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Liang R, Lin M, Menon V, Qiu J, Menon A, Breda L, Arif T, Rivella S, Ghaffari S. Elevated CDKN1A (P21) mediates β-thalassemia erythroid apoptosis, but its loss does not improve β-thalassemic erythropoiesis. Blood Adv 2023; 7:6873-6885. [PMID: 37672319 PMCID: PMC10685172 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022007655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
β-thalassemias are common hemoglobinopathies due to mutations in the β-globin gene that lead to hemolytic anemias. Premature death of β-thalassemic erythroid precursors results in ineffective erythroid maturation, increased production of erythropoietin (EPO), expansion of erythroid progenitor compartment, extramedullary erythropoiesis, and splenomegaly. However, the molecular mechanism of erythroid apoptosis in β-thalassemia is not well understood. Using a mouse model of β-thalassemia (Hbbth3/+), we show that dysregulated expression of the FOXO3 transcription factor is implicated in β-thalassemia erythroid apoptosis. In Foxo3-/-/Hbbth3/+ mice, erythroid apoptosis is significantly reduced, whereas erythroid cell maturation, and red blood cell and hemoglobin production are substantially improved even with elevated reactive oxygen species in double-mutant erythroblasts. However, persistence of elevated reticulocytes and splenomegaly suggests that ineffective erythropoiesis is not resolved in Foxo3-/-/Hbbth3/+. We found the cell cycle inhibitor Cdkn1a (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21), a FOXO3 target gene, is markedly upregulated in both mouse and patient-derived β-thalassemic erythroid precursors. Double-mutant p21/Hbbth3/+ mice exhibited embryonic lethality with only a fraction of mice surviving to weaning. Notably, studies in adult mice displayed greatly reduced apoptosis and circulating Epo in erythroid compartments of surviving p21-/-/Hbbth3/+ mice relative to Hbbth3/+ mice, whereas ineffective erythroid cell maturation, extramedullary erythropoiesis, and splenomegaly were not modified. These combined results suggest that mechanisms that control β-thalassemic erythroid cell survival and differentiation are uncoupled from ineffective erythropoiesis and involve a molecular network including FOXO3 and P21. Overall, these studies provide a new framework for investigating ineffective erythropoiesis in β-thalassemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Liang
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Multidisciplinary Training, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Miao Lin
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Vijay Menon
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Jiajing Qiu
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Anagha Menon
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Multidisciplinary Training, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Laura Breda
- Division of Hematology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Tasleem Arif
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Stefano Rivella
- Division of Hematology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Saghi Ghaffari
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Multidisciplinary Training, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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Reedich EJ, Kalski M, Armijo N, Cox GA, DiDonato CJ. Spinal motor neuron loss occurs through a p53-and-p21-independent mechanism in the Smn 2B/- mouse model of spinal muscular atrophy. Exp Neurol 2020; 337:113587. [PMID: 33382987 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a pediatric neuromuscular disease caused by genetic deficiency of the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. Pathological hallmarks of SMA are spinal motor neuron loss and skeletal muscle atrophy. The molecular mechanisms that elicit and drive preferential motor neuron degeneration and death in SMA remain unclear. Transcriptomic studies consistently report p53 pathway activation in motor neurons and spinal cord tissue of SMA mice. Recent work has identified p53 as an inducer of spinal motor neuron loss in severe Δ7 SMA mice. Additionally, the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor P21 (Cdkn1a), an inducer of cell cycle arrest and mediator of skeletal muscle atrophy, is consistently increased in motor neurons, spinal cords, and other tissues of various SMA models. p21 is a p53 transcriptional target but can be independently induced by cellular stressors. To ascertain whether p53 and p21 signaling pathways mediate spinal motor neuron death in milder SMA mice, and how they affect the overall SMA phenotype, we introduced Trp53 and P21 null alleles onto the Smn2B/- background. We found that p53 and p21 depletion did not modulate the timing or degree of Smn2B/- motor neuron loss as evaluated using electrophysiological and immunohistochemical methods. Moreover, we determined that Trp53 and P21 knockout differentially affected Smn2B/- mouse lifespan: p53 ablation impaired survival while p21 ablation extended survival through Smn-independent mechanisms. These results demonstrate that p53 and p21 are not primary drivers of spinal motor neuron death in Smn2B/- mice, a milder SMA mouse model, as motor neuron loss is not alleviated by their ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Reedich
