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Hemat Jouy S, Mohan S, Scichilone G, Mostafa A, Mahmoud AM. Adipokines in the Crosstalk between Adipose Tissues and Other Organs: Implications in Cardiometabolic Diseases. Biomedicines 2024; 12:2129. [PMID: 39335642 PMCID: PMC11428859 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12092129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2024] [Revised: 09/14/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue was previously regarded as a dormant organ for lipid storage until the identification of adiponectin and leptin in the early 1990s. This revelation unveiled the dynamic endocrine function of adipose tissue, which has expanded further. Adipose tissue has emerged in recent decades as a multifunctional organ that plays a significant role in energy metabolism and homeostasis. Currently, it is evident that adipose tissue primarily performs its function by secreting a diverse array of signaling molecules known as adipokines. Apart from their pivotal function in energy expenditure and metabolism regulation, these adipokines exert significant influence over a multitude of biological processes, including but not limited to inflammation, thermoregulation, immune response, vascular function, and insulin sensitivity. Adipokines are pivotal in regulating numerous biological processes within adipose tissue and facilitating communication between adipose tissue and various organs, including the brain, gut, pancreas, endothelial cells, liver, muscle, and more. Dysregulated adipokines have been implicated in several metabolic diseases, like obesity and diabetes, as well as cardiovascular diseases. In this article, we attempted to describe the significance of adipokines in developing metabolic and cardiovascular diseases and highlight their role in the crosstalk between adipose tissues and other tissues and organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaghayegh Hemat Jouy
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 14778-93855, Iran
| | - Sukrutha Mohan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Giorgia Scichilone
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Amro Mostafa
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Abeer M Mahmoud
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Zandvakili I, Perez-Tilve D. The unexpected role of GIP in transforming obesity treatment. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024:S1043-2760(24)00217-0. [PMID: 39198118 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2024.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
Despite sharing incretin activity with glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), the development of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)-based drugs has been hindered by the minor effects of native GIP on appetite and body weight and genetic studies associating loss-of-function with reduced obesity. Yet, pharmacologically optimized GIP-based molecules have demonstrated profound weight lowering benefits of GIPR agonism when combined with GLP-1-based therapies, which has re-energized deeper exploration of the molecular mechanisms and downstream signaling of GIPR. Interestingly, both GIPR agonism and antagonism offer metabolic benefits, leading to differing viewpoints on how to target GIPR therapeutically. Here we summarize the emerging evidence about the tissue-specific mechanisms that positions GIP-based therapies as important targets for the next generation of anti-obesity and metabolic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inuk Zandvakili
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Diego Perez-Tilve
- Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Gaffey RH, Takyi AK, Shukla A. Investigational and emerging gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) receptor-based therapies for the treatment of obesity. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2024; 33:757-773. [PMID: 38984950 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2024.2377319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION One billion people live with obesity. The most promising medications for its treatment are incretin-based therapies, based on enteroendocrine peptides released in response to oral nutrients, specifically glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP). The mechanisms by which GLP-1 receptor agonism cause weight reduction are becoming increasingly understood. However, the mechanisms by which GIP receptor-modulating medications cause weight loss remain to be clarified. AREAS COVERED This review describes GLP-1 and GIP physiology and explores the conflicting data regarding GIP and weight management. It details examples of how to reconcile the contradictory findings that both GIP receptor agonism and antagonism cause weight reduction. Specifically, it discusses the concept of 'biased agonism' wherein exogenous peptides cause different post-receptor signaling patterns than native ligands. It discusses how GIP effects in adipose tissue and the central nervous system may cause weight reduction. It describes GIP receptor-modulating compounds and their most current trials regarding weight reduction. EXPERT OPINION Effects of GIP receptor-modulating compounds on different tissues have implications for both weight reduction and other cardiometabolic diseases. Further study is needed to understand the implications of GIP agonism on not just weight reduction, but also cardiovascular disease, liver disease, bone health and fat storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Gaffey
- Comprehensive Weight Control Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Afua K Takyi
- Comprehensive Weight Control Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alpana Shukla
- Comprehensive Weight Control Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Kusminski CM, Perez-Tilve D, Müller TD, DiMarchi RD, Tschöp MH, Scherer PE. Transforming obesity: The advancement of multi-receptor drugs. Cell 2024; 187:3829-3853. [PMID: 39059360 PMCID: PMC11286204 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
For more than a century, physicians have searched for ways to pharmacologically reduce excess body fat. The tide has finally turned with recent advances in biochemically engineered agonists for the receptor of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and their use in GLP-1-based polyagonists. These polyagonists reduce body weight through complementary pharmacology by incorporating the receptors for glucagon and/or the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). In their most advanced forms, gut-hormone polyagonists achieve an unprecedented weight reduction of up to ∼20%-30%, offering a pharmacological alternative to bariatric surgery. Along with favorable effects on glycemia, fatty liver, and kidney disease, they also offer beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system and adipose tissue. These new interventions, therefore, hold great promise for the future of anti-obesity medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Kusminski
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Diego Perez-Tilve
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Timo D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) and Walther-Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Matthias H Tschöp
- Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Liu QK. Mechanisms of action and therapeutic applications of GLP-1 and dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1431292. [PMID: 39114288 PMCID: PMC11304055 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1431292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) are two incretins that bind to their respective receptors and activate the downstream signaling in various tissues and organs. Both GIP and GLP-1 play roles in regulating food intake by stimulating neurons in the brain's satiety center. They also stimulate insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells, but their effects on glucagon production in pancreatic α-cells differ, with GIP having a glucagonotropic effect during hypoglycemia and GLP-1 exhibiting glucagonostatic effect during hyperglycemia. Additionally, GIP directly stimulates lipogenesis, while GLP-1 indirectly promotes lipolysis, collectively maintaining healthy adipocytes, reducing ectopic fat distribution, and increasing the production and secretion of adiponectin from adipocytes. Together, these two incretins contribute to metabolic homeostasis, preventing both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, mitigating dyslipidemia, and reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases in individuals with type 2 diabetes and obesity. Several GLP-1 and dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists have been developed to harness these pharmacological effects in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, with some demonstrating robust effectiveness in weight management and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Elucidating the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms could potentially usher in the development of new generations of incretin mimetics with enhanced efficacy and fewer adverse effects. The treatment guidelines are evolving based on clinical trial outcomes, shaping the management of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyuan Keith Liu
- MedStar Medical Group, MedStar Montgomery Medical Center, Olney, MD, United States
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Xia X, Lin Q, Zhou Z, Chen Y. An imbalanced GLP-1R/GIPR co-agonist peptide with a site-specific N-terminal PEGylation to maximize metabolic benefits. iScience 2024; 27:109377. [PMID: 38510128 PMCID: PMC10951637 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycemic and body weight control gained from GLP-1R agonists remains an unmet need for diabetes and obesity treatment, leading to the development of GLP-1R/GIPR co-agonists. An imbalance in GLP-1R/GIPR agonism may extensively maximize the glucose- and weight-lowering effects. Hence, we prepared a potent and imbalanced GLP-1R/GIPR co-agonist, and refined its action time through a site-specific N-terminal PEGylation strategy. The pharmacological efficacy of these resulting long-acting co-agonists was interrogated both in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that peptide 1 possessed potent and imbalanced receptor-stimulating potency favoring GIP activity, but its hypoglycemic action was disrupted probably resulting from its short half-life. After PEGylation to improve the pharmacokinetics, the pharmacological effects were amplified compared to native peptide 1. Among the resulting derivatives, D-5K exhibited significant glycemic, HbA1c, body-weight, and food-intake control, outperforming GLP-1R mono-agonists. Based on its excellent pharmacological profiles, D-5K may hold the great therapeutic potential for diabetes and obesity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Xia
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Qianmeng Lin
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Zhan Zhou
- Research Center for Molecular Metabolomics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yongheng Chen
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
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Lin A, Kitaura H, Ohori F, Noguchi T, Marahleh A, Ma J, Ren J, Miura M, Fan Z, Narita K, Mizoguchi I. (D-Ala 2)GIP Inhibits Inflammatory Bone Resorption by Suppressing TNF-α and RANKL Expression and Directly Impeding Osteoclast Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2555. [PMID: 38473802 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Glucose-insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is an incretin hormone that induces insulin secretion and decreases blood glucose levels. In addition, it has been reported to suppress osteoclast formation. Native GIP is rapidly degraded by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). (D-Ala2)GIP is a newly developed GIP analog that demonstrates enhanced resistance to DPP-4. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of (D-Ala2)GIP on osteoclast formation and bone resorption during lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in vivo and in vitro. In vivo, mice received supracalvarial injections of LPS with or without (D-Ala2)GIP for 5 days. Osteoclast formation and bone resorption were evaluated, and TNF-α and RANKL expression were measured. In vitro, the influence of (D-Ala2)GIP on RANKL- and TNF-α-induced osteoclastogenesis, LPS-triggered TNF-α expression in macrophages, and RANKL expression in osteoblasts were examined. Compared to the LPS-only group, calvariae co-administered LPS and (D-Ala2)GIP led to less osteoclast formation, lower bone resorption, and decreased TNF-α and RANKL expression. (D-Ala2)GIP inhibited osteoclastogenesis induced by RANKL and TNF-α and downregulated TNF-α expression in macrophages and RANKL expression in osteoblasts in vitro. Furthermore, (D-Ala2)GIP suppressed the MAPK signaling pathway. The results suggest that (D-Ala2)GIP dampened LPS-triggered osteoclast formation and bone resorption in vivo by reducing TNF-α and RANKL expression and directly inhibiting osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angyi Lin
