
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Helen Y. Chu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Martin Prlic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Lund
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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14
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Schroeter CB, Huntemann N, Bock S, Nelke C, Kremer D, Pfeffer K, Meuth SG, Ruck T. Crosstalk of Microorganisms and Immune Responses in Autoimmune Neuroinflammation: A Focus on Regulatory T Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:747143. [PMID: 34691057 PMCID: PMC8529161 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.747143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are the major determinant of peripheral immune tolerance. Many Treg subsets have been described, however thymus-derived and peripherally induced Tregs remain the most important subpopulations. In multiple sclerosis, a prototypical autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system, Treg dysfunction is a pathogenic hallmark. In contrast, induction of Treg proliferation and enhancement of their function are central immune evasion mechanisms of infectious pathogens. In accordance, Treg expansion is compartmentalized to tissues with high viral replication and prolonged in chronic infections. In friend retrovirus infection, Treg expansion is mainly based on excessive interleukin-2 production by infected effector T cells. Moreover, pathogens seem also to enhance Treg functions as shown in human immunodeficiency virus infection, where Tregs express higher levels of effector molecules such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4, CD39 and cAMP and show increased suppressive capacity. Thus, insights into the molecular mechanisms by which intracellular pathogens alter Treg functions might aid to find new therapeutic approaches to target central nervous system autoimmunity. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the role of pathogens for Treg function in the context of autoimmune neuroinflammation. We discuss the mechanistic implications for future therapies and provide an outlook for new research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina B Schroeter
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Niklas Huntemann
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefanie Bock
- Department of Neurology With Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christopher Nelke
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - David Kremer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Pfeffer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tobias Ruck
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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15
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Funk KE, Arutyunov AD, Desai P, White JP, Soung AL, Rosen SF, Diamond MS, Klein RS. Decreased antiviral immune response within the central nervous system of aged mice is associated with increased lethality of West Nile virus encephalitis. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13412. [PMID: 34327802 PMCID: PMC8373274 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging pathogen that causes disease syndromes ranging from a mild flu‐like illness to encephalitis. While the incidence of WNV infection is fairly uniform across age groups, the risk of lethal encephalitis increases with advanced age. Prior studies have demonstrated age‐related, functional immune deficits that limit systemic antiviral immunity and increase mortality; however, the effect of age on antiviral immune responses specifically within the central nervous system (CNS) is unknown. Here, we show that aged mice exhibit increased peripheral organ and CNS tissue viral burden, the latter of which is associated with alterations in activation of both myeloid and lymphoid cells compared with similarly infected younger animals. Aged mice exhibit lower MHCII expression by microglia, and higher levels of PD1 and lower levels of IFNγ expression by WNV‐specific CD8+ T cells in the CNS and CD8+CD45+ cells. These data indicate that the aged CNS exhibits limited local reactivation of T cells during viral encephalitis, which may lead to reduced virologic control at this site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen E. Funk
- Department of Internal Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri USA
| | - Artem D. Arutyunov
- Department of Internal Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri USA
- Center for Neuroimmunology and Neuroinfectious Diseases Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri USA
| | - Pritesh Desai
- Department of Internal Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri USA
| | - James P. White
- Department of Internal Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri USA
| | - Allison L. Soung
- Department of Internal Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri USA
- Center for Neuroimmunology and Neuroinfectious Diseases Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri USA
| | - Sarah F. Rosen
- Department of Internal Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri USA
- Center for Neuroimmunology and Neuroinfectious Diseases Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri USA
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Internal Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri USA
| | - Robyn S. Klein
- Department of Internal Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri USA
- Center for Neuroimmunology and Neuroinfectious Diseases Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri USA
- Department of Neurosciences Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri USA
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16
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Ciurkiewicz M, Floess S, Beckstette M, Kummerfeld M, Baumgärtner W, Huehn J, Beineke A. Transcriptome analysis following neurotropic virus infection reveals faulty innate immunity and delayed antigen presentation in mice susceptible to virus-induced demyelination. Brain Pathol 2021; 31:e13000. [PMID: 34231271 PMCID: PMC8549031 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections of the central nervous system cause acute or delayed neuropathology and clinical consequences ranging from asymptomatic courses to chronic, debilitating diseases. The outcome of viral encephalitis is partially determined by genetically programed immune response patterns of the host. Experimental infection of mice with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) causes diverse neurologic diseases, including TMEV‐induced demyelinating disease (TMEV‐IDD), depending on the used mouse strain. The aim of the present study was to compare initial transcriptomic changes occurring in the brain of TMEV‐infected SJL (TMEV‐IDD susceptible) and C57BL/6 (TMEV‐IDD resistant) mice. Animals were infected with TMEV and sacrificed 4, 7, or 14 days post infection. RNA was isolated from brain tissue and analyzed by whole‐transcriptome sequencing. Selected differences were confirmed on a protein level by immunohistochemistry. In mock‐infected SJL and C57BL/6 mice, >200 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected. Following TMEV‐infection, the number of DEGs increased to >700. Infected C57BL/6 mice showed a higher expression of transcripts related to antigen presentation via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I, innate antiviral immune responses and cytotoxicity, compared with infected SJL animals. Expression of many of those genes was weaker or delayed in SJL mice, associated with a failure of viral clearance in this mouse strain. SJL mice showed prolonged elevation of MHC II and chemotactic genes compared with C57BL/6 mice, which presumably facilitates the induction of chronic demyelinating disease. In addition, elevated expression of several genes associated with immunomodulatory or –suppressive functions was observed in SJL mice. The exploratory study confirms previous observations in the model and provides an extensive list of new immunologic parameters potentially contributing to different outcomes of viral encephalitis in two mouse strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Floess
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Beckstette
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maren Kummerfeld
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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17
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Pritzl CJ, Daniels MA, Teixeiro E. Interplay of Inflammatory, Antigen and Tissue-Derived Signals in the Development of Resident CD8 Memory T Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:636240. [PMID: 34234771 PMCID: PMC8255970 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.636240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8 positive, tissue resident memory T cells (TRM) are a specialized subset of CD8 memory T cells that surveil tissues and provide critical first-line protection against tumors and pathogen re-infection. Recently, much effort has been dedicated to understanding the function, phenotype and development of TRM. A myriad of signals is involved in the development and maintenance of resident memory T cells in tissue. Much of the initial research focused on the roles tissue-derived signals play in the development of TRM, including TGFß and IL-33 which are critical for the upregulation of CD69 and CD103. However, more recent data suggest further roles for antigenic and pro-inflammatory cytokines. This review will focus on the interplay of pro-inflammatory, tissue and antigenic signals in the establishment of resident memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emma Teixeiro
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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18
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Lu Y, Craft J. T Follicular Regulatory Cells: Choreographers of Productive Germinal Center Responses. Front Immunol 2021; 12:679909. [PMID: 34177925 PMCID: PMC8222975 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.679909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular regulatory cells, or Tfr cells, are a discernable population of regulatory T (Treg) cells that migrate to the B cell follicle and germinal center (GC) upon immune challenge. These cells express the transcription factor Bcl6, the master regulator required for development and differentiation of T follicular helper cells, and are among a group of previously described Treg cells that use T helper cell–associated transcription factors to adapt their regulatory function to diverse milieus for maintenance of immune homeostasis. While there is consensus that Tfr cells control B-cell autoreactivity, it has been unclear whether they regulate productive, antigen-specific GC responses. Accordingly, understanding the regulatory balancing that Tfr cells play in maintenance of B-cell tolerance while optimizing productive humoral immunity is crucial for vaccine-design strategies. To this end, we discuss recent evidence that Tfr cells promote humoral immunity and memory following viral infections, fitting with the accepted role of Treg cells in maintaining homeostasis with promotion of productive immunity, while mitigating that which is potentially pathological. We also propose models in which Tfr cells regulate antigen-specific B cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisi Lu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Joe Craft
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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19
