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Fooksman DR, Jing Z, Park R. New insights into the ontogeny, diversity, maturation and survival of long-lived plasma cells. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:461-470. [PMID: 38332373 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-00991-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Plasma cells are unique immune effectors, capable of producing large amounts of high-affinity antibodies that protect against pathogenic infections. Although most plasma cells have short lifespans, certain conditions or vaccinations can give rise to long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs) that provide individuals with lifelong protection against pathogen exposure. The nature of these LLPCs is poorly understood; however, recent studies have shed new light on the ontogeny, diversity, maturation and survival of these unique cells. Whereas LLPCs had been thought to arise preferentially from germinal centres, novel genetic tools have revealed that they can originate from various stages throughout the humoral response. Furthermore, new single-cell analyses have shown that mouse and human plasma cells are heterogeneous and may undergo further maturation in situ in the bone marrow niche. Finally, plasma cells were previously considered to be sessile cells maintained in fixed survival niches, but new data show that plasma cell subsets can differentially migrate and organize into clusters that may be associated with survival niches. These descriptive findings provide new insights into how cell-intrinsic programmes and extrinsic factors may regulate the longevity of plasma cells in various contexts, which suggest new research avenues for their functional validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Fooksman
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Zhixin Jing
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rosa Park
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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2
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Pacheco GA, Rao V, Yoo DK, Saghaei S, Tong P, Kumar S, Marini-Rapoport O, Allahyari Z, Moghaddam AS, Esbati R, Alirezaee A, Parnes A, Patil SU, Wesemann DR. Origins and diversity of pan-isotype human bone marrow plasma cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.08.592267. [PMID: 38766053 PMCID: PMC11100731 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.08.592267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Bone marrow plasma cells (BMPCs) produce durable, protective IgM, IgG, and IgA antibodies, and in some cases, pro-allergic IgE antibodies, but their properties and sources are unclear. We charted single BMPC transcriptional and clonal heterogeneity in food-allergic and non-allergic individuals across CD19 protein expression given its inverse correlation to BMPC longevity. Transcriptional and clonal diversity revealed distinct functional profiles. Additionally, distribution of somatic hypermutation and intraclonal antibody sequence variance suggest that CD19low and CD19high BMPCs arise from recalled memory and germinal center B cells, respectively. Most IgE BMPCs were from peanut-allergic individuals; two out of 32 from independent donors bound peanut antigens in vitro and in vivo. These findings shed light on BMPC origins and highlight the bone marrow as a source of pathogenic IgE in peanut allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaspar A. Pacheco
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02124, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vishal Rao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02124, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Duck Kyun Yoo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02124, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shahab Saghaei
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02124, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pei Tong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02124, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02124, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Orlee Marini-Rapoport
- Food Allergy Center and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zahra Allahyari
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02124, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ali S. Moghaddam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02124, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Romina Esbati
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02124, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aida Alirezaee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02124, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aric Parnes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sarita U. Patil
- Food Allergy Center and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Duane R. Wesemann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02124, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness; Boston, MA 02115, USA
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3
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Pioli KT, Ritchie M, Haq H, Pioli PD. Jchain- DTR Mice Allow for Diphtheria Toxin-Mediated Depletion of Antibody-Secreting Cells and Evaluation of Their Differentiation Kinetics. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.06.592703. [PMID: 38766257 PMCID: PMC11100621 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.06.592703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) are generated following B cell activation and constitutively secrete antibodies. As such, ASCs are key mediators of humoral immunity whether it be in the context of pathogen exposure, vaccination or even homeostatic clearance of cellular debris. Therefore, understanding basic tenants of ASC biology such as their differentiation kinetics following B cell stimulation is of importance. Towards that aim, we developed a mouse model which expresses simian HBEGF (a.k.a., diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR)) under the control of the endogenous Jchain locus (or J-DTR). ASCs from these mice expressed high levels of cell surface DTR and were acutely depleted following diphtheria toxin treatment. Furthermore, proof-of-principle experiments demonstrated the ability to use these mice to track ASC reconstitution following depletion in 3 distinct organs. Overall, J-DTR mice provide a new and highly effective genetic tool allowing for the study of ASC biology in a wide range of potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- KimAnh T. Pioli
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5E5 Canada
| | - Matthew Ritchie
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5E5 Canada
| | - Hira Haq
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5E5 Canada
| | - Peter D. Pioli
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5E5 Canada
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4
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Satitsuksanoa P, Iwasaki S, Boersma J, Bel Imam M, Schneider SR, Chang I, van de Veen W, Akdis M. B cells: The many facets of B cells in allergic diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 152:567-581. [PMID: 37247640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
B cells play a key role in our immune system through their ability to produce antibodies, suppress a proinflammatory state, and contribute to central immune tolerance. We aim to provide an in-depth knowledge of the molecular biology of B cells, including their origin, developmental process, types and subsets, and functions. In allergic diseases, B cells are well known to induce and maintain immune tolerance through the production of suppressor cytokines such as IL-10. Similarly, B cells protect against viral infections such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 that caused the recent coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Considering the unique and multifaceted functions of B cells, we hereby provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge of B-cell biology and its clinical applications in allergic diseases, organ transplantation, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattraporn Satitsuksanoa
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland.
| | - Sayuri Iwasaki
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland; Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jolien Boersma
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland; Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Manal Bel Imam
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Stephan R Schneider
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Iris Chang
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland; Sean N. Parker Centre for Allergy and Asthma Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Willem van de Veen
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland.
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5
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Duan M, Nguyen DC, Joyner CJ, Saney CL, Tipton CM, Andrews J, Lonial S, Kim C, Hentenaar I, Kosters A, Ghosn E, Jackson A, Knechtle S, Maruthamuthu S, Chandran S, Martin T, Rajalingam R, Vincenti F, Breeden C, Sanz I, Gibson G, Lee FEH. Understanding heterogeneity of human bone marrow plasma cell maturation and survival pathways by single-cell analyses. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112682. [PMID: 37355988 PMCID: PMC10391632 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human bone marrow (BM) plasma cells are heterogeneous, ranging from newly arrived antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) to long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs). We provide single-cell transcriptional resolution of 17,347 BM ASCs from five healthy adults. Fifteen clusters are identified ranging from newly minted ASCs (cluster 1) expressing MKI67 and high major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II that progress to late clusters 5-8 through intermediate clusters 2-4. Additional ASC clusters include the following: immunoglobulin (Ig) M predominant (likely of extra-follicular origin), interferon responsive, and high mitochondrial activity. Late ASCs are distinguished by G2M checkpoints, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, distinct metabolic pathways, CD38 expression, utilization of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-receptor superfamily members, and two distinct maturation pathways involving TNF signaling through nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). This study provides a single-cell atlas and molecular roadmap of LLPC maturation trajectories essential in the BM microniche. Altogether, understanding BM ASC heterogeneity in health and disease enables development of new strategies to enhance protective ASCs and to deplete pathogenic ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixue Duan
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Doan C Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chester J Joyner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Celia L Saney
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christopher M Tipton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joel Andrews
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sagar Lonial
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Caroline Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ian Hentenaar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Astrid Kosters
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eliver Ghosn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Annette Jackson
- Departments of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Stalinraja Maruthamuthu
- Immunogenetics and Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sindhu Chandran
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tom Martin
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Raja Rajalingam
- Immunogenetics and Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Flavio Vincenti
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cynthia Breeden
- Emory Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Greg Gibson
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - F Eun-Hyung Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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6
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Orozco-Uribe M, Maqueda-Alfaro R, Hernández-Cázares F, Saucedo-Campos AD, Donis-Maturano L, Calderón-Amador J, Flores-Romo L, Ortiz-Navarrete V, Hernández-Hernández JM. Early Appearance of Functional Plasma Cells (CD138+CD98+) in Non-immunized Neonate Mice. Immunol Lett 2023; 259:9-20. [PMID: 37225058 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plasma cells (PCs) are terminally differentiated antibody-secreting cells, derived from activated B-lymphocytes in response to either T-independent or T-dependent antigens. The plasma cell population is scarce in circulation in non-immunized individuals. It is established that neonates are incapable of mounting an efficient immune response due to the immaturity of the immune system. However, this disadvantage is well overcome through the antibodies neonates receive from breastmilk. This implies that neonates will be only protected against antigens the mother had previously encountered. Thus, the child might be potentially susceptible to new antigens. This issue prompted us to seek for the presence of PCs in non-immunized neonate mice. We found a PC population identified as CD138+/CD98+ cells since day one after birth. These PCs were positive for Ki67 and expressed Blimp-1, B220, and CD19, which suggests the populations are plasmablasts and PCs with heterogeneous phenotype. These PCs were also determined to secrete antibodies, although mainly isotype IgM. Altogether, the results indicated that neonate PCs can produce antibodies against antigens they encounter in the first weeks of life, most likely coming from food, colonizing microbiota, or the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Orozco-Uribe
- Cell Biology Department, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - R Maqueda-Alfaro
- Cell Biology Department, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - F Hernández-Cázares
- Cell Biology Department, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - A D Saucedo-Campos
- Pediatrics Department, Tlalnepantla Regional Hospital ISSEMYM, Av. Paseo del Ferrocarril 88, Los Reyes Iztacala, 54055, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Mexico
| | - L Donis-Maturano
- Medicine School, Facultad de Estudios Superiores (FES)-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México (UNAM), Av. De Los Barrios 1, 54090, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Mexico
| | - J Calderón-Amador
- Cell Biology Department, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - L Flores-Romo
- Cell Biology Department, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - V Ortiz-Navarrete
- Molecular Biomedicine Department, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J M Hernández-Hernández
- Cell Biology Department, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico.
