1
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Yang CL, Wang FX, Luo JH, Rong SJ, Lu WY, Chen QJ, Xiao J, Wang T, Song DN, Liu J, Mo Q, Li S, Chen Y, Wang YN, Liu YJ, Yan T, Gu WK, Zhang S, Xiong F, Yu QL, Zhang ZY, Yang P, Liu SW, Eizirik D, Dong LL, Sun F, Wang CY. PDIA3 orchestrates effector T cell program by serving as a chaperone to facilitate the non-canonical nuclear import of STAT1 and PKM2. Mol Ther 2024; 32:2778-2797. [PMID: 38822524 PMCID: PMC11405166 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated T cell activation underpins the immunopathology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), yet the machineries that orchestrate T cell effector program remain incompletely understood. Herein, we leveraged bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing data from RA patients and validated protein disulfide isomerase family A member 3 (PDIA3) as a potential therapeutic target. PDIA3 is remarkably upregulated in pathogenic CD4 T cells derived from RA patients and positively correlates with C-reactive protein level and disease activity score 28. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic ablation of PDIA3 alleviates RA-associated articular pathology and autoimmune responses. Mechanistically, T cell receptor signaling triggers intracellular calcium flux to activate NFAT1, a process that is further potentiated by Wnt5a under RA settings. Activated NFAT1 then directly binds to the Pdia3 promoter to enhance the expression of PDIA3, which complexes with STAT1 or PKM2 to facilitate their nuclear import for transcribing T helper 1 (Th1) and Th17 lineage-related genes, respectively. This non-canonical regulatory mechanism likely occurs under pathological conditions, as PDIA3 could only be highly induced following aberrant external stimuli. Together, our data support that targeting PDIA3 is a vital strategy to mitigate autoimmune diseases, such as RA, in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Liang Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Fa-Xi Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Jia-Hui Luo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Shan-Jie Rong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Wan-Ying Lu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Qi-Jie Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Dan-Ni Song
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Qian Mo
- Department of Rheumatology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ya-Nan Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yan-Jun Liu
- The Center for Obesity and Metabolic Health, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiao-tong University, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Tong Yan
- The Center for Obesity and Metabolic Health, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiao-tong University, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Wei-Kuan Gu
- Research Service, Memphis VA Medical Center, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Fei Xiong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Qi-Lin Yu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Zi-Yun Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Shi-Wei Liu
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan 030032, China
| | - Decio Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ling-Li Dong
- Department of Rheumatology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Fei Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Cong-Yi Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan 030032, China.
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Csernalabics B, Marinescu MS, Maurer L, Kelsch L, Werner J, Baumann K, Zoldan K, Panning M, Reuken P, Bruns T, Bengsch B, Neumann-Haefelin C, Hofmann M, Thimme R, Dao Thi VL, Boettler T. Efficient formation and maintenance of humoral and CD4 T-cell immunity targeting the viral capsid in acute-resolving hepatitis E infection. J Hepatol 2024; 80:564-575. [PMID: 38154741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS CD4 T cells shape the neutralizing antibody (nAb) response and facilitate viral clearance in various infections. Knowledge of their phenotype, specificity and dynamics in hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is limited. HEV is enterically transmitted as a naked virus (nHEV) but acquires a host-derived quasi-envelope (eHEV) when budding from cells. While nHEV is composed of the open reading frame (ORF)-2-derived capsid, eHEV particles also contain ORF3-derived proteins. We aimed to longitudinally characterize the HEV-specific CD4 T cells targeting ORF1, 2 and 3 and antibodies against nHEV or eHEV in immunocompetent individuals with acute and resolved HEV infection. METHODS HEV-specific CD4 T cells were analyzed by intracellular cytokine staining after stimulation with in silico-predicted ORF1- and ORF2-derived epitopes and overlapping peptides spanning the ORF3 region. Ex vivo multiparametric characterization of capsid-specific CD4 T cells was performed using customized MHC class II tetramers. Total and neutralizing antibodies targeting nHEV or eHEV particles were determined. RESULTS HEV-specific CD4 T-cell frequencies and antibody titers are highest in individuals with acute infection and decline in a time-dependent process with an antigen hierarchy. HEV-specific CD4 T cells strongly target the ORF2-derived capsid and ORF3-specific CD4 T cells are hardly detectable. NAbs targeting nHEV are found in high titers while eHEV particles are less efficiently neutralized. Capsid-specific CD4 T cells undergo memory formation and stepwise contraction, accompanied by dynamic phenotypical and transcriptional changes over time. CONCLUSION The viral capsid is the main target of HEV-specific CD4 T cells and antibodies in acute-resolving infection, correlating with efficient neutralization of nHEV. Capsid-specific immunity rapidly emerges followed by a stepwise contraction several years after infection. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS The interplay of CD4 T cells and neutralizing antibody responses is critical in the host defense against viral infections, yet little is known about their characteristics in hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection. We conducted a longitudinal study of immunocompetent individuals with acute and resolved HEV infection to understand the characteristics of HEV-specific CD4 T cells and neutralizing antibodies targeting different viral proteins and particles. We found that HEV-specific CD4 T cells mainly target capsid-derived epitopes. This correlates with efficient neutralization of naked virions while quasi-enveloped particles are less susceptible to neutralization. As individuals with pre-existing liver disease and immunocompromised individuals are at risk for fulminant or chronic courses of HEV infection, these individuals might benefit from the development of vaccination strategies which require a detailed knowledge of the composition and longevity of HEV-specific CD4 T-cell and antibody immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Csernalabics
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mircea Stefan Marinescu
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lars Maurer
- Schaller Research Group, Department of Infectious Diseases and Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany
| | - Lara Kelsch
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jill Werner
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Baumann
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Zoldan
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Panning
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Reuken
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Jena, Germany
| | - Tony Bruns
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Jena, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Bertram Bengsch
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Neumann-Haefelin
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maike Hofmann
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Thimme
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Viet Loan Dao Thi
- Schaller Research Group, Department of Infectious Diseases and Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Boettler
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.