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AbdelMassih AF, Menshawey R, Ismail JH, Husseiny RJ, Husseiny YM, Yacoub S, Kamel A, Hozaien R, Yacoub E, Menshawey E, Abdelmalek A, Abouelazaem A, Elhatw A, Aboelmaaty A, Shahib A, Mansour A, Kamal A, Mohamed B, Atif B, Ghabreal B, Abdelmalak C, Ibrahim D, Elsaify E, Magdy F, Hanna FG, Hafez H, Dahir H, Merhom K, Ahmed M, Bishara M, Tawfik M, Youssef M, El Sharnouby M, Hamouda M, Ammar M, Ali N, Daniel N, El-Husseiny N, Abdelraouf N, Abdelhameed NK, Ahmed R, Othman R, Mohamadein R, Allam R, Elgendy R, Shebl R, Elsherbiney S, Fouad S, Emel S, Owais S, Hetta S, El-Saman S, Abdelalim S, Galal S, Asar Y, Osman Y, Khalaf Y, Aziz Y, Khafagy Y, Gamal N, Castaldi B. PPAR agonists as effective adjuvants for COVID-19 vaccines, by modifying immunogenetics: a review of literature. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:82. [PMID: 34057580 PMCID: PMC8165506 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00179-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several coronavirus vaccine have been fast-tracked to halt the pandemic, the usage of immune adjuvants that can boost immunological memory has come up to the surface. This is particularly of importance in view of the rates of failure of seroconversion and re-infection after COVID-19 infection, which could make the vaccine role and response debatable. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) have an established immune-modulatory role, but their effects as adjuvants to vaccination have not been explored to date. It is increasingly recognized that PPAR agonists can upregulate the levels of anti-apoptotic factors such as MCL-1. Such effect can improve the results of vaccination by enhancing the longevity of long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs). The interaction between PPAR agonists and the immune system does not halt here, as T cell memory is also stimulated through enhanced T regulatory cells, antagonizing PD-L1 and switching the metabolism of T cells to fatty acid oxidation, which has a remarkable effect on the persistence of T memory cells. What is even of a more significant value is the effect of PPAR gamma on ensuring a profound secretion of antibodies upon re-exposure to the offending antigen through upregulating lipoxin B4, therefore potentially assisting the vaccine response and deterring re-infection. SHORT CONCLUSION In view of the above, we suggest the use of PPAR as adjuvants to vaccines in general especially the emerging COVID-19 vaccine due to their role in enhancing immunologic memory through DNA-dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Fakhry AbdelMassih
- Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Pediatrics' Department, Cairo University Children Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Kasr Al Ainy Street, Cairo, 12411, Egypt.
- Pediatric Cardio-Oncology Department, Children Cancer Hospital of Egypt (57357), Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Rahma Menshawey
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Jumana H Ismail
- Pulmonology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Reem J Husseiny
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Yousef M Husseiny
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, New Giza University, 6th of October City, Egypt
| | - Shenoda Yacoub
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Aya Kamel
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rafeef Hozaien
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Elaria Yacoub
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Esraa Menshawey
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Abanoub Abdelmalek
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abouelazaem
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elhatw
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Aboelmaaty
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Alaaelrahman Shahib
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amany Mansour
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Aya Kamal
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Basant Mohamed
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Bemen Atif
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Beshoy Ghabreal
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Catherine Abdelmalak
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - David Ibrahim
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ebtesam Elsaify
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Farah Magdy
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Farid G Hanna
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hadeer Hafez
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hafsa Dahir
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Kerlos Merhom
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Maram Ahmed
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mariam Bishara
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mina Tawfik
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mina Youssef
- University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical, Buffalo, USA
| | - Mohamed El Sharnouby
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mourad Hamouda
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Musheera Ammar
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nada Ali
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nada Daniel
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nadine El-Husseiny
- Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Pixagon graphic design Agency, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Noha Abdelraouf
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nuran K Abdelhameed
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Radwa Ahmed
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Radwa Othman
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rahma Mohamadein
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rana Allam
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rana Elgendy
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rana Shebl
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Saged Elsherbiney
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sarah Fouad
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sara Emel
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sara Owais
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sarah Hetta
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Samah El-Saman
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa Abdelalim
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sherin Galal
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Yara Asar
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Yara Osman
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yasmeen Khalaf
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Youstina Aziz
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, 6th October University, 6th of October City, Egypt
| | - Yousra Khafagy
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nervana Gamal
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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20
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Graham JB, Swarts JL, Edwards KR, Voss KM, Green R, Jeng S, Miller DR, Mooney MA, McWeeney SK, Ferris MT, Pardo-Manuel de Villena F, Gale M, Lund JM. Correlation of Regulatory T Cell Numbers with Disease Tolerance upon Virus Infection. Immunohorizons 2021; 5:157-169. [PMID: 33893179 PMCID: PMC8281504 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of a successful immune response is to clear the pathogen while sparing host tissues from damage associated with pathogen replication and active immunity. Regulatory T cells (Treg) have been implicated in maintaining this balance as they contribute both to the organization of immune responses as well as restriction of inflammation and immune activation to limit immunopathology. To determine if Treg abundance prior to pathogen encounter can be used to predict the success of an antiviral immune response, we used genetically diverse mice from the collaborative cross infected with West Nile virus (WNV). We identified collaborative cross lines with extreme Treg abundance at steady state, either high or low, and used mice with these extreme phenotypes to demonstrate that baseline Treg quantity predicted the magnitude of the CD8 T cell response to WNV infection, although higher numbers of baseline Tregs were associated with reduced CD8 T cell functionality in terms of TNF and granzyme B expression. Finally, we found that abundance of CD44+ Tregs in the spleen at steady state was correlated with an increased early viral load within the spleen without an association with clinical disease. Thus, we propose that Tregs participate in disease tolerance in the context of WNV infection by tuning an appropriately focused and balanced immune response to control the virus while at the same time minimizing immunopathology and clinical disease. We hypothesize that Tregs limit the antiviral CD8 T cell function to curb immunopathology at the expense of early viral control as an overall host survival strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica B Graham
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Jessica L Swarts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Kristina R Edwards
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Kathleen M Voss
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Richard Green
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Sophia Jeng
- Division of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR.,OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Darla R Miller
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Michael A Mooney
- Division of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR.,OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Shannon K McWeeney
- Division of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR.,OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR.,Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Martin T Ferris
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Fernando Pardo-Manuel de Villena
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; and
| | - Michael Gale
- Division of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Jennifer M Lund
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; .,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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21
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Qiu Z, Chu TH, Sheridan BS. TGF-β: Many Paths to CD103 + CD8 T Cell Residency. Cells 2021; 10:cells10050989. [PMID: 33922441 PMCID: PMC8145941 DOI: 10.3390/cells10050989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8 tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells primarily reside in nonlymphoid tissues without recirculating and provide front-line protective immunity against infections and cancers. CD8 TRM cells can be generally divided into CD69+ CD103− TRM cells (referred to as CD103− TRM cells) and CD69+ CD103+ TRM cells (referred to as CD103+ TRM cells). TGF-β plays a critical role in the development and maintenance of CD103+ CD8 TRM cells. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of tissue-specific activation of TGF-β mediated by integrins and how it contributes to CD103+ CD8 TRM cell development and maintenance. Furthermore, we discuss the underlying mechanisms utilized by TGF-β to regulate the development and maintenance of CD103+ CD8 TRM cells. Overall, this review highlights the importance of TGF-β in regulating this unique subset of memory CD8 T cells that may shed light on improving vaccine design to target this population.