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hideki Kitaura
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Fumitoshi Ohori
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takahiro Noguchi
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Aseel Marahleh
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Jinghan Ma
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Jiayi Ren
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Mariko Miura
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ziqiu Fan
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kohei Narita
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Itaru Mizoguchi
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
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Furber EC, Hyatt K, Collins K, Yu X, Droz BA, Holland A, Friedrich JL, Wojnicki S, Konkol DL, O’Farrell LS, Baker HE, Coskun T, Scherer PE, Kusminski CM, Christe ME, Sloop KW, Samms RJ. GIPR Agonism Enhances TZD-Induced Insulin Sensitivity in Obese IR Mice. Diabetes 2024; 73:292-305. [PMID: 37934926 PMCID: PMC10796301 DOI: 10.2337/db23-0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have found that glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR) agonism can enhance the metabolic efficacy of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist treatment by promoting both weight-dependent and -independent improvements on systemic insulin sensitivity. These findings have prompted new investigations aimed at better understanding the broad metabolic benefit of GIPR activation. Herein, we determined whether GIPR agonism favorably influenced the pharmacologic efficacy of the insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinedione (TZD) rosiglitazone in obese insulin-resistant (IR) mice. Genetic and pharmacological approaches were used to examine the role of GIPR signaling on rosiglitazone-induced weight gain, hyperphagia, and glycemic control. RNA sequencing was conducted to uncover potential mechanisms by which GIPR activation influences energy balance and insulin sensitivity. In line with previous findings, treatment with rosiglitazone induced the mRNA expression of the GIPR in white and brown fat. However, obese GIPR-null mice dosed with rosiglitazone had equivalent weight gain to that of wild-type (WT) animals. Strikingly, chronic treatment of obese IR WT animals with a long-acting GIPR agonist prevented rosiglitazone-induced weight-gain and hyperphagia, and it enhanced the insulin-sensitivity effect of this TZD. The systemic insulin sensitization was accompanied by increased glucose disposal in brown adipose tissue, which was underlined by the recruitment of metabolic and thermogenic genes. These findings suggest that GIPR agonism can counter the negative consequences of rosiglitazone treatment on body weight and adiposity, while improving its insulin-sensitizing efficacy at the same time. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen C. Furber
- Diabetes, Obesity and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Karissa Hyatt
- Diabetes, Obesity and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Kyla Collins
- Diabetes, Obesity and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Xinxin Yu
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Brian A. Droz
- Diabetes, Obesity and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Adrienne Holland
- Diabetes, Obesity and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Jessica L. Friedrich
- Diabetes, Obesity and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Samantha Wojnicki
- Diabetes, Obesity and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Debra L. Konkol
- Diabetes, Obesity and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Libbey S. O’Farrell
- Diabetes, Obesity and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Hana E. Baker
- Diabetes, Obesity and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Tamer Coskun
- Diabetes, Obesity and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Philipp E. Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Christine M. Kusminski
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Michael E. Christe
- Diabetes, Obesity and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Kyle W. Sloop
- Diabetes, Obesity and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Ricardo J. Samms
- Diabetes, Obesity and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN
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Drucker DJ, Holst JJ. The expanding incretin universe: from basic biology to clinical translation. Diabetologia 2023; 66:1765-1779. [PMID: 36976349 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-05906-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Incretin hormones, principally glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1), potentiate meal-stimulated insulin secretion through direct (GIP + GLP-1) and indirect (GLP-1) actions on islet β-cells. GIP and GLP-1 also regulate glucagon secretion, through direct and indirect pathways. The incretin hormone receptors (GIPR and GLP-1R) are widely distributed beyond the pancreas, principally in the brain, cardiovascular and immune systems, gut and kidney, consistent with a broad array of extrapancreatic incretin actions. Notably, the glucoregulatory and anorectic activities of GIP and GLP-1 have supported development of incretin-based therapies for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Here we review evolving concepts of incretin action, focusing predominantly on GLP-1, from discovery, to clinical proof of concept, to therapeutic outcomes. We identify established vs uncertain mechanisms of action, highlighting biology conserved across species, while illuminating areas of active investigation and uncertainty that require additional clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Drucker
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Jens J Holst
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Batiha GES, Al-kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Ashour NA, Negm WA. Potential role of tirzepatide towards Covid-19 infection in diabetic patients: a perspective approach. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:1683-1693. [PMID: 37208555 PMCID: PMC10198595 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01239-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In Covid-19, variations in fasting blood glucose are considered a distinct risk element for a bad prognosis and outcome in Covid-19 patients. Tirazepatide (TZT), a dual glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor agonist may be effective in managing Covid-19-induced hyperglycemia in diabetic and non-diabetic patients. The beneficial effect of TZT in T2DM and obesity is related to direct activation of GIP and GLP-1 receptors with subsequent improvement of insulin sensitivity and reduction of body weight. TZT improves endothelial dysfunction (ED) and associated inflammatory changes through modulation of glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, and pro-inflammatory biomarkers release. TZT, through activation of the GLP-1 receptor, may produce beneficial effects against Covid-19 severity since GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) have anti-inflammatory and pulmoprotective implications in Covid-19. Therefore, GLP-1RAs could effectively treat severely affected Covid-19 diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Notably, using GLP-1RAs in T2DM patients prevents glucose variability, a common finding in Covid-19 patients. Therefore, GLP-1RAs like TZT could be a therapeutic strategy in T2DM patients with Covid-19 to prevent glucose variability-induced complications. In Covid-19, the inflammatory signaling pathways are highly activated, resulting in hyperinflammation. GLP-1RAs reduce inflammatory biomarkers like IL-6, CRP, and ferritin in Covid-19 patients. Therefore, GLP-1RAs like TZ may be effective in Covid-19 patients by reducing the inflammatory burden. The anti-obesogenic effect of TZT may reduce Covid-19 severity by ameliorating body weight and adiposity. Furthermore, Covid-19 may induce substantial alterations in gut microbiota. GLP-1RA preserves gut microbiota and prevents intestinal dysbiosis. Herein, TZT, like other GLP-1RA, may attenuate Covid-19-induced gut microbiota alterations and, by this mechanism, may mitigate intestinal inflammation and systemic complications in Covid-19 patients with either T2DM or obesity. As opposed to that, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) was reduced in obese and T2DM patients. However, activation of GIP-1R by TZT in T2DM patients improves glucose homeostasis. Thus, TZT, through activation of both GIP and GLP-1, may reduce obesity-mediated inflammation. In Covid-19, GIP response to the meal is impaired, leading to postprandial hyperglycemia and abnormal glucose homeostasis. Therefore, using TZT in severely affected Covid-19 patients may prevent the development of glucose variability and hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress. Moreover, exaggerated inflammatory disorders in Covid-19 due to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α may lead to systemic inflammation and cytokine storm development. Besides, GIP-1 inhibits expression of IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1, chemokines and TNF-α. Therefore, using GIP-1RA like TZT may inhibit the onset of inflammatory disorders in severely affected Covid-19 patients. In conclusion, TZT, through activation of GLP-1 and GIP receptors, may prevent SARS-CoV-2-induced hyperinflammation and glucose variability in diabetic and non-diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, AlBeheira, P.O. Box 22511, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Hayder M. Al-kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, AL-Mustansiriyia University, P.O. Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I. Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, AL-Mustansiriyia University, P.O. Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Nada A. Ashour
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527 Egypt
| | - Walaa A. Negm
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
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11
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Gopan G, Jose J, Khot KB, Bandiwadekar A. The use of cellulose, chitosan and hyaluronic acid in transdermal therapeutic management of obesity: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125374. [PMID: 37330096 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a clinical condition with rising popularity and detrimental impacts on human health. According to the World Health Organization, obesity is the sixth most common cause of death worldwide. It is challenging to combat obesity because medications that are successful in the clinical investigation have harmful side effects when administered orally. The conventional approaches for treating obesity primarily entail synthetic compounds and surgical techniques but possess severe adverse effects and recurrences. As a result, a safe and effective strategy to combat obesity must be initiated. Recent studies have shown that biological macromolecules of the carbohydrate class, such as cellulose, hyaluronic acid, and chitosan, can enhance the release and efficacy of medications for obesity but due to their short biological half-lives and poor oral bioavailability, their distribution rate is affected. This helps to comprehend the need for an effective therapeutic approach via a transdermal drug delivery system. This review focuses on the transdermal administration, utilizing cellulose, chitosan, and hyaluronic acid via microneedles, as it offers a promising solution to overcome existing therapy limitations in managing obesity and it also highlights how microneedles can effectively deliver therapeutic substances through the skin's outer layer, bypassing pain receptors and specifically targeting adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopika Gopan
- NITTE Deemed-to-be University, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Mangalore 575018, India
| | - Jobin Jose
- NITTE Deemed-to-be University, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Mangalore 575018, India.
