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Bick F, Blanchetot C, Lambrecht BN, Schuijs MJ. A reappraisal of IL-9 in inflammation and cancer. Mucosal Immunol 2024:S1933-0219(24)00106-5. [PMID: 39389468 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2024.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2024] [Revised: 09/27/2024] [Accepted: 10/03/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024]
Abstract
While much is known about the functional effects of type 2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and IL-13 in homeostasis and disease, we still poorly understand the functions of IL-9. Chronic inflammation seen in allergic diseases, autoimmunity and cancer is however frequently accompanied by overproduction of this elusive type 2 cytokine. Initially identified as a T cell and mast cell growth factor, and later as the hallmark cytokine defining TH9 cells, we now know that IL-9 is produced by multiple innate and adaptive immune cells. Recent evidence suggests that IL-9 controls discrete aspects of the allergic cascade, cellular responses of immune and stromal cells, cancer progression, tolerance and immune escape. Despite functioning as a pleiotropic cytokine in mucosal environments, like the lungs, the direct and indirect cellular targets of IL-9 are still not well characterized. Here, we discuss IL-9's cellular senders and receivers, focusing on asthma and cancer. Moreover, we review current research directions and the outlook of targeted therapy centered around the biology of IL-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Bick
- argenx BV, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Bart N Lambrecht
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martijn J Schuijs
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.
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2
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Krajewski D, Ranjitkar S, Tedeschi C, Perez NM, Jordan N, Mire M, Schneider SS, Mathias CB. IL-10 Neutralization Attenuates Mast Cell Responses in a Murine Model of Experimental Food Allergy. Immunohorizons 2024; 8:431-441. [PMID: 38888412 PMCID: PMC11220741 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2400002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
IgE-mediated mast cell (MC) activation is a critical component of allergic responses to oral Ags. Several T cell-derived cytokines have been shown to promote MC reactivity, and we recently demonstrated a critical role for the cytokine IL-10 in mediating MC responses during food allergy. In this study, we further validate the role of IL-10 using Ab-mediated IL-10 depletion. IL-10 neutralization significantly attenuated MC responses, leading to decreased MC accumulation and activation, as well as inhibition of MC-mediated symptoms such as allergic diarrhea. This was accompanied by decreased Th2 cytokine gene expression, attenuated systemic T cell responses, and fewer CD4 T cells, B cells, and MCs in the spleen. Our data further confirm the role of IL-10 in driving MC responses and suggest that IL-10-responsive MCs may constitute an important player in allergic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Krajewski
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Western New England University, Springfield, MA
| | - Saurav Ranjitkar
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
| | - Caitlin Tedeschi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
| | | | - Nathan Jordan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
| | - Mohamed Mire
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Western New England University, Springfield, MA
| | - Sallie S. Schneider
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA
| | - Clinton B. Mathias
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
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3
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Ranjitkar S, Krajewski D, Garcia C, Tedeschi C, Polukort SH, Rovatti J, Mire M, Blesso CN, Jellison E, Schneider SS, Ryan JJ, Mathias CB. IL-10 Differentially Promotes Mast Cell Responsiveness to IL-33, Resulting in Enhancement of Type 2 Inflammation and Suppression of Neutrophilia. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:1407-1419. [PMID: 38497670 PMCID: PMC11018500 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) play critical roles in the establishment of allergic diseases. We recently demonstrated an unexpected, proinflammatory role for IL-10 in regulating MC responses. IL-10 enhanced MC activation and promoted IgE-dependent responses during food allergy. However, whether these effects extend to IgE-independent stimuli is not clear. In this article, we demonstrate that IL-10 plays a critical role in driving IL-33-mediated MC responses. IL-10 stimulation enhanced MC expansion and degranulation, ST2 expression, IL-13 production, and phospho-relA upregulation in IL-33-treated cells while suppressing TNF-α. These effects were partly dependent on endogenous IL-10 and further amplified in MCs coactivated with both IL-33 and IgE/Ag. IL-10's divergent effects also extended in vivo. In a MC-dependent model of IL-33-induced neutrophilia, IL-10 treatment enhanced MC responsiveness, leading to suppression of neutrophils and decreased TNF-α. In contrast, during IL-33-induced type 2 inflammation, IL-10 priming exacerbated MC activity, resulting in MC recruitment to various tissues, enhanced ST2 expression, induction of hypothermia, recruitment of eosinophils, and increased MCPT-1 and IL-13 levels. Our data elucidate an important role for IL-10 as an augmenter of IL-33-mediated MC responses, with implications during both allergic diseases and other MC-dependent disorders. IL-10 induction is routinely used as a prognostic marker of disease improvement. Our data suggest instead that IL-10 can enhance ST2 responsiveness in IL-33-activated MCs, with the potential to both aggravate or suppress disease severity depending on the inflammatory context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Ranjitkar
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Dylan Krajewski
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Western New England University, Springfield, MA 01119
| | - Chelsea Garcia
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Caitlin Tedeschi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Stephanie H. Polukort
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Western New England University, Springfield, MA 01119
| | - Jeffrey Rovatti
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Western New England University, Springfield, MA 01119
| | - Mohamed Mire
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Western New England University, Springfield, MA 01119
| | | | - Evan Jellison
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Sallie S. Schneider
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA 01199
| | - John J. Ryan
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Clinton B. Mathias
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
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4
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Céspedes N, Donnelly EL, Hansten G, Fellows AM, Dobson M, Kaylor HL, Coles TA, Schauer J, Van de Water J, Luckhart S. Mast cell-derived IL-10 protects intestinal barrier integrity during malaria in mice and regulates parasite transmission to Anopheles stephensi with a female-biased immune response. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0036023. [PMID: 38299826 PMCID: PMC10929420 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00360-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Malaria is strongly predisposed to bacteremia, which is associated with increased gastrointestinal permeability and a poor clinical prognosis. We previously identified mast cells (MCs) as mediators of intestinal permeability in malaria and described multiple cytokines that rise with parasitemia, including interleukin (IL)-10, which could protect the host from an inflammatory response and alter parasite transmission to Anopheles mosquitoes. Here, we used the Cre-loxP system and non-lethal Plasmodium yoelii yoelii 17XNL to study the roles of MC-derived IL-10 in malaria immunity and transmission. Our data suggest a sex-biased and local inflammatory response mediated by MC-derived IL-10, supported by early increased number and activation of MCs in females relative to males. Increased parasitemia in female MC IL-10 (-) mice was associated with increased ileal levels of chemokines and plasma myeloperoxidase (MPO). We also observed increased intestinal permeability in female and male MC IL-10 (-) mice relative to MC IL-10 (+) mice but no differences in blood bacterial 16S DNA levels. Transmission success of P. yoelii to A. stephensi was higher in female relative to male mice and from female and male MC IL-10 (-) mice relative to MC IL-10 (+) mice. These patterns were associated with increased plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in female MC IL-10 (-) mice and increased plasma levels of chemokines and markers of neutrophil activation in male MC IL-10 (-) mice. Overall, these data suggest that MC-derived IL-10 protects intestinal barrier integrity, regulates parasite transmission, and controls local and systemic host immune responses during malaria, with a female bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Céspedes
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Erinn L. Donnelly
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Gretchen Hansten
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Abigail M. Fellows
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Megan Dobson
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Hannah L. Kaylor
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Taylor A. Coles
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Joseph Schauer
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Judy Van de Water
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Shirley Luckhart
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
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5
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Liu G, Haw TJ, Starkey MR, Philp AM, Pavlidis S, Nalkurthi C, Nair PM, Gomez HM, Hanish I, Hsu AC, Hortle E, Pickles S, Rojas-Quintero J, Estepar RSJ, Marshall JE, Kim RY, Collison AM, Mattes J, Idrees S, Faiz A, Hansbro NG, Fukui R, Murakami Y, Cheng HS, Tan NS, Chotirmall SH, Horvat JC, Foster PS, Oliver BG, Polverino F, Ieni A, Monaco F, Caramori G, Sohal SS, Bracke KR, Wark PA, Adcock IM, Miyake K, Sin DD, Hansbro PM. TLR7 promotes smoke-induced experimental lung damage through the activity of mast cell tryptase. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7349. [PMID: 37963864 PMCID: PMC10646046 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42913-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) is known for eliciting immunity against single-stranded RNA viruses, and is increased in both human and cigarette smoke (CS)-induced, experimental chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Here we show that the severity of CS-induced emphysema and COPD is reduced in TLR7-deficient mice, while inhalation of imiquimod, a TLR7-agonist, induces emphysema without CS exposure. This imiquimod-induced emphysema is reduced in mice deficient in mast cell protease-6, or when wild-type mice are treated with the mast cell stabilizer, cromolyn. Furthermore, therapeutic treatment with anti-TLR7 monoclonal antibody suppresses CS-induced emphysema, experimental COPD and accumulation of pulmonary mast cells in mice. Lastly, TLR7 mRNA is increased in pre-existing datasets from patients with COPD, while TLR7+ mast cells are increased in COPD lungs and associated with severity of COPD. Our results thus support roles for TLR7 in mediating emphysema and COPD through mast cell activity, and may implicate TLR7 as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, and Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tatt Jhong Haw
- Immune Healthy &/or Grow Up Well, Hunter Medical Research Institute & University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Malcolm R Starkey
- Depatrment of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashleigh M Philp
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, and Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine and Health, St Vincent's Healthcare clinical campus, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stelios Pavlidis
- The Airways Disease Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Christina Nalkurthi
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, and Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Prema M Nair
- Immune Healthy &/or Grow Up Well, Hunter Medical Research Institute & University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Henry M Gomez
- Immune Healthy &/or Grow Up Well, Hunter Medical Research Institute & University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Irwan Hanish
- Immune Healthy &/or Grow Up Well, Hunter Medical Research Institute & University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Alan Cy Hsu
- Immune Healthy &/or Grow Up Well, Hunter Medical Research Institute & University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elinor Hortle
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, and Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sophie Pickles
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, and Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Raul San Jose Estepar
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Jacqueline E Marshall
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, and Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard Y Kim
- Immune Healthy &/or Grow Up Well, Hunter Medical Research Institute & University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Adam M Collison
- Immune Healthy &/or Grow Up Well, Hunter Medical Research Institute & University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joerg Mattes
- Immune Healthy &/or Grow Up Well, Hunter Medical Research Institute & University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sobia Idrees
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, and Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alen Faiz
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, and Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicole G Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, and Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ryutaro Fukui
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minatoku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Murakami
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hong Sheng Cheng
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nguan Soon Tan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sanjay H Chotirmall
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jay C Horvat
- Immune Healthy &/or Grow Up Well, Hunter Medical Research Institute & University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul S Foster
- Immune Healthy &/or Grow Up Well, Hunter Medical Research Institute & University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brian Gg Oliver
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney & School of Life Sciences, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Antonio Ieni
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Section of Anatomic Pathology, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Monaco
- Thoracic Surgery, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Gaetano Caramori
- Pneumologia, Dipartimento BIOMORF and Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Universities of Messina and Parma, Messina, Italy
| | - Sukhwinder S Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Ken R Bracke
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter A Wark
- Immune Healthy &/or Grow Up Well, Hunter Medical Research Institute & University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ian M Adcock
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine and Health, St Vincent's Healthcare clinical campus, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kensuke Miyake
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minatoku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Don D Sin
- The University of British Columbia Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital & Respiratory Division, Dept of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, and Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.