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22
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Vick SC, Frutoso M, Mair F, Konecny AJ, Greene E, Wolf CR, Logue JK, Boonyaratanakornkit J, Gottardo R, Schiffer JT, Chu HY, Prlic M, Lund JM. A differential regulatory T cell signature distinguishes the immune landscape of COVID-19 hospitalized patients from those hospitalized with other respiratory viral infections. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2021.03.25.21254376. [PMID: 33791720 PMCID: PMC8010752 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.25.21254376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection has caused a lasting global pandemic costing millions of lives and untold additional costs. Understanding the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 has been one of the main challenges in the past year in order to decipher mechanisms of host responses and interpret disease pathogenesis. Comparatively little is known in regard to how the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 differs from other respiratory infections. In our study, we compare the peripheral blood immune signature from SARS-CoV-2 infected patients to patients hospitalized pre-pandemic with Influenza Virus or Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV). Our in-depth profiling indicates that the immune landscape in patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 is largely similar to patients hospitalized with Flu or RSV. Similarly, serum cytokine and chemokine expression patterns were largely overlapping. Unique to patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 who had the most critical clinical disease state were changes in the regulatory T cell (Treg) compartment. A Treg signature including increased frequency, activation status, and migration markers was correlated with the severity of COVID-19 disease. These findings are particularly relevant as Tregs are being discussed as a therapy to combat the severe inflammation seen in COVID-19 patients. Likewise, having defined the overlapping immune landscapes in SARS-CoV-2, existing knowledge of Flu and RSV infections could be leveraged to identify common treatment strategies. HIGHLIGHTS The immune landscapes of hospitalized pre-pandemic RSV and influenza patients are similar to SARS-CoV-2 patientsSerum cytokine and chemokine expression patterns are largely similar between patients hospitalized with respiratory virus infections, including SARS-CoV-2, versus healthy donorsSARS-CoV-2 patients with the most critical disease displayed unique changes in the Treg compartmentadvances in understanding and treating SARS-CoV-2 could be leveraged for other common respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Vick
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Marie Frutoso
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Florian Mair
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Andrew J. Konecny
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Evan Greene
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Caitlin R. Wolf
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195
| | - Jennifer K. Logue
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195
| | - Jim Boonyaratanakornkit
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Joshua T. Schiffer
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195
| | - Helen Y. Chu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195
| | - Martin Prlic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195
| | - Jennifer M. Lund
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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23
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Ren HM, Kolawole EM, Ren M, Jin G, Netherby-Winslow CS, Wade Q, Shwetank, Rahman ZSM, Evavold BD, Lukacher AE. IL-21 from high-affinity CD4 T cells drives differentiation of brain-resident CD8 T cells during persistent viral infection. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:5/51/eabb5590. [PMID: 32948671 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abb5590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Development of tissue-resident memory (TRM) CD8 T cells depends on CD4 T cells. In polyomavirus central nervous system infection, brain CXCR5hi PD-1hi CD4 T cells produce interleukin-21 (IL-21), and CD8 T cells lacking IL-21 receptors (IL21R-/-) fail to become bTRM IL-21+ CD4 T cells exhibit elevated T cell receptor (TCR) affinity and higher TCR density. IL21R-/- brain CD8 T cells do not express CD103, depend on vascular CD8 T cells for maintenance, are antigen recall defective, and lack TRM core signature genes. CD4 T cell-deficient and IL21R-/- brain CD8 T cells show similar deficiencies in expression of genes for oxidative metabolism, and intrathecal delivery of IL-21 to CD4 T cell-depleted mice restores expression of electron transport genes in CD8 T cells to wild-type levels. Thus, high-affinity CXCR5hi PD-1hi CD4 T cells in the brain produce IL-21, which drives CD8 bTRM differentiation in response to a persistent viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Ren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Kolawole
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Mingqiang Ren
- Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Department of Military & Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Ge Jin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | | | - Quinn Wade
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Shwetank
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Ziaur S M Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Brian D Evavold
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Aron E Lukacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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24
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Hühr J, Schäfer A, Schwaiger T, Zani L, Sehl J, Mettenleiter TC, Blome S, Blohm U. Impaired T-cell responses in domestic pigs and wild boar upon infection with a highly virulent African swine fever virus strain. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:3016-3032. [PMID: 32530090 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since African swine fever (ASF) first appeared in the Caucasus region in 2007, it has spread rapidly and is now present in numerous European and Asian countries. In Europe, mainly wild boar populations are affected and pose a risk for domestic pigs. In Asia, domestic pigs are almost exclusively affected. An effective and safe vaccine is not available, and correlates of protection are far from being understood. Therefore, research on immune responses, immune dysfunction and pathogenesis is mandatory. It is acknowledged that T cells play a pivotal role. Thus, we investigated T-cell responses of domestic pigs and wild boar upon infection with the highly virulent ASF virus (ASFV) strain 'Armenia08'. For this purpose, we used a flow cytometry-based multicolour analysis to identify T-cell subtypes (cytotoxic T cells, T-helper cells, γδ T cells) and their functional impairment in ASFV-infected pigs. Domestic pigs showed lymphopaenia, and neither in the blood nor in the lymphoid organs was a proliferation of CD8+ effector cells observed. Furthermore, a T-bet-dependent activation of the remaining CD8 T cells did not occur. In contrast, a T-cell response could be observed in wild boar at 5 days post-inoculation in the blood and in tendency also in some organs. However, this cytotoxic response was not beneficial as all wild boars showed a severe acute lethal disease and a higher proportion died spontaneously or was euthanized at the humane endpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Hühr
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Alexander Schäfer
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Laura Zani
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Julia Sehl
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Sandra Blome
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ulrike Blohm
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
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25
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Abd Hamid M, Peng Y, Dong T. Human cancer germline antigen-specific cytotoxic T cell-what can we learn from patient. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:684-692. [PMID: 32451453 PMCID: PMC7331575 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0468-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we will highlight the importance of cancer germline antigen-specific cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes (CTL) and the factors affecting antitumor CTL responses. In light of cancer immunotherapy, we will emphasis the need to further understand the features, characteristics, and actions of modulatory receptors of human cancer germline-specific CTLs, in order to determine the optimal conditions for antitumor CTL responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megat Abd Hamid
- Nufield Department of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yanchun Peng
- Nufield Department of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tao Dong
- Nufield Department of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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26
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Type 1 T reg cells promote the generation of CD8 + tissue-resident memory T cells. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:766-776. [PMID: 32424367 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0674-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells, functionally distinct from circulating memory T cells, have a critical role in protective immunity in tissues, are more efficacious when elicited after vaccination and yield more effective antitumor immunity, yet the signals that direct development of TRM cells are incompletely understood. Here we show that type 1 regulatory T (Treg) cells, which express the transcription factor T-bet, promote the generation of CD8+ TRM cells. The absence of T-bet-expressing type 1 Treg cells reduces the presence of TRM cells in multiple tissues and increases pathogen burden upon infectious challenge. Using infection models, we show that type 1 Treg cells are specifically recruited to local inflammatory sites via the chemokine receptor CXCR3. Close proximity with effector CD8+ T cells and Treg cell expression of integrin-β8 endows the bioavailability of transforming growth factor-β in the microenvironment, thereby promoting the generation of CD8+ TRM cells.