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3
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Zoldan K, Ehrlich S, Killmer S, Wild K, Smits M, Russ M, Globig AM, Hofmann M, Thimme R, Boettler T. Th1-Biased Hepatitis C Virus-Specific Follicular T Helper-Like Cells Effectively Support B Cells After Antiviral Therapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:742061. [PMID: 34659236 PMCID: PMC8514946 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.742061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating Th1-biased follicular T helper (cTfh1) cells have been associated with antibody responses to viral infection and after vaccination but their B cell helper functionality is less understood. After viral elimination, Tfh1 cells are the dominant subset within circulating Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)-specific CD4 T cells, but their functional capacity is currently unknown. To address this important point, we established a clone-based system to evaluate CD4 T cell functionality in vitro to overcome experimental limitations associated with their low frequencies. Specifically, we analyzed the transcription factor expression, cytokine secretion and B cell help in co-culture assays of HCV- (n = 18) and influenza-specific CD4 T cell clones (n = 5) in comparison to Tfh (n = 26) and Th1 clones (n = 15) with unknown antigen-specificity derived from healthy donors (n = 4) or direct-acting antiviral (DAA)-treated patients (n = 5). The transcription factor expression and cytokine secretion patterns of HCV-specific CD4 T cell clones indicated a Tfh1 phenotype, with expression of T-bet and Bcl6 and production of IFN-γ and IL-21. Their B helper capacity was superior compared to influenza-specific or Tfh and Th1 clones. Moreover, since Tfh cells are enriched in the IFN-rich milieu of the HCV-infected liver, we investigated the impact of IFN exposure on Tfh phenotype and function. Type I IFN exposure was able to introduce similar phenotypic and functional characteristics in the Tfh cell population within PBMCs or Tfh clones in vitro in line with our finding that Tfh cells are elevated in HCV-infected patients shortly after initiation of IFN-α therapy. Collectively, we were able to functionally characterize HCV-specific CD4 T cells in vitro and not only confirmed a Tfh1 phenotype but observed superior Tfh functionality despite their Th1 bias. Furthermore, our results suggest that chronic type I IFN exposure supports the enrichment of highly functional HCV-specific Tfh-like cells during HCV infection. Thus, HCV-specific Tfh-like cells after DAA therapy may be a promising target for future vaccination design aiming to introduce a neutralizing antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Zoldan
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Ehrlich
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Saskia Killmer
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Wild
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maike Smits
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marissa Russ
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna-Maria Globig
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maike Hofmann
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Thimme
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Boettler
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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4
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Smits M, Zoldan K, Ishaque N, Gu Z, Jechow K, Wieland D, Conrad C, Eils R, Fauvelle C, Baumert TF, Emmerich F, Bengsch B, Neumann-Haefelin C, Hofmann M, Thimme R, Boettler T. Follicular T helper cells shape the HCV-specific CD4+ T cell repertoire after virus elimination. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:998-1009. [PMID: 31697649 DOI: 10.1172/jci129642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDChronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is characterized by a severe impairment of HCV-specific CD4+ T cell help that is driven by chronic antigen stimulation. We aimed to study the fate of HCV-specific CD4+ T cells after virus elimination.METHODSHCV-specific CD4+ T cell responses were longitudinally analyzed using MHC class II tetramer technology, multicolor flow cytometry, and RNA sequencing in a cohort of patients chronically infected with HCV undergoing therapy with direct-acting antivirals. In addition, HCV-specific neutralizing antibodies and CXCL13 levels were analyzed.RESULTSWe observed that the frequency of HCV-specific CD4+ T cells increased within 2 weeks after initiating direct-acting antiviral therapy. Multicolor flow cytometry revealed a downregulation of exhaustion and activation markers and an upregulation of memory-associated markers. Although cells with a Th1 phenotype were the predominant subset at baseline, cells with phenotypic and transcriptional characteristics of follicular T helper cells increasingly shaped the circulating HCV-specific CD4+ T cell repertoire, suggesting antigen-independent survival of this subset. These changes were accompanied by a decline of HCV-specific neutralizing antibodies and the germinal center activity.CONCLUSIONWe identified a population of HCV-specific CD4+ T cells with a follicular T helper cell signature that is maintained after therapy-induced elimination of persistent infection and may constitute an important target population for vaccination efforts to prevent reinfection and immunotherapeutic approaches for persistent viral infections.FUNDINGDeutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation), the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), the European Union, the Berta-Ottenstein-Programme for Advanced Clinician Scientists, and the ANRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Smits
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Zoldan
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Naveed Ishaque
- Digital Health Center, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) and Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Heidelberg Center for Personalised Oncology (DKFZ-HIPO), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zuguang Gu
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Heidelberg Center for Personalised Oncology (DKFZ-HIPO), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Jechow
- Digital Health Center, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) and Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dominik Wieland
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Conrad
- Digital Health Center, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) and Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roland Eils
- Digital Health Center, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) and Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Heidelberg Center for Personalised Oncology (DKFZ-HIPO), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Catherine Fauvelle
- Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Inserm U1110, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas F Baumert
- Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Inserm U1110, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Pole Hépato-digestif, Institut Hopitalo-Universitaire, Hopitaux Universitaires Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Florian Emmerich
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bertram Bengsch
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Neumann-Haefelin
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maike Hofmann
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Thimme
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Boettler
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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5
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Th1 responses in vivo require cell-specific provision of OX40L dictated by environmental cues. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3421. [PMID: 32647184 PMCID: PMC7347572 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17293-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The OX40-OX40L pathway provides crucial co-stimulatory signals for CD4 T cell responses, however the precise cellular interactions critical for OX40L provision in vivo and when these occur, remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that provision of OX40L by dendritic cells (DCs), but not T cells, B cells nor group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s), is critical specifically for the effector Th1 response to an acute systemic infection with Listeria monocytogenes (Lm). OX40L expression by DCs is regulated by cross-talk with NK cells, with IFNγ signalling to the DC to enhance OX40L in a mechanism conserved in both mouse and human DCs. Strikingly, DC expression of OX40L is redundant in a chronic intestinal Th1 response and expression by ILC3s is necessary. Collectively these data reveal tissue specific compartmentalisation of the cellular provision of OX40L and define a mechanism controlling DC expression of OX40L in vivo. The OX40-OX40L axis is a crucial component of the costimulatory requirement of CD4 T cell responses. Here, the authors show context and cell type specific expression of OX40L for driving Th1 cell generation during acute and chronic models of infection.