| | - Kartik Bhairu Khot
- NITTE Deemed-to-be University, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Mangalore 575018, India
| | - Akshay Bandiwadekar
- NITTE Deemed-to-be University, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Mangalore 575018, India
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12
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Davies I, Tan TMM. Design of novel therapeutics targeting the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR) to aid weight loss. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2023; 18:659-669. [PMID: 37154171 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2203911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION With obesity rates growing globally, there is a paramount need for new obesity pharmacotherapies to tackle this pandemic. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the design of therapeutics that target the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR) to aid weight loss. The authors highlight the paradoxical observation that both GIPR agonism and antagonism appear to provide metabolic benefits when combined with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1 R) agonism. The therapeutic potential of compounds that target the GIPR alongside the GLP-1 R and the glucagon receptor are discussed, and the impressive clinical findings of such compounds are reviewed. EXPERT OPINION In this area, the translation of pre-clinical findings to clinical studies appears to be particularly difficult. Well-designed physiological studies in man are required to answer the paradox highlighted above, and to support the safe future development of a combination of GLP-1 R/GIPR targeting therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iona Davies
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tricia M M Tan
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
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13
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Hammoud R, Drucker DJ. Beyond the pancreas: contrasting cardiometabolic actions of GIP and GLP1. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2023; 19:201-216. [PMID: 36509857 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-022-00783-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) exhibit incretin activity, meaning that they potentiate glucose-dependent insulin secretion. The emergence of GIP receptor (GIPR)-GLP1 receptor (GLP1R) co-agonists has fostered growing interest in the actions of GIP and GLP1 in metabolically relevant tissues. Here, we update concepts of how these hormones act beyond the pancreas. The actions of GIP and GLP1 on liver, muscle and adipose tissue, in the control of glucose and lipid homeostasis, are discussed in the context of plausible mechanisms of action. Both the GIPR and GLP1R are expressed in the central nervous system, wherein receptor activation produces anorectic effects enabling weight loss. In preclinical studies, GIP and GLP1 reduce atherosclerosis. Furthermore, GIPR and GLP1R are expressed within the heart and immune system, and GLP1R within the kidney, revealing putative mechanisms linking GIP and GLP1R agonism to cardiorenal protection. We interpret the clinical and mechanistic data obtained for different agents that enable weight loss and glucose control for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, respectively, by activating or blocking GIPR signalling, including the GIPR-GLP1R co-agonist tirzepatide, as well as the GIPR antagonist-GLP1R agonist AMG-133. Collectively, we update translational concepts of GIP and GLP1 action, while highlighting gaps, areas of uncertainty and controversies meriting ongoing investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rola Hammoud
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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14
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Kimita W, Bharmal SH, Ko J, Petrov MS. Identifying endotypes of individuals after an attack of pancreatitis based on unsupervised machine learning of multiplex cytokine profiles. Transl Res 2023; 251:54-62. [PMID: 35863673 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
After an attack of pancreatitis, individuals may develop metabolic sequelae (eg, new-onset diabetes) and/or pancreatic cancer. These new-onset morbidities are, at least in part, driven by low-grade inflammation. The aim was to study the profiles of cytokines/chemokines in individuals after an attack of pancreatitis. A commercially available panel including 31 cytokines/chemokines was investigated. Random forest classifier and unsupervised hierarchical clustering were applied to study participants (who had no persistent organ failure and did not require ICU admission) according to their cytokine/chemokine profiles. Pancreatitis-related characteristics, detailed body composition (determined using 3.0 T magnetic resonance imaging), markers of glucose, lipid, and iron metabolism, gut and pancreatic hormones, as well as liver and pancreatic enzymes, were compared between clusters. Bootstrap validation was employed. A total of 160 participants, including 107 postpancreatitis individuals (investigated at a median of 18 months after the last attack of pancreatitis) and 53 healthy volunteers, were studied. Twenty-two cytokines/chemokines were significantly different between postpancreatitis and health. Two distinct endotypes of individuals after an attack of pancreatitis were identified-‟inflammatory" and ‟noninflammatory." Sixteen cytokines/chemokines were significantly higher in the inflammatory endotype compared with the noninflammatory endotype. No cytokine/chemokine was significantly higher in the noninflammatory endotype. The inflammatory endotype was characterized by significantly elevated insulin (P= 0.001), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (P = 0.001), peptide YY (P = 0.017), and ghrelin (P = 0.014). The noninflammatory endotype was characterized by significantly elevated hepcidin (P= 0.016). Pancreatitis-related factors, body composition, and other studied parameters did not differ significantly between the 2 endotypes. Individuals with a similar phenotype and clinical course of pancreatitis have differing cytokine/chemokine profiles after clinical resolution of the disease. People with the inflammatory endotype have distinct changes in the pancreatic and gut hormones known to be involved in the pathogenesis of new-onset morbidities after an attack of pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wandia Kimita
- School of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sakina H Bharmal
- School of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Juyeon Ko
- School of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maxim S Petrov
- School of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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15
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Theofilis P, Sagris M, Oikonomou E, Antonopoulos AS, Siasos G, Tsioufis K, Tousoulis D. The Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Novel Antidiabetic Agents. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:1829. [PMID: 36362984 PMCID: PMC9696750 DOI: 10.3390/life12111829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) has been increasing worldwide and remains one of the leading causes of atherosclerotic disease. Several antidiabetic agents have been introduced in trying to regulate glucose control levels with different mechanisms of action. These agents, and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors in particular, have been endorsed by contemporary guidelines in patients with or without T2DM. Their widespread usage during the last three decades has raised awareness in the scientific community concerning their pleiotropic mechanisms of action, including their putative anti-inflammatory effect. In this review, we delve into the anti-inflammatory role and mechanism of the existing antidiabetic agents in the cardiovascular system and their potential use in other chronic sterile inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Theofilis
- 1st Cardiology Department, “Hippokration” General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Marios Sagris
- 3rd Cardiology Department, Thoracic Diseases Hospital “Sotiria”, University of Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Oikonomou
- 1st Cardiology Department, “Hippokration” General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece
- 3rd Cardiology Department, Thoracic Diseases Hospital “Sotiria”, University of Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Alexios S. Antonopoulos
- 1st Cardiology Department, “Hippokration” General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Siasos
- 1st Cardiology Department, “Hippokration” General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece
- 3rd Cardiology Department, Thoracic Diseases Hospital “Sotiria”, University of Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Kostas Tsioufis
- 1st Cardiology Department, “Hippokration” General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Tousoulis
- 1st Cardiology Department, “Hippokration” General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece
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16
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Pujadas G, Baggio LL, Kaur KD, McLean BA, Cao X, Drucker DJ. Genetic disruption of the Gipr in Apoe -/- mice promotes atherosclerosis. Mol Metab 2022; 65:101586. [PMID: 36055579 PMCID: PMC9478451 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The gut hormone glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) stimulates beta cell function and improves glycemia through its incretin actions. GIP also regulates endothelial function and suppresses adipose tissue inflammation through control of macrophage activity. Activation of the GIP receptor (GIPR) attenuates experimental atherosclerosis and inflammation in mice, however whether loss of GIPR signaling impacts the development of atherosclerosis is uncertain. METHODS Atherosclerosis and related metabolic phenotypes were studied in Apoe-/-:Gipr-/- mice and in Gipr+/+ and Gipr-/- mice treated with an adeno-associated virus expressing PCSK9 (AAV-PCSK9). Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) studies were carried out using donor marrow from Apoe-/-:Gipr-/-and Apoe-/-:Gipr+/+mice transplanted into Apoe-/-:Gipr-/- recipient mice. Experimental endpoints included the extent of aortic atherosclerosis and inflammation, body weight, glucose tolerance, and circulating lipid levels, the proportions and subsets of circulating leukocytes, and tissue gene expression profiles informing lipid and glucose metabolism, and inflammation. RESULTS Body weight was lower, circulating myeloid cells were reduced, and glucose tolerance was not different, however, aortic atherosclerosis was increased in Apoe-/-:Gipr-/- mice and trended higher in Gipr-/- mice with atherosclerosis induced by AAV-PCSK9. Levels of mRNA transcripts for genes contributing to inflammation were increased in the aortae of Apoe-/-:Gipr-/- mice and expression of a subset of inflammation-related hepatic genes were increased in Gipr-/- mice treated with AAV-PCSK9. BMT experiments did not reveal marked atherosclerosis, failing to implicate bone marrow derived GIPR + cells in the control of atherosclerosis or aortic inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Loss of the Gipr in mice results in increased aortic atherosclerosis and enhanced inflammation in aorta and liver, despite reduced weight gain and preserved glucose homeostasis. These findings extend concepts of GIPR in the suppression of inflammation-related pathophysiology beyond its classical incretin role in the control of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Daniel J. Drucker
- Corresponding author. LTRI, Mt. Sinai Hospital 600 University Ave Mailbox 39, TCP5-1004 Toronto ON M5G 1X5 Canada.
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17
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Luo ZR, Chen LW, Qiu HF. Does the "obesity paradox" exist after transcatheter aortic valve implantation? J Cardiothorac Surg 2022; 17:156. [PMID: 35698230 PMCID: PMC9195232 DOI: 10.1186/s13019-022-01910-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) for symptomatic aortic stenosis is considered a minimally invasive procedure. Body mass index (BMI) has been rarely evaluated for pulmonary complications after TAVI. This study aimed to assess the influence of BMI on pulmonary complications and other related outcomes after TAVI. Methods The clinical data of 109 patients who underwent TAVI in our hospital from May 2018 to April 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into three groups according to BMI: low weight (BMI < 21.9 kg/m2, n = 27), middle weight (BMI 21.9–27.0 kg/m2, n = 55), and high weight (BMI > 27.0 kg/m2, n = 27); and two groups according to vascular access: through the femoral artery (TF-TAVI, n = 94) and through the transapical route (TA-TAVI, n = 15). Procedure endpoints, procedure success, and adverse outcomes were evaluated according to the Valve Academic Research Consortium (VARC)-2 definitions. Results High-weight patients had a higher proportion of older (p < 0.001) and previous percutaneous coronary interventions (p = 0.026), a higher percentage of diabetes mellitus (p = 0.026) and frailty (p = 0.032), and lower glomerular filtration rate (p = 0.024). Procedure success was similar among the three groups. The 30-day all-cause mortality of patients with low-, middle-, and high weights was 3.7% (1/27), 5.5% (3/55), and 3.7% (1/27), respectively. In the multivariable analysis, middle- and high-weight patients exhibited similar overall mortality (middle weight vs. low weight, p = 0.500; high weight vs. low weight, p = 0.738) and similar intubation time compared with low-weight patients (9.1 ± 7.3 h vs. 8.9 ± 6.0 h vs. 8.7 ± 4.2 h in high-, middle-, and low-weight patients, respectively, p = 0.872). Although high-weight patients had a lower PaO2/FiO2 ratio than low-weight patients at baseline, transitional extubation, and post extubation 12th hour (p = 0.038, 0.030, 0.043, respectively), there were no differences for post extubation 24th hour, post extubation 48th hour, and post extubation 72nd hour (p = 0.856, 0.896, 0.873, respectively). Chronic lung disease [odds ratio (OR) 8.038, p = 0.001] rather than high weight (OR 2.768, p = 0.235) or middle weight (OR 2.226, p = 0.157) affected postoperative PaO2/FiO2 after TAVI. Conclusions We did not find the existence of an obesity paradox after TAVI. BMI had no effect on postoperative intubation time. Patients with a higher BMI should be treated similarly without the need to deliberately extend the intubation time for TAVI. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13019-022-01910-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng-Rong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery and Cardiac Disease Center, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, 350001, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang-Wan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery and Cardiac Disease Center, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, 350001, People's Republic of China