- Human Molecular Genetics and Physiology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute at Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Martin Kalski
- Human Molecular Genetics and Physiology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute at Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nicholas Armijo
- Human Molecular Genetics and Physiology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute at Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gregory A Cox
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Christine J DiDonato
- Human Molecular Genetics and Physiology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute at Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Al Bitar S, Gali-Muhtasib H. The Role of the Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 cip1/waf1 in Targeting Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutics. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101475. [PMID: 31575057 PMCID: PMC6826572 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
p21cip1/waf1 mediates various biological activities by sensing and responding to multiple stimuli, via p53-dependent and independent pathways. p21 is known to act as a tumor suppressor mainly by inhibiting cell cycle progression and allowing DNA repair. Significant advances have been made in elucidating the potential role of p21 in promoting tumorigenesis. Here, we discuss the involvement of p21 in multiple signaling pathways, its dual role in cancer, and the importance of understanding its paradoxical functions for effectively designing therapeutic strategies that could selectively inhibit its oncogenic activities, override resistance to therapy and yet preserve its tumor suppressive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Al Bitar
- Department of Biology, and Center for Drug Discovery, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1103, Lebanon.
| | - Hala Gali-Muhtasib
- Department of Biology, and Center for Drug Discovery, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1103, Lebanon.
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Lemieszek MK, Ribeiro M, Guichard Alves H, Marques G, Nunes FM, Rzeski W. Boletus edulis ribonucleic acid – a potent apoptosis inducer in human colon adenocarcinoma cells. Food Funct 2016; 7:3163-75. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fo00132g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite the large popularity of the Boletus edulis mushroom, little is known about its influence on human health and the possibilities of its therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel Ribeiro
- CQ-Vila Real
- Chemistry Research Centre
- Chemistry Department
- University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro
- 5001-801 Vila Real
| | - Helena Guichard Alves
- CQ-Vila Real
- Chemistry Research Centre
- Chemistry Department
- University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro
- 5001-801 Vila Real
| | - Guilhermina Marques
- CITAB – Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences
- Department of Agronomy
- University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro
- 5001-801 Vila Real
- Portugal
| | - Fernando Milheiro Nunes
- CQ-Vila Real
- Chemistry Research Centre
- Chemistry Department
- University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro
- 5001-801 Vila Real
| | - Wojciech Rzeski
- Department of Medical Biology
- Institute of Agricultural Medicine
- 20-090 Lublin
- Poland
- Department of Virology and Immunology
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Mustapha N, Pinon A, Limami Y, Simon A, Ghedira K, Hennebelle T, Chekir-Ghedira L. Crataegus azarolusLeaves Induce Antiproliferative Activity, Cell Cycle Arrest, and Apoptosis in Human HT-29 and HCT-116 Colorectal Cancer Cells. J Cell Biochem 2015; 117:1262-72. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Mustapha
- Laboratoire de biologie cellulaire et moléculaire; Faculté de médecine dentaire; Université de Monastir, Rue Avicenne; 5000 Monastir Tunisie
- Unité de Substances naturelles bioactives et biotechnologie UR12ES12; Faculté de pharmacie de Monastir; Université de Monastir; Rue Avicenne 5000 Monastir Tunisie
| | - Aline Pinon
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles; EA 1069; Faculté de Pharmacie; Université de Limoges; 2 rue du Dr marcland 87025 Limoges France
| | - Youness Limami
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles; EA 1069; Faculté de Pharmacie; Université de Limoges; 2 rue du Dr marcland 87025 Limoges France