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6
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Fu Y, Lin Q, Zhang Z, Zhang L. Therapeutic strategies for the costimulatory molecule OX40 in T-cell-mediated immunity. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:414-433. [PMID: 32140389 PMCID: PMC7049610 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The T cell co-stimulatory molecule OX40 and its cognate ligand OX40L have attracted broad research interest as a therapeutic target in T cell-mediated diseases. Accumulating preclinical evidence highlights the therapeutic efficacy of both agonist and blockade of the OX40-OX40L interaction. Despite this progress, many questions about the immuno-modulator roles of OX40 on T cell function remain unanswered. In this review we summarize the impact of the OX40-OX40L interaction on T cell subsets, including Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Th22, Treg, Tfh, and CD8+ T cells, to gain a comprehensive understanding of anti-OX40 mAb-based therapies. The potential therapeutic application of the OX40-OX40L interaction in autoimmunity diseases and cancer immunotherapy are further discussed; OX40-OX40L blockade may ameliorate autoantigen-specific T cell responses and reduce immune activity in autoimmunity diseases. We also explore the rationale of targeting OX40-OX40L interactions in cancer immunotherapy. Ligation of OX40 with targeted agonist anti-OX40 mAbs conveys activating signals to T cells. When combined with other therapeutic treatments, such as anti-PD-1 or anti-CTLA-4 blockade, cytokines, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy, the anti-tumor activity of agonist anti-OX40 treatment will be further enhanced. These data collectively suggest great potential for OX40-mediated therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Qing Lin
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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7
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Deng J, Zhao S, Zhang X, Jia K, Wang H, Zhou C, He Y. OX40 (CD134) and OX40 ligand, important immune checkpoints in cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:7347-7353. [PMID: 31564917 PMCID: PMC6735535 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s214211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has shown promising results in cancer treatment. Research shows that most patients might be resistant to these therapies. So, new immune therapies are needed. OX40 (CD134) and OX40 ligand (OX40L), costimulatory molecules, express on different types of immune cells. The interaction between OX40 and OX40L (OX40/OX40L) induces the expansion and proliferation of T cells and decreases the immunosuppression of regulatory T (Treg) cells to enhance the immune response to the specific antigen. For the important role OX40 takes in the process of immunity, many clinical trials are focusing on OX40 to find out whether it may have active effects in clinical cancer treatment. The results of clinical trials are still not enough. So, we reviewed the OX40 and its ligand (OX40L) function in cancer, clinical trials with OX40/OX40L and the correlation between OX40/OX40L and other immune checkpoints to add more ideas to tumor feasible treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Deng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.,Medical School, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Sha Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.,Medical School, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoshen Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.,Medical School, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Keyi Jia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.,Medical School, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.,Medical School, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Caicun Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yayi He
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
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8
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Ackermann C, Smits M, Woost R, Eberhard JM, Peine S, Kummer S, Marget M, Kuntzen T, Kwok WW, Lohse AW, Jacobs T, Boettler T, Schulze Zur Wiesch J. HCV-specific CD4+ T cells of patients with acute and chronic HCV infection display high expression of TIGIT and other co-inhibitory molecules. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10624. [PMID: 31337800 PMCID: PMC6650447 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The combined regulation of a network of inhibitory and activating T cell receptors may be a critical step in the development of chronic HCV infection. Ex vivo HCV MHC class I + II tetramer staining and bead-enrichment was performed with baseline and longitudinal PBMC samples of a cohort of patients with acute, chronic and spontaneously resolved HCV infection to assess the expression pattern of the co-inhibitory molecule TIGIT together with PD-1, BTLA, Tim-3, as well as OX40 and CD226 (DNAM-1) of HCV-specific CD4+ T cells, and in a subset of patients of HCV-specific CD8+ T cells. As the main result, we found a higher expression level of TIGIT+ PD-1+ on HCV-specific CD4+ T cells during acute and chronic HCV infection compared to patients with spontaneously resolved HCV infection (p < 0,0001). Conversely, expression of the complementary co-stimulatory receptor of TIGIT, CD226 (DNAM-1) was significantly decreased on HCV-specific CD4+ T cells during chronic infection. The predominant phenotype of HCV-specific CD4+ T cells during acute and chronic infection was TIGIT+, PD-1+, BTLA+, Tim-3−. This comprehensive phenotypic study confirms TIGIT together with PD-1 as a discriminatory marker of dysfunctional HCV-specific CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Ackermann
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maike Smits
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robin Woost
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,DZIF partner site (German Center for Infection Research), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johanna M Eberhard
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,DZIF partner site (German Center for Infection Research), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sven Peine
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Germany, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Silke Kummer
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,DZIF partner site (German Center for Infection Research), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Marget
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Germany, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kuntzen
- Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie; Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - William W Kwok
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ansgar W Lohse
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,DZIF partner site (German Center for Infection Research), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Jacobs
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht, Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Boettler
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julian Schulze Zur Wiesch
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. .,DZIF partner site (German Center for Infection Research), Hamburg, Germany.