| | - Han-Fan Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery and Cardiac Disease Center, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, 350001, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Campbell JE, Beaudry JL, Svendsen B, Baggio LL, Gordon AN, Ussher JR, Wong CK, Gribble FM, D’Alessio DA, Reimann F, Drucker DJ. GIPR Is Predominantly Localized to Nonadipocyte Cell Types Within White Adipose Tissue. Diabetes 2022; 71:1115-1127. [PMID: 35192688 PMCID: PMC7612781 DOI: 10.2337/db21-1166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The incretin hormone glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) augments glucose-dependent insulin secretion through its receptor expressed on islet β-cells. GIP also acts on adipose tissue; yet paradoxically, both enhanced and reduced GIP receptor (GIPR) signaling reduce adipose tissue mass and attenuate weight gain in response to nutrient excess. Moreover, the precise cellular localization of GIPR expression within white adipose tissue (WAT) remains uncertain. We used mouse genetics to target Gipr expression within adipocytes. Surprisingly, targeting Cre expression to adipocytes using the adiponectin (Adipoq) promoter did not produce meaningful reduction of WAT Gipr expression in Adipoq-Cre:Giprflx/flx mice. In contrast, adenoviral expression of Cre under the control of the cytomegalovirus promoter, or transgenic expression of Cre using nonadipocyte-selective promoters (Ap2/Fabp4 and Ubc) markedly attenuated WAT Gipr expression. Analysis of single-nucleus RNA-sequencing, adipose tissue data sets localized Gipr/GIPR expression predominantly to pericytes and mesothelial cells rather than to adipocytes. Together, these observations reveal that adipocytes are not the major GIPR+ cell type within WAT-findings with mechanistic implications for understanding how GIP and GIP-based co-agonists control adipose tissue biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E. Campbell
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Corresponding authors: Jonathan E. Campbell, , or Daniel J. Drucker,
| | - Jacqueline L. Beaudry
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Berit Svendsen
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Laurie L. Baggio
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew N. Gordon
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - John R. Ussher
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chi Kin Wong
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fiona M. Gribble
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | - David A. D’Alessio
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Frank Reimann
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Daniel J. Drucker
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Corresponding authors: Jonathan E. Campbell, , or Daniel J. Drucker,
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19
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He X. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and tissue inflammation: Implications for atherogenic cardiovascular disease. EUR J INFLAMM 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/20587392211070402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) has pleiotropic actions on pancreatic endocrine function, adipose tissue lipid metabolism, and skeletal calcium metabolism. Recent data indicate a potential new role for GIP in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. This review focuses on the emerging literature that highlights GIP’s role in inflammation—an established process in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. In vasculature tissue, GIP may reduce concentrations of circulating inflammatory cytokines, attenuate vascular endothelial inflammation, and directly limit atherosclerotic vascular damage. Important to recognize is that evidence exists to support both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects of GIP even within the same tissue/cell type. Therefore, future study designs must account for factors such as model heterogeneity, physiological relevance of doses/exposures, potential indirect effects on inflammatory pathways, and the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR) agonist form. Elucidating the specific effects of enhanced GIP signaling in vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis is crucial given the existing widespread use of DPP4 inhibitors and the emergence of dual-incretin receptor agonists for type 2 diabetes treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming He
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali City, China
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20
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Rizvi AA, Rizzo M. The Emerging Role of Dual GLP-1 and GIP Receptor Agonists in Glycemic Management and Cardiovascular Risk Reduction. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:1023-1030. [PMID: 35411165 PMCID: PMC8994606 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s351982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The incretin pathway is a self-regulating feedback system connecting the gut with the brain, pancreas, and liver. Its predominant action is on the postprandial glucose levels, with extraglycemic effects on fat metabolism and endovascular function. Of the two main incretin hormones released with food ingestion, the actions of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) have been exploited for therapeutic benefit. However, little attention has been paid to glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) until the recent experimental introduction of dual agonists, or "twincretins". Interestingly, simultaneous activation of both receptors is not only replicative of normal physiology, it seems to be an innovative way to enhance their mutual salubrious actions. In patients with type 2 diabetes, dual agonists can have powerful benefits for glucose control and weight reduction. Additionally, there is mounting evidence of their favorable cardiovascular impact, making them potentially appealing pharmacologic agents of choice in the future. Although we seem to be poised on the horizons of exciting new breakthroughs, much knowledge has yet to be gained before these novel agents are ready for prime time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Rizvi
- Department of Medicine, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Correspondence: Ali A Rizvi, Department of Medicine, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, 3400 Quadrangle Blvd, Orlando, Florida, 32817, USA, Tel +1 803-609-1935, Fax +1 407-882-4799, Email
| | - Manfredi Rizzo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (Promise), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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21
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Holst JJ. Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity on the Basis of the Incretin System: The 2021 Banting Medal for Scientific Achievement Award Lecture. Diabetes 2021; 70:2468-2475. [PMID: 34711671 PMCID: PMC8928930 DOI: 10.2337/dbi21-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In my lecture given on the occasion of the 2021 Banting Medal for Scientific Achievement, I briefly described the history of the incretin effect and summarized some of the developments leading to current therapies of obesity and diabetes based on the incretin hormones, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). In the text below, I discuss in further detail the role of these two hormones for postprandial insulin secretion in humans on the basis of recent studies with antagonists. Their direct and indirect actions on the β-cells are discussed next as well as their contrasting actions on glucagon secretion. After a brief discussion of their effect on insulin sensitivity, I describe their immediate actions in patients with type 2 diabetes and emphasize the actions of GLP-1 on β-cell glucose sensitivity, followed by a discussion of their extrapancreatic actions, including effects on appetite and food intake in humans. Finally, possible mechanisms of action of GIP-GLP-1 coagonists are discussed, and it is concluded that therapies based on incretin actions are likely to change the current hesitant therapy of both obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Juul Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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22
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Nauck MA, Quast DR, Wefers J, Pfeiffer AFH. The evolving story of incretins (GIP and GLP-1) in metabolic and cardiovascular disease: A pathophysiological update. Diabetes Obes Metab 2021; 23 Suppl 3:5-29. [PMID: 34310013 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The incretin hormones glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) have their main physiological role in augmenting insulin secretion after their nutrient-induced secretion from the gut. A functioning entero-insular (gut-endocrine pancreas) axis is essential for the maintenance of a normal glucose tolerance. This is exemplified by the incretin effect (greater insulin secretory response to oral as compared to "isoglycaemic" intravenous glucose administration due to the secretion and action of incretin hormones). GIP and GLP-1 have additive effects on insulin secretion. Local production of GIP and/or GLP-1 in islet α-cells (instead of enteroendocrine K and L cells) has been observed, and its significance is still unclear. GLP-1 suppresses, and GIP increases glucagon secretion, both in a glucose-dependent manner. GIP plays a greater physiological role as an incretin. In type 2-diabetic patients, the incretin effect is reduced despite more or less normal secretion of GIP and GLP-1. While insulinotropic effects of GLP-1 are only slightly impaired in type 2 diabetes, GIP has lost much of its acute insulinotropic activity in type 2 diabetes, for largely unknown reasons. Besides their role in glucose homoeostasis, the incretin hormones GIP and GLP-1 have additional biological functions: GLP-1 at pharmacological concentrations reduces appetite, food intake, and-in the long run-body weight, and a similar role is evolving for GIP, at least in animal studies. Human studies, however, do not confirm these findings. GIP, but not GLP-1 increases triglyceride storage in white adipose tissue not only through stimulating insulin secretion, but also by interacting with regional blood vessels and GIP receptors. GIP, and to a lesser degree GLP-1, play a role in bone remodelling. GLP-1, but not GIP slows gastric emptying, which reduces post-meal glycaemic increments. For both GIP and GLP-1, beneficial effects on cardiovascular complications and neurodegenerative central nervous system (CNS) disorders have been observed, pointing to therapeutic potential over and above improving diabetes complications. The recent finding that GIP/GLP-1 receptor co-agonists like tirzepatide have superior efficacy compared to selective GLP-1 receptor agonists with respect to glycaemic control as well as body weight has renewed interest in GIP, which previously was thought to be without any therapeutic potential. One focus of this research is into the long-term interaction of GIP and GLP-1 receptor signalling. A GLP-1 receptor antagonist (exendin [9-39]) and, more recently, a GIP receptor agonist (GIP [3-30] NH2 ) and, hopefully, longer-acting GIP receptor agonists for human use will be helpful tools to shed light on the open questions. A detailed knowledge of incretin physiology and pathophysiology will be a prerequisite for designing more effective incretin-based diabetes drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Nauck
- Diabetes Division, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel R Quast
- Diabetes Division, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jakob Wefers
- Diabetes Division, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas F H Pfeiffer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Klinik für Endokrinologie, Stoffwechsel- und Ernährungsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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23
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Abstract
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) (also known as gastric inhibitory polypeptide) is a hormone produced in the upper gut and secreted to the circulation in response to the ingestion of foods, especially fatty foods. Growing evidence supports the physiological and pharmacological relevance of GIP in obesity. In an obesity setting, inhibition of endogenous GIP or its receptor leads to decreased energy intake, increased energy expenditure, or both, eventually causing weight loss. Further, supraphysiological dosing of exogenous long-lasting GIP agonists alters energy balance and has a marked antiobesity effect. This remarkable yet paradoxical antiobesity effect is suggested to occur primarily via the brain. The brain is capable of regulating both energy intake and expenditure and plays a critical role in human obesity. In addition, the GIP receptor is widely distributed throughout the brain, including areas responsible for energy homeostasis. Recent studies have uncovered previously underappreciated roles of the GIP receptor in the brain in the context of obesity. This article highlights how the GIP receptor expressed by the brain impacts obesity-related pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Fukuda
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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24
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Samms RJ, Sloop KW, Gribble FM, Reimann F, Adriaenssens AE. GIPR Function in the Central Nervous System: Implications and Novel Perspectives for GIP-Based Therapies in Treating Metabolic Disorders. Diabetes 2021; 70:1938-1944. [PMID: 34176786 PMCID: PMC8576420 DOI: 10.2337/dbi21-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During the past decade, pharmaceutical engineering of unimolecular agents has revealed the therapeutic potential of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR) agonism. From this work, one of the most intriguing findings is that engagement of GIPR enhances the weight loss profile of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)-based therapeutics. Consequently, this pharmacological approach, in combination with novel Gipr mouse models, has provided evidence indicating that activation of GIPR in certain areas of the brain that regulate energy balance is required for the synergistic weight loss of dual GIPR and GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonism. This has led to significant interest in understanding how GIPR activity in the brain functions to reduce caloric intake, induce negative energy balance, and drive weight loss. Herein, we review key findings in this field and provide a novel perspective explaining how GIP may act in the brain to affect energy balance both alone and in concert with GLP-1R agonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo J Samms
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Kyle W Sloop
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Frank Reimann
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Alice E Adriaenssens
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K.