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7
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Robinson MJ, Ding Z, Dowling MR, Hill DL, Webster RH, McKenzie C, Pitt C, O'Donnell K, Mulder J, Brodie E, Hodgkin PD, Wong NC, Quast I, Tarlinton DM. Intrinsically determined turnover underlies broad heterogeneity in plasma-cell lifespan. Immunity 2023:S1074-7613(23)00183-8. [PMID: 37164016 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies produced by antibody-secreting plasma cells (ASCs) underlie multiple forms of long-lasting immunity. Here we examined the mechanisms regulating ASC turnover and persistence using a genetic reporter to time-stamp ASCs. This approach revealed ASC lifespans as heterogeneous and falling on a continuum, with only a small fraction surviving for >60 days. ASC longevity past 60 days was independent of isotype but correlated with a phenotype that developed progressively and ultimately associated with an underlying "long-lived" ASC (LL ASC)-enriched transcriptional program. While some of the differences between LL ASCs and other ASCs appeared to be acquired with age, other features were shared with some younger ASCs, such as high CD138 and CD93. Turnover was unaffected by altered ASC production, arguing against competition for niches as a major driver of turnover. Thus, ASC turnover is set by intrinsic lifespan limits, with steady-state population dynamics governed by niche vacancy rather than displacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus James Robinson
- Department of Immunology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
| | - Zhoujie Ding
- Department of Immunology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Mark R Dowling
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Royal Melbourne Hospital and Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia; Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Danika L Hill
- Department of Immunology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Rosela H Webster
- Department of Immunology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Craig McKenzie
- Department of Immunology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Catherine Pitt
- Department of Immunology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Kristy O'Donnell
- Department of Immunology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Jesse Mulder
- Department of Immunology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Erica Brodie
- Department of Immunology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Monash Bioinformatics Platform, Central Clinical School, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Philip D Hodgkin
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Nick C Wong
- Monash Bioinformatics Platform, Central Clinical School, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Isaak Quast
- Department of Immunology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - David M Tarlinton
- Department of Immunology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
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8
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Pioli KT, Lau KH, Pioli PD. Thymus antibody-secreting cells possess an interferon gene signature and are preferentially expanded in young female mice. iScience 2023; 26:106223. [PMID: 36890795 PMCID: PMC9986522 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) are key contributors to humoral immunity through immunoglobulin production and the potential to be long-lived. ASC persistence has been recognized in the autoimmune thymus (THY); however, only recently has this population been appreciated in healthy THY tissue. We showed that the young female THY was skewed toward higher production of ASCs relative to males. However, these differences disappeared with age. In both sexes, THY ASCs included Ki-67+ plasmablasts which required CD154(CD40L) signals for their propagation. Single cell RNA-sequencing revealed that THY ASCs were enriched for an interferon responsive transcriptional signature relative to those from bone marrow and spleen. Flow cytometry confirmed that THY ASCs had increased levels of Toll-like receptor 7 as well as CD69 and major histocompatibility complex class II. Overall, we identified fundamental aspects of THY ASC biology which may be leveraged for future in depth studies of this population in both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- KimAnh T. Pioli
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5E5, Canada
| | - Kin H. Lau
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Peter D. Pioli
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5E5, Canada
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9
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Koike T, Fujii K, Kometani K, Butler NS, Funakoshi K, Yari S, Kikuta J, Ishii M, Kurosaki T, Ise W. Progressive differentiation toward the long-lived plasma cell compartment in the bone marrow. J Exp Med 2023; 220:213750. [PMID: 36515679 PMCID: PMC9754767 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The longevity of plasma cells is dependent on their ability to access and reside in so-called niches that are predominantly located in the bone marrow. Here, by employing a traceable method to label recently generated plasma cells, we showed that homeostatic plasma cells in the bone marrow and spleen were continuously replenished by newly generated B220hiMHC-IIhi populations that progressively differentiated into B220loMHC-IIlo long-lived plasma cell (LLPC) populations. We also found that, in the bone marrow, germinal center (GC)-independent and GC-dependent plasma cells decayed similarly upon NP-CGG engagement, and both entered the B220loMHC-IIlo LLPC pool. Compared with NP+B220hiMHC-IIhi plasma cells, NP+B220loMHC-IIlo cells were more immobilized in the bone marrow niches and showed better survival potential. Thus, our results suggest that the adhesion status of bone marrow plasma cells is dynamically altered during their differentiation and is associated with provision of survival signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Koike
- Regulation of Host Defense Team, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kentaro Fujii
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kohei Kometani
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Noah S Butler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kenji Funakoshi
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinya Yari
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Junichi Kikuta
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Immunology and Cell Biology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Bioimaging and Drug Discovery, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaru Ishii
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Immunology and Cell Biology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Bioimaging and Drug Discovery, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kurosaki
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan.,Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Wataru Ise
- Regulation of Host Defense Team, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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10
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Duan M, Nguyen DC, Joyner CJ, Saney CL, Tipton CM, Andrews J, Lonial S, Kim C, Hentenaar I, Kosters A, Ghosn E, Jackson A, Knechtle S, Maruthamuthu S, Chandran S, Martin T, Rajalingam R, Vincenti F, Breeden C, Sanz I, Gibson G, Eun-Hyung Lee F. Human Bone Marrow Plasma Cell Atlas: Maturation and Survival Pathways Unraveled by Single Cell Analyses. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.18.524601. [PMID: 36711623 PMCID: PMC9882341 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.18.524601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Human bone marrow (BM) plasma cells are heterogeneous, ranging from newly arrived antibody-secreting cells (ASC) to long-lived plasma cells (LLPC). We provide single cell transcriptional resolution of 17,347 BM ASC from 5 healthy adults. Fifteen clusters were identified ranging from newly minted ASC (cluster 1) expressing MKI67 and high MHC Class II that progressed to late clusters 5-8 through intermediate clusters 2-4. Additional clusters included early and late IgM-predominant ASC of likely extra-follicular origin; IFN-responsive; and high mitochondrial activity ASC. Late ASCs were distinguished by differences in G2M checkpoints, MTOR signaling, distinct metabolic pathways, CD38 expression, and utilization of TNF-receptor superfamily members. They mature through two distinct paths differentiated by the degree of TNF signaling through NFKB. This study provides the first single cell resolution atlas and molecular roadmap of LLPC maturation, thereby providing insight into differentiation trajectories and molecular regulation of these essential processes in the human BM microniche. This information enables investigation of the origin of protective and pathogenic antibodies in multiple diseases and development of new strategies targeted to the enhancement or depletion of the corresponding ASC. One Sentence Summary: The single cell transcriptomic atlas of human bone marrow plasma cell heterogeneity shows maturation of class-switched early and late subsets, specific IgM and Interferon-driven clusters, and unique heterogeneity of the late subsets which encompass the long-lived plasma cells.