- Immune Healthy &/or Grow Up Well, Hunter Medical Research Institute & University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.
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6
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Conesa MPB, Blixt FW, Peesh P, Khan R, Korf J, Lee J, Jagadeesan G, Andersohn A, Das TK, Tan C, Di Gesu C, Colpo GD, Moruno-Manchón JF, McCullough LD, Bryan R, Ganesh BP. Stabilizing histamine release in gut mast cells mitigates peripheral and central inflammation after stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:230. [PMID: 37805585 PMCID: PMC10560441 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02887-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the most common cause of long-term disability and places a high economic burden on the global healthcare system. Functional outcomes from stroke are largely determined by the extent of ischemic injury, however, there is growing recognition that systemic inflammatory responses also contribute to outcomes. Mast cells (MCs) rapidly respond to injury and release histamine (HA), a pro-inflammatory neurotransmitter that enhances inflammation. The gut serves as a major reservoir of HA. We hypothesized that cromolyn, a mast cell stabilizer that prevents the release of inflammatory mediators, would decrease peripheral and central inflammation, reduce MC trafficking to the brain, and improve stroke outcomes. We used the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model of ischemic stroke in aged (18 mo) male mice to investigate the role of MC in neuroinflammation post-stroke. After MCAO we treated mice with 25 mg/kg body weight of cromolyn (MC stabilizer) by oral gavage. Cromolyn was administered at 3 h, 10 h, 24 h and every 24 h for 3 days post-stroke. Three control groups were used. One group underwent a sham surgery and was treated with cromolyn, one received sham surgery with PBS vehicle and the third underwent MCAO with PBS vehicle. Mice were euthanized at 24 h and 3 days post-stroke. Cromolyn administration significantly reduced MC numbers in the brain at both 24 h and 3 days post-stroke. Infarct volume was not significantly different between groups, however improved functional outcomes were seen at 3 days post-stroke in mice that received cromolyn. Treatment with cromolyn reduced plasma histamine and IL-6 levels in both the 24-h and 3-day cohorts. Gut MCs numbers were significantly reduced after cromolyn treatment at 24 h and 3 days after stroke. To determine if MC trafficking from the gut to the brain occurred after injury, GFP+MCs were adoptively transferred to c-kit-/- MC knock-out animals prior to MCAO. 24 h after stroke, elevated MC recruitment was seen in the ischemic brain. Preventing MC histamine release by cromolyn improved gut barrier integrity and an improvement in stroke-induced dysbiosis was seen with treatment. Our results show that preventing MC histamine release possesses prevents post-stroke neuroinflammation and improves neurological and functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P Blasco Conesa
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Frank W Blixt
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Pedram Peesh
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Romeesa Khan
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Janelle Korf
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Juneyoung Lee
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Gayathri Jagadeesan
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Alexander Andersohn
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Tushar K Das
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Chunfeng Tan
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Claudia Di Gesu
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Gabriela Delevati Colpo
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | | | - Louise D McCullough
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Robert Bryan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bhanu P Ganesh
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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7
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Kharwadkar R, Ulrich BJ, Chu M, Koh B, Hufford MM, Fu Y, Birdsey GM, Porse BT, Randi AM, Kaplan MH. ERG Functionally Overlaps with Other Ets Proteins in Promoting TH9 Cell Expression of Il9 during Allergic Lung Inflammation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:537-546. [PMID: 36637217 PMCID: PMC10230589 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ TH cells develop into subsets that are specialized in the secretion of particular cytokines to mediate restricted types of inflammation and immune responses. Among the subsets that promote development of allergic inflammatory responses, IL-9-producing TH9 cells are regulated by a number of transcription factors. We have previously shown that the E26 transformation-specific (Ets) family members PU.1 and Ets translocation variant 5 (ETV5) function in parallel to regulate IL-9. In this study we identified a third member of the Ets family of transcription factors, Ets-related gene (ERG), that mediates IL-9 production in TH9 cells in the absence of PU.1 and ETV5. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that ERG interaction at the Il9 promoter region is restricted to the TH9 lineage and is sustained during murine TH9 polarization. Knockdown or knockout of ERG during murine or human TH9 polarization in vitro led to a decrease in IL-9 production in TH9 cells. Deletion of ERG in vivo had modest effects on IL-9 production in vitro or in vivo. However, in the absence of PU.1 and ETV5, ERG was required for residual IL-9 production in vitro and for IL-9 production by lung-derived CD4 T cells in a mouse model of chronic allergic airway disease. Thus, ERG contributes to IL-9 regulation in TH9 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakshin Kharwadkar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Benjamin J Ulrich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Michelle Chu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Byunghee Koh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Matthew M Hufford
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Yongyao Fu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Graeme M Birdsey
- National Heart and Lung Institute Vascular Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Bo T Porse
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Biotech Research and Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, DanStem, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna M Randi
- National Heart and Lung Institute Vascular Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Mark H Kaplan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
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8
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van der Elst G, Varol H, Hermans M, Baan CC, Duong-van Huyen JP, Hesselink DA, Kramann R, Rabant M, Reinders MEJ, von der Thüsen JH, van den Bosch TPP, Clahsen-van Groningen MC. The mast cell: A Janus in kidney transplants. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1122409. [PMID: 36891297 PMCID: PMC9986315 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1122409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are innate immune cells with a versatile set of functionalities, enabling them to orchestrate immune responses in various ways. Aside from their known role in allergy, they also partake in both allograft tolerance and rejection through interaction with regulatory T cells, effector T cells, B cells and degranulation of cytokines and other mediators. MC mediators have both pro- and anti-inflammatory actions, but overall lean towards pro-fibrotic pathways. Paradoxically, they are also seen as having potential protective effects in tissue remodeling post-injury. This manuscript elaborates on current knowledge of the functional diversity of mast cells in kidney transplants, combining theory and practice into a MC model stipulating both protective and harmful capabilities in the kidney transplant setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- G van der Elst
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Bioinformatics, Erasmus University Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - H Varol
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Bioinformatics, Erasmus University Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - M Hermans
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - C C Baan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - D A Hesselink
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - R Kramann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - M Rabant
- Department of Pathology, Necker Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - M E J Reinders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - J H von der Thüsen
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Bioinformatics, Erasmus University Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - T P P van den Bosch
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Bioinformatics, Erasmus University Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - M C Clahsen-van Groningen
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Bioinformatics, Erasmus University Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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9
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West PW, Bulfone-Paus S. Mast cell tissue heterogeneity and specificity of immune cell recruitment. Front Immunol 2022; 13:932090. [PMID: 35967445 PMCID: PMC9374002 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.932090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells occupy a unique niche within tissues as long lived perpetrators of IgE mediated hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis, as well as other immune responses. However, mast cells are not identical in different tissues and the impact of this tissue heterogeneity on the interaction with other immune cells and on defined immune responses is still unclear. In this review, we synthesize the characteristics of mast cell heterogeneity in the gut and the skin. Furthermore, we attempt to connect mast cell heterogeneity with functional diversity by exploring differences in mast cell-induced immune cell recruitment in these two model organs. The differential expression of certain receptors on mast cells of different tissues, notably tissue-specific expression patterns of integrins, complement receptors and MRGPRX2, could indicate that tissue environment-dependent factors skew mast cell-immune cell interactions, for example by regulating the expression of these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Bulfone-Paus
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
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10
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Sun Y, Wu S, Zhou Q, Li X. Trophoblast-derived interleukin 9 mediates immune cell conversion and contributes to maternal-fetal tolerance. J Reprod Immunol 2021; 148:103379. [PMID: 34534877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2021.103379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the maternal-fetal crosstalk, fetal derived trophoblast cells can secret several molecules to regulate immune tolerance such as cytokines and chemokines, besides human leukocyte antigens (HLA) providing. However, the mechanism of these factors in pregnancy is still unknown. Our previous study showed that IL9 could be secreted by trophoblasts and exerted a positive effect on trophoblasts themselves through autocrine signaling. Given the immunoregulatory function of IL9 and its expression in trophoblasts, we hypothesize that IL9 contributes to maternal-fetal tolerance by regulating immune cells, especially CD14+ dendritic cells (DCs) and naïve CD4 + T cells who have essential roles in maternal-fetal immune tolerance. We performed a series of experiments, finding that HTR8/SVneo cells could secrete IL9 in vitro, and this secretion was decreased under hypoxia; both CD14 + DCs and naïve CD4 + T cells expressed IL9 receptors, indicating potential interactions among these cells. In CD14 + DCs, trophoblast-derived IL9 promoted the immature differentiation, and induced the secretion of Th2 cytokines, including IL4 and IL10, shifting the Th1/Th2 ratio to Th2. In naïve CD4 + T cells, IL9 also increased Foxp3 expression and promoted the secretion of Treg cytokines, including TGFβ and IL10, inhibiting pro-inflammatory Th17. Therefore, trophoblasts may act as fetal-derived immune cells to maintain maternal-fetal tolerance by secreting IL9. Given that trophoblast derived IL9 is decreased in preeclampsia, our study provides a new insight into maternal-fetal immunology and immunological disorders in abnormal pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- Obstetric Department, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Suwen Wu