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25
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Samms RJ, Christe ME, Collins KA, Pirro V, Droz BA, Holland AK, Friedrich JL, Wojnicki S, Konkol DL, Cosgrove R, Furber EPC, Ruan X, O'Farrell LS, Long AM, Dogra M, Willency JA, Lin Y, Ding L, Cheng CC, Cabrera O, Briere DA, Alsina-Fernandez J, Gimeno RE, Moyers JS, Coskun T, Coghlan MP, Sloop KW, Roell WC. GIPR agonism mediates weight-independent insulin sensitization by tirzepatide in obese mice. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:146353. [PMID: 34003802 DOI: 10.1172/jci146353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tirzepatide (LY3298176), a dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist, delivered superior glycemic control and weight loss compared with GLP-1R agonism in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, the mechanism by which tirzepatide improves efficacy and how GIP receptor (GIPR) agonism contributes is not fully understood. Here, we show that tirzepatide is an effective insulin sensitizer, improving insulin sensitivity in obese mice to a greater extent than GLP-1R agonism. To determine whether GIPR agonism contributes, we compared the effect of tirzepatide in obese WT and Glp-1r-null mice. In the absence of GLP-1R-induced weight loss, tirzepatide improved insulin sensitivity by enhancing glucose disposal in white adipose tissue (WAT). In support of this, a long-acting GIPR agonist (LAGIPRA) was found to enhance insulin sensitivity by augmenting glucose disposal in WAT. Interestingly, the effect of tirzepatide and LAGIPRA on insulin sensitivity was associated with reduced branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and ketoacids in the circulation. Insulin sensitization was associated with upregulation of genes associated with the catabolism of glucose, lipid, and BCAAs in brown adipose tissue. Together, our studies show that tirzepatide improved insulin sensitivity in a weight-dependent and -independent manner. These results highlight how GIPR agonism contributes to the therapeutic profile of dual-receptor agonism, offering mechanistic insights into the clinical efficacy of tirzepatide.
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26
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Radbakhsh S, Atkin SL, Simental-Mendia LE, Sahebkar A. The role of incretins and incretin-based drugs in autoimmune diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 98:107845. [PMID: 34126341 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Incretin hormones, including glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1, GLP-2 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), are gastrointestinal peptides secreted from enteroendocrine cells. These hormones play significant roles in many physiological processes via binding to G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) on different organs and tissues; one of them is the immunomodulatory effect on the immune system and its molecular components such as cytokines and chemokines. Anti-inflammatory effects of incretins and dependent molecules involving long-acting analogs and DPP4 inhibitors through regulation of T and B cell activation may attenuate autoimmune diseases caused by immune system disorders in mistakenly recognizing self as the foreign agent. In this review, we investigate incretin effects on the immune system response and the potential benefits of incretin-based therapy for treating autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Radbakhsh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | | | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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27
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Novel Therapeutical Approaches to Managing Atherosclerotic Risk. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094633. [PMID: 33924893 PMCID: PMC8125277 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial vascular disease that leads to inflammation and stiffening of the arteries and decreases their elasticity due to the accumulation of calcium, small dense Low Density Lipoproteins (sdLDL), inflammatory cells, and fibrotic material. A review of studies pertaining to cardiometabolic risk factors, lipids alterations, hypolipidemic agents, nutraceuticals, hypoglycaemic drugs, atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, and inflammation was performed. There are several therapeutic strategies including Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors, inclisiran, bempedoic acid, Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), and nutraceuticals that promise improvement in the atheromatous plaque from a molecular point of view, because have actions on the exposure of the LDL-Receptor (LDL-R), on endothelial dysfunction, activation of macrophages, on lipid oxidation, formations on foam cells, and deposition extracellular lipids. Atheroma plaque reduction both as a result of LDL-Cholesterol (LDL-C) intensive lowering and reducing inflammation and other residual risk factors is an integral part of the management of atherosclerotic disease, and the use of valid therapeutic alternatives appear to be appealing avenues to solving the problem.
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28
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Efimova I, Steinberg I, Zvibel I, Neumann A, Mantelmacher DF, Drucker DJ, Fishman S, Varol C. GIPR Signaling in Immune Cells Maintains Metabolically Beneficial Type 2 Immune Responses in the White Fat From Obese Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:643144. [PMID: 33717200 PMCID: PMC7947693 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.643144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) communicates information on energy availability from the gut to peripheral tissues. Disruption of its signaling in myeloid immune cells during high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity impairs energy homeostasis due to the unrestrained metabolically deleterious actions of S100A8/A9 alarmin. White adipose tissue (WAT) type 2 immune cell networks are important for maintaining metabolic and energy homeostasis and limiting obesity-induced inflammation. Nevertheless, the consequences of losing immune cell GIP receptor (GIPR) signaling on type 2 immunity in WAT remains unknown. Bone marrow (BM) chimerism was used to generate mice with GIPR (Gipr-/- BM) and GIPR/S100A8/A9 (Gipr-/- /S100a9-/- BM) deletion in immune cells. These mice were subjected to short (5 weeks) and progressive (14 weeks) HFD regimens. GIPR-deficiency was also targeted to myeloid cells by crossing Giprfl/fl mice and Lyz2cre/+ mice (LysMΔGipr ). Under both short and progressive HFD regimens, Gipr-/- BM mice exhibited altered expression of key type 2 immune cytokines in the epididymal visceral WAT (epiWAT), but not in subcutaneous inguinal WAT. This was further linked to declined representation of type 2 immune cells in epiWAT, such as group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2), eosinophils, and FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). Co-deletion of S100A8/A9 in Gipr-/- immune cells reversed the impairment of type 2 cytokine expression in epiWAT, suggesting a mechanistic role for this alarmin in type 2 immune suppression. LysMΔGipr mice on HFD also displayed altered expression of type 2 immune mediators, highlighting that GIPR-deficiency in myeloid immune cells is responsible for the impairment of type 2 immune networks. Finally, abrogated GIPR signaling in immune cells also affected adipocyte fraction cells, inducing their increased production of the beiging interfering cytokine IL-10 and stress- related type 2 cytokine IL-13. Collectively, these findings attribute an important role for GIPR in myeloid immune cells in supporting WAT type 2 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Efimova
- The Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center Affiliated to Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Inbar Steinberg
- The Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center Affiliated to Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Isabel Zvibel
- The Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center Affiliated to Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anat Neumann
- The Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center Affiliated to Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Dana Fernanda Mantelmacher
- The Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center Affiliated to Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- The Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sigal Fishman
- The Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center Affiliated to Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Chen Varol
- The Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center Affiliated to Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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29
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Rosendo-Silva D, Matafome P. Gut-adipose tissue crosstalk: A bridge to novel therapeutic targets in metabolic syndrome? Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13130. [PMID: 32815267 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The gut is one of the main endocrine organs in our body, producing hormones acknowledged to play determinant roles in controlling appetite, energy balance and glucose homeostasis. One of the targets of such hormones is the adipose tissue, a major energetic reservoir, which governs overall metabolism through the secretion of adipokines. Disturbances either in nutrient and metabolic sensing and consequent miscommunication between these organs constitute a key driver to the metabolic complications clustered in metabolic syndrome. Thus, it is essential to understand how the disruption of this crosstalk might trigger adipose tissue dysfunction, a strong characteristic of obesity and insulin resistance. The beneficial effects of metabolic surgery in the amelioration of glucose homeostasis and body weight reduction allowed to understand the potential of gut signals modulation as a treatment for metabolic syndrome-related obesity and type 2 diabetes. In this review, we cover the effects of gut hormones in the modulation of adipose tissue metabolic and endocrine functions, as well as their impact in tissue plasticity. Furthermore, we discuss how the modulation of gut secretome, either through surgical procedures or pharmacological approaches, might improve adipose tissue function in obesity and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rosendo-Silva
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) and Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo Matafome
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) and Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Complementary Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, Coimbra Health School (ESTeSC), Coimbra, Portugal
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30
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Jujić A, Nilsson PM, Atabaki-Pasdar N, Dieden A, Tuomi T, Franks PW, Holst JJ, Torekov SS, Ravassa S, Díez J, Persson M, Ahlqvist E, Melander O, Gomez MF, Groop L, Magnusson M. Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Peptide in the High-Normal Range Is Associated With Increased Carotid Intima-Media Thickness. Diabetes Care 2021; 44:224-230. [PMID: 33208488 PMCID: PMC7612445 DOI: 10.2337/dc20-1318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While existing evidence supports beneficial cardiovascular effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), emerging studies suggest that glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and/or signaling via the GIP receptor may have untoward cardiovascular effects. Indeed, recent studies show that fasting physiological GIP levels are associated with total mortality and cardiovascular mortality, and it was suggested that GIP plays a role in pathogenesis of coronary artery disease. We investigated the associations between fasting and postchallenge GIP and GLP-1 concentrations and subclinical atherosclerosis as measured by mean intima-media thickness in the common carotid artery (IMTmeanCCA) and maximal intima-media thickness in the carotid bifurcation (IMTmaxBulb). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Participants at reexamination within the Malmö Diet and Cancer-Cardiovascular Cohort study (n = 3,734, mean age 72.5 years, 59.3% women, 10.8% subjects with diabetes, fasting GIP available for 3,342 subjects, fasting GLP-1 available for 3,299 subjects) underwent oral glucose tolerance testing and carotid ultrasound. RESULTS In linear regression analyses, each 1-SD increment of fasting GIP was associated with increased (per mm) IMTmeanCCA (β = 0.010, P = 0.010) and IMTmaxBulb (β = 0.014; P = 0.040) in models adjusted for known risk factors and glucose metabolism. In contrast, each 1-SD increment of fasting GLP-1 was associated with decreased IMTmaxBulb (per mm, β = -0.016, P = 0.014). These associations remained significant when subjects with diabetes were excluded from analyses. CONCLUSIONS In a Swedish elderly population, physiologically elevated levels of fasting GIP are associated with increased IMTmeanCCA, while GLP-1 is associated with decreased IMTmaxBulb, further emphasizing diverging cardiovascular effects of these two incretin hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amra Jujić
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden .,Department of Cardiology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.,Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Peter M Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Anna Dieden
- Department of Biomedical Science, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Tiinamaija Tuomi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Folkhälsan Research Centre, Biomedicum, and Research Program Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Endocrinology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Finnish Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paul W Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Signe Sørensen Torekov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susana Ravassa
- Program of Cardiovascular Diseases, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERCV, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Javier Díez