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11
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Robinson MJ, Dowling MR, Pitt C, O’Donnell K, Webster RH, Hill DL, Ding Z, Dvorscek AR, Brodie EJ, Hodgkin PD, Quast I, Tarlinton DM. Long-lived plasma cells accumulate in the bone marrow at a constant rate from early in an immune response. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabm8389. [DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abm8389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines work largely by generating long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs), but knowledge of how such cells are recruited is sparse. Although it is clear that LLPCs preferentially originate in germinal centers (GCs) and relocate to survival niches in bone marrow where they can persist for decades, the issues of the timing of LLPC recruitment and the basis of their retention remain uncertain. Here, using a genetic timestamping system in mice, we show that persistent PCs accrue in bone marrow at an approximately constant rate of one cell per hour over a period spanning several weeks after a single immunization with a model antigen. Affinity-based selection was evident in persisting PCs, reflecting a relative and dynamic rather than absolute affinity threshold as evidenced by the changing pattern of V
H
gene somatic mutations conveying increased affinity for antigen. We conclude that the life span of persistent, antigen-specific PCs is in part intrinsic, preprogrammed, and varied and that their final number is related to the duration of the response in a predictable way. This implies that modulating vaccines to extend the duration of the GC reaction will enhance antibody-mediated protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus James Robinson
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Level 6, Burnet Tower, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Mark R. Dowling
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Royal Melbourne Hospital and Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St., Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Catherine Pitt
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Level 6, Burnet Tower, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Kristy O’Donnell
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Level 6, Burnet Tower, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Rosela H. Webster
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Level 6, Burnet Tower, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Danika L. Hill
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Level 6, Burnet Tower, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Zhoujie Ding
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Level 6, Burnet Tower, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Alexandra R. Dvorscek
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Level 6, Burnet Tower, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Erica J. Brodie
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Level 6, Burnet Tower, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Philip D. Hodgkin
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Isaak Quast
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Level 6, Burnet Tower, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - David Mathew Tarlinton
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Level 6, Burnet Tower, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
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12
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Lee S, Yang JI, Lee JH, Lee HW, Kim TJ. Low-Level Expression of CD138 Marks Naturally Arising Anergic B Cells. Immune Netw 2022; 22:e50. [PMID: 36627940 PMCID: PMC9807963 DOI: 10.4110/in.2022.22.e50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoreactive B cells are not entirely deleted, but some remain as immunocompetent or anergic B cells. Although the persistence of autoreactive B cells as anergic cells has been shown in transgenic mouse models with the expression of B cell receptor (BCR) reactive to engineered self-antigen, the characterization of naturally occurring anergic B cells is important to identify them and understand their contribution to immune regulation or autoimmune diseases. We report here that a low-level expression of CD138 in the splenic B cells marks naturally arising anergic B cells, not plasma cells. The CD138int B cells consisted of IgMlowIgDhigh follicular (FO) B cells and transitional 3 B cells in homeostatic conditions. The CD138int FO B cells showed an anergic gene expression profile shared with that of monoclonal anergic B cells expressing engineered BCRs and the gene expression profile was different from those of plasma cells, age-associated B cells, or germinal center B cells. The anergic state of the CD138int FO B cells was confirmed by attenuated Ca2+ response and failure to upregulate CD69 upon BCR engagement with anti-IgM, anti-IgD, anti-Igκ, or anti-IgG. The BCR repertoire of the CD138int FO B cells was distinct from that of the CD138- FO B cells and included some class-switched B cells with low-level somatic mutations. These findings demonstrate the presence of polyclonal anergic B cells in the normal mice that are characterized by low-level expression of CD138, IgM downregulation, reduced Ca2+ and CD69 responses upon BCR engagement, and distinct BCR repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joo Hee Lee
- Department of Immunology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Lee
- Department of Immunology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Tae Jin Kim
- Department of Immunology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea
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13
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Bhattacharya D. Instructing durable humoral immunity for COVID-19 and other vaccinable diseases. Immunity 2022; 55:945-964. [PMID: 35637104 PMCID: PMC9085459 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many aspects of SARS-CoV-2 have fully conformed with the principles established by decades of viral immunology research, ultimately leading to the crowning achievement of highly effective COVID-19 vaccines. Nonetheless, the pandemic has also exposed areas where our fundamental knowledge is thinner. Some key unknowns are the duration of humoral immunity post-primary infection or vaccination and how long booster shots confer protection. As a corollary, if protection does not last as long as desired, what are some ways it can be improved? Here, I discuss lessons from other infections and vaccines that point to several key features that influence durable antibody production and the perseverance of immunity. These include (1) the specific innate sensors that are initially triggered, (2) the kinetics of antigen delivery and persistence, (3) the starting B cell receptor (BCR) avidity and antigen valency, and (4) the memory B cell subsets that are recalled by boosters. I further highlight the fundamental B cell-intrinsic and B cell-extrinsic pathways that, if understood better, would provide a rational framework for vaccines to reliably provide durable immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepta Bhattacharya
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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14
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Boothby MR, Brookens SK, Raybuck AL, Cho SH. Supplying the trip to antibody production-nutrients, signaling, and the programming of cellular metabolism in the mature B lineage. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:352-369. [PMID: 34782762 PMCID: PMC8591438 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00782-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID pandemic has refreshed and expanded recognition of the vital role that sustained antibody (Ab) secretion plays in our immune defenses against microbes and of the importance of vaccines that elicit Ab protection against infection. With this backdrop, it is especially timely to review aspects of the molecular programming that govern how the cells that secrete Abs arise, persist, and meet the challenge of secreting vast amounts of these glycoproteins. Whereas plasmablasts and plasma cells (PCs) are the primary sources of secreted Abs, the process leading to the existence of these cell types starts with naive B lymphocytes that proliferate and differentiate toward several potential fates. At each step, cells reside in specific microenvironments in which they not only receive signals from cytokines and other cell surface receptors but also draw on the interstitium for nutrients. Nutrients in turn influence flux through intermediary metabolism and sensor enzymes that regulate gene transcription, translation, and metabolism. This review will focus on nutrient supply and how sensor mechanisms influence distinct cellular stages that lead to PCs and their adaptations as factories dedicated to Ab secretion. Salient findings of this group and others, sometimes exhibiting differences, will be summarized with regard to the journey to a distinctive metabolic program in PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Boothby
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Molecular Pathogenesis Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology & Immunology Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Cancer Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Vanderbilt Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunology, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Shawna K Brookens
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Molecular Pathogenesis Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Ariel L Raybuck
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Molecular Pathogenesis Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Sung Hoon Cho
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Molecular Pathogenesis Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunology, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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15
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Wilmore JR, Gaudette BT, Gómez Atria D, Rosenthal RL, Reiser SK, Meng W, Rosenfeld AM, Luning Prak ET, Allman D. IgA Plasma Cells Are Long-Lived Residents of Gut and Bone Marrow That Express Isotype- and Tissue-Specific Gene Expression Patterns. Front Immunol 2021; 12:791095. [PMID: 35003110 PMCID: PMC8739487 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.791095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody secreting plasma cells are made in response to a variety of pathogenic and commensal microbes. While all plasma cells express a core gene transcription program that allows them to secrete large quantities of immunoglobulin, unique transcriptional profiles are linked to plasma cells expressing different antibody isotypes. IgA expressing plasma cells are generally thought of as short-lived in mucosal tissues and they have been understudied in systemic sites like the bone marrow. We find that IgA+ plasma cells in both the small intestine lamina propria and the bone marrow are long-lived and transcriptionally related compared to IgG and IgM expressing bone marrow plasma cells. IgA+ plasma cells show signs of shared clonality between the gut and bone marrow, but they do not recirculate at a significant rate and are found within bone marrow plasma cells niches. These data suggest that systemic and mucosal IgA+ plasma cells are from a common source, but they do not migrate between tissues. However, comparison of the plasma cells from the small intestine lamina propria to the bone marrow demonstrate a tissue specific gene transcription program. Understanding how these tissue specific gene networks are regulated in plasma cells could lead to increased understanding of the induction of mucosal versus systemic antibody responses and improve vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel R. Wilmore