- Obstetric Department, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiongjie Zhou
- Obstetric Department, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaotian Li
- Obstetric Department, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Obstetric Department, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Shanghai, China; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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11
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Ma C, Qi Y, Liu H, Wu C, Cui X, Liu Z. Inhibitory effect of activin A on IL-9 production by mouse NK cells through Smad3 signaling. Biol Chem 2021; 401:297-308. [PMID: 31400749 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2019-0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-9 (IL-9) is a cytokine secreted by T-helper (Th)9 cells, and activin A can enhance Th9 cell differentiation. However, whether activin A affects IL-9 production by natural killer (NK) cells remains unclear. Herein, we found that not only Th cells, but also CD3-CD49b+NKp46+ NK cells of Balb/c mice produced IL-9. Although activin A promoted IL-9 expression in CD4+ Th cells, it inhibited IL-9 production by CD49b+NKp46+ NK cells in mice. Furthermore, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results showed that mouse NK cells could secrete mature IL-9 protein, and activin A inhibited IL-9 release by NK cells. Additionally, activin A inhibited interferon (IFN)-γ production in splenic NK cells in mice, but promoted IL-2 production, and did not alter the production of IL-10. Western blotting results showed that levels of activin type IIA receptor (ActRIIA), Smad3 and phosphorylated-Smad3 (p-SMAD3) protein increased in activin A-treated splenic NK cells, compared with that in control NK cells. The inhibitory effects of activin A on IL-9 production by NK cells were attenuated in the presence of activin antagonist follistatin (FST) or Smad3 knockdown to NK cells. These data suggest that although activin A up-regulates IL-9 expression in Th cells, it inhibits IL-9 production in NK cells through Smad3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Ma
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yan Qi
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Chengdong Wu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xueling Cui
- Department of Genetics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Zhonghui Liu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, China
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12
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Murphy-Schafer AR, Paust S. Divergent Mast Cell Responses Modulate Antiviral Immunity During Influenza Virus Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:580679. [PMID: 33680987 PMCID: PMC7935524 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.580679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a respiratory pathogen that infects millions of people each year. Both seasonal and pandemic strains of IAV are capable of causing severe respiratory disease with a high risk of respiratory failure and opportunistic secondary infection. A strong inflammatory cytokine response is a hallmark of severe IAV infection. The widespread tissue damage and edema in the lung during severe influenza is largely attributed to an overexuberant production of inflammatory cytokines and cell killing by resident and infiltrating leukocytes. Mast cells (MCs) are a sentinel hematopoietic cell type situated at mucosal sites, including the lung. Poised to react immediately upon detecting infection, MCs produce a vast array of immune modulating molecules, including inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and proteases. As such, MCs have been implicated as a source of the immunopathology observed in severe influenza. However, a growing body of evidence indicates that MCs play an essential role not only in inducing an inflammatory response but in suppressing inflammation as well. MC-derived immune suppressive cytokines are essential to the resolution of a number of viral infections and other immune insults. Absence of MCs prolongs infection, exacerbates tissue damage, and contributes to dissemination of the pathogen to other tissues. Production of cytokines such as IL-10 and IL-6 by MCs is essential for mitigating the inflammation and tissue damage caused by innate and adaptive immune cells alike. The two opposing functions of MCs—one pro-inflammatory and one anti-inflammatory—distinguish MCs as master regulators of immunity at the site of infection. Amongst the first cells to respond to infection or injury, MCs persist for the duration of the infection, modulating the recruitment, activation, and eventual suppression of other immune cells. In this review, we will discuss the immune modulatory roles of MCs over the course of viral infection and propose that the immune suppressive mediators produced by MCs are vital to minimizing immunopathology during influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh R Murphy-Schafer
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Silke Paust
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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13
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Sabbaghi F, Ullner L, Bohn T, Hahlbrock J, Bopp T, Schmitt E, Klein M, Stassen M. In Activated Murine Mast Cells, NFATc2 Is Critical for the Production of Autocrine IL-3, Thereby Promoting the Expression of IL-9. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:67-76. [PMID: 33268486 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
IL-9 has lent its numerical designation to the Th9 subset of CD4+ Th cells, although it is also produced by additional cell types, including mast cells. It is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in allergic reactions, parasitic infections, autoimmune inflammation, and cancer immunity. In this article, we provide evidence that NFATc2 has contradictory functions in the expression of IL-9 in murine Th9 cells and bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC). The basis for this is our observation that the production of IL-9 in NFATc2-deficient Th9 cells is increased, whereas it is decreased in BMMC devoid of NFATc2. In addition, NFATc2 deficiency almost completely abrogates the expression of IL-3 in both cell types. However, selectively in BMMC, the production of IL-9 critically depends on autocrine IL-3 acting via the sustained activation of STAT5 on the expression of IL-9. Furthermore, we demonstrate that IL-3 acts independently and synergistically with IL-1β on the production of IL-9. Taken together, we highlight NFATc2-driven production of autocrine IL-3 as a critical and cell type-specific component for IL-9 expression in BMMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Sabbaghi
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz and Research Center for Immunotherapy, Paul-Klein-Center for Immune Intervention, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lorenz Ullner
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz and Research Center for Immunotherapy, Paul-Klein-Center for Immune Intervention, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Toszka Bohn
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz and Research Center for Immunotherapy, Paul-Klein-Center for Immune Intervention, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jennifer Hahlbrock
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz and Research Center for Immunotherapy, Paul-Klein-Center for Immune Intervention, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Bopp
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz and Research Center for Immunotherapy, Paul-Klein-Center for Immune Intervention, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Edgar Schmitt
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz and Research Center for Immunotherapy, Paul-Klein-Center for Immune Intervention, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Klein
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz and Research Center for Immunotherapy, Paul-Klein-Center for Immune Intervention, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Stassen
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz and Research Center for Immunotherapy, Paul-Klein-Center for Immune Intervention, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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14
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Do-Thi VA, Lee JO, Lee H, Kim YS. Crosstalk between the Producers and Immune Targets of IL-9. Immune Netw 2020; 20:e45. [PMID: 33425430 PMCID: PMC7779872 DOI: 10.4110/in.2020.20.e45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-9 has been reported to play dual roles in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders and cancers. The collaboration of IL-9 with microenvironmental factors including the broader cytokine milieu and other cellular components may provide important keys to explain its conflicting effects in chronic conditions. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the cellular sources of, and immunological responders to IL-9, in order to interpret the role of IL-9 in the regulation of immune responses. This knowledge will provide new perspectives to improve clinical benefits and limit adverse effects of IL-9 when treating pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Anh Do-Thi
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Jie-Oh Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Hayyoung Lee
- Institute of Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Young Sang Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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15
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IL-9-producing T cells: potential players in allergy and cancer. Nat Rev Immunol 2020; 21:37-48. [PMID: 32788707 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-020-0396-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
IL-9-producing CD4+ T cells have been considered to represent a distinct T helper cell (TH cell) subset owing to their unique developmental programme in vitro, their expression of distinct transcription factors (including PU.1) and their copious production of IL-9. It remains debatable whether these cells represent a truly unique TH cell subset in vivo, but they are closely related to the T helper 2 (TH2) cells that are detected in allergic diseases. In recent years, increasing evidence has also indicated that IL-9-producing T cells may have potent abilities in eradicating advanced tumours, particularly melanomas. Here, we review the latest literature on the development of IL-9-producing T cells and their functions in disease settings, with a particular focus on allergy and cancer. We also discuss recent ideas concerning the therapeutic targeting of these cells in patients with chronic allergic diseases and their potential use in cancer immunotherapy.