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9
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Jacobi FJ, Wild K, Smits M, Zoldan K, Csernalabics B, Flecken T, Lang J, Ehrenmann P, Emmerich F, Hofmann M, Thimme R, Neumann-Haefelin C, Boettler T. OX40 stimulation and PD-L1 blockade synergistically augment HBV-specific CD4 T cells in patients with HBeAg-negative infection. J Hepatol 2019; 70:1103-1113. [PMID: 30826436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Current antiviral therapies lack the potential to eliminate persistent hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. HBV-specific T cells are crucial for HBV control and have recently been shown to be protective in patients following discontinuation of antiviral therapy. Thus, T cell-based approaches may greatly improve the therapeutic landscape of HBV infection. We aimed to augment HBV-specific CD4 T cells from chronically infected patients by targeting different immunological pathways. METHODS Expression of various co-stimulatory and inhibitory receptors on HBV- and influenza-specific CD4 T cells was analyzed directly ex vivo by MHC class II-tetramers. Patients infected with HBV genotype D were screened for CD4 T cell responses by IFN-γ ELISpot and intracellular cytokine staining following stimulation with overlapping peptides (OLPs) spanning the HBV-polyprotein. Stimulation with recombinant IL-7, an agonistic OX40-antibody or blockade of PD-L1 was performed in antigen-specific in vitro cultures. Cytokine secretion and expression of transcription factors were analyzed by flow cytometry. Responses targeting influenza, Epstein-Barr virus and tetanus toxoid served as controls. RESULTS Tetramer-staining revealed that the IL-7 receptor-alpha (CD127), OX40 and PD-1 constitute possible therapeutic targets as they were all strongly expressed on HBV-specific CD4 T cells ex vivo. The HBV-specific CD4 T cell responses identified by OLP screening targeted predominantly the HBV-polymerase and core proteins. Combined OX40 stimulation and PD-L1 blockade significantly augmented IFN-γ and IL-21 producing HBV-specific CD4 T cells in vitro, suggesting active T helper type 1 cell and follicular T helper cell programs. Indeed, transcription factors T-bet and Bcl6 were strongly expressed in cytokine-producing cells. CONCLUSIONS Combined OX40 stimulation and PD-L1 blockade augmented secretion of the helper T cell signature cytokines IFN-γ and IL-21, suggesting that immunotherapeutic approaches can improve HBV-specific CD4 T cell responses. LAY SUMMARY CD4 T cells are important in controlling viral infections but are impaired in the context of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Therapeutic approaches to cure chronic HBV infection are highly likely to require an immune-stimulatory component. This study demonstrates that HBV-specific CD4 T cells can be functionally augmented by combined stimulation of the co-stimulatory molecule OX40 and blockade of the inhibitory PD-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Johannes Jacobi
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Wild
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maike Smits
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Zoldan
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Csernalabics
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Flecken
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Lang
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Ehrenmann
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Emmerich
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maike Hofmann
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Thimme
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Neumann-Haefelin
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Boettler
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.
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10
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Wu H, Deng Y, Zhao M, Zhang J, Zheng M, Chen G, Li L, He Z, Lu Q. Molecular Control of Follicular Helper T cell Development and Differentiation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2470. [PMID: 30410493 PMCID: PMC6209674 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper T cells (Tfh) are specialized helper T cells that are predominantly located in germinal centers and provide help to B cells. The development and differentiation of Tfh cells has been shown to be regulated by transcription factors, such as B-cell lymphoma 6 protein (Bcl-6), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1). In addition, cytokines, including IL-21, have been found to be important for Tfh cell development. Moreover, several epigenetic modifications have also been reported to be involved in the determination of Tfh cell fate. The regulatory network is complicated, and the number of novel molecules demonstrated to control the fate of Tfh cells is increasing. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the current knowledge regarding the molecular regulation of Tfh cell development and differentiation at the protein level and at the epigenetic level to elucidate Tfh cell biology and provide potential targets for clinical interventions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijing Wu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yaxiong Deng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Immunology Section, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ming Zhao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Genghui Chen
- Beijing Wenfeng Tianji Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Linfeng Li
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhibiao He
- Department of Emergency, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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11
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Krishnaswamy JK, Alsén S, Yrlid U, Eisenbarth SC, Williams A. Determination of T Follicular Helper Cell Fate by Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2169. [PMID: 30319629 PMCID: PMC6170619 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are a specialized subset of CD4+ T cells that collaborate with B cells to promote and regulate humoral responses. Unlike other CD4+ effector lineages, Tfh cells require interactions with both dendritic cells (DCs) and B cells to complete their differentiation. While numerous studies have assessed the potential of different DC subsets to support Tfh priming, the conclusions of these studies depend heavily on the model and method of immunization used. We propose that the location of different DC subsets within the lymph node (LN) and their access to antigen determine their potency in Tfh priming. Finally, we provide a three-step model that accounts for the ability of multiple DC subsets and related lineages to support the Tfh differentiation program.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel Alsén
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulf Yrlid
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stephanie C Eisenbarth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Adam Williams
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States.,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States
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12
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Petersone L, Edner NM, Ovcinnikovs V, Heuts F, Ross EM, Ntavli E, Wang CJ, Walker LSK. T Cell/B Cell Collaboration and Autoimmunity: An Intimate Relationship. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1941. [PMID: 30210496 PMCID: PMC6119692 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-ordinated interaction between distinct cell types is a hallmark of successful immune function. A striking example of this is the carefully orchestrated cooperation between helper T cells and B cells that occurs during the initiation and fine-tuning of T-cell dependent antibody responses. While these processes have evolved to permit rapid immune defense against infection, it is becoming increasingly clear that such interactions can also underpin the development of autoimmunity. Here we discuss a selection of cellular and molecular pathways that mediate T cell/B cell collaboration and highlight how in vivo models and genome wide association studies link them with autoimmune disease. In particular, we emphasize how CTLA-4-mediated regulation of CD28 signaling controls the engagement of secondary costimulatory pathways such as ICOS and OX40, and profoundly influences the capacity of T cells to provide B cell help. While our molecular understanding of the co-operation between T cells and B cells derives from analysis of secondary lymphoid tissues, emerging evidence suggests that subtly different rules may govern the interaction of T and B cells at ectopic sites during autoimmune inflammation. Accordingly, the phenotype of the T cells providing help at these sites includes notable distinctions, despite sharing core features with T cells imparting help in secondary lymphoid tissues. Finally, we highlight the interdependence of T cell and B cell responses and suggest that a significant beneficial impact of B cell depletion in autoimmune settings may be its detrimental effect on T cells engaged in molecular conversation with B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lucy S. K. Walker