| | - Alain Simon
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles; EA 1069; Faculté de Pharmacie; Université de Limoges; 2 rue du Dr marcland 87025 Limoges France
| | - Kamel Ghedira
- Unité de Substances naturelles bioactives et biotechnologie UR12ES12; Faculté de pharmacie de Monastir; Université de Monastir; Rue Avicenne 5000 Monastir Tunisie
| | - Thierry Hennebelle
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie; E.A. 4481; Faculté de Pharmacie B.P. 83; Université de Lille 2; 59006 Lille cedex France
| | - Leila Chekir-Ghedira
- Laboratoire de biologie cellulaire et moléculaire; Faculté de médecine dentaire; Université de Monastir, Rue Avicenne; 5000 Monastir Tunisie
- Unité de Substances naturelles bioactives et biotechnologie UR12ES12; Faculté de pharmacie de Monastir; Université de Monastir; Rue Avicenne 5000 Monastir Tunisie
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Onyema OO, Njemini R, Forti LN, Bautmans I, Aerts JL, De Waele M, Mets T. Aging-associated subpopulations of human CD8+ T-lymphocytes identified by their CD28 and CD57 phenotypes. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2015; 61:494-502. [PMID: 26277688 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During organismal aging, human T-cells shift towards less functional phenotypes, often called senescent cells. As these cells have not been well characterized, we aimed to relate surface markers of human T-cell senescence with characteristics of in vitro cellular aging and to further characterize these cells. METHODS We identified, by flow cytometry, subpopulations of CD8+ T-cells based on CD57 and CD28 expression, and tested them for some markers of cellular senescence, apoptosis, differentiation and homing. RESULTS Elderly persons presented significantly higher proportions not only of CD28-CD57+, but also of CD28+CD57+ cells. CD28+CD57+ cells had the highest expression of p16, p21, Bcl-2, CD95, CD45RO, CCR5 and PD-1, thereby arguing in favor of a senescent phenotype. CONCLUSION Among CD8+ T-lymphocytes, CD28+CD57+ cells represent a subset with some senescent features that are distinct from the CD28-CD57+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Okwudiri Onyema
- Gerontology Department and Frailty in Aging Research (FRIA) Group, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Rose Njemini
- Gerontology Department and Frailty in Aging Research (FRIA) Group, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Louis Nuvagah Forti
- Gerontology Department and Frailty in Aging Research (FRIA) Group, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Ivan Bautmans
- Gerontology Department and Frailty in Aging Research (FRIA) Group, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Joeri L Aerts
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Marc De Waele
- Laboratory of Hematology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, B-1090 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Tony Mets
- Gerontology Department and Frailty in Aging Research (FRIA) Group, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussel, Belgium; Department of Geriatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, B-1090 Brussel, Belgium.
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Humbert L, Ghozlan M, Canaff L, Tian J, Lebrun JJ. The leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and p21 mediate the TGFβ tumor suppressive effects in human cutaneous melanoma. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:200. [PMID: 25885043 PMCID: PMC4389797 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous melanoma is the most lethal skin cancer and its incidence in developed countries has dramatically increased over the past decades. Localized tumors are easily treated by surgery, but advanced melanomas lack efficient treatment and are associated with very poor outcomes. Thus, understanding the processes underlying melanoma development and progression is critical. The Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGFβ) acts as a potent tumor suppressor in human melanoma, by inhibiting cell growth and preventing cellular migration and invasion. METHODS In this study, we aimed at elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying TGFβ-mediated tumor suppression. Human cutaneous melanoma cell lines, derived from different patients, were used to assess for cell cycle analysis, apoptosis/caspase activity and cell migration. Techniques involved immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, real time PCR and luciferase reporter assays. RESULTS We found the leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) to be strongly up-regulated by TGFβ in melanoma cells, defining LIF as a novel TGFβ downstream target gene in cutaneous melanoma. Interestingly, we also showed that TGFβ-mediated LIF expression is required for TGFβ-induced cell cycle arrest and caspase-mediated apoptosis, as well as for TGFβ-mediated inhibition of cell migration. Moreover, we found that TGFβ-mediated LIF expression leads to activation of transcription of the cell cycle inhibitor p21 in a STAT3-dependent manner, and further showed that p21 is required for TGFβ/LIF-mediated cell cycle arrest and TGFβ-induced gene activation of several pro-apoptotic genes. CONCLUSIONS Together, our results define the LIF/p21 signaling cascade as a novel tumor suppressive-like pathway in melanoma, acting downstream of TGFβ to regulate cell cycle arrest and cell death, further highlight new potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of cutaneous melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Humbert