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Brian T. Gaudette
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Daniela Gómez Atria
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rebecca L. Rosenthal
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sarah Kim Reiser
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Wenzhao Meng
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Aaron M. Rosenfeld
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Eline T. Luning Prak
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - David Allman
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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16
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Delaloy C, Schuh W, Jäck HM, Bonaud A, Espéli M. Single cell resolution of Plasma Cell fate programming in health and disease. Eur J Immunol 2021; 52:10-23. [PMID: 34694625 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Long considered a homogeneous population dedicated to antibody secretion, plasma cell phenotypic and functional heterogeneity is increasingly recognised. Plasma cells were first segregated based on their maturation level, but the complexity of this subset might well be underestimated by this simple dichotomy. Indeed, in the last decade new functions have been attributed to plasma cells including but not limited to cytokine secretion. However, a proper characterization of plasma cell heterogeneity has remained elusive partly due to technical issues and cellular features that are specific to this cell type. Cell intrinsic and cell extrinsic signals could be at the origin of this heterogeneity. Recent advances in technologies like single cell RNA-seq, ATAC-seq or ChIP-seq on low cell numbers helped to elucidate the fate decision in other cell lineages and similar approaches could be implemented to evaluate the heterogeneous fate of activated B cells in health and disease. Here, we summarized published work shedding some lights on the stimuli and genetic program shaping B cell terminal differentiation at the single cell level in mice and men. We also discuss the fate and heterogeneity of plasma cells during immune responses, vaccination and in the frame of human plasma cell disorders. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Delaloy
- UMR U1236, Université de Rennes 1, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS) de Bretagne, LabEx IGO, 2 Av du Pr Léon Bernard, Rennes, 35043, France.,French Germinal Center Club, French Society for Immunology (SFI), Paris, 75015, France
| | - Wolfgang Schuh
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Martin Jäck
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Amélie Bonaud
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, EMiLy, Inserm U1160, Paris, F-75010, France.,OPALE Carnot Institute, The Organization for Partnerships in Leukemia, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Marion Espéli
- French Germinal Center Club, French Society for Immunology (SFI), Paris, 75015, France.,Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, EMiLy, Inserm U1160, Paris, F-75010, France.,OPALE Carnot Institute, The Organization for Partnerships in Leukemia, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
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17
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Nguyen DC, Duan M, Ali M, Ley A, Sanz I, Lee FEH. Plasma cell survival: The intrinsic drivers, migratory signals, and extrinsic regulators. Immunol Rev 2021; 303:138-153. [PMID: 34337772 PMCID: PMC8387437 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-secreting cells (ASC) are the effectors of protective humoral immunity and the only cell type that produces antibodies or immunoglobulins in mammals. In addition to their formidable capacity to secrete massive quantities of proteins, ASC are terminally differentiated and have unique features to become long-lived plasma cells (LLPC). Upon antigen encounter, B cells are activated through a complex multistep process to undergo fundamental morphological, subcellular, and molecular transformation to become an efficient protein factory with lifelong potential. The ASC survival potential is determined by factors at the time of induction, capacity to migration from induction to survival sites, and ability to mature in the specialized bone marrow microenvironments. In the past decade, considerable progress has been made in identifying factors regulating ASC longevity. Here, we review the intrinsic drivers, trafficking signals, and extrinsic regulators with particular focus on how they impact the survival potential to become a LLPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doan C. Nguyen
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Meixue Duan
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Mohammad Ali
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ariel Ley
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - F. Eun-Hyung Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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18
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Patterson DG, Kania AK, Zuo Z, Scharer CD, Boss JM. Epigenetic gene regulation in plasma cells. Immunol Rev 2021; 303:8-22. [PMID: 34010461 PMCID: PMC8387415 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Humoral immunity provides protection from pathogenic infection and is mediated by antibodies following the differentiation of naive B cells (nBs) to antibody-secreting cells (ASCs). This process requires substantial epigenetic and transcriptional rewiring to ultimately repress the nB program and replace it with one conducive to ASC physiology and function. Notably, these reprogramming events occur within the framework of cell division. Efforts to understand the relationship of cell division with reprogramming and ASC differentiation in vivo have uncovered the timing and scope of reprogramming, as well as key factors that influence these events. Herein, we discuss the unique physiology of ASC and how nBs undergo epigenetic and genome architectural reorganization to acquire the necessary functions to support antibody production. We also discuss the stage-wise manner in which reprogramming occurs across cell divisions and how key molecular determinants can influence B cell fate outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon G. Patterson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta GA 30322
| | - Anna K. Kania
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta GA 30322
| | - Zhihong Zuo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta GA 30322
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | | | - Jeremy M. Boss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta GA 30322
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19
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Cancro MP, Tomayko MM. Memory B cells and plasma cells: The differentiative continuum of humoral immunity. Immunol Rev 2021; 303:72-82. [PMID: 34396546 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunological memory is a composite of lasting antibody titers maintained by plasma cells in conjunction with memory T and B cells. Memory B cells are a critical reservoir for plasma cell generation in the secondary response. Identification of memory B cells requires that they be distinguished from naïve, activated, and germinal center precursors and from plasma cells. Memory B cells are heterogeneous in isotype usage, immunoglobulin mutational content, and phenotypic marker expression. Phenotypic subsets of memory B cells are defined by PD-L2, CD80, and CD73 expression in mice, by CD27 and FCRL4 expression in humans and by T-bet in both mice and humans. These subsets display marked functional heterogeneity, including the ability to rapidly differentiate into plasma cells versus seed germinal centers in the secondary response. Memory B cells are located in the spleen, blood, other lymphoid organs, and barrier tissues, and recent evidence indicates that some memory B cells may be dedicated tissue-resident populations. Open questions about memory B cell longevity, renewal and progenitor-successor relationships with plasma cells are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Cancro
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mary M Tomayko
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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20
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Gaudette BT, Allman D. Biochemical coordination of plasma cell genesis. Immunol Rev 2021; 303:52-61. [PMID: 34313339 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-secreting plasma cells are a central component of short- and long-term adaptive immunity. Yet, many fundamental questions about how activated B cells decide to yield functional plasma cells have yet to be answered. Likewise, the biochemical processes underpinning the ability of plasma cells to generate and secrete large numbers of antibodies, the capacity of some plasma cell to sustain antibody secretion, presumably without interruption, for decades, and the capacity of long-lived plasma cells to avoid apoptosis despite the high-energy demands associated with sustained robust antibody synthesis and secretion each remain mysterious processes. Our objective here is to review what is currently known about these processes with an emphasis on the earliest phases of plasma cell genesis. Along the way, we will work toward developing a model that ties the biochemistry of plasma cell function and survival. The chief idea imbedded in this model is that progress toward understanding plasma cell survival mechanisms may require increased focus on the unique cell autonomous processes inherent in plasma cell differentiation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Gaudette
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Allman
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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21
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The Bone Marrow as Sanctuary for Plasma Cells and Memory T-Cells: Implications for Adaptive Immunity and Vaccinology. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061508. [PMID: 34203839 PMCID: PMC8232593 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The bone marrow (BM) is key to protective immunological memory because it harbors a major fraction of the body’s plasma cells, memory CD4+ and memory CD8+ T-cells. Despite its paramount significance for the human immune system, many aspects of how the BM enables decade-long immunity against pathogens are still poorly understood. In this review, we discuss the relationship between BM survival niches and long-lasting humoral immunity, how intrinsic and extrinsic factors define memory cell longevity and show that the BM is also capable of adopting many responsibilities of a secondary lymphoid organ. Additionally, with more and more data on the differentiation and maintenance of memory T-cells and plasma cells upon vaccination in humans being reported, we discuss what factors determine the establishment of long-lasting immunological memory in the BM and what we can learn for vaccination technologies and antigen design. Finally, using these insights, we touch on how this holistic understanding of the BM is necessary for the development of modern and efficient vaccines against the pandemic SARS-CoV-2.