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27
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Gore MM. Vaccines Against Dengue and West Nile Viruses in India: The Need of the Hour. Viral Immunol 2020; 33:423-433. [PMID: 32320353 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The circulation of flaviviruses, dengue (DEN), Japanese encephalitis (JE) and West Nile (WN) viruses, and others, is generating a major concern in many countries. Both JE along with DEN have been endemic in large regions of India. WN virus infection, although circulating in southern regions for many years, in recent years, WN encephalitis patients have been demonstrated. While vaccines against JE have been developed and decrease outbreaks, in case of DEN and WN, vaccines are still in developing level, especially, it has been difficult to achieve the long-term protective immune response. The first licensed DEN vaccine, which is a live attenuated vaccine, was administered in countries where the virus is endemic, and has a potential to cause serious side effects, especially when administered to younger population as observed in the Philippines vaccination drive. In the case of WN, although the purified inactivated virion-based vaccine worked effectively as a veterinary vaccine for horses, no effective vaccine has yet been licensed for humans. The induction of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses is essential to complete protection by these viruses, as evidenced by responses to asymptomatic infections. Many studies have shown that neutralizing antibody (NAb) response is against surface structural proteins; CD4+ and CD8+ responses are mainly directed against nonstructural proteins rather than NAb response. New data suggest that encapsulating virus vaccines in nanoparticles (NPs) will direct antigen in cytoplasmic compartment by antigen-presenting cells, which will improve presentation to CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Since tissue culture-derived, purified inactivated viruses are easier to manufacture and safer than developing live virus vaccines, inclusion of NP provides an attractive alternative for generating robust flaviviral vaccines that are affordable with long-lived protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milind M Gore
- Emeritus Scientist, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
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28
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Alvarez F, Al-Aubodah TA, Yang YH, Piccirillo CA. Mechanisms of T REG cell adaptation to inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:559-571. [PMID: 32202345 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1mr0120-196r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is an important defense mechanism. In this complex and dynamic process, drastic changes in the tissue micro-environment play key roles in dictating the nature of the evolving immune response. However, uncontrolled inflammation is detrimental, leading to unwanted cellular damage, loss of physiological functions, and even death. As such, the immune system possesses tools to limit inflammation while ensuring rapid and effective clearance of the inflammatory trigger. Foxp3+ regulatory T (TREG ) cells, a potently immunosuppressive CD4+ T cell subset, play a crucial role in immune tolerance by controlling the extent of the response to self and non-self Ags, all-the-while promoting a quick return to immune homeostasis. TREG cells adapt to changes in the local micro-environment enabling them to migrate, proliferate, survive, differentiate, and tailor their suppressive ability at inflamed sites. Several inflammation-associated factors can impact TREG cell functional adaptation in situ including locally released alarmins, oxygen availability, tissue acidity and osmolarity and nutrient availability. Here, we review some of these key signals and pathways that control the adaptation of TREG cell function in inflammatory settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Alvarez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, Centre for Translational Biology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Tho-Alfakar Al-Aubodah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, Centre for Translational Biology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yujian H Yang
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, Centre for Translational Biology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ciriaco A Piccirillo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, Centre for Translational Biology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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29
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Beneficial and Detrimental Effects of Regulatory T Cells in Neurotropic Virus Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051705. [PMID: 32131483 PMCID: PMC7084400 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotropic viruses infect the central nervous system (CNS) and cause acute or chronic neurologic disabilities. Regulatory T cells (Treg) play a critical role for immune homeostasis, but may inhibit pathogen-specific immunity in infectious disorders. The present review summarizes the current knowledge about Treg in human CNS infections and their animal models. Besides dampening pathogen-induced immunopathology, Treg have the ability to facilitate protective responses by supporting effector T cell trafficking to the infection site and the development of resident memory T cells. Moreover, Treg can reduce virus replication by inducing apoptosis of infected macrophages and attenuate neurotoxic astrogliosis and pro-inflammatory microglial responses. By contrast, detrimental effects of Treg are caused by suppression of antiviral immunity, allowing for virus persistence and latency. Opposing disease outcomes following Treg manipulation in different models might be attributed to differences in technique and timing of intervention, infection route, genetic background, and the host’s age. In addition, mouse models of virus-induced demyelination revealed that Treg are able to reduce autoimmunity and immune-mediated CNS damage in a disease phase-dependent manner. Understanding the unique properties of Treg and their complex interplay with effector cells represents a prerequisite for the development of new therapeutic approaches in neurotropic virus infections.