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Danelli L, Donnarumma T, Kassiotis G. Correlates of Follicular Helper Bias in the CD4 T Cell Response to a Retroviral Antigen. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1260. [PMID: 29951052 PMCID: PMC6008654 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cell differentiation is influenced by a plethora of intrinsic and extrinsic factors, providing the immune system with the ability to tailor its response according to specific stimuli. Indeed, different classes of pathogens may induce a distinct balance of CD4+ T cell differentiation programmes. Here, we report an uncommonly strong bias toward follicular helper (Tfh) differentiation of CD4+ T cells reactive with a retroviral envelope glycoprotein model antigen, presented in its natural context during retroviral infection. Conversely, the response to the same antigen, presented in different immunization regimens, elicited a response typically balanced between Tfh and T helper 1 cells. Comprehensive quantitation of variables known to influence Tfh differentiation revealed the closest correlation with the strength of T cell receptor (TCR) signaling, leading to PD-1 expression, but not with surface TCR downregulation, irrespective of TCR clonotypic avidity. In contrast, strong TCR signaling leading to TCR downregulation and induction of LAG3 expression in high TCR avidity clonotypes restrained CD4+ T cell commitment and further differentiation. Finally, stunted Th1 differentiation, correlating with limited IL-2 availability in retroviral infection, provided permissive conditions for Tfh development, suggesting that Tfh differentiation is the default program of envelope-reactive CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Danelli
- Retroviral Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tiziano Donnarumma
- Retroviral Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - George Kassiotis
- Retroviral Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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14
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Ward-Kavanagh LK, Lin WW, Šedý JR, Ware CF. The TNF Receptor Superfamily in Co-stimulating and Co-inhibitory Responses. Immunity 2017; 44:1005-19. [PMID: 27192566 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines related to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) provide a communication network essential for coordinating multiple cell types into an effective host defense system against pathogens and malignant cells. The pathways controlled by the TNF superfamily differentiate both innate and adaptive immune cells and modulate stromal cells into microenvironments conducive to host defenses. Members of the TNF receptor superfamily activate diverse cellular functions from the production of type 1 interferons to the modulation of survival of antigen-activated T cells. Here, we focus attention on the subset of TNF superfamily receptors encoded in the immune response locus in chromosomal region 1p36. Recent studies have revealed that these receptors use diverse mechanisms to either co-stimulate or restrict immune responses. Translation of the fundamental mechanisms of TNF superfamily is leading to the design of therapeutics that can alter pathogenic processes in several autoimmune diseases or promote immunity to tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay K Ward-Kavanagh
- Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Wai Wai Lin
- Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John R Šedý
- Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Carl F Ware
- Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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15
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Durham NM, Mulgrew K, McGlinchey K, Monks NR, Ji H, Herbst R, Suzich J, Hammond SA, Kelly EJ. Oncolytic VSV Primes Differential Responses to Immuno-oncology Therapy. Mol Ther 2017; 25:1917-1932. [PMID: 28578991 PMCID: PMC5542805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus encoding the IFNβ transgene (VSV-IFNβ) is a mediator of potent oncolytic activity and is undergoing clinical evaluation for the treatment of solid tumors. Emerging preclinical and clinical data suggest treatment of tumors with oncolytic viruses may sensitize tumors to checkpoint inhibitors and increase the anti-tumor immune response. New generations of immuno-oncology molecules including T cell agonists are entering clinical development and could be hypothesized to enhance the activity of oncolytic viruses, including VSV-IFNβ. Here, we show that VSV-IFNβ exhibits multiple mechanisms of action, including direct cell killing, stimulation of an innate immune response, recruitment of CD8 T cells, and depletion of T regulatory cells. Moreover, VSV-IFNβ promotes the establishment of a CD8 T cell response to endogenous tumor antigens. Our data demonstrate a significant enhancement of anti-tumor function for VSV-IFNβ when combined with checkpoint inhibitors, but not OX40 agonists. While the addition of checkpoint inhibitors to VSV-IFNβ generated robust tumor growth inhibition, it resulted in no increase in viral replication, transgene expression, or immunophenotypic changes beyond treatment with VSV-IFNβ alone. We hypothesize that tumor-specific T cells generated by VSV-IFNβ retain activity due to a lack of immune exhaustion when checkpoint inhibitors were used.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathy Mulgrew
- MedImmune, LLC, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | | | - Noel R Monks
- MedImmune, LLC, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Hong Ji
- MedImmune, LLC, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Ronald Herbst
- MedImmune, LLC, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - JoAnn Suzich
- MedImmune, LLC, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Scott A Hammond
- MedImmune, LLC, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
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16
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Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are a distinct type of CD4+ T cell specialized in providing help to B cells during the germinal centre (GC) reaction. As such, they are critical determinants of the quality of an antibody response following antigen challenge. Excessive production of Tfh cells can result in autoimmunity whereas too few can result in inadequate protection from infection. Hence, their differentiation and maintenance must be tightly regulated to ensure appropriate but limited help to B cells. Unlike the majority of other CD4+ T-cell subsets, Tfh cell differentiation occurs in three phases defined by their anatomical location. During each phase of differentiation the emerging Tfh cells express distinct patterns of co-receptors, which work together with the T-cell receptor (TCR) to drive Tfh differentiation. These signals provided by both TCR and co-receptors during Tfh differentiation alter proliferation, survival, metabolism, cytokine production and transcription factor expression. This review will discuss how engagement of TCR and co-receptors work together to shape the formation and function of Tfh cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M C Webb
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michelle A Linterman
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
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17
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Abstract