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Mostafa Ghozlan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Lucie Canaff
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Jun Tian
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Jean-Jacques Lebrun
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, Royal Victoria Hospital, Suite H7.66, 687 Pine Avenue West, H3A 1A1, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Xu G, Gong Y. Deregulation from CD4+ memory T cells to regulatory cells in patients with chronic renal failure: a pilot study. J Clin Lab Anal 2013; 27:423-6. [PMID: 24218122 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to elucidate whether the CD4+ memory T (Tm) cells differentiation to regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a role in the immunological defects in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and if the oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) had affect on on CD4+ Tm cells and Tregs apoptosis in these subjects. METHODS CD4+ Tm cells and Tregs were detected by flow cytometry in each group of ten subjects. Apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry and confirmed by Western blotting. RESULTS The oxLDL concentration was significantly higher in CKD stage 4 (CKD4) patients than in controls, particularly in hemodialysis (HD) subjects (P < 0.001, respectively). In total, 100 μg/ml oxLDL significantly inhibited the CD4+ Tm cell proliferation. oxLDL-induced Tm generated Tregs apoptosis in controls and CKD4 patients, especially in HD patients (P < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION Dysregulation of CD4+ Tm cells converting into Tregs played a role in the immune defects of CKD patients, and oxLDL induced the apoptosis of Tm generating Tregs in these subjects. Larger size of sample should be investigated to confirm the findings in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaosi Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Jiangxi, P. R. China; Department of Immunology, Shangrao Branch of Jiangxi Medical College, Shangrao, P. R. China
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O'Loughlin A, McGee M, Waters SM, Doyle S, Earley B. Examination of the bovine leukocyte environment using immunogenetic biomarkers to assess immunocompetence following exposure to weaning stress. BMC Vet Res 2011; 7:45. [PMID: 21834971 PMCID: PMC3177877 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-7-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The molecular mechanisms by which stress induces the development of pathologies remains unclear, although it is recognised that one of the major factors affecting health as a consequence of stress is the involvement of the neuroendocrine system. In cattle, a number of necessary husbandry practices have been shown to activate the stress response, yet very little is known about the impact these have at the molecular level. The objectives of the study were to characterise, in male and female beef calves, the immune response to weaning stress in bovine leukocytes at the physiological and molecular levels and to assess the difference between calves weaned in the presence of the dam and those weaned and penned away from the dam. RESULTS Following exposure to weaning stress, total neutrophil number and neutrophil:lymphocyte (N:L) ratio increased (P < 0.01) in calves. Additionally, expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes, including IL-1β, IL-8, IFN-γ and TNFα, were up-regulated (P < 0.01). Furthermore, there was increased (P < 0.001) expression of the glucocorticoid receptor, GRα, the pro-apoptotic gene, Fas and the Gram-negative pattern recognition receptor, TLR4. Calves penned away from the dam post-weaning had increased (P < 0.01) neutrophil number and N:L ratio compared with calves penned next to the dam, and female calves had higher (P < 0.05) expression levels of IL-2, IL-8, IFN-γ and TNFα than male calves. CONCLUSIONS Weaning elicits an immediate and somewhat short-lived acute stress response in the calf. The effects serve to enhance, rather than suppress, the immune response by means of a heightened inflammatory response and cellular mobilization. The earlier and more profound increase in neutrophil number and N:L ratio together with reduced lymphocyte number in calves penned away compared with calves penned near their dams post-weaning suggests that the former may be more sensitive to weaning stress. The data also show a clear effect of gender in differential gene expression in response to stress with IFN-γ having increased expression in female calves compared with male calves over the course of the study. Additionally, this study has helped to characterise the inflammatory response to stress in calves and identify a number of novel candidate biomarkers suitable for investigation in future studies of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aran O'Loughlin