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16
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Xiong T, Attar M, Gnirck AC, Wunderlich M, Becker M, Rickassel C, Puelles VG, Meyer-Schwesinger C, Wiech T, Nies JF, Divivier M, Fuchs T, Schulze Zur Wiesch J, Taipaleenmäki H, Hoxha E, Wirtz S, Huber TB, Panzer U, Turner JE. Interleukin-9 protects from early podocyte injury and progressive glomerulosclerosis in Adriamycin-induced nephropathy. Kidney Int 2020; 98:615-629. [PMID: 32446933 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A wide spectrum of immunological functions has been attributed to Interleukin 9 (IL-9), including effects on the survival and proliferation of immune and parenchymal cells. In recent years, emerging evidence suggests that IL-9 expression can promote tissue repair in inflammatory conditions. However, data about the involvement of IL-9 in kidney tissue protection is very limited. Here, we investigated the role of IL-9 in Adriamycin-induced nephropathy (AN), a mouse model for proteinuric chronic kidney disease. Compared to wild type mice, IL-9 knockout (Il9-/-) mice with AN displayed accelerated development of proteinuria, aggravated glomerulosclerosis and deterioration of kidney function. At an early stage of disease, the Il9-/- mice already displayed a higher extent of glomerular podocyte injury and loss of podocyte number compared to wild type mice. In the kidney, T cells and innate lymphoid cells produced IL-9. However, selective deficiency of IL-9 in the innate immune system in Il9-/-Rag2-/- mice that lack T and B cells did not alter the outcome of AN, indicating that IL-9 derived from the adaptive immune system was the major driver of tissue protection in this model. Mechanistically, we could show that podocytes expressed the IL-9 receptor in vivo and that IL-9 signaling protects podocytes from Adriamycin-induced apoptosis in vitro. Finally, in vivo treatment with IL-9 effectively protected wild type mice from glomerulosclerosis and kidney failure in the AN model. The detection of increased serum IL-9 levels in patients with primary focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis further suggests that IL-9 production is induced by glomerular injury in humans. Thus, IL-9 confers protection against experimental glomerulosclerosis, identifying the IL-9 pathway as a potential therapeutic target in proteinuric chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Xiong
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Madena Attar
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ann-Christin Gnirck
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Malte Wunderlich
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martina Becker
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Constantin Rickassel
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Victor G Puelles
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Catherine Meyer-Schwesinger
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wiech
- Institute of Pathology, Nephropathology Section, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jasper F Nies
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mylène Divivier
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Fuchs
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Hanna Taipaleenmäki
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elion Hoxha
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Wirtz
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, University Medical Center Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tobias B Huber
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulf Panzer
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan-Eric Turner
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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17
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Storni F, Zeltins A, Balke I, Heath MD, Kramer MF, Skinner MA, Zha L, Roesti E, Engeroff P, Muri L, von Werdt D, Gruber T, Cragg M, Mlynarczyk M, Kündig TM, Vogel M, Bachmann MF. Vaccine against peanut allergy based on engineered virus-like particles displaying single major peanut allergens. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 145:1240-1253.e3. [PMID: 31866435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peanut allergy is a severe and increasingly frequent disease with high medical, psychosocial, and economic burden for affected patients and wider society. A causal, safe, and effective therapy is not yet available. OBJECTIVE We sought to develop an immunogenic, protective, and nonreactogenic vaccine candidate against peanut allergy based on virus-like particles (VLPs) coupled to single peanut allergens. METHODS To generate vaccine candidates, extracts of roasted peanut (Ara R) or the single allergens Ara h 1 or Ara h 2 were coupled to immunologically optimized Cucumber Mosaic Virus-derived VLPs (CuMVtt). BALB/c mice were sensitized intraperitoneally with peanut extract absorbed to alum. Immunotherapy consisted of a single subcutaneous injection of CuMVtt coupled to Ara R, Ara h 1, or Ara h 2. RESULTS The vaccines CuMVtt-Ara R, CuMVtt-Ara h 1, and CuMVtt-Ara h 2 protected peanut-sensitized mice against anaphylaxis after intravenous challenge with the whole peanut extract. Vaccines did not cause allergic reactions in sensitized mice. CuMVtt-Ara h 1 was able to induce specific IgG antibodies, diminished local reactions after skin prick tests, and reduced the infiltration of the gastrointestinal tract by eosinophils and mast cells after oral challenge with peanut. The ability of CuMVtt-Ara h 1 to protect against challenge with the whole extract was mediated by IgG, as shown via passive IgG transfer. FcγRIIb was required for protection, indicating that immune complexes with single allergens were able to block the allergic response against the whole extract, consisting of a complex allergen mixture. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that vaccination using single peanut allergens displayed on CuMVtt may represent a novel therapy against peanut allergy with a favorable safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Storni
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Andris Zeltins
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - Ina Balke
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | | | | | | | - Lisha Zha
- International Immunology Center of Anhui Agricultural Center, Anhui, China
| | - Elisa Roesti
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Paul Engeroff
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Muri
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Diego von Werdt
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Gruber
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mark Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Thomas M Kündig
- Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Monique Vogel
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin F Bachmann
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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18
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Aria H, Kalani M, Hodjati H, Doroudchi M. Different cytokine patterns induced by Helicobacter pylori and Lactobacillus acidophilus extracts in PBMCs of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 70:101449. [PMID: 32126431 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a degenerative inflammatory disease with unknown etiology. AAA is characterized by abdominal aortic dilatation more than 3 cm and is often asymptomatic, but the rupture of aneurysm can lead to death. Age, smoking and male sex are major predisposing factors of AAA. This study compares the effect of Helicobacter (H.) pylori and Lactobacillus (L.) acidophilus on the cytokine profile of PBMCs of 5 men with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and 5 men with normal/insignificant angiography, CT-Scan and ultrasonography results in the single-culture and in the co-culture with HUVECs. IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-17 F, IL-21, IL-22, IFN-γ and TNF-α were measured in culture supernatants using a commercial fluorescent-labeled-bead assay. In general, CagA+ H. pylori-extract induced higher production of IFN-γ, IL-13 and IL-21 by PBMCs. Treatment of patients' PBMCs with CagA+H. pylori-extract induced Th2 cytokines while treatment of controls' PBMCs with CagA+H. pylori-extract increased Th1 cytokines. In the co-culture, however, patients' PBMCs produced Th1 cytokines irrespective of extract treatment, while controls' PBMCs produced Th2 cytokines and decreased IL-10. CagA+ H. pylori- as well as L. acidophilus-extract induced higher levels of IL-9 by controls' PBMCs in co-culture with HUVECs than patients (P = 0.05 and P = 0.01). The cytokine pattern of PBMCs induced by CagA+ H. pylori- and L. acidophilus-extracts in the co-culture with HUVECs shows differences in AAA patients and in comparison to controls. Decreased secretion of IL-9, IL-21 and IL-22 by PBMCs of patients treated with CagA+ H. pylori extract in co-culture, as opposed to non-AAA controls may indicate the active role ECs play in AAA. Simultaneous production of IL-10 and Th1 cytokines in patients and pronounced Th2 cytokines in controls in response to both bacteria may point to the inherent differences between patients and controls, which need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Aria
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Kalani
- Prof. Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hossein Hodjati
- Department of Vascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehrnoosh Doroudchi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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19
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Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-9 is a pleiotropic cytokine, which can function as a positive or negative regulator of immune responses on multiple types of cells. The role of IL-9 was originally known in allergic disease and parasite infections. Interestingly, recent studies demonstrate its presence in the tumor tissues of mice and humans, and the association between IL-9 and tumor progression has been revisited following the discovery of T helper (Th) 9 cells. Tumor-specific Th9 cells are considered to be the main subset of CD4+ T cells that produce high level of IL-9 and exhibit an IL-9-dependent robust anti-cancer function in solid tumors. IL-9 exerts an unprecedented anti-tumor immunity not only by inducing innate and adaptive immune responses but also directly promoting apoptosis of tumor cells. The objective of this review is to summarize the latest advances regarding the anti-tumor mechanisms of IL-9 and Th9 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningbo Zheng
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Yong Lu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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20
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Kakinoki A, Kameo T, Yamashita S, Furuta K, Tanaka S. Establishment and Characterization of a Murine Mucosal Mast Cell Culture Model. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010236. [PMID: 31905768 PMCID: PMC6982154 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that mast cells play critical roles in disruption and maintenance of intestinal homeostasis, although it remains unknown how they affect the local microenvironment. Interleukin-9 (IL-9) was found to play critical roles in intestinal mast cell accumulation induced in various pathological conditions, such as parasite infection and oral allergen-induced anaphylaxis. Newly recruited intestinal mast cells trigger inflammatory responses and damage epithelial integrity through release of a wide variety of mediators including mast cell proteases. We established a novel culture model (IL-9-modified mast cells, MCs/IL-9), in which murine IL-3-dependent bone-marrow-derived cultured mast cells (BMMCs) were further cultured in the presence of stem cell factor and IL-9. In MCs/IL-9, drastic upregulation of Mcpt1 and Mcpt2 was found. Although histamine storage and tryptase activity were significantly downregulated in the presence of SCF and IL-9, this was entirely reversed when mast cells were cocultured with a murine fibroblastic cell line, Swiss 3T3. MCs/IL-9 underwent degranulation upon IgE-mediated antigen stimulation, which was found to less sensitive to lower concentrations of IgE in comparison with BMMCs. This model might be useful for investigation of the spatiotemporal changes of newly recruited intestinal mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Kakinoki
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima naka 1-1-1, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kameo
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima naka 1-1-1, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Shoko Yamashita
- Department of Immunobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsushima naka 1-1-1, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan (K.F.)
| | - Kazuyuki Furuta
- Department of Immunobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsushima naka 1-1-1, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan (K.F.)