- Program of Cardiovascular Diseases, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERCV, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery and Department of Nephrology, University of Navarra Clinic, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Emma Ahlqvist
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Olle Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Maria F Gomez
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Leif Groop
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Folkhälsan Research Centre, Biomedicum, and Research Program Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Martin Magnusson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Cardiology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.,Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Hypertension in Africa Research Team, North-West University Potchefstroom, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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31
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Fu Y, Kaneko K, Lin HY, Mo Q, Xu Y, Suganami T, Ravn P, Fukuda M. Gut Hormone GIP Induces Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in the Hypothalamus. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5865317. [PMID: 32603429 PMCID: PMC7410368 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamus plays a critical role in controlling energy balance. High-fat diet (HFD) feeding increases the gene expression of proinflammatory mediators and decreases insulin actions in the hypothalamus. Here, we show that a gut-derived hormone, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), whose levels are elevated during diet-induced obesity, promotes and mediates hypothalamic inflammation and insulin resistance during HFD-induced obesity. Unbiased ribonucleic acid sequencing of GIP-stimulated hypothalami revealed that hypothalamic pathways most affected by intracerebroventricular (ICV) GIP stimulation were related to inflammatory-related responses. Subsequent analysis demonstrated that GIP administered either peripherally or centrally, increased proinflammatory-related factors such as Il-6 and Socs3 in the hypothalamus, but not in the cortex of C57BL/6J male mice. Consistently, hypothalamic activation of IκB kinase-β inflammatory signaling was induced by ICV GIP. Further, hypothalamic levels of proinflammatory cytokines and Socs3 were significantly reduced by an antagonistic GIP receptor (GIPR) antibody and by GIPR deficiency. Additionally, centrally administered GIP reduced anorectic actions of insulin in the brain and diminished insulin-induced phosphorylation of Protein kinase B and Glycogen synthase kinase 3β in the hypothalamus. Collectively, these findings reveal a previously unrecognized role for brain GIP signaling in diet-induced inflammation and insulin resistance in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Fu
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kaneko
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Hsiao-Yun Lin
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Qianxing Mo
- Dan L Duncan Cancer Center and Center for Cell Gene & Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Present address: Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Yong Xu
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Takayoshi Suganami
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Peter Ravn
- AstraZeneca, R&D BioPharmaceuticals Unit, Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, Cambridge, UK
| | - Makoto Fukuda
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Correspondence: Makoto Fukuda, Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. E-mail:
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32
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Samms RJ, Coghlan MP, Sloop KW. How May GIP Enhance the Therapeutic Efficacy of GLP-1? Trends Endocrinol Metab 2020; 31:410-421. [PMID: 32396843 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists improve glucose homeostasis, reduce bodyweight, and over time benefit cardiovascular health in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, dose-related gastrointestinal effects limit efficacy, and therefore agents possessing GLP-1 pharmacology that can also target alternative pathways may expand the therapeutic index. One approach is to engineer GLP-1 activity into the sequence of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). Although the therapeutic implications of the lipogenic actions of GIP are debated, its ability to improve lipid and glucose metabolism is especially evident when paired with the anorexigenic mechanism of GLP-1. We review the complexity of GIP in regulating adipose tissue function and energy balance in the context of recent findings in T2DM showing that dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist therapy produces profound weight loss, glycemic control, and lipid lowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo J Samms
- Diabetes and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Matthew P Coghlan
- Diabetes and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kyle W Sloop
- Diabetes and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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GIP as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease-A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041509. [PMID: 32098413 PMCID: PMC7073149 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) are gut hormones that are secreted from enteroendocrine L cells and K cells in response to digested nutrients, respectively. They are also referred to incretin for their ability to stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells in a glucose-dependent manner. Furthermore, GLP-1 exerts anorexic effects via its actions in the central nervous system. Since native incretin is rapidly inactivated by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), DPP-resistant GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), and DPP-4 inhibitors are currently used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes as incretin-based therapy. These new-class agents have superiority to classical oral hypoglycemic agents such as sulfonylureas because of their low risks for hypoglycemia and body weight gain. In addition, a number of preclinical studies have shown the cardioprotective properties of incretin-based therapy, whose findings are further supported by several randomized clinical trials. Indeed, GLP-1RA has been significantly shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular and renal events in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, the role of GIP in cardiovascular disease remains to be elucidated. Recently, pharmacological doses of GIP receptor agonists (GIPRAs) have been found to exert anti-obesity effects in animal models. These observations suggest that combination therapy of GLP-1R and GIPR may induce superior metabolic and anti-diabetic effects compared with each agonist individually. Clinical trials with GLP-1R/GIPR dual agonists are ongoing in diabetic patients. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the cardiovascular effects of GIP and GIPRAs in cell culture systems, animal models, and humans.
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Riuzzi F, Chiappalupi S, Arcuri C, Giambanco I, Sorci G, Donato R. S100 proteins in obesity: liaisons dangereuses. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:129-147. [PMID: 31363816 PMCID: PMC11104817 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03257-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is an endemic pathophysiological condition and a comorbidity associated with hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cancer. The adipose tissue of obese subjects shows hypertrophic adipocytes, adipocyte hyperplasia, and chronic low-grade inflammation. S100 proteins are Ca2+-binding proteins exclusively expressed in vertebrates in a cell-specific manner. They have been implicated in the regulation of a variety of functions acting as intracellular Ca2+ sensors transducing the Ca2+ signal and extracellular factors affecting cellular activity via ligation of a battery of membrane receptors. Certain S100 proteins, namely S100A4, the S100A8/S100A9 heterodimer and S100B, have been implicated in the pathophysiology of obesity-promoting macrophage-based inflammation via toll-like receptor 4 and/or receptor for advanced glycation end-products ligation. Also, serum levels of S100A4, S100A8/S100A9, S100A12, and S100B correlate with insulin resistance/type 2 diabetes, metabolic risk score, and fat cell size. Yet, secreted S100B appears to exert neurotrophic effects on sympathetic fibers in brown adipose tissue contributing to the larger sympathetic innervation of this latter relative to white adipose tissue. In the present review we first briefly introduce S100 proteins and then critically examine their role(s) in adipose tissue and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Riuzzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Perugia Medical School, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), University of Perugia, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Sara Chiappalupi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Perugia Medical School, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), University of Perugia, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Cataldo Arcuri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Perugia Medical School, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ileana Giambanco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Perugia Medical School, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Sorci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Perugia Medical School, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), University of Perugia, 06132, Perugia, Italy
- Centro Universitario di Ricerca sulla Genomica Funzionale, University of Perugia, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Rosario Donato
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Perugia Medical School, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy.
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Shah FA, Mahmud H, Gallego-Martin T, Jurczak MJ, O’Donnell CP, McVerry BJ. Therapeutic Effects of Endogenous Incretin Hormones and Exogenous Incretin-Based Medications in Sepsis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:5274-5284. [PMID: 31216011 PMCID: PMC6763279 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2019-00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis, a complex disorder characterized by a dysregulated immune response to an inciting infection, affects over one million Americans annually. Dysglycemia during sepsis hospitalization confers increased risk of organ dysfunction and death, and novel targets for the treatment of sepsis and maintenance of glucose homeostasis are needed. Incretin hormones are secreted by enteroendocrine cells in response to enteral nutrients and potentiate insulin release from pancreatic β cells in a glucose-dependent manner, thereby reducing the risk of insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Incretin hormones also reduce systemic inflammation in preclinical studies, but studies of incretins in the setting of sepsis are limited. METHODS In this bench-to-bedside mini-review, we detail the evidence to support incretin hormones as a therapeutic target in patients with sepsis. We performed a PubMed search using the medical subject headings "incretins," "glucagon-like peptide-1," "gastric inhibitory peptide," "inflammation," and "sepsis." RESULTS Incretin-based therapies decrease immune cell activation, inhibit proinflammatory cytokine release, and reduce organ dysfunction and mortality in preclinical models of sepsis. Several small clinical trials in critically ill patients have suggested potential benefit in glycemic control using exogenous incretin infusions, but these studies had limited power and were performed in mixed populations. Further clinical studies examining incretins specifically in septic populations are needed. CONCLUSIONS Targeting the incretin hormone axis in sepsis may provide a means of not only promoting euglycemia in sepsis but also attenuating the proinflammatory response and improving clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraaz Ali Shah
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Veteran Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Faraaz Ali Shah, MD, MPH, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 3459 Fifth Avenue NW, 628 MUH, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213. E-mail:
| | - Hussain Mahmud
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Teresa Gallego-Martin
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael J Jurczak
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher P O’Donnell
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Bryan J McVerry
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Center for Medicine and the Microbiome, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Verón HE, Gauffin Cano P, Fabersani E, Sanz Y, Isla MI, Fernández Espinar MT, Gil Ponce JV, Torres S. Cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) juice fermented with autochthonous Lactobacillus plantarum S-811. Food Funct 2019; 10:1085-1097. [PMID: 30720817 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01591k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed at investigating the lactic fermentation of cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) fruit juice with the autochthonous and potentially probiotic strain Lactobacillus plantarum S-811. L. plantarum S-811 was able to quickly acidify the juice with a decrease in the pH from 5.5 to 3.7 and a production of 5.06 g l-1 of lactic acid. Fermentation of cactus pear juice led to conservation of its health-promoting properties and it markedly promoted antioxidant mechanisms in yeast cells, showing in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae model a protective effect of up to 11 times against H2O2 (4 mM), compared to yeasts not supplemented with the fermented juice. Administration of fermented juice to obese mice caused a significant decrease in the body weight gain and ameliorated the insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipemia that characterize obesity. These results reveal the potential of the cactus pear juice fermented with L. plantarum S-811 as a functional beverage for the prevention of obesity and related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernán E Verón
- Instituto de Bioprospección y Fisiología Vegetal (INBIOFIV) - CONICET, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina.