The tumour necrosis factor receptor OX40 (CD134) is activated by its cognate ligand OX40L (CD134L, CD252) and functions as a T cell co-stimulatory molecule. OX40-OX40L interactions have been proposed as a potential therapeutic target for treating autoimmunity. OX40 is expressed on activated T cells, and in the mouse at rest on regulatory T cells (Treg). OX40L is found on antigen-presenting cells, activated T cells and others including lymphoid tissue inducer cells, some endothelia and mast cells. Expression of both molecules is increased after antigen presentation occurs and also in response to multiple other pro-inflammatory factors including CD28 ligation, CD40L ligation and interferon-gamma signaling. Their interactions promote T cell survival, promote an effector T cell phenotype, promote T cell memory, tend to reduce regulatory function, increase effector cytokine production and enhance cell mobility. In some circumstances, OX40 agonism may be associated with increased tolerance, although timing with respect to antigenic stimulus is important. Further, recent work has suggested that OX40L blockade may be more effective than OX40 blockade in reducing autoimmunity. This article reviews the expression of OX40 and OX40L in health, the effects of their interactions and insights from their under- or over-expression. We then review OX40 and OX40L expression in human autoimmune disease, identified associations of variations in their genes (TNFRSF4 and TNFSF4, respectively) with autoimmunity, and data from animal models of human diseases. A rationale for blocking OX40-OX40L interaction in human autoimmunity is then presented along with commentary on the one trial of OX40L blockade in human disease conducted to date. Finally, we discuss potential problems with clinical use of OX40-OX40L directed pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwilym J Webb
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, UK. .,National Institute for Health Research Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Gideon M Hirschfield
- National Institute for Health Research Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Peter J L Lane
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, UK
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18
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Jogdand GM, Mohanty S, Devadas S. Regulators of Tfh Cell Differentiation. Front Immunol 2016; 7:520. [PMID: 27933060 PMCID: PMC5120123 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The follicular helper T (Tfh) cells help is critical for activation of B cells, antibody class switching, and germinal center (GC) formation. The Tfh cells are characterized by the expression of CXC chemokine receptor 5 (CXCR5), ICOS, programed death 1 (PD-1), B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL-6), and IL-21. They are involved in clearing infections and are adversely linked with autoimmune diseases and also have a role in viral replication as well as clearance. On the one hand, Tfh cells are generated from naive CD4+ T cells with sequential steps involving cytokine signaling (IL-21, IL-6, IL-12, activin A), migration, and positioning in the GC by CXCR5, surface receptors (ICOS/ICOSL, signaling lymphocyte activation molecule-associated protein/signaling lymphocyte activation molecule) as well as transcription factor (BCL-6, c-Maf, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) signaling and repressor miR155. On the other hand, Tfh generation is negatively regulated at specific steps of Tfh generation by specific cytokine (IL-2, IL-7), surface receptor (PD-1, CTLA-4), transcription factors B lymphocyte maturation protein 1, signal transducer and activator of transcription 5, T-bet, KLF-2 signaling, and repressor miR 146a. Interestingly, miR-17-92 and FOXO1 act as a positive as well as a negative regulator of Tfh differentiation depending on the time of expression and disease specificity. Tfh cells are also generated from the conversion of other effector T cells as exemplified by Th1 cells converting into Tfh during viral infection. The mechanistic details of effector T cells conversion into Tfh are yet to be clear. To manipulate Tfh cells for therapeutic implication and or for effective vaccination strategies, it is important to know positive and negative regulators of Tfh generation. Hence, in this review, we have highlighted and interlinked molecular signaling from cytokines, surface receptors, transcription factors, ubiquitin ligase, and microRNA as positive and negative regulators for Tfh differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajendra M Jogdand
- T Cell and Immune Response, Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences , Bhubaneswar , India
| | - Suchitra Mohanty
- Tumor Virology Lab, Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences , Bhubaneswar , India
| | - Satish Devadas
- T Cell and Immune Response, Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences , Bhubaneswar , India
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19
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Raziorrouh B, Sacher K, Tawar RG, Emmerich F, Neumann-Haefelin C, Baumert TF, Thimme R, Boettler T. Virus-Specific CD4+ T Cells Have Functional and Phenotypic Characteristics of Follicular T-Helper Cells in Patients With Acute and Chronic HCV Infections. Gastroenterology 2016; 150:696-706.e3. [PMID: 26584604 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Follicular T-helper (Tfh) cells contribute to pathogen-specific antibody responses by providing maturation signals to B cells. In mice with viral infections, virus-specific Tfh cells expand and are required to contain the infection. However, less is known about human virus-specific Tfh cells or their functions during infection. We investigated whether virus-specific CD4+ T cells from patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection had phenotypic or functional features of Tfh cells and contribute to the production of HCV-specific antibodies. METHODS We collected blood samples from patients with acute and chronic HCV infection and healthy individuals (controls). We performed MHC class II tetramer analyses, assays to detect intracellular cytokines in response to HCV exposure, and analyses to quantify HCV-specific antibodies. In addition, we collected liver tissues from patients with chronic HCV infection or nonviral liver disease to analyze markers of Tfh cells. RESULTS HCV-specific CD4+ T cells from patients with acute HCV infection expressed markers of Tfh cells and secreted interleukin 21 in response to HCV exposure. Longitudinal analyses of HCV-specific T-cell responses and antibody responses showed an association between expression of inducible T-cell co-stimulator and induction of virus-specific antibodies in patients with acute HCV infection. Markers of Tfh cells were barely detectable in the peripheral blood samples from patients with chronic HCV infection, but were detected in liver tissues. CONCLUSIONS Virus-specific Tfh cells can be detected in blood samples from patients with acute HCV infection; inducible T-cell co-stimulator expression correlates with production of HCV-specific antibodies. In patients with chronic infection, Tfh cells seem to disappear from the blood but are detectable in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijan Raziorrouh
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Munich-Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Sacher
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rajiv G Tawar
- Inserm U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Florian Emmerich
- University Hospital Freiburg, Institute for Cell and Gene Therapy, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Thomas F Baumert
- Inserm U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Pôle Hépato-Digestif, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Robert Thimme
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Boettler
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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20
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Abstract
Chronic viral infections represent a unique challenge to the infected host. Persistently replicating viruses outcompete or subvert the initial antiviral response, allowing the establishment of chronic infections that result in continuous stimulation of both the innate and adaptive immune compartments. This causes a profound reprogramming of the host immune system, including attenuation and persistent low levels of type I interferons, progressive loss (or exhaustion) of CD8(+) T cell functions, and specialization of CD4(+) T cells to produce interleukin-21 and promote antibody-mediated immunity and immune regulation. Epigenetic, transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and metabolic changes underlie this adaptation or recalibration of immune cells to the emerging new environment in order to strike an often imperfect balance between the host and the infectious pathogen. In this review we discuss the common immunological hallmarks observed across a range of different persistently replicating viruses and host species, the underlying molecular mechanisms, and the biological and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina I Zuniga
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093;
| | - Monica Macal
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093;
| | - Gavin M Lewis
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093;
| | - James A Harker
- Section of Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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21