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22
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Barker KA, Etesami NS, Shenoy AT, Arafa EI, Lyon de Ana C, Smith NM, Martin IM, Goltry WN, Barron AM, Browning JL, Kathuria H, Belkina AC, Guillon A, Zhong X, Crossland NA, Jones MR, Quinton LJ, Mizgerd JP. Lung-resident memory B cells protect against bacterial pneumonia. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e141810. [PMID: 34060477 DOI: 10.1172/jci141810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung-resident memory B cells (BRM cells) are elicited after influenza infections of mice, but connections to other pathogens and hosts - as well as their functional significance - have yet to be determined. We postulate that BRM cells are core components of lung immunity. To test this, we examined whether lung BRM cells are elicited by the respiratory pathogen pneumococcus, are present in humans, and are important in pneumonia defense. Lungs of mice that had recovered from pneumococcal infections did not contain organized tertiary lymphoid organs, but did have plasma cells and noncirculating memory B cells. The latter expressed distinctive surface markers (including CD69, PD-L2, CD80, and CD73) and were poised to secrete antibodies upon stimulation. Human lungs also contained B cells with a resident memory phenotype. In mice recovered from pneumococcal pneumonia, depletion of PD-L2+ B cells, including lung BRM cells, diminished bacterial clearance and the level of pneumococcus-reactive antibodies in the lung. These data define lung BRM cells as a common feature of pathogen-experienced lungs and provide direct evidence of a role for these cells in pulmonary antibacterial immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Nicole Ms Smith
- Pulmonary Center.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Anna C Belkina
- Pulmonary Center.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and.,Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Antoine Guillon
- Pulmonary Center.,Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de (CHRU) de Tours, Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | | | | | | | - Lee J Quinton
- Pulmonary Center.,Department of Microbiology.,Department of Medicine.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and
| | - Joseph P Mizgerd
- Pulmonary Center.,Department of Microbiology.,Department of Medicine.,Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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23
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Qi F, Zhang W, Huang J, Fu L, Zhao J. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Analysis of the Immunometabolic Rewiring and Immunopathogenesis of Coronavirus Disease 2019. Front Immunol 2021; 12:651656. [PMID: 33936072 PMCID: PMC8079812 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.651656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although immune dysfunction is a key feature of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the metabolism-related mechanisms remain elusive. Here, by reanalyzing single-cell RNA sequencing data, we delineated metabolic remodeling in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to elucidate the metabolic mechanisms that may lead to the progression of severe COVID-19. After scoring the metabolism-related biological processes and signaling pathways, we found that mono-CD14+ cells expressed higher levels of glycolysis-related genes (PKM, LDHA and PKM) and PPP-related genes (PGD and TKT) in severe patients than in mild patients. These genes may contribute to the hyperinflammation in mono-CD14+ cells of patients with severe COVID-19. The mono-CD16+ cell population in COVID-19 patients showed reduced transcription levels of genes related to lysine degradation (NSD1, KMT2E, and SETD2) and elevated transcription levels of genes involved in OXPHOS (ATP6V1B2, ATP5A1, ATP5E, and ATP5B), which may inhibit M2-like polarization. Plasma cells also expressed higher levels of the OXPHOS gene ATP13A3 in COVID-19 patients, which was positively associated with antibody secretion and survival of PCs. Moreover, enhanced glycolysis or OXPHOS was positively associated with the differentiation of memory B cells into plasmablasts or plasma cells. This study comprehensively investigated the metabolic features of peripheral immune cells and revealed that metabolic changes exacerbated inflammation in monocytes and promoted antibody secretion and cell survival in PCs in COVID-19 patients, especially those with severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furong Qi
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Research Center for Communicable Disease Diagnosis and Treatment of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenbo Zhang
- Trinity School of Durham and Chapel Hill, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jialu Huang
- Electronic and Computer Engineering, China North Vehicle Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Fu
- Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinfang Zhao
- Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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24
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Robinson MJ, Webster RH, Tarlinton DM. How intrinsic and extrinsic regulators of plasma cell survival might intersect for durable humoral immunity. Immunol Rev 2020; 296:87-103. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus J. Robinson
- Department of Immunology & Pathology Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct Monash University Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Rosela H. Webster
- Department of Immunology & Pathology Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct Monash University Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - David M. Tarlinton
- Department of Immunology & Pathology Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct Monash University Melbourne Vic. Australia
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25
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Abstract
The age-associated B cell subset has been the focus of increasing interest over the last decade. These cells have a unique cell surface phenotype and transcriptional signature, and they rely on TLR7 or TLR9 signals in the context of Th1 cytokines for their formation and activation. Most are antigen-experienced memory B cells that arise during responses to microbial infections and are key to pathogen clearance and control. Their increasing prevalence with age contributes to several well-established features of immunosenescence, including reduced B cell genesis and damped immune responses. In addition, they are elevated in autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases, and in these settings they are enriched for characteristic autoantibody specificities. Together, these features identify age-associated B cells as a subset with pivotal roles in immunological health, disease, and aging. Accordingly, a detailed understanding of their origins, functions, and physiology should make them tractable translational targets in each of these settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Cancro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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26
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Bortnick A, He Z, Aubrey M, Chandra V, Denholtz M, Chen K, Lin YC, Murre C. Plasma Cell Fate Is Orchestrated by Elaborate Changes in Genome Compartmentalization and Inter-chromosomal Hubs. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107470. [PMID: 32268089 PMCID: PMC10871151 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition from the follicular B to the plasma cell stage is associated with large-scale changes in cell morphology. Here, we examine whether plasma cell development is also associated with changes in nuclear architecture. We find that the onset of plasma cell development is concomitant with a decline in remote genomic interactions; a gain in euchromatic character at loci encoding for factors that specify plasma cell fate, including Prdm1 and Atf4; and establishment of de novo inter-chromosomal hubs. We find that, in developing plasma cells and concurrent with transcriptional silencing, the Ebf1 locus repositions from an euchromatic to peri-centromeric heterochromatic environment. Finally, we find that inter-chromosomal hubs are enriched for the deposition of either H3K27Ac or H3K27me3. These data indicate that plasma cell fate is orchestrated by elaborate changes in genome topology and that epigenetic marks, linked with super-enhancers or transcriptionally repressed regions, are enriched at inter-chromosomal hubs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Bortnick
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zhaoren He
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Megan Aubrey
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Vivek Chandra
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Matthew Denholtz
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kenian Chen
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Yin C Lin
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Cornelis Murre
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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27
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D'Souza L, Bhattacharya D. Plasma cells: You are what you eat. Immunol Rev 2019; 288:161-177. [PMID: 30874356 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Plasma cells are terminally differentiated B lymphocytes that constitutively secrete antibodies. These antibodies can provide protection against pathogens, and their quantity and quality are the best clinical correlates of vaccine efficacy. As such, plasma cell lifespan is the primary determinant of the duration of humoral immunity. Yet dysregulation of plasma cell function can cause autoimmunity or multiple myeloma. The longevity of plasma cells is primarily dictated by nutrient uptake and non-transcriptionally regulated metabolic pathways. We have previously shown a positive effect of glucose uptake and catabolism on plasma cell longevity and function. In this review, we discuss these findings with an emphasis on nutrient uptake and its effects on respiratory capacity, lifespan, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and antibody secretion in plasma cells. We further discuss how some of these pathways may be dysregulated in multiple myeloma, potentially providing new therapeutic targets. Finally, we speculate on the connection between plasma cell intrinsic metabolism and systemic changes in nutrient availability and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas D'Souza
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Deepta Bhattacharya
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
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28
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Boonyaratanakornkit J, Taylor JJ. Immunoglobulin M, more than just an early responder to malaria. Immunol Cell Biol 2019; 97:771-773. [PMID: 31603585 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jim Boonyaratanakornkit
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Justin J Taylor
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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29
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Pioli PD. Plasma Cells, the Next Generation: Beyond Antibody Secretion. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2768. [PMID: 31824518 PMCID: PMC6883717 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma cells (PCs) represent the terminal differentiation step of mature B lymphocytes. These cells are most recognizable for their extended lifespan as well as their ability to secrete large amounts of antibodies (Abs) thus positioning this cell type as a key component of humoral immunity. However, it is now appreciated that PCs can have far reaching effects on pathologic as well as non-pathologic processes independent of Ab secretion. This is highlighted by recent studies showing that PCs function as key regulators of processes such as hematopoiesis as well as neuro-inflammation. In part, PCs accomplish this by integrating extrinsic signals from their environment which dictate their downstream functionality. Here we summarize the current understanding of PC biology focusing on their ever-growing functional repertoire independent of Ab production. Furthermore, we discuss potential applications of PC immunotherapy and its implementation for translational benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Pioli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Immunobiology, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
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30
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Nguyen DC, Joyner CJ, Sanz I, Lee FEH. Factors Affecting Early Antibody Secreting Cell Maturation Into Long-Lived Plasma Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2138. [PMID: 31572364 PMCID: PMC6749102 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody secreting cells (ASCs) are terminally differentiated cells of the humoral immune response and must adapt morphologically, transcriptionally, and metabolically to maintain high-rates of antibody (Ab) secretion. ASCs differentiate from activated B cells in lymph nodes and transiently circulate in the blood. Most of the circulating ASCs undergo apoptosis, but a small fraction of early ASCs migrate to the bone marrow (BM) and eventually mature into long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs). LLPC survival is controlled both intrinsically and extrinsically. Their differentiation and maintenance programs are governed by many intrinsic mechanisms involving anti-apoptosis, autophagy, and metabolism. The extrinsic factors involved in LLPC generation include BM stromal cells, cytokines, and chemokines, such as APRIL, IL-6, and CXCL12. In humans, the BM CD19−CD38hiCD138+ ASC subset is the main repository of LLPCs, and our recent development of an in vitro BM mimic provides essential tools to study environmental cues that support LLPC survival and the critical molecular mechanisms of maturation from early minted blood ASCs to LLPCs. In this review, we summarize the evidence of LLPC generation and maintenance and provide novel paradigms of LLPC maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doan C Nguyen
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Chester J Joyner
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Iñaki Sanz
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - F Eun-Hyung Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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31