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co, Meath, Ireland
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Dietary feeding of grape seed extract prevents intestinal tumorigenesis in APCmin/+ mice. Neoplasia 2010; 12:95-102. [PMID: 20072658 DOI: 10.1593/neo.91718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemopreventive effects and associated mechanisms of grape seed extract (GSE) against intestinal/colon cancer development are largely unknown. Herein, we investigated GSE efficacy against intestinal tumorigenesis in APC(min/+) mice. Female APC(min/+) mice were fed control or 0.5% GSE (wt/wt) mixed AIN-76A diet for 6 weeks. At the end of the experiment, GSE feeding decreased the total number of intestinal polyps by 40%. The decrease in polyp formation in the small intestine was 42%, which was mostly in its middle (51%) and distal (49%) portions compared with the proximal one. GSE also decreased polyp growth where the number of polyps of 1 to 2 mm in size decreased by 42% and greater than 2 mm in size by 71%, without any significant change in polyps less than 1 mm in size. Immunohistochemical analyses of small intestinal tissue samples revealed a decrease (80%-86%) in cell proliferation and an increase (four- to eight-fold) in apoptosis. GSE feeding also showed decreased protein levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) (56%-64%), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) (58%-60%), and beta-catenin (43%-59%) but an increased Cip1/p21-positive cells (1.9- to 2.6-fold). GSE also decreased cyclin D1 and c-Myc protein levels in small intestine. Together, these findings show the chemopreventive potential of GSE against intestinal polyp formation and growth in APC(min/+) mice, which was accompanied with reduced cell proliferation and increased apoptosis together with down-regulation in COX-2, iNOS, beta-catenin, cyclin D1, and c-Myc expression, but increased Cip1/p21. In conclusion, the present study suggests potential usefulness of GSE for the chemoprevention of human intestinal/colorectal cancer.
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Taranto E, Xue JR, Morand EF, Leech M. Modulation of expression and cellular distribution of p21 by macrophage migration inhibitory factor. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2009; 6:24. [PMID: 19703290 PMCID: PMC2737671 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-6-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Background The pleiotropic protein MIF, (macrophage migration inhibitory factor), has been demonstrated to modulate several key proteins governing cell cycle control and is considered to contribute to cell growth and differentiation. In this study we investigated the effect of MIF on the expression and cellular distribution of the CDK inhibitor p21. Methods The effect of endogenous MIF on p21 expression and distribution was examined by comparing murine dermal fibroblasts derived from wt and MIF -/- mice. The effect of MIF on cell growth and apoptotic rates was compared using 3H-Thymidine incorporation assays and annexin V/PI assays respectively. Total p21 protein levels were compared using flow cytometry and western blotting. p21 mRNA was assessed by RT-PCR. Intracellular p21 staining was performed to assess cellular distribution of total protein. To further confirm observations siRNA was used to knockdown MIF protein in wt cells. Cell cycle analysis was performed using PI incorporation assays. Results MIF-/- murine dermal fibroblasts exhibited reduced proliferative responses and were more susceptible to apoptosis. This was associated with reduced p21 expression and nuclear distribution. Treatment with recombinant MIF protein was demonstrated to reduce both basal and induced apoptosis and increase nuclear p21 expression. Reduced nuclear p21 expression was also observed in MIF siRNA treated wt cells. Conclusion The results demonstrate that in the absence of MIF p21 expression and nuclear distribution is reduced which is associated with a reduction in cell growth and increased apoptosis. MIF may therefore play a role in maintaining homeostatic control of p21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott Taranto
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia.