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Gong M, Wu Z, Xu S, Li L, Wang X, Guan X, Zhang H. Increased risk for the development of postoperative severe hypoxemia in obese women with acute type a aortic dissection. J Cardiothorac Surg 2019; 14:81. [PMID: 31023343 PMCID: PMC6482483 DOI: 10.1186/s13019-019-0888-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study is to identify the risk factors for postoperative severe hypoxemia after surgery for acute type A aortic dissection. METHODS This was a single-center retrospective study including 112 consecutive patients undergoing urgent aortic arch surgery for acute type A aortic dissection between December 2016 and April 2017 at Beijing Anzhen Hospital. RESULTS Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified female (OR, 12.978; 95% CI, 3.332 to 50.546; p < 0.001) and increased body mass index (OR, 1.473; 95% CI, 1.213 to 1.789; p < 0.001) as independent predictors of postoperative severe hypoxemia in patients with acute type A aortic dissection. CONCLUSIONS Obesity and female were independent risk factors for postoperative severe hypoxemia in patients with acute type A aortic dissection. More attention should be paid to preventing postoperative severe hypoxemia in obese women with acute type A aortic dissection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Gong
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Beijing Aortic Disease Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Laboratory for Cardiovascular Precision Medicine, and Beijing Engineering Research Center of Vascular Prostheses, No.2 Anzhen Street, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Zining Wu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Beijing Aortic Disease Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Laboratory for Cardiovascular Precision Medicine, and Beijing Engineering Research Center of Vascular Prostheses, No.2 Anzhen Street, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Shijun Xu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Beijing Aortic Disease Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Laboratory for Cardiovascular Precision Medicine, and Beijing Engineering Research Center of Vascular Prostheses, No.2 Anzhen Street, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Beijing Aortic Disease Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Laboratory for Cardiovascular Precision Medicine, and Beijing Engineering Research Center of Vascular Prostheses, No.2 Anzhen Street, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Beijing Aortic Disease Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Laboratory for Cardiovascular Precision Medicine, and Beijing Engineering Research Center of Vascular Prostheses, No.2 Anzhen Street, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Xinliang Guan
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Beijing Aortic Disease Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Laboratory for Cardiovascular Precision Medicine, and Beijing Engineering Research Center of Vascular Prostheses, No.2 Anzhen Street, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Hongjia Zhang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Beijing Aortic Disease Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Laboratory for Cardiovascular Precision Medicine, and Beijing Engineering Research Center of Vascular Prostheses, No.2 Anzhen Street, Beijing, 100029 China
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Mantelmacher FD, Zvibel I, Cohen K, Epshtein A, Pasmanik-Chor M, Vogl T, Kuperman Y, Weiss S, Drucker DJ, Varol C, Fishman S. GIP regulates inflammation and body weight by restraining myeloid-cell-derived S100A8/A9. Nat Metab 2019; 1:58-69. [PMID: 32694806 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-018-0001-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells relay energy-derived signals to immune cells to signal states of nutrient abundance and control immunometabolism. Emerging data suggest that the gut-derived nutrient-induced incretin glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) operates at the interface of metabolism and inflammation. Here we show that high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice with immune cell-targeted GIP receptor (GIPR) deficiency exhibit greater weight gain, insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis and significant myelopoiesis concomitantly with impaired energy expenditure and inguinal white adipose tissue (WAT) beiging. Expression of the S100 calcium-binding protein S100A8 was increased in the WAT of mice with immune cell-targeted GIPR deficiency and co-deletion of GIPR and the heterodimer S100A8/A9 in immune cells ameliorated the aggravated metabolic and inflammatory phenotype following a HFD. Specific GIPR deletion in myeloid cells identified this lineage as the target of GIP effects. Furthermore, GIP directly downregulated S100A8 expression in adipose tissue macrophages. Collectively, our results identify a myeloid-GIPR-S100A8/A9 signalling axis coupling nutrient signals to the control of inflammation and adaptive thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Dana Mantelmacher
- The Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Isabel Zvibel
- The Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Keren Cohen
- The Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Alona Epshtein
- The Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Thomas Vogl
- Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Yael Kuperman
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shai Weiss
- The Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- The Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chen Varol
- The Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Sigal Fishman
- The Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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JAZF1 Inhibits Adipose Tissue Macrophages and Adipose Tissue Inflammation in Diet-Induced Diabetic Mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:4507659. [PMID: 29765984 PMCID: PMC5885486 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4507659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Juxtaposed with another zinc finger gene 1 (JAZF1) affects gluconeogenesis, insulin sensitivity, lipid metabolism, and inflammation, but its exact role in chronic inflammation remains unclear. This study aimed to examine JAZF1 overexpression in vivo on adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs). Methods Mouse models of high-fat diet- (HFD-) induced insulin resistance were induced using C57BL/6J and JAZF1-overexpressing (JAZF1-OX) mice. The mice were randomized (8–10/group) to C57BL/6J mice fed regular diet (RD) (NC group), C57BL/6J mice fed HFD (HF group), JAZF1-OX mice fed RD (NJ group), and JAZF1-OX mice fed HFD (HJ group). Adipose tissue was harvested 12 weeks later. ATMs were evaluated by flow cytometry. Inflammatory markers were evaluated by ELISA. Results JAZF1-OX mice had lower blood lipids, blood glucose, body weight, fat weight, and inflammatory markers compared with HF mice (all P < 0.05). JAZF1 overexpression decreased ATM number and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. JAZF1 overexpression decreased total CD4+ T cells, active T cells, and memory T cells and increased Treg cells. JAZF1 overexpression downregulated IFN-γ and IL-17 levels and upregulated IL-4 levels. JAZF1 overexpression decreased MHCII, CD40, and CD86 in total ATM, CD11c+ ATM, and CD206+ ATM. Conclusions JAZF1 limits adipose tissue inflammation by limiting macrophage populations and restricting their antigen presentation function.
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Nauck MA, Meier JJ. Incretin hormones: Their role in health and disease. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20 Suppl 1:5-21. [PMID: 29364588 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Incretin hormones are gut peptides that are secreted after nutrient intake and stimulate insulin secretion together with hyperglycaemia. GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide) und GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) are the known incretin hormones from the upper (GIP, K cells) and lower (GLP-1, L cells) gut. Together, they are responsible for the incretin effect: a two- to three-fold higher insulin secretory response to oral as compared to intravenous glucose administration. In subjects with type 2 diabetes, this incretin effect is diminished or no longer present. This is the consequence of a substantially reduced effectiveness of GIP on the diabetic endocrine pancreas, and of the negligible physiological role of GLP-1 in mediating the incretin effect even in healthy subjects. However, the insulinotropic and glucagonostatic effects of GLP-1 are preserved in subjects with type 2 diabetes to the degree that pharmacological stimulation of GLP-1 receptors significantly reduces plasma glucose and improves glycaemic control. Thus, it has become a parent compound of incretin-based glucose-lowering medications (GLP-1 receptor agonists and inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 or DPP-4). GLP-1, in addition, has multiple effects on various organ systems. Most relevant are a reduction in appetite and food intake, leading to weight loss in the long term. Since GLP-1 secretion from the gut seems to be impaired in obese subjects, this may even indicate a role in the pathophysiology of obesity. Along these lines, an increased secretion of GLP-1 induced by delivering nutrients to lower parts of the small intestines (rich in L cells) may be one factor (among others like peptide YY) explaining weight loss and improvements in glycaemic control after bariatric surgery (e.g., Roux-en-Y gastric bypass). GIP and GLP-1, originally characterized as incretin hormones, have additional effects in adipose cells, bone, and the cardiovascular system. Especially, the latter have received attention based on recent findings that GLP-1 receptor agonists such as liraglutide reduce cardiovascular events and prolong life in high-risk patients with type 2 diabetes. Thus, incretin hormones have an important role physiologically, namely they are involved in the pathophysiology of obesity and type 2 diabetes, and they have therapeutic potential that can be traced to well-characterized physiological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Nauck
- Diabetes Center Bochum-Hattingen, Medical Department I, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Juris J Meier
- Diabetes Center Bochum-Hattingen, Medical Department I, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
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Worthington JJ, Reimann F, Gribble FM. Enteroendocrine cells-sensory sentinels of the intestinal environment and orchestrators of mucosal immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:3-20. [PMID: 28853441 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium must balance efficient absorption of nutrients with partitioning commensals and pathogens from the bodies' largest immune system. If this crucial barrier fails, inappropriate immune responses can result in inflammatory bowel disease or chronic infection. Enteroendocrine cells represent 1% of this epithelium and have classically been studied for their detection of nutrients and release of peptide hormones to mediate digestion. Intriguingly, enteroendocrine cells are the key sensors of microbial metabolites, can release cytokines in response to pathogen associated molecules and peptide hormone receptors are expressed on numerous intestinal immune cells; thus enteroendocrine cells are uniquely equipped to be crucial and novel orchestrators of intestinal inflammation. In this review, we introduce enteroendocrine chemosensory roles, summarize studies correlating enteroendocrine perturbations with intestinal inflammation and describe the mechanistic interactions by which enteroendocrine and mucosal immune cells interact during disease; highlighting this immunoendocrine axis as a key aspect of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Worthington
- Lancaster University, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster, Lancashire, UK
| | - F Reimann
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science & MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - F M Gribble
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science & MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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Chen FC, Shen KP, Chen JB, Lin HL, Hao CL, Yen HW, Shaw SY. PGBR extract ameliorates TNF-α induced insulin resistance in hepatocytes. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2017; 34:14-21. [PMID: 29310812 DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-germinated brown rice (PGBR) could ameliorate metabolic syndrome, however, not much research estimates the effect of PGBR extract on insulin resistance. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of PGBR extract in TNF-α induced insulin resistance. HepG2 cells, hepatocytes, were cultured in DMEM medium and added with 5 μM insulin or with insulin and 30 ng/ml TNF-α or with insulin, TNF-α and PGBR extract (50, 100, 300 μg/ml). The glucose levels of the medium were decreased by insulin, demonstrating insulin promoted glucose uptake into cell. However, TNF-α inhibited glucose uptake into cells treated with insulin. Moreover, insulin increased the protein expressions of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-α (PI3K-α), serine/threonine kinase PI3K-linked protein kinase B (Akt/PKB), glucose transporter-2 (GLUT-2), glucokinase (GCK), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) and PPAR-γ. TNF-α activated p65 and MAPKs (JNK1/2 and ERK1/2) which worsened the expressions of AMPK, IRS-1, PI3K-α, Akt/PKB, GLUT-2, GCK, glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), PPAR-α and PPAR-γ. Once this relationship was established, we added PGBR extract to cell with insulin and TNF-α. We found glucose levels of medium were lowered and that the protein expressions of AMPK, IRS-1, PI3K-α, Akt/PKB, GLUT-2, GCK, GSK-3, PPAR-α, PPAR-γ and p65, JNK1/2 were also recovered. In conclusion, this study found that TNF-α inhibited insulin stimulated glucose uptake and aggravated related proteins expressions, suggesting that it might cause insulin resistance. PGBR extract was found to ameliorate this TNF-α induced insulin resistance, suggesting that it might be used in the future to help control insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Chih Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Ping Shen
- Department of Nursing, Meiho University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Bor Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Li Lin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Meiho University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Long Hao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pingtung Christian Hospital, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Wei Yen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shyh-Yu Shaw
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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CYP2J2 and Its Metabolites EETs Attenuate Insulin Resistance via Regulating Macrophage Polarization in Adipose Tissue. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46743. [PMID: 28440284 PMCID: PMC5404269 DOI: 10.1038/srep46743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages in adipose tissue are associated with obesity-induced low-grade inflammation, which contributed to insulin resistance and the related metabolic diseases. Previous studies demonstrated the beneficial effects of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) on metabolic disorders and inflammation. Here we investigated the effects of CYP2J2-EETs-sEH metabolic pathway on insulin resistance in mice and the potential mechanisms. High fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity caused metabolic dysfunction with more weight gain, elevated glucose and lipids levels, impaired glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, while increase in EETs level by rAAV-mediated CYP2J2 overexpression, administration of sEH inhibit TUPS or EETs infusion significantly attenuated these metabolic disorders. EETs inhibited macrophages recruitment to adipose tissue and their switch to classically activated macrophage (M1) phenotype, while preserved the alternatively activated macrophage (M2) phenotype, which was accompanied by substantially reduced adipose tissue and systemic inflammation and insulin resistance. In vitro studies further clarified the effects of EETs on macrophage infiltration and polarization, and microarray assays showed that cAMP-EPAC signaling pathway was involved in these processes. Collectively, these results described key beneficial immune-regulatory properties and metabolic regulation of CYP2J2-EETs-sEH metabolic pathway, and indicated therapeutic potential of EETs in obesity-induced insulin resistance and related inflammatory diseases through modulating macrophage polarization targeting cAMP-EPAC signaling pathway.