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi Nakauchi-cho 5, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-75-595-4667
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21
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Sugimoto N, Suzukawa M, Nagase H, Koizumi Y, Ro S, Kobayashi K, Yoshihara H, Kojima Y, Kamiyama-Hara A, Hebisawa A, Ohta K. IL-9 Blockade Suppresses Silica-induced Lung Inflammation and Fibrosis in Mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 60:232-243. [PMID: 30240278 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0287oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Recapitulative animal models of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and related diseases are lacking, which inhibits our ability to fully clarify the pathogenesis of these diseases. Although lung fibrosis in mouse models is often induced by bleomycin, silica-induced lung fibrosis is more sustainable and more progressive. Therefore, in this study, we sought to elucidate the mediator(s) responsible for the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis, through the use of a mouse model of silica-induced lung fibrosis. With a single nasal administration of 16 mg of silica, lung inflammation (assessed by elevated cellular components in the BAL fluids [BALFs]) and lung fibrosis (assessed by lung histology and lung hydroxyproline levels) were induced and sustained for as long as 24 weeks. Of the mediators measured in the BALFs, IL-9 was characteristically elevated gradually, and peaked at 24 weeks after silica administration. Treatment of silica-challenged mice with anti-IL-9-neutralizing antibody inhibited lung fibrosis, as assessed by lung hydroxyproline level, and suppressed the levels of major mediators, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, CCL2, CXCL1, and TNF-α in BALFs. Moreover, human lung specimens from patients with IPF have shown high expression of IL-9 in alveolar macrophages, CD4-positive cells, and receptors for IL-9 in airway epithelial cells. Collectively, these data suggest that IL-9 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis in diseases such as IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Sugimoto
- 1 Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Maho Suzukawa
- 2 National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nagase
- 1 Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Yuta Koizumi
- 1 Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Shoki Ro
- 1 Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Konomi Kobayashi
- 1 Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Hisanao Yoshihara
- 1 Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Yasuhiro Kojima
- 1 Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Asae Kamiyama-Hara
- 1 Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Akira Hebisawa
- 2 National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Ohta
- 2 National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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The dichotomous function of interleukin-9 in cancer diseases. J Mol Med (Berl) 2019; 97:1377-1383. [PMID: 31396657 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-019-01826-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The pleiotropic function of the cytokine IL-9 is so far described in many inflammation processes and autoimmune diseases. But its role in cancer immunology is rather diverse as it can have a pro-tumorigenic function as well as anti-tumorigenic characteristics. In various disease models of cancer, this cytokine is involved in different signaling pathways triggering the expression of proteins involved in cell growth, migration, and transformation or repressing cells from the adaptive immune system to reject tumor growth. Additionally, there are even therapeutic approaches for IL-9 in cancer development. This review will give an overview of the various roles of IL-9 in different immune organs and cells and provide an insight in the current state of research in the IL-9-dependent cancer area.
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23
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Chakraborty S, Kubatzky KF, Mitra DK. An Update on Interleukin-9: From Its Cellular Source and Signal Transduction to Its Role in Immunopathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2113. [PMID: 31035677 PMCID: PMC6522352 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-9 (IL-9) is a pleiotropic cytokine and was primarily studied in the context of T helper 2 (TH2)-associated immuno-pathological conditions such as asthma and parasitic infections. There was a paradigm shift in the biology of IL-9 after the recent discovery of TH9 cells, a new subtype of TH cells which secrete IL-9 in copious amounts. This has resulted in renewed interest in this cytokine, which was neglected since discovery because it was considered it to be just another TH2 cytokine. Recent studies have shown that it has multiple cellular sources and is critically involved in the immune-pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases and in guarding immune tolerance. In this review, we will discuss its discovery, gene organization, cellular sources, and signaling pathways. Especially, we will give an update on the recent development regarding its relevance in the immune pathogenesis of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Chakraborty
- Department of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 1100029, India.
| | - Katharina F Kubatzky
- Zentrum für Infektiologie, Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Dipendra Kumar Mitra
- Department of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 1100029, India.
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24
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van de Veen W, Akdis M. The use of biologics for immune modulation in allergic disease. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:1452-1462. [PMID: 30882368 DOI: 10.1172/jci124607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The rising prevalence of allergies represents an increasing socioeconomic burden. A detailed understanding of the immunological mechanisms that underlie the development of allergic disease, as well as the processes that drive immune tolerance to allergens, will be instrumental in designing therapeutic strategies to treat and prevent allergic disease. Improved characterization of individual patients through the use of specific biomarkers and improved definitions of disease endotypes are paving the way for the use of targeted therapeutic approaches for personalized treatment. Allergen-specific immunotherapy and biologic therapies that target key molecules driving the Th2 response are already used in the clinic, and a wave of novel drug candidates are under development. In-depth analysis of the cells and tissues of patients treated with such targeted interventions provides a wealth of information on the mechanisms that drive allergies and tolerance to allergens. Here, we aim to deliver an overview of the current state of specific inhibitors used in the treatment of allergy, with a particular focus on asthma and atopic dermatitis, and provide insights into the roles of these molecules in immunological mechanisms of allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem van de Veen
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.,Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
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25
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Kienzl P, Polacek R, Reithofer M, Reitermaier R, Hagenbach P, Tajpara P, Vierhapper M, Gschwandtner M, Mildner M, Jahn-Schmid B, Elbe-Bürger A. The cytokine environment influence on human skin-derived T cells. FASEB J 2019; 33:6514-6525. [PMID: 30807238 PMCID: PMC6463918 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801416r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Skin resident T cells provide immediate immunologic responses at their specific location and play a role in the pathogenesis of skin diseases such as psoriasis. Recently, IL-9-producing T cells were described as a major T-cell subtype present in the skin, but knowledge on the biology and in situ regulation of this T-cell subtype is scarce. Here, we investigated the cytokine influence on skin T cells with focus on IL-9-producing T cells because a better understanding of their biology may identify novel therapeutic approaches. Healthy human skin biopsies were cultured either in the presence of IL-2, IL-4, and TGF-β [T helper (Th)9-promoting condition (Th9-PC)] or IL-2 and IL-15 [standard condition (SC)]. Paired analysis of enzymatically isolated skin T cells and emigrated T cells after 4 wk of skin culture showed significant alterations of T-cell phenotypes, cytokine production, and IL-9-producing T-cell frequency. RNA sequencing analysis revealed differentially regulated pathways and identified CXCL8 and CXCL13 as top up-regulated genes in Th9-PC compared with SC. Functionally supernatant of stimulated skin-derived T cells, CXCL8 and CXCL13 increased neutrophil survival. We report that the cytokine environment alters skin-derived T-cell phenotype and functional properties.-Kienzl, P., Polacek, R., Reithofer, M., Reitermaier, R., Hagenbach, P., Tajpara, P., Vierhapper, M., Gschwandtner, M., Mildner, M. Jahn-Schmid, B., Elbe-Bürger, A. The cytokine environment influence on human skin-derived T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Kienzl
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Romana Polacek
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuel Reithofer
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - René Reitermaier
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pia Hagenbach
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pooja Tajpara
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Vierhapper
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Gschwandtner
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Mildner
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Beatrice Jahn-Schmid
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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26
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Takatsuka S, Yamada H, Haniuda K, Ichihashi M, Chiba J, Kitamura D. DNA immunization using in vivo electroporation for generating monoclonal antibodies Against Mouse IL-9R. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3174. [PMID: 33654980 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane proteins such as cytokine receptors and G protein-coupled receptors can be drug targets. Recently, we have generated specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the mouse IL-9 receptor (IL-9R) and found that IL-9R on memory B cells have critical roles in T-dependent immune response. So far, most antibodies against cell surface proteins have been generated by immunization of animals with recombinant proteins produced in Escherichia coli (E. coli) or peptides derived from the protein. However, such antibodies often fail to recognize native proteins on cell surfaces because these antigens lack posttranslational modification and natural protein conformations. To circumvent such problems, we have developed a mouse immunization method, the DNA-immunization utilizing hyaluronidase and E. coli GroEL. Herein, we report an application of the original mouse immunization method in rats to generate anti-mouse IL-9R mAbs which could react with the native form of mouse IL-9R on cell surfaces. Thus, we suggest that the DNA-immunization method is feasible for generating monoclonal antibodies against cell surface proteins in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Takatsuka
- Division of Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamada
- Division of Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Kei Haniuda
- Division of Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Marina Ichihashi
- Division of Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Joe Chiba
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kitamura
- Division of Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
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27
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Dwyer CJ, Knochelmann HM, Smith AS, Wyatt MM, Rangel Rivera GO, Arhontoulis DC, Bartee E, Li Z, Rubinstein MP, Paulos CM. Fueling Cancer Immunotherapy With Common Gamma Chain Cytokines. Front Immunol 2019; 10:263. [PMID: 30842774 PMCID: PMC6391336 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive T cell transfer therapy (ACT) using tumor infiltrating lymphocytes or lymphocytes redirected with antigen receptors (CAR or TCR) has revolutionized the field of cancer immunotherapy. Although CAR T cell therapy mediates robust responses in patients with hematological malignancies, this approach has been less effective for treating patients with solid tumors. Additionally, toxicities post T cell infusion highlight the need for safer ACT protocols. Current protocols traditionally expand T lymphocytes isolated from patient tumors or from peripheral blood to large magnitudes in the presence of high dose IL-2 prior to infusion. Unfortunately, this expansion protocol differentiates T cells to a full effector or terminal phenotype in vitro, consequently reducing their long-term survival and antitumor effectiveness in vivo. Post-infusion, T cells face further obstacles limiting their persistence and function within the suppressive tumor microenvironment. Therapeutic manipulation of T cells with common γ chain cytokines, which are critical growth factors for T cells, may be the key to bypass such immunological hurdles. Herein, we discuss the primary functions of the common γ chain cytokines impacting T cell survival and memory and then elaborate on how these distinct cytokines have been used to augment T cell-based cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor J Dwyer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Hannah M Knochelmann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Aubrey S Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Megan M Wyatt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Guillermo O Rangel Rivera
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Dimitrios C Arhontoulis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Eric Bartee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Zihai Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Mark P Rubinstein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Chrystal M Paulos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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28
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Mukai K, Tsai M, Saito H, Galli SJ. Mast cells as sources of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. Immunol Rev 2019; 282:121-150. [PMID: 29431212 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 464] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are hematopoietic cells that reside in virtually all vascularized tissues and that represent potential sources of a wide variety of biologically active secreted products, including diverse cytokines and growth factors. There is strong evidence for important non-redundant roles of mast cells in many types of innate or adaptive immune responses, including making important contributions to immediate and chronic IgE-associated allergic disorders and enhancing host resistance to certain venoms and parasites. However, mast cells have been proposed to influence many other biological processes, including responses to bacteria and virus, angiogenesis, wound healing, fibrosis, autoimmune and metabolic disorders, and cancer. The potential functions of mast cells in many of these settings is thought to reflect their ability to secrete, upon appropriate activation by a range of immune or non-immune stimuli, a broad spectrum of cytokines (including many chemokines) and growth factors, with potential autocrine, paracrine, local, and systemic effects. In this review, we summarize the evidence indicating which cytokines and growth factors can be produced by various populations of rodent and human mast cells in response to particular immune or non-immune stimuli, and comment on the proven or potential roles of such mast cell products in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Mukai
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mindy Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hirohisa Saito
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health & Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Stephen J Galli
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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29
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Yazdani R, Shapoori S, Rezaeepoor M, Sanaei R, Ganjalikhani-Hakemi M, Azizi G, Rae W, Aghamohammadi A, Rezaei N. Features and roles of T helper 9 cells and interleukin 9 in immunological diseases. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2019; 47:90-104. [PMID: 29703631 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
T helper 9 (TH9) cells are considered as newly classified helper T cells that have an important role in the regulation of immune responses. Since these cells preferentially produce IL-9, these cells are termed TH9 cells. Recently, the role of TH9 and its signature cytokine (IL-9) has been investigated in a wide range of diseases, including autoimmunity, allergy, infections, cancer and immunodeficiency. Herein, we review the most recent data concerning TH9 cells and IL-9 as well as their roles in disease. These insights suggest that TH9 cells are a future target for therapeutic intervention.