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30
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Abd Hamid M, Colin-York H, Khalid-Alham N, Browne M, Cerundolo L, Chen JL, Yao X, Rosendo-Machado S, Waugh C, Maldonado-Perez D, Bowes E, Verrill C, Cerundolo V, Conlon CP, Fritzsche M, Peng Y, Dong T. Self-Maintaining CD103 + Cancer-Specific T Cells Are Highly Energetic with Rapid Cytotoxic and Effector Responses. Cancer Immunol Res 2020; 8:203-216. [PMID: 31771983 PMCID: PMC7611226 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-19-0554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Enrichment of CD103+ tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes (TIL) is associated with improved outcomes in patients. However, the characteristics of human CD103+ cytotoxic CD8+ T cells (CTL) and their role in tumor control remain unclear. We investigated the features and antitumor mechanisms of CD103+ CTLs by assessing T-cell receptor (TCR)-matched CD103+ and CD103- cancer-specific CTL immunity in vitro and its immunophenotype ex vivo Interestingly, we found that differentiated CD103+ cancer-specific CTLs expressed the active form of TGFβ1 to continually self-regulate CD103 expression, without relying on external TGFβ1-producing cells. The presence of CD103 on CTLs improved TCR antigen sensitivity, which enabled faster cancer recognition and rapid antitumor cytotoxicity. These CD103+ CTLs had elevated energetic potential and faster migration capacity. However, they had increased inhibitory receptor coexpression and elevated T-cell apoptosis following prolonged cancer exposure. Our data provide fundamental insights into the properties of matured human CD103+ cancer-specific CTLs, which could have important implications for future designs of tissue-localized cancer immunotherapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megat Abd Hamid
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Huw Colin-York
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nasullah Khalid-Alham
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Molly Browne
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lucia Cerundolo
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ji-Li Chen
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Xuan Yao
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Samara Rosendo-Machado
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Waugh
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David Maldonado-Perez
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Bowes
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Verrill
- Oxford National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher P Conlon
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Fritzsche
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yanchun Peng
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tao Dong
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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31
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Bai F, Thompson EA, Vig PJS, Leis AA. Current Understanding of West Nile Virus Clinical Manifestations, Immune Responses, Neuroinvasion, and Immunotherapeutic Implications. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040193. [PMID: 31623175 PMCID: PMC6963678 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is the most common mosquito-borne virus in North America. WNV-associated neuroinvasive disease affects all ages, although elderly and immunocompromised individuals are particularly at risk. WNV neuroinvasive disease has killed over 2300 Americans since WNV entered into the United States in the New York City outbreak of 1999. Despite 20 years of intensive laboratory and clinical research, there are still no approved vaccines or antivirals available for human use. However, rapid progress has been made in both understanding the pathogenesis of WNV and treatment in clinical practices. This review summarizes our current understanding of WNV infection in terms of human clinical manifestations, host immune responses, neuroinvasion, and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengwei Bai
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA.
| | - E Ashley Thompson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA.
| | - Parminder J S Vig
- Departments of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
| | - A Arturo Leis
- Methodist Rehabilitation Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
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To Go or Stay: The Development, Benefit, and Detriment of Tissue-Resident Memory CD8 T Cells during Central Nervous System Viral Infections. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090842. [PMID: 31514273 PMCID: PMC6784233 DOI: 10.3390/v11090842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8 T cells coordinate immune defenses against viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS). Virus-specific CD8 T cells infiltrate the CNS and differentiate into brain-resident memory CD8 T cells (CD8 bTRM). CD8 bTRM are characterized by a lack of recirculation and expression of phenotypes and transcriptomes distinct from other CD8 T cell memory subsets. CD8 bTRM have been shown to provide durable, autonomous protection against viral reinfection and the resurgence of latent viral infections. CD8 T cells have also been implicated in the development of neural damage following viral infection, which demonstrates that the infiltration of CD8 T cells into the brain can also be pathogenic. In this review, we will explore the residency and maintenance requirements for CD8 bTRM and discuss their roles in controlling viral infections of the brain.
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Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells have emerged as a major component of T cell biology. Recent investigations have greatly advanced our understanding of TRMs. Common features have been discovered to distinguish memory T cells residing in various mucosal and non-mucosal tissues from their circulating counterparts. Given that most organs and tissues contain a unique microenvironment, local signal-induced tissue-specific features are tightly associated with the differentiation, homeostasis, and protective functions of TRMs. Here, we discuss recent advances in the TRM field with a special emphasis on the interaction between local signals and TRMs in the context of individual tissue environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South Univeristy, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Chaoyu Ma
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Nu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
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Schiffer JT, Swan DA, Prlic M, Lund JM. Herpes simplex virus-2 dynamics as a probe to measure the extremely rapid and spatially localized tissue-resident T-cell response. Immunol Rev 2019; 285:113-133. [PMID: 30129205 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus-2 infection is characterized by frequent episodic shedding in the genital tract. Expansion in HSV-2 viral load early during episodes is extremely rapid. However, the virus invariably peaks within 18 hours and is eliminated nearly as quickly. A critical feature of HSV-2 shedding episodes is their heterogeneity. Some episodes peak at 108 HSV DNA copies, last for weeks due to frequent viral re-expansion, and lead to painful ulcers, while others only reach 103 HSV DNA copies and are eliminated within hours and without symptoms. Within single micro-environments of infection, tissue-resident CD8+ T cells (TRM ) appear to contain infection within a few days. Here, we review components of TRM biology relevant to immune surveillance between HSV-2 shedding episodes and containment of infection upon detection of HSV-2 cognate antigen. We then describe the use of mathematical models to correlate large spatial gradients in TRM density with the heterogeneity of observed shedding within a single person. We describe how models have been leveraged for clinical trial simulation, as well as future plans to model the interactions of multiple cellular subtypes within mucosa, predict the mechanism of action of therapeutic vaccines, and describe the dynamics of 3-dimensional infection environment during the natural evolution of an HSV-2 lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Schiffer
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David A Swan
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Martin Prlic
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer M Lund
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Hampras SS, Tommasino M, Zhao Y, Messina JL, Giuliano AR, Fenske NA, Cherpelis B, Hesterberg RS, Akuffo AA, Amorrortu RP, Balliu J, Vijayan L, Gheit T, Epling-Burnette PK, Rollison DE. Cross-sectional associations between cutaneous viral infections and regulatory T lymphocytes in circulation. Br J Dermatol 2019; 180:1449-1458. [PMID: 30431148 PMCID: PMC6520211 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.17429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous viral infections and immune suppression are risk factors for some forms of nonmelanoma skin cancer; however, their interrelationship is poorly understood. OBJECTIVES To examine cross-sectional associations between cutaneous viral infections and circulating forkhead-box P3 (FOXP3)-expressing T-regulatory (Treg) cells, suppressive cells that dampen effective antitumour immunity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood, eyebrow hair (EBH) and skin swab (SSW) samples were collected from 352 patients 60 years and older undergoing skin screening, without prevalent skin cancer, while participating in an ongoing prospective cohort study of cutaneous viral infections and skin cancer. DNA corresponding to 98 cutaneous human papillomavirus (HPV) types and five human polyomaviruses (HPyV) was assessed in EBH and SSW. Distinct classes of circulating Treg-cell subpopulations were defined by flow cytometry including cutaneous lymphocyte antigen (CLA) and CCR4high Treg cells, both previously associated with cutaneous diseases. Age- and sex-adjusted associations between circulating T-cell populations and infection were estimated using logistic regression. RESULTS Total Treg-cell proportion in peripheral blood was not associated with β HPV or HPyV infection. However, the proportion of circulating CLA+ Treg cells was inversely associated with γ HPV EBH infection [odds ratio (OR) 0·54, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·35-0·84]. Interestingly, circulating Treg cells expressing markers indicative of antigen activation (CD27- CD45RA- FOXP3+ CD4+ ) were also inversely associated with γ HPV infection in SSW (OR 0·55, 95% CI 0·30-0·99) and EBH (OR 0·56, 95% CI 0·36-0·86). CONCLUSIONS Inverse associations between circulating Treg cells and γ HPV infection suggest that localized viral infection may promote immunosuppressive cell migration into skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Hampras