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George RJ, Sturmoski MA, May R, Sureban SM, Dieckgraefe BK, Anant S, Houchen CW. Loss of p21Waf1/Cip1/Sdi1 enhances intestinal stem cell survival following radiation injury. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 296:G245-54. [PMID: 19056768 PMCID: PMC2643902 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00021.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The microcolony assay following gamma irradiation (IR) is a functional assay of intestinal stem cell fate. The cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p21(Waf1/Cip1/Sdi1) (p21) regulates cell cycle arrest following DNA damage. To explore the role of p21 on stem cell fate, we examined the effects of p21 deletion on intestinal crypt survival following IR and expression of the stem/progenitor cell marker Musashi-1 (Msi-1) and the antiapoptotic gene survivin. Intestinal stem cell survival in adult wild-type (WT) and p21(-/-) mice was measured using the microcolony assay. Msi-1, p21, and survivin mRNA were measured using real-time PCR and immunohistochemical analysis. Laser capture microdissection (LCM) was used to isolate mRNA from the crypt stem cell zone. No differences in radiation-induced apoptosis were observed between WT and p21(-/-) mice. However, increased crypt survival (3.0-fold) was observed in p21(-/-) compared with WT mice 3.5 days after 13 Gy. Msi-1 and survivin mRNA were elevated 12- and 7.5-fold, respectively, in LCM-dissected crypts of p21(-/-) compared with WT mice. In conclusion, deletion of p21 results in protection of crypt stem/progenitor cells from IR-induced cell death. Furthermore, the increase in crypt survival is associated with increased numbers of Msi-1- and survivin-expressing cells in regenerative crypts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. George
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, and Department of Cell Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, and Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; OU Cancer Institute, Oklahoma City; and Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Mark A. Sturmoski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, and Department of Cell Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, and Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; OU Cancer Institute, Oklahoma City; and Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Randal May
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, and Department of Cell Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, and Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; OU Cancer Institute, Oklahoma City; and Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Sripathi M. Sureban
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, and Department of Cell Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, and Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; OU Cancer Institute, Oklahoma City; and Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Brian K. Dieckgraefe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, and Department of Cell Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, and Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; OU Cancer Institute, Oklahoma City; and Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Shrikant Anant
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, and Department of Cell Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, and Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; OU Cancer Institute, Oklahoma City; and Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Courtney W. Houchen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, and Department of Cell Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, and Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; OU Cancer Institute, Oklahoma City; and Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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13
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A dual role of p21waf1/cip1 gene in apoptosis of HEp-2 treated with cisplatin or methotrexate. Cancer Gene Ther 2008; 15:576-90. [DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2008.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Bosque A, Aguiló JI, del Rey M, Paz-Artal E, Allende LM, Naval J, Anel A. Cell cycle regulation by FasL and Apo2L/TRAIL in human T-cell blasts. Implications for autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndromes. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:488-98. [PMID: 18483205 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0108043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fas-FasL pathway plays an important role in the homeostasis of mature lymphocytes, with defects causing autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndromes (ALPS). Human T-cell blasts are not sensitive to FasL or Apo2L/TRAIL-induced apoptosis unless they get reactivated, but either of those ligands inhibits their growth in the absence of cell death induction due to a cell cycle arrest in S-G2/M. In the present work, we have studied the mechanism(s) by which FasL or Apo2L/TRAIL regulate T-cell blast cell cycle in healthy donors and in two types of ALPS patients. Our data indicate that in human CD8+ T-cell blasts, Fas ligation, and especially Apo2L/TRAIL induce the p53-dependent decrease in cyclin-B1 levels. However, the induction of the negative cell cycle regulator p21WAF1 by FasL or Apo2L/TRAIL in either CD4+ or CD8+ T-cell blasts seems to be the main regulatory mechanism. This mechanism is dependent on caspase activation and on H2O2 generation. The increase in p21 levels by FasL or Apo2L/TRAIL is concomitant with p53 increases only in CD8+ T-cell blasts, with p21 levels maintained high for longer times than p53 levels. In CD4+ T-cell blasts p21 levels are controlled through a transient and p53-independent mechanism. The present results suggest that the etiology of ALP syndromes could be related not only to defects in apoptosis induction, but also in cell cycle regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Bosque