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30
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Maywald M, Wang F, Rink L. Zinc supplementation plays a crucial role in T helper 9 differentiation in allogeneic immune reactions and non-activated T cells. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2018; 50:482-488. [PMID: 29439842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
T helper (Th) 9 cells play a critical role in immune-mediated diseases, including allergic airway inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and cancer development. Thus, the promotion or suppression of Th9 cell differentiation, transcriptional control, and function is very important for a healthy immune system. Interestingly, T cell maturation, differentiation and function are highly dependent on the individuals' zinc status. This is especially seen in zinc deficient individuals as in the elderly population often suffering of autoimmunity and increased incidence of infections. In this regard, this study examines the impact of zinc supplementation in pharmacological doses on Th9 differentiation in two in vitro models: 1) in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) displaying allogeneic activated T cells in graft versus host disease, and 2) on non-activated resting T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). On the one hand, zinc supplementation significantly diminishes IL-4-induced Th9 differentiation in MLC thereby ameliorating this pro-inflammatory allogeneic immunoreaction. On the other hand, Th9 cells are induced in resting T cells in PBMC hence triggering the immunological defense. Thus, zinc supplementation can be considered as useful additive to dampen unwanted allogeneic immunoreactions. Moreover, the pro-inflammatory immune defense in non-reactive T cells can be strengthened, which is a frequent issue in the elderly population having a weakened immune response against invading pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Maywald
- Institute of Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Fudi Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Precision Nutrition Innovation Center, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lothar Rink
- Institute of Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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31
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A conserved enhancer regulates Il9 expression in multiple lineages. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4803. [PMID: 30442929 PMCID: PMC6237898 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07202-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine genes are regulated by multiple regulatory elements that confer tissue-specific and activation-dependent expression. The cis-regulatory elements of the gene encoding IL-9, a cytokine that promotes allergy, autoimmune inflammation and tumor immunity, have not been defined. Here we identify an enhancer (CNS-25) upstream of the Il9 gene that binds most transcription factors (TFs) that promote Il9 gene expression. Deletion of the enhancer in the mouse germline alters transcription factor binding to the remaining Il9 regulatory elements, and results in diminished IL-9 production in multiple cell types including Th9 cells, and attenuates IL-9-dependent immune responses. Moreover, deletion of the homologous enhancer (CNS-18) in primary human Th9 cultures results in significant decrease of IL-9 production. Thus, Il9 CNS-25/IL9 CNS-18 is a critical and conserved regulatory element for IL-9 production. Interleukin-9 (IL-9) is important for allergy, autoimmunity and tumor immunity, but how its expression is regulated is unclear. Here the authors show the essential function of an enhancer, CNS-25 in mouse and CNS-18 in human, for IL-9 expression, with the deletion of this enhancer severely hampering IL-9 production in mice or human cells.
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32
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Takatsuka S, Yamada H, Haniuda K, Saruwatari H, Ichihashi M, Renauld JC, Kitamura D. IL-9 receptor signaling in memory B cells regulates humoral recall responses. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:1025-1034. [PMID: 30082831 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0177-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Memory B cells (Bmem cells) are the basis of long-lasting humoral immunity. They respond to re-encountered antigens by rapidly producing specific antibodies and forming germinal centers (GCs), a recall response that has been known for decades but remains poorly understood. We found that the receptor for the cytokine IL-9 (IL-9R) was induced selectively on Bmem cells after primary immunization and that IL-9R-deficient mice exhibited a normal primary antibody response but impaired recall antibody responses, with attenuated population expansion and plasma-cell differentiation of Bmem cells. In contrast, there was augmented GC formation, possibly due to defective downregulation of the ligand for the co-stimulatory receptor ICOS on Bmem cells. A fraction of Bmem cells produced IL-9. These findings indicate that IL-9R signaling in Bmem cells regulates humoral recall responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Takatsuka
- Division of Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan.,Department of Chemotherapy and Mycoses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamada
- Division of Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Kei Haniuda
- Division of Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Saruwatari
- Division of Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Marina Ichihashi
- Division of Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Jean-Christophe Renauld
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Experimental Medicine Unit, Universite catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daisuke Kitamura
- Division of Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan.
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Geng W, Zhang W, Ma J. IL-9 exhibits elevated expression in osteonecrosis of femoral head patients and promotes cartilage degradation through activation of JAK-STAT signaling in vitro. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 60:228-234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Shohan M, Elahi S, Shirzad H, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Bagheri N, Soltani E. Th9 Cells: Probable players in ulcerative colitis pathogenesis. Int Rev Immunol 2018; 37:192-205. [PMID: 29672174 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2018.1457659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
T lymphocytes represent an important part of adaptive immune system undertaking different functions to regulate immune responses. CD4+ T cells are the most important activator cells in inflammatory conditions. Depending on the type of induced cells and inflamed sites, expression and activity of different subtypes of helper T cells are changed. Recent studies have confirmed the existence of a new subset of helper T lymphocytes called Th9. Naive T cells can differentiate into Th9 subtypes if they are exposed simultaneously by interleukin (IL) 4 and transforming growth factor β and also secondary activation of a complicated network of transcription factors such as interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) and Smads which are essential for adequate induction of this phenotype. Th9 cells specifically produce interleukin 9 and their probable roles in promoting intestinal inflammation are being investigated in human subjects and experimental models of ulcerative colitis (UC). Recently, infiltration of Th9 cells, overexpression of IL-9, and certain genes associated with Th9 differentiation have been demonstrated in inflammatory microenvironment of UC. Intestinal oversecretion of IL-9 protein is likely to break down epithelial barriers and compromise tolerance to certain commensal microorganisms which leads to inflammation. Th9 pathogenicity has not yet been adequately explored in UC and they are far from being considered as inflammatory cells in this milieu, therefore precise understanding the role of these newly identified cells in particular their potential role in gut pathogenesis may enable us to develop novel therapeutic approaches for inflammatory bowel disease. So, this article tries to discuss the latest knowledge on the above-mentioned field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Shohan
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Faculty of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences , Shahrekord , Iran
| | - Shokrollah Elahi
- b Department of Dentistry , Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology , Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada
| | - Hedayatollah Shirzad
- c Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences , Shahrekord , Iran
| | - Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei
- d Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences , Shahrekord , Iran
| | - Nader Bagheri
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Faculty of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences , Shahrekord , Iran
| | - Emad Soltani
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Faculty of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences , Shahrekord , Iran
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Abstract
IL-9 is a pleiotropic cytokine produced in different amounts by a wide variety of cells including mast cells, NKT cells, Th2, Th17, Treg, ILC2, and Th9 cells. Th9 cells are considered to be the main CD4+ T cells that produce IL-9. IL-9 exerts its effects on multiple types of cells and different tissues. To date, its main role has been found in the immune responses against parasites and pathogenesis of allergic diseases such as asthma and bronchial hyperreactivity. Additionally, it induces the proliferation of hematologic neoplasias, including Hodgkin's lymphoma in humans. However, IL-9 also has antitumor properties in solid tumors such as melanoma. The objective of this review is to describe IL-9, its function, sources, and methods of detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth Sanchez
- Department of Physiology, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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Benedé S, Cody E, Agashe C, Berin MC. Immune Characterization of Bone Marrow-Derived Models of Mucosal and Connective Tissue Mast Cells. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2018; 10:268-277. [PMID: 29676074 PMCID: PMC5911446 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2018.10.3.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose It is well appreciated that mast cells (MCs) demonstrate tissue-specific imprinting, with different biochemical and functional properties between connective tissue MCs (CTMCs) and mucosal MCs (MMCs). Although in vitro systems have been developed to model these different subsets, there has been limited investigation into the functional characteristics of the 2 major MC subsets. Here, we report the immunologic characterization of 2 MCs subsets developed in vitro from bone marrow progenitors modeling MMCs and CTMCs. Methods We grew bone marrow for 4 weeks in the presence of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, interleukin (IL)-9, IL-3, and stem cell factor (SCF) to generate MMCs, and IL-4, IL-3, and SCF to generate CTMCs. Results CTMCs and MMCs differed in growth rate and protease content, but their immune characteristics were remarkably similar. Both subsets responded to immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated activation with signaling, degranulation, and inflammatory cytokine release, although differences between subsets were noted in IL-10. CTMCs and MMCs showed a similar toll-like receptor (TLR) expression profile, dominated by expression of TLR4, TLR6, or both subsets were responsive to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), but not poly(I:C). CTMCs and MMCs express receptors for IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), and respond to these cytokines alone or with modified activation in response to IgE cross-linking. Conclusions The results of this paper show the immunologic characterization of bone marrow-derived MMCs and CTMCs, providing useful protocols for in vitro modeling of MC subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Benedé
- Department of Pediatrics, Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Evan Cody
- Department of Pediatrics, Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charuta Agashe
- Department of Pediatrics, Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Cecilia Berin
- Department of Pediatrics, Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Beneficial effects of melittin on ovalbumin-induced atopic dermatitis in mouse. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17679. [PMID: 29247241 PMCID: PMC5732199 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17873-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory skin disease characterized by intense pruritus and relapsable eczematous lesions. The hallmarks of AD are defects in the epidermal barrier and immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated sensitization to several environmental allergens, as well as an immune disorder mediated by an imbalance toward T-helper-2 response. Melittin, a major component of bee venom, has been studied in various inflammatory diseases. However, the beneficial effects of melittin on mouse with AD-like symptoms have not been explored. Therefore, we investigated the anti-allergic effects of melittin. AD was induced by ovalbumin (OVA) patch. After agent treatment, skin tissues and sera were extracted from the sacrificed mice were used to demonstrate the effects of melittin through various molecular biological methods. The results showed that OVA-induced skin thickening and inflammatory infiltration were decreased in the melittin-treated group. Melittin prevented OVA-induced filaggrin deficiency and imbalanced inflammatory mediators. Furthermore, melittin inhibited IL-4/IL-13-induced filaggrin downregulation through the blockade of STAT3 activation in human keratinocytes. In summary, this study has shown that melittin ameliorated OVA-induced AD-like symptoms from various perspectives. The findings of this study may be the first evidence of the anti-inflammatory effects of melittin on OVA-induced AD.