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Pioli PD, Casero D, Montecino-Rodriguez E, Morrison SL, Dorshkind K. Plasma Cells Are Obligate Effectors of Enhanced Myelopoiesis in Aging Bone Marrow. Immunity 2019; 51:351-366.e6. [PMID: 31303400 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Aging results in increased myelopoiesis, which is linked to the increased incidence of myeloid leukemias and production of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Here, we examined the contribution of plasma cells (PCs) to age-related increases in myelopoiesis, as PCs exhibit immune regulatory function and sequester in bone marrow (BM). PC number was increased in old BM, and they exhibited high expression of genes encoding inflammatory cytokines and pathogen sensors. Antibody-mediated depletion of PCs from old mice reduced the number of myeloid-biased hematopoietic stem cells and mature myeloid cells to levels in young animals, but lymphopoiesis was not rejuvenated, indicating that redundant mechanisms inhibit that process. PCs also regulated the production of inflammatory factors from BM stromal cells, and disruption of the PC-stromal cell circuitry with inhibitors of the cytokines IL-1 and TNF-α attenuated myelopoiesis in old mice. Thus, the age-related increase in myelopoiesis is driven by an inflammatory network orchestrated by PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Pioli
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - David Casero
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - Sherie L Morrison
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kenneth Dorshkind
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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32
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Allman D, Wilmore JR, Gaudette BT. The continuing story of T-cell independent antibodies. Immunol Rev 2019; 288:128-135. [PMID: 30874357 PMCID: PMC6653682 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to review the role of extrafollicular and T-cell independent antibody responses in humoral immunity. We consider two interrelated questions: (a) do T-cell independent antibody responses dominated by IgM and/or IgA play unique functions in immunity and homeostasis; and (b) is it typical for these responses to result in lifelong protection? In addressing these questions, we consider the established advantages of T-cell driven responses including the unique role played by germinal center reactions in these responses, and contrast the processes and outcomes of germinal center-centric responses with germinal center- and T-cell independent antibodies. We suggest that T-independent and other extrafollicular responses contribute substantially to highly stable antibody repertoires in both the serum and the intestine, providing relatively constitutive humoral barriers with the collective dual function of protecting against invading pathogens and regulating the composition of non-pathogenic microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Allman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joel R Wilmore
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Brian T Gaudette
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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33
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Knox JJ, Myles A, Cancro MP. T-bet + memory B cells: Generation, function, and fate. Immunol Rev 2019; 288:149-160. [PMID: 30874358 PMCID: PMC6626622 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
B cells expressing the transcription factor T-bet have emerged as participants in a number of protective and pathogenic immune responses. T-bet+ B cells characteristically differentiate in response to combined Toll-like receptor and cytokine signaling, contribute to protective immunity against intracellular pathogens via IgG2a/c production and antibody-independent mechanisms, and are prone to produce autoantibodies. Despite recent advances, a number of questions remain regarding the basic biology of T-bet+ B cells and their functional niche within the immune system. Herein, we review the discovery and defining characteristics of the T-bet+ B cell subset in both mice and humans. We further discuss their origins, the basis for their persistence, and their potential fate in vivo. Evidence indicates that T-bet+ B cells represent a distinct, germinal center-derived memory population that may serve as an important therapeutic target for the improvement of humoral immunity and prevention of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J. Knox
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Arpita Myles
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Michael P. Cancro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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34
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Lam WY, Jash A, Yao CH, D'Souza L, Wong R, Nunley RM, Meares GP, Patti GJ, Bhattacharya D. Metabolic and Transcriptional Modules Independently Diversify Plasma Cell Lifespan and Function. Cell Rep 2018; 24:2479-2492.e6. [PMID: 30157439 PMCID: PMC6172041 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.07.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma cell survival and the consequent duration of immunity vary widely with infection or vaccination. Using fluorescent glucose analog uptake, we defined multiple developmentally independent mouse plasma cell populations with varying lifespans. Long-lived plasma cells imported more fluorescent glucose analog, expressed higher surface levels of the amino acid transporter CD98, and had more autophagosome mass than did short-lived cells. Low amino acid concentrations triggered reductions in both antibody secretion and mitochondrial respiration, especially by short-lived plasma cells. To explain these observations, we found that glutamine was used for both mitochondrial respiration and anaplerotic reactions, yielding glutamate and aspartate for antibody synthesis. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses, which link metabolism to transcriptional outcomes, were similar between long- and short-lived subsets. Accordingly, population and single-cell transcriptional comparisons across mouse and human plasma cell subsets revealed few consistent and conserved differences. Thus, plasma cell antibody secretion and lifespan are primarily defined by non-transcriptional metabolic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Y Lam
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Arijita Jash
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Cong-Hui Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lucas D'Souza
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Rachel Wong
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Ryan M Nunley
- Washington University Orthopedics, Barnes Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gordon P Meares
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Gary J Patti
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Deepta Bhattacharya
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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35
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Good-Jacobson KL. Strength in diversity: Phenotypic, functional, and molecular heterogeneity within the memory B cell repertoire. Immunol Rev 2018; 284:67-78. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim L. Good-Jacobson
- Infection and Immunity Program and The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University; Clayton Vic. Australia
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36
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Bortnick A, Chernova I, Spencer SP, Allman D. No strict requirement for eosinophils for bone marrow plasma cell survival. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:815-821. [PMID: 29442367 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lasting antibody responses are maintained by long-lived plasma cells, which are thought to lodge in the BM in specialized survival niches. Eosinophils have been reported to function as a critical component of the BM survival niche where they are thought to provide pro-survival signals to nearby plasma cells. Recent study shows that many BM plasma cells are recently generated and chiefly short-lived cells, raising the possibility that rare plasma cell-eosinophil interactions are a rate-limiting step needed to establish lasting humoral immunity. To address these issues, we examined the impact of eosinophil depletion on short- and long-lived BM plasma cells in the context of antibody responses induced by both T-cell dependent and T-cell independent antigens. Surprisingly, our results failed to support a role for eosinophils in either plasma cell generation or survival. These studies included examination of plasma cell frequencies in mice lacking eosinophils either after antibody-mediated depletion, or due to mutation of the GATA1 locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Bortnick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Irene Chernova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sean P Spencer
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Allman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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37
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Malkiel S, Barlev AN, Atisha-Fregoso Y, Suurmond J, Diamond B. Plasma Cell Differentiation Pathways in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:427. [PMID: 29556239 PMCID: PMC5845388 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma cells (PCs) are responsible for the production of protective antibodies against infectious agents but they also produce pathogenic antibodies in autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Traditionally, high affinity IgG autoantibodies are thought to arise through germinal center (GC) responses. However, class switching and somatic hypermutation can occur in extrafollicular (EF) locations, and this pathway has also been implicated in SLE. The pathway from which PCs originate may determine several characteristics, such as PC lifespan and sensitivity to therapeutics. Although both GC and EF responses have been implicated in SLE, we hypothesize that one of these pathways dominates in each individual patient and genetic risk factors may drive this predominance. While it will be important to distinguish polymorphisms that contribute to a GC-driven or EF B cell response to develop targeted treatments, the challenge will be not only to identify the differentiation pathway but the molecular mechanisms involved. In B cells, this task is complicated by the cross-talk between the B cell receptor, toll-like receptors (TLR), and cytokine signaling molecules, which contribute to both GC and EF responses. While risk variants that affect the function of dendritic cells and T follicular helper cells are likely to primarily influence GC responses, it will be important to discover whether some risk variants in the interferon and TLR pathways preferentially influence EF responses. Identifying the pathways of autoreactive PC differentiation in SLE may help us to understand patient heterogeneity and thereby guide precision therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Malkiel
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Ashley N Barlev
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Yemil Atisha-Fregoso
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Jolien Suurmond
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Betty Diamond
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
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38
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Schrezenmeier E, Jayne D, Dörner T. Targeting B Cells and Plasma Cells in Glomerular Diseases: Translational Perspectives. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:741-758. [PMID: 29326157 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017040367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique contributions of memory B cells and plasma cells in kidney diseases remain unclear. In this review, we evaluate the clinical experience with treatments directed at B cells, such as rituximab, and at plasma cells, such as proteasome inhibition, to shed light on the role of these two B lineage compartments in glomerular diseases. Specifically, analysis of these targeted interventions in diseases such as ANCA-associated vasculitis, SLE, and antibody-mediated transplant rejection permits insight into the pathogenetic effect of these cells. Notwithstanding the limitations of preclinical models and clinical studies (heterogeneous populations, among others), the data suggest that memory B and plasma cells represent two engines of autoimmunity, with variable involvement in these diseases. Whereas memory B cells and plasma cells appear to be key in ANCA-associated vasculitis and antibody-mediated transplant rejection, respectively, SLE seems likely to be driven by both autoimmune compartments. These conclusions have implications for the future development of targeted therapeutics in immune-mediated renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Jayne
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Dörner
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany; and
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39
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Plasma cell survival in the absence of B cell memory. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1781. [PMID: 29176567 PMCID: PMC5701209 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01901-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-existing serum antibodies play an important role in vaccine-mediated protection against infection but the underlying mechanisms of immune memory are unclear. Clinical studies indicate that antigen-specific antibody responses can be maintained for many years, leading to theories that reactivation/differentiation of memory B cells into plasma cells is required to sustain long-term antibody production. Here, we present a decade-long study in which we demonstrate site-specific survival of bone marrow-derived plasma cells and durable antibody responses to multiple virus and vaccine antigens in rhesus macaques for years after sustained memory B cell depletion. Moreover, BrdU+ cells with plasma cell morphology can be detected for 10 years after vaccination/BrdU administration, indicating that plasma cells may persist for a prolonged period of time in the absence of cell division. On the basis of these results, long-lived plasma cells represent a key cell population responsible for long-term antibody production and serological memory. The long-term maintenance of antibody-secreting plasma cells and the requirement for memory B cells are unclear. Here, the authors show that plasma cells and the antibodies secreted are long-lived and maintained over a decade in the absence of memory B cells in non-human primates.