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Mantelmacher FD, Fishman S, Cohen K, Pasmanik Chor M, Yamada Y, Zvibel I, Varol C. Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide Receptor Deficiency Leads to Impaired Bone Marrow Hematopoiesis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3089-3098. [PMID: 28250160 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The bone marrow (BM) contains controlled specialized microenvironments, or niches, that regulate the quiescence, proliferation, and differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC). The glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is a gut-derived incretin hormone that mediates postprandial insulin secretion and has anabolic effects on adipose tissue. Previous studies demonstrated altered bone microarchitecture in mice deficient for GIP receptor (Gipr-/- ), as well as the expression of high-affinity GIP receptor by distinct cells constructing the BM HSPC niche. Nevertheless, the involvement of GIP in the process of BM hematopoiesis remains elusive. In this article, we show significantly reduced representation and proliferation of HSPC and myeloid progenitors in the BM of Gipr-/- mice. This was further manifested by reduced levels of BM and circulating differentiated immune cells in young and old adult mice. Moreover, GIP signaling was required for the establishment of supportive BM HSPC niches during HSPC repopulation in radioablated BM chimera mice. Finally, molecular profiling of various factors involved in retention, survival, and expansion of HSPC revealed significantly lower expression of the Notch-receptor ligands Jagged 1 and Jagged 2 in osteoblast-enriched bone extracts from Gipr-/- mice, which are important for HSPC expansion. In addition, there was increased expression of CXCL12, a factor important for HSPC retention and quiescence, in whole-BM extracts from Gipr-/- mice. Collectively, our data suggest that the metabolic hormone GIP plays an important role in BM hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Dana Mantelmacher
- The Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 64239, Israel
| | - Sigal Fishman
- The Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 64239, Israel
| | - Keren Cohen
- The Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 64239, Israel
| | - Metsada Pasmanik Chor
- Bioinformatics Unit, G.S. Wise Faculty of Life Science, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel; and
| | - Yuichiro Yamada
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Geriatric Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Isabel Zvibel
- The Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 64239, Israel
| | - Chen Varol
- The Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 64239, Israel;
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Sheng W, Yang HQ, Chi YF, Niu ZZ, Lin MS, Long S. Independent risk factors for hypoxemia after surgery for acute aortic dissection. Saudi Med J 2016. [PMID: 26219444 PMCID: PMC4549590 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2015.8.11583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To determine risk factors associated with postoperative hypoxemia after surgery for acute type A aortic dissection. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 192 patients with acute type A aortic dissection who underwent surgery in Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China between January 2007 and December 2013. Patients were divided into hypoxemia group (n=55) [arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2)/fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) ≤200 mm Hg] and non-hypoxemia group (n=137) [PaO2/FiO2 >200 mm Hg]. Perioperative clinical data were analyzed and compared between the 2 groups. Results: The incidence of postoperative hypoxemia after surgery for acute aortic dissection was 28.6% (55/192). Perioperative death occurred in 13 patients (6.8%). Multivariate regression identified body mass index (BMI) >25 kg/m2 (OR=21.929, p=0.000), deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) (OR=11.551, p=0.000), preoperative PaO2/FiO2 ≤300 mm Hg (OR=7.830, p=0.000) and blood transfusion >6U in 24 hours postoperatively (OR=12.037, p=0.000) as independent predictors of postoperative hypoxemia for patients undergoing Stanford A aortic dissection surgery. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that BMI >25 kg/m2, DHCA, preoperative PaO2/FiO2 ≤300 mm Hg, and blood transfusion in 24 hours postoperatively >6U were independent risk factors of the hypoxemia after acute type A aortic dissection aneurysm surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China. E-mail.
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Finan B, Müller TD, Clemmensen C, Perez-Tilve D, DiMarchi RD, Tschöp MH. Reappraisal of GIP Pharmacology for Metabolic Diseases. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:359-376. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Suzuki Y, Nakamura N, Miyabe M, Nishikawa T, Miyajima SI, Adachi K, Mizutani M, Kikuchi T, Miyazawa K, Goto S, Tsukiyama K, Yamada Y, Ohno N, Noguchi T, Mitani A, Matsubara T, Naruse K. Anti-inflammatory role of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide in periodontitis. J Diabetes Investig 2016; 7:497-505. [PMID: 27181102 PMCID: PMC4931199 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims/Introduction The involvement of glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) on inflammation was explored in atherosclerosis and adipose tissue. Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory disease, and is considered one of the diabetic complications. In the present study, to examine the effect of GIP on periodontitis, we induced experimental periodontitis in glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor‐knockout mice (GIPRKO). We also investigated the anti‐inflammatory effect of GIP in a culture system. Materials and Methods Experimental periodontitis was induced by ligature wire in GIPRKO and C57BL/C mice. Two weeks after the ligature, immunohistological evaluation and inflammatory messenger ribonucleic acid expression in the gingiva was examined. To elucidate the role of GIP in inflammation, the effects of GIP on lipopolysaccharide‐induced gene expressions in THP‐1 cells were evaluated. Results Periodontitis increased inflammatory cell infiltration, macrophage accumulation and tumor necrosis factor‐α and nitric oxide synthase gene expressions in the gingiva. Periodontitis in GIPRKO showed a marked increase of inflammatory cells in the gingivomucosal tissue. Mac‐1‐positive macrophages and the inflammatory gene expressions were significantly increased in periodontitis in GIPRKO compared with C57BL/C mice periodontitis. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed that GIP receptors were expressed in residual and infiltrated Mac‐1‐positive macrophages. The in vitro study showed that GIP suppressed lipopolysaccharide‐induced tumor necrosis factor‐α and nitric oxide synthase gene expression in a dose‐dependent manner. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of GIP on lipopolysaccharide‐induced inflammatory gene expressions was at least partially through cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A pathway. Conclusions These results suggest the beneficial effects of GIP on periodontal disease. In diabetic patients, GIP is expected to have a direct anti‐inflammatory effect on periodontitis in addition to its glucose‐lowering effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Suzuki
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Nakamura
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Megumi Miyabe
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toru Nishikawa
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Miyajima
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kei Adachi
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Makoto Mizutani
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kikuchi
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ken Miyazawa
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shigemi Goto
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Katsushi Tsukiyama
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Yamada
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Norikazu Ohno
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshihide Noguchi
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akio Mitani
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tatsuaki Matsubara
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keiko Naruse
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
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Han F, Li G, Dai S, Huang J. Genome-wide metabolic model to improve understanding of CD4+ T cell metabolism, immunometabolism and application in drug design. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 12:431-43. [DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00480b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Model-based investigation of the metabolism and immunometabolism of CD4+ T cells (CD4T1670) and the application of CD4T1670 in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution
- Kunming Institute of Zoology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Kunming
- China
| | - Gonghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution
- Kunming Institute of Zoology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Kunming
- China
| | - Shaoxing Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution
- Kunming Institute of Zoology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Kunming
- China
| | - Jingfei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution
- Kunming Institute of Zoology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Kunming
- China
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Renner S, Blutke A, Streckel E, Wanke R, Wolf E. Incretin actions and consequences of incretin-based therapies: lessons from complementary animal models. J Pathol 2015; 238:345-58. [DOI: 10.1002/path.4655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Renner
- Gene Centre, Centre for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM) and German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD); Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Germany
| | - Andreas Blutke
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Germany
| | - Elisabeth Streckel
- Gene Centre, Centre for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM) and German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD); Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Germany
| | - Rüdiger Wanke
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Gene Centre, Centre for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM) and German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD); Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Germany
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Abstract
AbstractEnergy restriction (ER; also known as caloric restriction) is the only nutritional intervention that has repeatedly been shown to increase lifespan in model organisms and may delay ageing in humans. In the present review we discuss current scientific literature on ER and its molecular, metabolic and hormonal effects. Moreover, criteria for the classification of substances that might induce positive ER-like changes without having to reduce energy intake are summarised. Additionally, the putative ER mimetics (ERM) 2-deoxy-d-glucose, metformin, rapamycin, resveratrol, spermidine and lipoic acid and their suggested molecular targets are discussed. While there are reports on these ERM candidates that describe lifespan extension in model organisms, data on longevity-inducing effects in higher organisms such as mice remain controversial or are missing. Furthermore, some of these candidates produce detrimental side effects such as immunosuppression or lactic acidosis, or have not been tested for safety in long-term studies. Up to now, there are no known ERM that could be recommended without limitations for use in humans.
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