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, U.S.A
| | - M Tommasino
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Y Zhao
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, U.S.A
| | - J L Messina
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, U.S.A
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, U.S.A
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, U.S.A
| | - A R Giuliano
- Center for Immunization and Infection Research in Cancer, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, U.S.A
| | - N A Fenske
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, U.S.A
| | - B Cherpelis
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, U.S.A
| | - R S Hesterberg
- Department of Immunology, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, U.S.A
| | - A A Akuffo
- Department of Immunology, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, U.S.A
| | - R P Amorrortu
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, U.S.A
| | - J Balliu
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, U.S.A
| | - L Vijayan
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, U.S.A
| | - T Gheit
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - P K Epling-Burnette
- Department of Immunology, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, U.S.A
| | - D E Rollison
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, U.S.A
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Regulatory T cells limit unconventional memory to preserve the capacity to mount protective CD8 memory responses to pathogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:9969-9978. [PMID: 31036644 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818327116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological memory exists so that following infection an expanded population of pathogen-specific lymphocytes can rapidly and efficiently control infection in the case of reexposure. However, in the case of CD8+ T lymphocytes, a population of unconventional CD44+CD122+ virtual memory T cells (TVM) has been described that possesses many, though not all, features of "true memory" T cells, without the requirement of first encountering cognate antigen. Here, we demonstrate a role for regulatory T cell-mediated restraint of TVM at least in part through limiting IL-15 trans-presentation by CD11b+ dendritic cells. Further, we show that keeping TVM in check ensures development of functional, antigen-specific "true" memory phenotype CD8+ T cells that can assist in pathogen control upon reexposure.
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Klein RS, Garber C, Funk KE, Salimi H, Soung A, Kanmogne M, Manivasagam S, Agner S, Cain M. Neuroinflammation During RNA Viral Infections. Annu Rev Immunol 2019; 37:73-95. [PMID: 31026414 PMCID: PMC6731125 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-042718-041417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neurotropic RNA viruses continue to emerge and are increasingly linked to diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) despite viral clearance. Indeed, the overall mortality of viral encephalitis in immunocompetent individuals is low, suggesting efficient mechanisms of virologic control within the CNS. Both immune and neural cells participate in this process, which requires extensive innate immune signaling between resident and infiltrating cells, including microglia and monocytes, that regulate the effector functions of antiviral T and B cells as they gain access to CNS compartments. While these interactions promote viral clearance via mainly neuroprotective mechanisms, they may also promote neuropathology and, in some cases, induce persistent alterations in CNS physiology and function that manifest as neurologic and psychiatric diseases. This review discusses mechanisms of RNA virus clearance and neurotoxicity during viral encephalitis with a focus on the cytokines essential for immune and neural cell inflammatory responses and interactions. Understanding neuroimmune communications in the setting of viral infections is essential for the development of treatments that augment neuroprotective processes while limiting ongoing immunopathological processes that cause ongoing CNS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn S Klein
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA;
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Charise Garber
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA;
| | - Kristen E Funk
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA;
| | - Hamid Salimi
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA;
| | - Allison Soung
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA;
| | - Marlene Kanmogne
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA;
| | - Sindhu Manivasagam
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA;
| | - Shannon Agner
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Matthew Cain
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA;
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Shwetank, Frost EL, Mockus TE, Ren HM, Toprak M, Lauver MD, Netherby-Winslow CS, Jin G, Cosby JM, Evavold BD, Lukacher AE. PD-1 Dynamically Regulates Inflammation and Development of Brain-Resident Memory CD8 T Cells During Persistent Viral Encephalitis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:783. [PMID: 31105690 PMCID: PMC6499176 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) receptor signaling dampens the functionality of T cells faced with repetitive antigenic stimulation from chronic infections or tumors. Using intracerebral (i.c.) inoculation with mouse polyomavirus (MuPyV), we have shown that CD8 T cells establish a PD-1hi, tissue-resident memory population in the brains (bTRM) of mice with a low-level persistent infection. In MuPyV encephalitis, PD-L1 was expressed on infiltrating myeloid cells, microglia and astrocytes, but not on oligodendrocytes. Engagement of PD-1 on anti-MuPyV CD8 T cells limited their effector activity. NanoString gene expression analysis showed that neuroinflammation was higher in PD-L1-/- than wild type mice at day 8 post-infection, the peak of the MuPyV-specific CD8 response. During the persistent phase of infection, however, the absence of PD-1 signaling was found to be associated with a lower inflammatory response than in wild type mice. Genetic disruption and intracerebroventricular blockade of PD-1 signaling resulted in an increase in number of MuPyV-specific CD8 bTRM and the fraction of these cells expressing CD103, the αE integrin commonly used to define tissue-resident T cells. However, PD-L1-/- mice persistently infected with MuPyV showed impaired virus control upon i.c. re-infection with MuPyV. Collectively, these data reveal a temporal duality in PD-1-mediated regulation of MuPyV-associated neuroinflammation. PD-1 signaling limited the severity of neuroinflammation during acute infection but sustained a level of inflammation during persistent infection for maintaining control of virus re-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shwetank
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Elizabeth L. Frost
- Immunology and Molecular Pathogenesis Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Taryn E. Mockus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Heather M. Ren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Mesut Toprak
- Section of Neuropathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Matthew D. Lauver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | | | - Ge Jin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Jennifer M. Cosby
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Brian D. Evavold
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Aron E. Lukacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States,*Correspondence: Aron E. Lukacher
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Brizić I, Hiršl L, Šustić M, Golemac M, Britt WJ, Krmpotić A, Jonjić S. CD4 T cells are required for maintenance of CD8 T RM cells and virus control in the brain of MCMV-infected newborn mice. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 208:487-494. [PMID: 30923899 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00601-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a significant public health problem. Congenital CMV infection is a leading infectious cause of long-term neurodevelopmental sequelae, including mental retardation and sensorineural hearing loss. Immune protection against mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) is primarily mediated by NK cells and CD8+ T cells, while CD4+ T cells are not needed for control of MCMV in majority of organs in immunocompetent adult mice. Here, we set out to determine the role of CD4+ T cells upon MCMV infection of newborn mice. We provide evidence that CD4+ T cells are essential for clearance of MCMV infection in brain of neonatal mice and for prevention of recurrence of latent MCMV. In addition, we provide evidence that CD4+ T cells are required for induction and maintenance of tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells in the brain of mice perinatally infected with MCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilija Brizić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia.,Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Lea Hiršl
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia.,Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Marko Šustić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Mijo Golemac
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - William J Britt
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Astrid Krmpotić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Stipan Jonjić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia. .,Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.