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40
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Wilmore JR, Jones DD, Allman D. Protocol for improved resolution of plasma cell subpopulations by flow cytometry. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1386-1388. [PMID: 28654161 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201746944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plasma cells are rare cells that have been notoriously difficult to detect by flow cytometry. New advances have described B220+ CD138+ plasma cells in the bone marrow that are particularly difficult to distinguish between CD138 intermediate B220+ developing B cells. Herein we describe a novel method for detecting plasma cells in the bone marrow using a combination of CD138 and Sca-1 staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel R Wilmore
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Derek D Jones
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Allman
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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41
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Wilmore JR, Allman D. Here, There, and Anywhere? Arguments for and against the Physical Plasma Cell Survival Niche. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:839-845. [PMID: 28739594 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
To maintain Ab titers, individual plasma cells must survive for extended periods, perhaps even for the life of the host. Although it is clear that plasma cell survival requires cell extrinsic signals, the nature and source of these signals remains open for debate. It is commonly postulated that plasma cells only gain access to these signals within specialized regulatory microenvironments, or niches, in the bone marrow or in the gut. In this review we discuss current concepts and information surrounding plasma cell survival niches, and consider two opposing models to explain long-term serologic immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel R Wilmore
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - David Allman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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42
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Lam WY, Bhattacharya D. Metabolic Links between Plasma Cell Survival, Secretion, and Stress. Trends Immunol 2017; 39:19-27. [PMID: 28919256 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Humoral immunity is generated and maintained by antigen-specific antibodies that counter infectious pathogens. Plasma cells are the major producers of antibodies during and after infections, and each plasma cell produces some thousands of antibody molecules per second. This magnitude of secretion requires enormous quantities of amino acids and glycosylation sugars to properly build and fold antibodies, biosynthetic substrates to fuel endoplasmic reticulum (ER) biogenesis, and additional carbon sources to generate energy. Many of these processes are likely to be linked, thereby affording possibilities to improve vaccine design and to develop new therapies for autoimmunity. We review here aspects of plasma cell biology with an emphasis on recent studies and the relationships between intermediary metabolism, antibody production, and lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Y Lam
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Deepta Bhattacharya
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Current address: Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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43
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Continuous Dual Resetting of the Immune Repertoire as a Basic Principle of the Immune System Function. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:3760238. [PMID: 28246613 PMCID: PMC5299180 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3760238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic chronic inflammatory conditions (ICIC) such as allergy, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and various autoimmune conditions are a worldwide health problem. Understanding the pathogenesis of ICIC is essential for their successful therapy and prevention. However, efforts are hindered by the lack of comprehensive understanding of the human immune system function. In line with those efforts, described here is a concept of stochastic continuous dual resetting (CDR) of the immune repertoire as a basic principle that governs the function of immunity. The CDR functions as a consequence of system's thermodynamically determined intrinsic tendency to acquire new states of inner equilibrium and equilibrium against the environment. Consequently, immune repertoire undergoes continuous dual (two-way) resetting: against the physiologic continuous changes of self and against the continuously changing environment. The CDR-based dynamic concept of immunity describes mechanisms of self-regulation, tolerance, and immunosenescence, and emphasizes the significance of immune system's compartmentalization in the pathogenesis of ICIC. The CDR concept's relative simplicity and concomitantly documented congruency with empirical, clinical, and experimental data suggest it may represent a plausible theoretical framework to better understand the human immune system function.
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44
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Blanc P, Moro-Sibilot L, Barthly L, Jagot F, This S, de Bernard S, Buffat L, Dussurgey S, Colisson R, Hobeika E, Fest T, Taillardet M, Thaunat O, Sicard A, Mondière P, Genestier L, Nutt SL, Defrance T. Mature IgM-expressing plasma cells sense antigen and develop competence for cytokine production upon antigenic challenge. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13600. [PMID: 27924814 PMCID: PMC5150646 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogma holds that plasma cells, as opposed to B cells, cannot bind antigen because they have switched from expression of membrane-bound immunoglobulins (Ig) that constitute the B-cell receptor (BCR) to production of the secreted form of immunoglobulins. Here we compare the phenotypical and functional attributes of plasma cells generated by the T-cell-dependent and T-cell-independent forms of the hapten NP. We show that the nature of the secreted Ig isotype, rather than the chemical structure of the immunizing antigen, defines two functionally distinct populations of plasma cells. Fully mature IgM-expressing plasma cells resident in the bone marrow retain expression of a functional BCR, whereas their IgG+ counterparts do not. Antigen boost modifies the gene expression profile of IgM+ plasma cells and initiates a cytokine production program, characterized by upregulation of CCL5 and IL-10. Our results demonstrate that IgM-expressing plasma cells can sense antigen and acquire competence for cytokine production upon antigenic challenge.
Plasma cells produce secreted antibodies and are thought to lack expression of the membrane-bound immunoglobulins that constitute B-cell receptors. Here the authors show that IgM-expressing plasma cells maintain B-cell receptor expression and initiate cytokine production following antigen stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Blanc
- CIRI, INSERM, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ. Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Ludovic Moro-Sibilot
- CIRI, INSERM, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ. Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Lucas Barthly
- CIRI, INSERM, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ. Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Ferdinand Jagot
- CIRI, INSERM, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ. Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Sébastien This
- CIRI, INSERM, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ. Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Sébastien Dussurgey
- INSERM SFR Biosciences Gerland, UMS3444/US8, 50 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Renaud Colisson
- eBioscience, An Affymetrix Company, 140 bis Rue de Rennes, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Elias Hobeika
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital, Albert Einstein Allee 11, Ulm 89073, Germany
| | - Thierry Fest
- INSERM, UMR917, F-35043 Rennes, France.,Pôle de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 35033 Rennes, France.,Université de Rennes 1, F-35065 Rennes, France
| | - Morgan Taillardet
- CIRI, INSERM, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ. Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Thaunat
- CIRI, INSERM, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ. Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Antoine Sicard
- CIRI, INSERM, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ. Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Paul Mondière
- CIRI, INSERM, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ. Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Laurent Genestier
- CIRI, INSERM, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ. Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Stephen L Nutt
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Thierry Defrance
- CIRI, INSERM, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ. Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
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45
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Jones DD, Gaudette BT, Wilmore JR, Chernova I, Bortnick A, Weiss BM, Allman D. mTOR has distinct functions in generating versus sustaining humoral immunity. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:4250-4261. [PMID: 27760048 DOI: 10.1172/jci86504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the role of mTOR signaling in plasma cell differentiation and function. Furthermore, for reasons not understood, mTOR inhibition reverses antibody-associated disease in a murine model of systemic lupus erythematosus. Here, we have demonstrated that induced B lineage-specific deletion of the gene encoding RAPTOR, an essential signaling adaptor for rapamycin-sensitive mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1), abrogated the generation of antibody-secreting plasma cells in mice. Acute treatment with rapamycin recapitulated the effects of RAPTOR deficiency, and both strategies led to the ablation of newly formed plasma cells in the spleen and bone marrow while also obliterating preexisting germinal centers. Surprisingly, although perturbing mTOR activity caused a profound decline in serum antibodies that were specific for exogenous antigen or DNA, frequencies of long-lived bone marrow plasma cells were unaffected. Instead, mTORC1 inhibition led to decreased expression of immunoglobulin-binding protein (BiP) and other factors needed for robust protein synthesis. Consequently, blockade of antibody synthesis was rapidly reversed after termination of rapamycin treatment. We conclude that mTOR signaling plays critical but diverse roles in early and late phases of antibody responses and plasma cell differentiation.