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Clouthier DL, Watts TH. TNFRs and Control of Chronic LCMV Infection: Implications for Therapy. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:697-708. [PMID: 26481667 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The control of persistent viral infections requires the immune system to limit the spread of the virus while avoiding immunopathology. Recent studies have revealed that members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily play unique and pivotal roles in control of chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection and in some settings can tip the balance between immune control and immune pathology. We review these findings and discuss how our understanding of the role of TNFRs in the immune response to chronic LCMV infection may shed light on what happens during HIV infection in humans. We discuss preclinical models of TNF/TNFR family-targeted immunotherapy of chronic LCMV infection and evaluate which TNFRs present the most promising targets for immune intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek L Clouthier
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Tania H Watts
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
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22
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Jacquemin C, Schmitt N, Contin-Bordes C, Liu Y, Narayanan P, Seneschal J, Maurouard T, Dougall D, Davizon ES, Dumortier H, Douchet I, Raffray L, Richez C, Lazaro E, Duffau P, Truchetet ME, Khoryati L, Mercié P, Couzi L, Merville P, Schaeverbeke T, Viallard JF, Pellegrin JL, Moreau JF, Muller S, Zurawski S, Coffman RL, Pascual V, Ueno H, Blanco P. OX40 Ligand Contributes to Human Lupus Pathogenesis by Promoting T Follicular Helper Response. Immunity 2015; 42:1159-70. [PMID: 26070486 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Increased activity of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells plays a major pathogenic role in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, the mechanisms that cause aberrant Tfh cell responses in SLE remain elusive. Here we showed the OX40 ligand (OX40L)-OX40 axis contributes to the aberrant Tfh response in SLE. OX40L was expressed by myeloid antigen-presenting cells (APCs), but not B cells, in blood and in inflamed tissues in adult and pediatric SLE patients. The frequency of circulating OX40L-expressing myeloid APCs positively correlated with disease activity and the frequency of ICOS(+) blood Tfh cells in SLE. OX40 signals promoted naive and memory CD4(+) T cells to express multiple Tfh cell molecules and were sufficient to induce them to become functional B cell helpers. Immune complexes containing RNA induced OX40L expression on myeloid APCs via TLR7 activation. Our study provides a rationale to target the OX40L-OX40 axis as a therapeutic modality for SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Jacquemin
- University Bordeaux, CIRID, UMR/CNRS 5164, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, CIRID, UMR 5164, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Cécile Contin-Bordes
- University Bordeaux, CIRID, UMR/CNRS 5164, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, CIRID, UMR 5164, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CHU de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Yang Liu
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
| | - Priya Narayanan
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
| | - Julien Seneschal
- University Bordeaux, CIRID, UMR/CNRS 5164, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, CIRID, UMR 5164, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CHU de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | | | - David Dougall
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
| | | | - Hélène Dumortier
- CNRS, Immunopathology and therapeutic chemistry/Laboratory of excellence MEDALIS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire;University of Strasbourg, F-67081 Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | - Christophe Richez
- University Bordeaux, CIRID, UMR/CNRS 5164, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, CIRID, UMR 5164, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CHU de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Estibaliz Lazaro
- University Bordeaux, CIRID, UMR/CNRS 5164, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, CIRID, UMR 5164, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CHU de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Pierre Duffau
- University Bordeaux, CIRID, UMR/CNRS 5164, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, CIRID, UMR 5164, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CHU de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie-Elise Truchetet
- University Bordeaux, CIRID, UMR/CNRS 5164, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, CIRID, UMR 5164, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CHU de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Liliane Khoryati
- University Bordeaux, CIRID, UMR/CNRS 5164, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, CIRID, UMR 5164, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Patrick Mercié
- University Bordeaux, CIRID, UMR/CNRS 5164, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CHU de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Lionel Couzi
- University Bordeaux, CIRID, UMR/CNRS 5164, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CHU de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Pierre Merville
- University Bordeaux, CIRID, UMR/CNRS 5164, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, CIRID, UMR 5164, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CHU de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Thierry Schaeverbeke
- University Bordeaux, CIRID, UMR/CNRS 5164, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CHU de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-François Viallard
- University Bordeaux, CIRID, UMR/CNRS 5164, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CHU de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Luc Pellegrin
- University Bordeaux, CIRID, UMR/CNRS 5164, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CHU de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-François Moreau
- University Bordeaux, CIRID, UMR/CNRS 5164, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, CIRID, UMR 5164, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CHU de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Sylviane Muller
- CNRS, Immunopathology and therapeutic chemistry/Laboratory of excellence MEDALIS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire;University of Strasbourg, F-67081 Strasbourg, France; University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study, F-67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sandy Zurawski
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
| | | | | | - Hideki Ueno
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204, USA.
| | - Patrick Blanco
- University Bordeaux, CIRID, UMR/CNRS 5164, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, CIRID, UMR 5164, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204, USA; CHU de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France.
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23
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PD-1 Co-inhibitory and OX40 Co-stimulatory Crosstalk Regulates Helper T Cell Differentiation and Anti-Plasmodium Humoral Immunity. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 17:628-41. [PMID: 25891357 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The differentiation and protective capacity of Plasmodium-specific T cells are regulated by both positive and negative signals during malaria, but the molecular and cellular details remain poorly defined. Here we show that malaria patients and Plasmodium-infected rodents exhibit atypical expression of the co-stimulatory receptor OX40 on CD4 T cells and that therapeutic enhancement of OX40 signaling enhances helper CD4 T cell activity, humoral immunity, and parasite clearance in rodents. However, these beneficial effects of OX40 signaling are abrogated following coordinate blockade of PD-1 co-inhibitory pathways, which are also upregulated during malaria and associated with elevated parasitemia. Co-administration of biologics blocking PD-1 and promoting OX40 signaling induces excessive interferon-gamma that directly limits helper T cell-mediated support of humoral immunity and decreases parasite control. Our results show that targeting OX40 can enhance Plasmodium control and that crosstalk between co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory pathways in pathogen-specific CD4 T cells can impact pathogen clearance.