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40
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Cross-Presentation of Skin-Targeted Recombinant Adeno-associated Virus 2/1 Transgene Induces Potent Resident Memory CD8 + T Cell Responses. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01334-18. [PMID: 30541847 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01334-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A key aspect to consider for vaccinal protection is the induction of a local line of defense consisting of nonrecirculating tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM), in parallel to the generation of systemic memory CD8+ T cell responses. The potential to induce TRM has now been demonstrated for a number of pathogens and viral vectors. This potential, however, has never been tested for recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors, which are weakly inflammatory and poor transducer of dendritic cells. Using a model rAAV2/1-based vaccine, we determined that a single intradermal immunization with rAAV2/1 vectors in mice induces fully functional TRM at the local site of immunization. The optimal differentiation of rAAV-induced transgene-specific skin TRM was dependent on local transgene expression and additional CD4+ T cell help. Transgene expression in dendritic cells, however, appeared to be dispensable for the priming of transgene-specific skin TRM, suggesting that this process solely depends on the cross-presentation of transgene products. Overall, this study provides needed information to properly assess rAAV vectors as T cell-inducing vaccine carriers.IMPORTANCE rAAVs display numerous characteristics that could make them extremely attractive as vaccine carriers, including an excellent safety profile in humans and great flexibility regarding serotypes and choice of target tissue. Studies addressing the ability of rAAV to induce protective T cell responses, however, are scarce. Notably, the potential to induce a tissue-resident memory T cell response has never been described for rAAV vectors, strongly limiting further interest for their use as vaccine carriers. Using a model rAAV2/1 vaccine delivered to the skin, our study demonstrated that rAAV vectors can induce bona fide skin resident TRM and provides additional clues regarding the cellular mechanisms underlying this process. These results will help widen the field of rAAV applications.
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Steinbach K, Vincenti I, Merkler D. Resident-Memory T Cells in Tissue-Restricted Immune Responses: For Better or Worse? Front Immunol 2018; 9:2827. [PMID: 30555489 PMCID: PMC6284001 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident-memory CD8+ T cells (TRM) have been described as a non-circulating memory T cell subset that persists at sites of previous infection. While TRM in all non-lymphoid organs probably share a core signature differentiation pathway, certain aspects of their maintenance and effector functions may vary. It is well-established that TRM provide long-lived protective immunity through immediate effector function and accelerated recruitment of circulating immune cells. Besides immune defense against pathogens, other immunological roles of TRM are less well-studied. Likewise, evidence of a putative detrimental role of TRM for inflammatory diseases is only beginning to emerge. In this review, we discuss the protective and harmful role of TRM in organ-specific immunity and immunopathology as well as prospective implications for immunomodulatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Steinbach
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ilena Vincenti
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
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42
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Araujo Furlan CL, Tosello Boari J, Rodriguez C, Canale FP, Fiocca Vernengo F, Boccardo S, Beccaria CG, Adoue V, Joffre O, Gruppi A, Montes CL, Acosta Rodriguez EV. Limited Foxp3 + Regulatory T Cells Response During Acute Trypanosoma cruzi Infection Is Required to Allow the Emergence of Robust Parasite-Specific CD8 + T Cell Immunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2555. [PMID: 30455700 PMCID: PMC6230662 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While it is now acknowledged that CD4+ T cells expressing CD25 and Foxp3 (Treg cells) regulate immune responses and, consequently, influence the pathogenesis of infectious diseases, the regulatory response mediated by Treg cells upon infection by Trypanosoma cruzi was still poorly characterized. In order to understand the role of Treg cells during infection by this protozoan parasite, we determined in time and space the magnitude of the regulatory response and the phenotypic, functional and transcriptional features of the Treg cell population in infected mice. Contrary to the accumulation of Treg cells reported in most chronic infections in mice and humans, experimental T. cruzi infection was characterized by sustained numbers but decreased relative frequency of Treg cells. The reduction in Treg cell frequency resulted from a massive accumulation of effector immune cells, and inversely correlated with the magnitude of the effector immune response as well as with emergence of acute immunopathology. In order to understand the causes underlying the marked reduction in Treg cell frequency, we evaluated the dynamics of the Treg cell population and found a low proliferation rate and limited accrual of peripheral Treg cells during infection. We also observed that Treg cells became activated and acquired a phenotypic and transcriptional profile consistent with suppression of type 1 inflammatory responses. To assess the biological relevance of the relative reduction in Treg cells frequency observed during T. cruzi infection, we transferred in vitro differentiated Treg cells at early moments, when the deregulation of the ratio between regulatory and conventional T cells becomes significant. Intravenous injection of Treg cells dampened parasite-specific CD8+ T cell immunity and affected parasite control in blood and tissues. Altogether, our results show that limited Treg cell response during the acute phase of T. cruzi infection enables the emergence of protective anti-parasite CD8+ T cell immunity and critically influences host resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia L Araujo Furlan
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jimena Tosello Boari
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Constanza Rodriguez
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Fernando P Canale
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Facundo Fiocca Vernengo
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Santiago Boccardo
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Cristian G Beccaria
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Véronique Adoue
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Toulouse, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France.,Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Joffre
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Toulouse, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France.,Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Adriana Gruppi
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Carolina L Montes
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Eva V Acosta Rodriguez
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
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CD4 T cells control development and maintenance of brain-resident CD8 T cells during polyomavirus infection. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007365. [PMID: 30372487 PMCID: PMC6224182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory CD8 T (TRM) cells defend against microbial reinfections at mucosal barriers; determinants driving durable TRM cell responses in non-mucosal tissues, which often harbor opportunistic persistent pathogens, are unknown. JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is a ubiquitous constituent of the human virome. With altered immunological status, JCPyV can cause the oft-fatal brain demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). JCPyV is a human-only pathogen. Using the mouse polyomavirus (MuPyV) encephalitis model, we demonstrate that CD4 T cells regulate development of functional antiviral brain-resident CD8 T cells (bTRM) and renders their maintenance refractory to systemic CD8 T cell depletion. Acquired CD4 T cell deficiency, modeled by delaying systemic CD4 T cell depletion until MuPyV-specific CD8 T cells have infiltrated the brain, impacted the stability of CD8 bTRM, impaired their effector response to reinfection, and rendered their maintenance dependent on circulating CD8 T cells. This dependence of CD8 bTRM differentiation on CD4 T cells was found to extend to encephalitis caused by vesicular stomatitis virus. Together, these findings reveal an intimate association between CD4 T cells and homeostasis of functional bTRM to CNS viral infection.