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46
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Lam T, Kulp DV, Wang R, Lou Z, Taylor J, Rivera CE, Yan H, Zhang Q, Wang Z, Zan H, Ivanov DN, Zhong G, Casali P, Xu Z. Small Molecule Inhibition of Rab7 Impairs B Cell Class Switching and Plasma Cell Survival To Dampen the Autoantibody Response in Murine Lupus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:3792-3805. [PMID: 27742832 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IgG autoantibodies mediate pathology in systemic lupus patients and lupus-prone mice. In this study, we showed that the class-switched IgG autoantibody response in MRL/Faslpr/lpr and C57/Sle1Sle2Sle2 mice was blocked by the CID 1067700 compound, which specifically targeted Ras-related in brain 7 (Rab7), an endosome-localized small GTPase that was upregulated in activated human and mouse lupus B cells, leading to prevention of disease development and extension of lifespan. These were associated with decreased IgG-expressing B cells and plasma cells, but unchanged numbers and functions of myeloid cells and T cells. The Rab7 inhibitor suppressed T cell-dependent and T cell-independent Ab responses, but it did not affect T cell-mediated clearance of Chlamydia infection, consistent with a B cell-specific role of Rab7. Indeed, B cells and plasma cells were inherently sensitive to Rab7 gene knockout or Rab7 activity inhibition in class switching and survival, respectively, whereas proliferation/survival of B cells and generation of plasma cells were not affected. Impairment of NF-κB activation upon Rab7 inhibition, together with the rescue of B cell class switching and plasma cell survival by enforced NF-κB activation, indicated that Rab7 mediates these processes by promoting NF-κB activation, likely through signal transduction on intracellular membrane structures. Thus, a single Rab7-inhibiting small molecule can target two stages of B cell differentiation to dampen the pathogenic autoantibody response in lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonika Lam
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and
| | - Dennis V Kulp
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and
| | - Zheng Lou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and
| | - Julia Taylor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and
| | - Carlos E Rivera
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and
| | - Hui Yan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Hong Zan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and
| | - Dmitri N Ivanov
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Guangming Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and
| | - Paolo Casali
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and
| | - Zhenming Xu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and
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47
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Barwick BG, Scharer CD, Bally AP, Boss JM. Plasma cell differentiation is coupled to division-dependent DNA hypomethylation and gene regulation. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:1216-1225. [PMID: 27500631 PMCID: PMC5157049 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The epigenetic processes that regulate antibody-secreting plasma cells are not well understood. Here, analysis of plasma cell differentiation revealed DNA hypomethylation of 10% of CpG loci that were overrepresented at enhancers. Inhibition of DNA methylation enhanced plasma cell commitment in a cell-division-dependent manner. Analysis of B cells differentiating in vivo stratified by cell division revealed a fivefold increase in mRNA transcription coupled to DNA hypomethylation. Demethylation occurred first at binding motifs for the transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1 and later at those for the transcription factors IRF and Oct-2 and was coincident with activation and differentiation gene-expression programs in a cell-division-dependent manner. These data provide mechanistic insight into cell-division-coupled transcriptional and epigenetic reprogramming and suggest that DNA hypomethylation reflects the cis-regulatory history of plasma cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G. Barwick
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christopher D. Scharer
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alexander P.R. Bally
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jeremy M. Boss
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, GA, USA
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48
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Gallagher S, Yusuf I, McCaughtry TM, Turman S, Sun H, Kolbeck R, Herbst R, Wang Y. MEDI-551 Treatment Effectively Depletes B Cells and Reduces Serum Titers of Autoantibodies in Mice Transgenic for Sle1 and Human CD19. Arthritis Rheumatol 2016; 68:965-76. [PMID: 26606525 DOI: 10.1002/art.39503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate treatment with MEDI-551, a humanized anti-human CD19 monoclonal antibody, in a model of autoimmunity involving mice transgenic (Tg) for Sle1 and human CD19 (hCD19). METHODS Sle1.hCD19-Tg mice were given either a single intravenous dose of MEDI-551 or repeated doses of MEDI-551 biweekly for up to 12 weeks. The numbers of B cells in the blood, spleen, and bone marrow were determined by flow cytometry assay. In the spleen and bone marrow, the number of IgM- and IgG-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) and the number of ASCs specific for anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) were determined by enzyme-linked immunospot assay. Serum autoantibody and total immunoglobulin levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and levels of inflammatory proteins were tested using a multianalyte profiling platform. RESULTS MEDI-551 treatment of Sle1.hCD19-Tg mice resulted in effective and sustained B cell depletion throughout the duration of the experiment. The frequency of IgM and IgG ASCs in the spleen was reduced by ≥90%, whereas in the bone marrow, the total ASC frequency was not changed. Levels of autoantibodies specific for dsDNA as well as antihistone and antinuclear antibodies were each reduced by 40-80%, but total serum immunoglobulin levels were largely unchanged at the end of 12 weeks of treatment. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the ability of MEDI-551 to deplete B cells and ASCs in autoimmune Sle1.hCD19-Tg mice. MEDI-551 treatment resulted in a robust reduction of autoantibodies but had minimal effect on total serum immunoglobulins. Thus, the novel ability of MEDI-551 to remove a broad range of B cells as well as to lower most disease-driving autoantibodies in an autoimmune disease mouse model warrants continued research. Several clinical studies to explore the safety and activity of MEDI-551 in autoantibody-associated autoimmune diseases are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hong Sun
- MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | | | | | - Yue Wang
- MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland
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49
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Lam WY, Becker AM, Kennerly KM, Wong R, Curtis JD, Llufrio EM, McCommis KS, Fahrmann J, Pizzato HA, Nunley RM, Lee J, Wolfgang MJ, Patti GJ, Finck BN, Pearce EL, Bhattacharya D. Mitochondrial Pyruvate Import Promotes Long-Term Survival of Antibody-Secreting Plasma Cells. Immunity 2016; 45:60-73. [PMID: 27396958 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Durable antibody production after vaccination or infection is mediated by long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs). Pathways that specifically allow LLPCs to persist remain unknown. Through bioenergetic profiling, we found that human and mouse LLPCs could robustly engage pyruvate-dependent respiration, whereas their short-lived counterparts could not. LLPCs took up more glucose than did short-lived plasma cells (SLPCs) in vivo, and this glucose was essential for the generation of pyruvate. Glucose was primarily used to glycosylate antibodies, but glycolysis could be promoted by stimuli such as low ATP levels and the resultant pyruvate used for respiration by LLPCs. Deletion of Mpc2, which encodes an essential component of the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier, led to a progressive loss of LLPCs and of vaccine-specific antibodies in vivo. Thus, glucose uptake and mitochondrial pyruvate import prevent bioenergetic crises and allow LLPCs to persist. Immunizations that maximize these plasma cell metabolic properties might thus provide enduring antibody-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Y Lam
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Amy M Becker
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Krista M Kennerly
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rachel Wong
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jonathan D Curtis
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Llufrio
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kyle S McCommis
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Johannes Fahrmann
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Hannah A Pizzato
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ryan M Nunley
- Washington University Orthopedics, Barnes Jewish Hospital, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jieun Lee
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Michael J Wolfgang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Gary J Patti
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brian N Finck
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Erika L Pearce
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Deepta Bhattacharya
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Naradikian MS, Hao Y, Cancro MP. Age-associated B cells: key mediators of both protective and autoreactive humoral responses. Immunol Rev 2015; 269:118-29. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin S. Naradikian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Yi Hao
- Department of Microbiology; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Michael P. Cancro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA USA
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