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Serum Interleukin 9 Levels Predict Disease Severity and the Clinical Efficacy of Infliximab in Patients with Crohn's Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2017. [PMID: 28644181 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000001172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin (IL)-9 drives gut inflammation, but its role in Crohn's disease (CD) is unclear. We aimed to analyze correlations between serum IL-9 levels and disease severity and to evaluate their predictive value in relation to the clinical efficacy of infliximab (IFX) in patients with CD. METHODS Between January 2013 and December 2015, 100 consecutive patients with active CD and 50 age- and sex-matched control individuals were recruited from a tertiary center. Their serum IL-9 levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Correlations between the serum IL-9 levels and disease severity were examined. The serum IL-9 level was explored as a predictor of clinical remission and mucosal healing at week 30 in 50 patients for whom IFX therapy was administered. RESULTS The serum IL-9 levels were significantly higher in the patients with active CD (22.0 pg/mL) than in the control individuals (6.3 pg/mL) (P < 0.001); they differed according to disease severity (moderate-to-severe CD: 29.1 pg/mL versus mild CD: 12.9 pg/mL) (P < 0.001), and they correlated well with the clinical activity of CD. IFX lowered the serum IL-9 level in patients who achieved efficacy at week 30. The areas under the curves for the IL-9 levels at weeks 14 and 30 that could predict clinical remission and mucosal healing at week 30 were 0.803 and 0.752 and 0.746 and 0.781, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Serum IL-9 levels correlate with disease severity and the clinical efficacy of IFX in patients with CD, and IL-9 may be a promising novel biomarker for CD monitoring.
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Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are thought to develop as a result of complex interactions between host genetics, the immune system and the environment including the gut microbiome. Although an improved knowledge of the immunopathogenesis of IBDs has led to great advances in therapy such as the highly effective anti-tumor necrosis factor class of medications, a significant proportion of patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis do not respond to anti-tumor necrosis factor antibodies. Further understanding of the different immune pathways involved in the genesis of chronic intestinal inflammation is required to help find effective treatments for IBDs. In this review, the role of the mucosal innate and adaptive immune system in IBD is summarized, highlighting new areas of discovery which may hold the key to identifying novel predictive or prognostic biomarkers and new avenues of therapeutic discovery.
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Abstract
Since the discovery of IL-9 almost three decades back as a growth factor, we have come a long way to understand its pleiotropic functions in the immune system. Despite its many functions, IL-9 still remains as an understudied cytokine. In the last decade, renewed emphasis has been provided to understand the biology of IL-9. Any growth factor or cytokine signals via its cognate receptor to mediate biological functions. In this chapter, we discuss the IL-9 signal transduction in different cell types, which would then exert its distinct functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dijendra Nath Roy
- Department of Bioengineering, National Institute of Technology, NIT-Agartala, Jirania, 799046, Tripura, India
| | - Ritobrata Goswami
- School of Bio Science, Sir JC Bose Laboratory Complex, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India.
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Koch S, Sopel N, Finotto S. Th9 and other IL-9-producing cells in allergic asthma. Semin Immunopathol 2016; 39:55-68. [PMID: 27858144 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0601-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a worldwide increasing chronic disease of the airways which affects more than 300 million people. It is associated with increased IgE, mast cell activation, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), mucus overproduction and remodeling of the airways. Previously, this pathological trait has been associated with T helper type 2 (Th2) cells. Recently, different CD4+ T cell subsets (Th17, Th9) as well as cells of innate immunity, like mast cells and innate lymphoid cells type 2 (ILC2s), which are all capable of producing the rediscovered cytokine IL-9, are known to contribute to this disease. Regarding Th9 cells, it is known that naïve T cells develop into IL-9-producing cells in the presence of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ). Downstream of IL-4, several transcription factors like signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6), interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3), basic leucine zipper transcription factor, ATF-like (BATF) and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) are activated. Additionally, the transcription factor PU.1, which is downstream of TGFβ signaling, also seems to be crucial in the development of Th9 cells. IL-9 is a pleiotropic cytokine that influences various distinct functions of different target cells such as T cells, B cells, mast cells and airway epithelial cells by activating STAT1, STAT3 and STAT5. Because of its pleiotropic functions, IL-9 has been demonstrated to be involved in several diseases, such as cancer, autoimmunity and other pathogen-mediated immune-regulated diseases. In this review, we focus on the role of Th9 and IL-9-producing cells in allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Koch
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nina Sopel
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susetta Finotto
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.
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Lee JB. Regulation of IgE-Mediated Food Allergy by IL-9 Producing Mucosal Mast Cells and Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells. Immune Netw 2016; 16:211-8. [PMID: 27574500 PMCID: PMC5002447 DOI: 10.4110/in.2016.16.4.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the increasing prevalence and number of life-threatening cases, food allergy has emerged as a major health concern. The classic immune response seen during food allergy is allergen-specific IgE sensitization and hypersensitivity reactions to foods occur in the effector phase with often severe and deleterious outcomes. Recent research has advanced understanding of the immunological mechanisms occurring during the effector phase of allergic reactions to ingested food. Therefore, this review will not only cover the mucosal immune system of the gastrointestinal tract and the immunological mechanisms underlying IgE-mediated food allergy, but will also introduce cells recently identified to have a role in the hypersensitivity reaction to food allergens. These include IL-9 producing mucosal mast cells (MMC9s) and type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s). The involvement of these cell types in potentiating the type 2 immune response and developing the anaphylactic response to food allergens will be discussed. In addition, it has become apparent that there is a collaboration between these cells that contributes to an individual's susceptibility to IgE-mediated food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee-Boong Lee
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
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Neurath MF, Finotto S. IL-9 signaling as key driver of chronic inflammation in mucosal immunity. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 29:93-9. [PMID: 26976761 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted a crucial regulatory role of the cytokine IL-9 in driving immune responses in chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases at mucosal surfaces. IL-9 activates various types of immune and non-immune cells carrying the membrane bound IL-9R. IL-9 signaling plays a pivotal role in controlling the differentiation and activation of these cells by inducing the Jak/STAT pathway. In particular, IL-9 induces activation of T helper cells and affects the function of various tissue resident cells such as mast cells and epithelial cells in the mucosa. Importantly, recent findings suggest that blockade of IL-9 signaling is effective in treating experimental models of autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases, allergic disorders such as food allergy and asthma. Thus, blockade of IL-9 and IL-9R signaling emerges as potentially novel approach for therapy of inflammatory diseases in the mucosal immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus F Neurath
- 1st Department of Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Susetta Finotto
- Department of Molecular Pulmonology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Klein M, Brühl TJ, Staudt V, Reuter S, Grebe N, Gerlitzki B, Hoffmann M, Bohn T, Ulges A, Stergiou N, de Graaf J, Löwer M, Taube C, Becker M, Hain T, Dietzen S, Stassen M, Huber M, Lohoff M, Campos Chagas A, Andersen J, Kotál J, Langhansová H, Kopecký J, Schild H, Kotsyfakis M, Schmitt E, Bopp T. Tick Salivary Sialostatin L Represses the Initiation of Immune Responses by Targeting IRF4-Dependent Transcription in Murine Mast Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:621-31. [PMID: 26078269 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Coevolution of ticks and the vertebrate immune system has led to the development of immunosuppressive molecules that prevent immediate response of skin-resident immune cells to quickly fend off the parasite. In this article, we demonstrate that the tick-derived immunosuppressor sialostatin L restrains IL-9 production by mast cells, whereas degranulation and IL-6 expression are both unaffected. In addition, the expression of IL-1β and IRF4 is strongly reduced in the presence of sialostatin L. Correspondingly, IRF4- or IL-1R-deficient mast cells exhibit a strong impairment in IL-9 production, demonstrating the importance of IRF4 and IL-1 in the regulation of the Il9 locus in mast cells. Furthermore, IRF4 binds to the promoters of Il1b and Il9, suggesting that sialostatin L suppresses mast cell-derived IL-9 preferentially by inhibiting IRF4. In an experimental asthma model, mast cell-specific deficiency in IRF4 or administration of sialostatin L results in a strong reduction in asthma symptoms, demonstrating the immunosuppressive potency of tick-derived molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Klein
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Till-Julius Brühl
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Valérie Staudt
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Reuter
- III. Medical Clinic, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nadine Grebe
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Bastian Gerlitzki
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Toszka Bohn
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander Ulges
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Natascha Stergiou
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jos de Graaf
- Translational Oncology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Martin Löwer
- Translational Oncology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Taube
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marc Becker
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Hain
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sarah Dietzen
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Stassen