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Li G, Teleki C, Wang T. Memory T Cells in Flavivirus Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:E73. [PMID: 30340377 PMCID: PMC6313919 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6040073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses include many medically important viruses, such as Dengue virus (DENV), Japanese encephalitis (JEV), tick-borne encephalitis (TBEV), West Nile (WNV), yellow fever (YFV), and Zika viruses (ZIKV). Currently, there are licensed human vaccines for DENV, JEV, TBEV and YFV, but not for WNV or ZIKV. Memory T cells play a central role in adaptive immunity and are important for host protection during flavivirus infection. In this review, we discuss recent findings from animal models and clinical trials and provide new insights into the role of memory T cells in host protective immunity upon vaccination with the licensed flavivirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Li
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Cody Teleki
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Institute for Human Infections & Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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Ushigome Y, Mizukawa Y, Kimishima M, Yamazaki Y, Takahashi R, Kano Y, Shiohara T. Monocytes are involved in the balance between regulatory T cells and Th17 cells in severe drug eruptions. Clin Exp Allergy 2018; 48:1453-1463. [DOI: 10.1111/cea.13252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Ushigome
- Department of Dermatology; Kyorin University School of Medicine; Mitaka Japan
| | - Yoshiko Mizukawa
- Department of Dermatology; Kyorin University School of Medicine; Mitaka Japan
| | - Momoko Kimishima
- Department of Dermatology; Kyorin University School of Medicine; Mitaka Japan
| | - Yoshimi Yamazaki
- Department of Dermatology; Kyorin University School of Medicine; Mitaka Japan
| | - Ryo Takahashi
- Division of Flow Cytometry Core Facility; Kyorin University School of Medicine; Mitaka Japan
| | - Yoko Kano
- Department of Dermatology; Akiru Municipal Medical Center; Akiruno Japan
| | - Tetsuo Shiohara
- Department of Dermatology; Kyorin University School of Medicine; Mitaka Japan
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Wu X, Wu P, Shen Y, Jiang X, Xu F. CD8 + Resident Memory T Cells and Viral Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2093. [PMID: 30283442 PMCID: PMC6156262 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (Trm) cells are a subset of recently identified memory T cells that mainly reside and serve as sentinels in non-lymphoid peripheral tissues. Unlike the well-characterized circulating central memory T (Tcm) cells and effector memory T (Tem) cells, Trm cells persist in the tissues, do not recirculate into blood, and offer immediate protection against pathogens upon reinfection. In this review, we focus on CD8+ Trm cells and briefly introduce their characteristics, development, maintenance, and function during viral infection. We also discuss some unresolved problems, such as how CD8+ Trm cells adapt to the local tissue microenvironment, how Trm cells interact with other immune cells during their development and maintenance, and the mechanisms by which CD8+ Trm cells confer immune protection. We believe that a better understanding of these problems is of great clinical and therapeutic value and may contribute to more effective vaccination and treatments against viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejie Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pin Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yifei Shen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Xiaodong Jiang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Abstract
Activated CD8+ lymphocytes infiltrate the brain in response to many viral infections; where some remain stationed long term as memory T cells. Brain-resident memory T cells (bTRM) are positioned to impart immediate defense against recurrent or reactivated infection. The cytokine and chemokine milieu present within a tissue is critical for TRM generation and retention; and reciprocal interactions exist between brain-resident glia and bTRM. High concentrations of TGF-β are found within brain and this cytokine has been shown to induce CD103 (integrin αeβ7) expression. The majority of T cells persisting within brain express CD103, which aids in retention through interaction with E-cadherin. Likewise, cytokines produced by T cells also modulate microglia. The anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 has been shown to preferentially polarize microglial cells toward an M2 phenotype, with a corresponding increase in E-cadherin expression. These findings demonstrate that the brain microenvironment, both during and following inflammation, prominently contributes to the role of CD103 in T cell persistence. Further evidence shows that microglia, and astrocytes, upregulate programmed death (PD) ligand 1 during neuroinflammation, likely to limit neuropathology, and the PD-1: PD-L1 pathway also aids in bTRM generation and retention. Upon reactivation of quiescent neurotropic viruses, bTRM may respond to small amounts of de novo-produced viral antigen by rapidly releasing IFN-γ, resulting in interferon-stimulated gene expression in surrounding glia, thereby amplifying activation of a small number of adaptive immune cells into an organ-wide innate antiviral response. While advantageous from an antiviral perspective; over time, recall response-driven, organ-wide innate immune activation likely has cumulative neurotoxic and neurocognitive consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Prasad
- Neurovirology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - James R Lokensgard
- Neurovirology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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48
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Vaccination with RSV M 209-223 peptide promotes a protective immune response associated with reduced pulmonary inflammation. Antiviral Res 2018; 157:102-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Takamura S. Niches for the Long-Term Maintenance of Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1214. [PMID: 29904388 PMCID: PMC5990602 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM cells) are a population of immune cells that reside in the lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs without recirculation through the blood. These important cells occupy and utilize unique anatomical and physiological niches that are distinct from those for other memory T cell populations, such as central memory T cells in the secondary lymphoid organs and effector memory T cells that circulate through the tissues. CD8+ TRM cells typically localize in the epithelial layers of barrier tissues where they are optimally positioned to act as sentinels to trigger antigen-specific protection against reinfection. CD4+ TRM cells typically localize below the epithelial layers, such as below the basement membrane, and cluster in lymphoid structures designed to optimize interactions with antigen-presenting cells upon reinfection. A key feature of TRM populations is their ability to be maintained in barrier tissues for prolonged periods of time. For example, skin CD8+ TRM cells displace epidermal niches originally occupied by γδ T cells, thereby enabling their stable persistence for years. It is also clear that the long-term maintenance of TRM cells in different microenvironments is dependent on multiple tissue-specific survival cues, although the specific details are poorly understood. However, not all TRM persist over the long term. Recently, we identified a new spatial niche for the maintenance of CD8+ TRM cells in the lung, which is created at the site of tissue regeneration after injury [termed repair-associated memory depots (RAMD)]. The short-lived nature of RAMD potentially explains the short lifespans of CD8+ TRM cells in this particular tissue. Clearly, a better understanding of the niche-dependent maintenance of TRM cells will be important for the development of vaccines designed to promote barrier immunity. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the properties and nature of tissue-specific niches that maintain TRM cells in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiki Takamura
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
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Gebhardt T, Palendira U, Tscharke DC, Bedoui S. Tissue-resident memory T cells in tissue homeostasis, persistent infection, and cancer surveillance. Immunol Rev 2018; 283:54-76. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gebhardt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Umaimainthan Palendira
- Centenary Institute; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
- Sydney Medical School; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - David C. Tscharke
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research; The Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Sammy Bedoui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity; Melbourne Vic. Australia
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