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24
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The regulation of T follicular helper responses during infection. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 34:68-74. [PMID: 25726751 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Following infection, naïve CD4 T cells can differentiate into various functionally distinct effector and memory subsets, including T follicular helper (TFH) cells that orchestrate germinal center (GC) reactions necessary for high-affinity, pathogen-specific antibody responses. The origins and function of this cell type have been extensively examined in response to subunit immunization with model antigens. More recently, we are beginning to also appreciate the extent to which microbial infections shape the generation, function and maintenance of TFH cells. Here, we review recent advances and highlight additional knowledge gaps in our understanding of how microbial infections influence priming, differentiation, localization and activity of TFH cells following acute and chronic infections.
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25
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Clouthier DL, Zhou AC, Watts TH. Anti-GITR agonist therapy intrinsically enhances CD8 T cell responses to chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), thereby circumventing LCMV-induced downregulation of costimulatory GITR ligand on APC. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:5033-43. [PMID: 25281716 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The costimulatory TNFR family member GITR can provide important survival signals for CD8 T cells. However, little is known about the regulation of this pathway during a chronic infection. In this study, we show that GITR ligand (GITRL) is maximally induced on APCs at day 2 post-lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) clone 13 infection, but is downregulated to below baseline levels by day 8 postinfection (p.i.), and remains so at the chronic stage of infection. At its peak, GITRL expression is highest on macrophages, with lower expression on conventional and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. GITR expression was highest on T regulatory cells but was also detected on Th1 and LCMV-specific CD8 T cells at day 8 p.i. and was maintained at low, but above baseline levels at the chronic stage of LCMV infection. As GITRL was limiting at the chronic stage of infection, we investigated the potential of therapeutic stimulation of GITR at this stage using agonistic anti-GITR Ab. Anti-GITR treatment at day 21 p.i. increased the frequency and number of LCMV-specific CD8 T cells, resulting in increased in vivo CTL activity and a concomitant decrease in viral load, despite the persistence of PD-1 expression. These effects of anti-GITR were CD8 T cell intrinsic, with no detectable effects on Th1 or T regulatory cells. In contrast to other TNFR agonists, such as anti-4-1BB, which can cause immune pathology, a single therapeutic dose of anti-GITR did not induce splenomegaly or increase serum alanine transaminase. These studies identify GITR as a promising therapeutic target for chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek L Clouthier
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Angela C Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Tania H Watts
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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26
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Mbanwi AN, Watts TH. Costimulatory TNFR family members in control of viral infection: Outstanding questions. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:210-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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27
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Marriott CL, Mackley EC, Ferreira C, Veldhoen M, Yagita H, Withers DR. OX40 controls effector CD4+ T-cell expansion, not follicular T helper cell generation in acute Listeria infection. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2437-47. [PMID: 24771127 PMCID: PMC4285916 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the importance of OX40 signals for physiological CD4+ T-cell responses, an endogenous antigen-specific population of CD4+ T cells that recognise the 2W1S peptide was assessed and temporal control of OX40 signals was achieved using blocking or agonistic antibodies (Abs) in vivo. Following infection with Listeria monocytogenes expressing 2W1S peptide, OX40 was briefly expressed by the responding 2W1S-specific CD4+ T cells, but only on a subset that co-expressed effector cell markers. This population was specifically expanded by Ab-ligation of OX40 during priming, which also caused skewing of the memory response towards effector memory cells. Strikingly, this greatly enhanced effector response was accompanied by the loss of T follicular helper (TFH) cells and germinal centres. Mice deficient in OX40 and CD30 showed normal generation of TFH cells but impaired numbers of 2W1S-specific effector cells. OX40 was not expressed by 2W1S-specific memory cells, although it was rapidly up-regulated upon challenge whereupon Ab-ligation of OX40 specifically affected the effector subset. In summary, these data indicate that for CD4+ T cells, OX40 signals are important for generation of effector T cells rather than TFH cells in this response to acute bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare L Marriott
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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28
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Croft M. The TNF family in T cell differentiation and function--unanswered questions and future directions. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:183-90. [PMID: 24613728 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Proteins in the TNF/TNFR superfamily are recognized as major regulators of the activity of conventional CD4 and CD8 T cells, and also of regulatory T cells (Treg). Stimulatory molecules such as OX40, CD27, GITR, DR3, CD30, 4-1BB, TACI, and TNFR2 can promote division and survival in T cells, enhance effector activity including cytokine production, and drive the generation of T cell memory. They also display the capacity to block the development of inducible Treg cells or inhibit suppressive activity in Treg cells. Additionally, molecules such as Fas, TNFR1, and TRAILR promote apoptotic death in T cells and generally limit T cell activity. Although our knowledge of these proteins is quite good at this point in time, there are still many unknowns regarding their function, their expression patterns, and the involvement of these different molecules at various stages of the T cell response that occurs in autoimmunity, cancer, infectious disease, and during vaccination. Importantly, it is still unresolved how similar or dissimilar each of these receptors are to one another, the extent to which cooperation occurs between family members, and whether alternate TNF-TNFR interactions induce qualitatively different cellular responses. All of the molecules are attractive targets for immunotherapy of human disease, but it is not yet clear how to differentiate between them and make an informed decision as to whether any one protein may be the preferred focus of clinical development for a given specific disease indication. This review will highlight unanswered questions related to these molecules and the biology of T cells, and describe possible future directions for research in this area. Expanding our knowledge of how the TNF/TNFR family control T cells will undoubtedly help fulfill the promise of these molecules for providing efficacious clinical therapy of immune system disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Croft
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
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