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Magdalena Huber
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Lohoff
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Andrezza Campos Chagas
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - John Andersen
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Jan Kotál
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; and
| | - Helena Langhansová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; and Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kopecký
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; and Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Hansjörg Schild
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Michalis Kotsyfakis
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; and
| | - Edgar Schmitt
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Bopp
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
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Abstract
The specialized cytokine secretion profiles of T helper (TH) cells are the basis for a focused and efficient immune response. On the twentieth anniversary of the first descriptions of the cytokine signals that promote the differentiation of interleukin-9 (IL-9)-secreting T cells, this Review focuses on the extracellular signals and the transcription factors that promote the development of what we now term TH9 cells, which are characterized by the production of this cytokine. We summarize our current understanding of the contribution of TH9 cells to both effective immunity and immunopathological disease, and we propose that TH9 cells could be targeted for the treatment of allergic and autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H Kaplan
- Department of Pediatrics, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Matthew M Hufford
- Department of Pediatrics, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Matthew R Olson
- Department of Pediatrics, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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Kang KH, Lee KH, Yoon HM, Jang KJ, Song C, Kim CH. Rehmannia Glutinosa Pharmacopuncture Solution Regulates Functional Activation, FcεRI Expression, and Signaling Events in Mast Cells. J Pharmacopuncture 2015; 15:32-41. [PMID: 25780652 PMCID: PMC4331951 DOI: 10.3831/kpi.2012.15.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Rehmannia glutinosa pharmacopuncture solution (RGPS) was investigated to determine both its anti-allergic inflammatory effects on mast cells and its detailed mechanism of actions. Methods: We investigated whether RGPS suppress cytokines, enzymes, FcεRI expression and FcεRImediated signaling in RBL-2H3 cells stimulated with anti-DNP IgE/DNP-HSA. The suppressive effects of RGPS on the levels of cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6 and GM-CSF were measured using emzyme-linked immunospecific assay (ELISA). The mRNA expression levels of cytokines, enzymes (HDC2, COX-1, COX-2 and 5LO) and FcεRI αβγsubunits were measured using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) method. The activation of FcεRI-mediated signaling was examined using Western blot analyses. Results: RGPS suppressed production of proinflamm-atory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and GM-CSF) in stimulated RBL-2H3 cells significantly (p< 0.05). RGPS also suppressed mRNA expression of inflammatory enzymes (HDC2, COX-1, COX-2, 5LO). In addition, mRNA expression levels of FcεRIα, FcεRIβand FcεRIγ were lowered by treatment with RGPS. Finally, RGPS prevented phosphrylation of Lyn, Syk, LAT, Gab2, PLC γ1/2, PI3K, Akt, cPLA2 and IκBα Conclusions: RGPS effectively suppresses mast cell activations such as degranulation and inflammatory response via down-regulation of the FcεRI-mediated signaling pathways in IgE/Ag-stimulated mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Hwa Kang
- Department of Oriental Physiology, Dong-Eui University College of Oriental Medicine and Research Institute of Oriental Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Lee
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, Dong-Eui University College of Oriental Medicine and Research Institute of Oriental Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Hyun-Min Yoon
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, Dong-Eui University College of Oriental Medicine and Research Institute of Oriental Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Kyung-Jeon Jang
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, Dong-Eui University College of Oriental Medicine and Research Institute of Oriental Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Chun- Song
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, Dong-Eui University College of Oriental Medicine and Research Institute of Oriental Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Cheol-Hong Kim
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, Dong-Eui University College of Oriental Medicine and Research Institute of Oriental Medicine, Busan, Korea
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TH9 cells are required for tissue mast cell accumulation during allergic inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:433-40.e1. [PMID: 25746972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-9 is important for the growth and survival of mast cells. IL-9 is produced by T cells, natural killer T cells, mast cells, eosinophils, and innate lymphoid cells, although the cells required for mast cell accumulation during allergic inflammation remain undefined. OBJECTIVE We sought to elucidate the role of TH9 cells in promoting mast cell accumulation in models of allergic lung inflammation. METHODS Adoptive transfer of ovalbumin-specific TH2 and TH9 cells was used to assess the ability of each subset to mediate mast cell accumulation in tissues. Mast cell accumulation was assessed in wild-type mice and mice with PU.1-deficient T cells subjected to acute and chronic models of allergic inflammation. RESULTS Adoptive transfer experiments demonstrated that recipients of TH9 cells had significantly higher mast cell accumulation and expression of mast cell proteases compared with control or TH2 recipients. Mast cell accumulation was dependent on IL-9, but not IL-13, a cytokine required for many aspects of allergic inflammation. In models of acute and chronic allergic inflammation, decreased IL-9 levels in mice with PU.1-deficient T cells corresponded to diminished tissue mast cell numbers and expression of mast cell proteases. Mice with PU.1-deficient T cells have defects in IL-9 production from CD4(+) T cells, but not natural killer T cells or innate lymphoid cells, suggesting a TH cell-dependent phenotype. Rag1(-/-) mice subjected to a chronic model of allergic inflammation displayed reduced mast cell infiltration comparable with accumulation in mice with PU.1-deficient T cells, emphasizing the importance of IL-9 produced by T cells in mast cell recruitment. CONCLUSION TH9 cells are a major source of IL-9 in models of allergic inflammation and play an important role in mast cell accumulation and activation.
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Jia L, Wu C. Differentiation, regulation and function of Th9 cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 841:181-207. [PMID: 25261208 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9487-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Naïve CD4(+) T cells are activated and differentiate to distinct lineages of T helper (Th) cells, which are involved in physiological and pathological processes by obtaining the potential to produce different lineage-specific cytokines that mediate adaptive immunity. In the past decade, our knowledge of Th cells has been significantly expanded with the findings of new lineages. Interleukin (IL)-9 producing T cells are recently identified. In consideration of the ability to preferentially secret IL-9, these cells are termed Th9 cells. Given the multiple function of IL-9, Th9 cells participate in the lesion of many diseases, such as allergic inflammation, tumor, and parasitosis. In this chapter, we will focus on the cytokines, co-stimulatory factors, and transcriptional signaling pathways, which regulate Th9 cells development as well as stability, plasticity, and the multiple roles of Th9 cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jia
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control Research of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74th, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
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Shih HY, Sciumè G, Poholek AC, Vahedi G, Hirahara K, Villarino AV, Bonelli M, Bosselut R, Kanno Y, Muljo SA, O'Shea JJ. Transcriptional and epigenetic networks of helper T and innate lymphoid cells. Immunol Rev 2014; 261:23-49. [PMID: 25123275 PMCID: PMC4321863 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of the specification of CD4(+) helper T cells to discrete effector 'lineages' represented a watershed event in conceptualizing mechanisms of host defense and immunoregulation. However, our appreciation for the actual complexity of helper T-cell subsets continues unabated. Just as the Sami language of Scandinavia has 1000 different words for reindeer, immunologists recognize the range of fates available for a CD4(+) T cell is numerous and may be underestimated. Added to the crowded scene for helper T-cell subsets is the continuously growing family of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), endowed with common effector responses and the previously defined 'master regulators' for CD4(+) helper T-cell subsets are also shared by ILC subsets. Within the context of this extraordinary complexity are concomitant advances in the understanding of transcriptomes and epigenomes. So what do terms like 'lineage commitment' and helper T-cell 'specification' mean in the early 21st century? How do we put all of this together in a coherent conceptual framework? It would be arrogant to assume that we have a sophisticated enough understanding to seriously answer these questions. Instead, we review the current status of the flexibility of helper T-cell responses in relation to their genetic regulatory networks and epigenetic landscapes. Recent data have provided major surprises as to what master regulators can or cannot do, how they interact with other transcription factors and impact global genome-wide changes, and how all these factors come together to influence helper cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yu Shih
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Chen N, Wang X. Role of IL-9 and STATs in hematological malignancies (Review). Oncol Lett 2013; 7:602-610. [PMID: 24520283 PMCID: PMC3919939 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although interleukin-9 (IL-9) exhibits pleiotropic functions in the immune system, it remains a well-known cytokine in hematological malignancies. Previous cell culture and animal model studies have revealed that the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling pathway, which may be activated by a number of cytokines including IL-9, is critical in hematological malignancies. The current review summarizes the characterization of the biological activities of IL-9, highlights the clearly defined roles of the cytokine, and outlines questions with regard to the functions of IL-9 that require further exploration and their downstream signaling proteins, signal transducers and activators of transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Chen
- Department of Hematology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Hematology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China ; Department of Diagnostics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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