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza E-50009, Spain
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15
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Leech M, Xue JR, Dacumos A, Hall P, Santos L, Yang Y, Li M, Kitching AR, Morand EF. The tumour suppressor gene p53 modulates the severity of antigen-induced arthritis and the systemic immune response. Clin Exp Immunol 2008; 152:345-53. [PMID: 18341615 PMCID: PMC2384110 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03629.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 is a transcription factor with a well-described role in the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest as part of a protective response to a variety of stressful stimuli. Expansion of inflamed tissue in rheumatoid arthritis has been related to the loss of functioning p53, and the severity of collagen-induced arthritis is increased in p53-/- mice. Our objective was to assess the role of p53 in a model of adaptive immunity, antigen-induced arthritis (AIA). AIA was induced in p53-/- and wild-type mice by priming with methylated bovine serum albumin followed by intra-articular challenge. Severity of arthritis was assessed using a standardized scoring system and synovial apoptosis was detected by TdT-mediated biotin-dUTP nick-end labelling. Splenocyte proliferation was measured by [H(3)] incorporation and interferon (IFN)-gamma release. Splenocyte viability was assessed using Titreglow. Splenic T cell activation status was assessed by flow cytometry. Serum cytokines were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Increased severity of AIA in p53-/- mice was associated with decreased synovial apoptosis and with increased delayed-type hypersensitivity response, increased mitogen and antigen-induced splenocyte proliferation and increased IFN-gamma release in p53-/- mice compared with wild-type mice. Antigen-specific immunoglobulin responses were equivalent in both groups. Splenocyte viability was increased in p53-/- mice but T cell apoptosis was equivalent. T cell activation markers were increased in p53-/- mice compared with wild-type mice. Lipopolysaccharide-induced tumour necrosis factor release was increased in p53-/- mice with a trend to increased interleukin-6 in p53-/- mice compared with littermates. p53 is involved in the modulation of adaptive and innate immune responses relevant to arthritis models and is also involved in the modulation of severity of AIA by both cell-cycle dependent and cell-cycle-independent mechanisms.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/genetics
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/genetics
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Genes, p53/immunology
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/genetics
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Lipopolysaccharides/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Phytohemagglutinins/immunology
- Serum Albumin, Bovine/immunology
- Severity of Illness Index
- Spleen/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Leech
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia.
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16
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Mechanisms of Disease: the evolving understanding of liver allograft rejection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 5:209-19. [PMID: 18317494 DOI: 10.1038/ncpgasthep1070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Welling TH, Lu G, Csencsits K, Wood SC, Jarvinen L, Bishop DK. Regulation of alloimmune Th1 responses by the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 following transplantation. Surgery 2008; 143:394-403. [PMID: 18291261 PMCID: PMC2423232 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2007.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2007] [Revised: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 09/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitor p21 inhibits cellular proliferation of many cell types, including T cells. Autoimmune models, however, have yielded conflicting results regarding the role of cdk inhibitors and T-cell function. The role of p21 in T-cell function after transplantation has not been investigated directly. We hypothesized that p21 plays an important role in alloantigen-driven responses in vitro in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) and in vivo using the heterotopic murine cardiac allograft model. METHODS Wild type (WT) and p21-deficient (p21-/-) mice were used as recipients, and the effects of p21 overexpression were assessed by transplanting p21 adenoviral-transfected cardiac allografts. Enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) and 3H-thymidine incorporation were used to evaluate for T-cell priming and proliferation in vitro, whereas graft histology was evaluated for rejection. RESULTS When stimulated with alloantigens in vitro, splenocytes from p21-/- mice mounted enhanced proliferative responses and decreased Th2 responses relative to their WT counterparts. No differences in Th1 responses were noted when p21-/- cells were stimulated with alloantigens in vitro; however, after cardiac transplantation, Th1 responses were enhanced in p21-/- recipients relative to WT mice. This enhanced in vivo Th1 response was associated with exacerbated graft rejection in p21-/- recipients. Interestingly, p21 transfection of WT allografts inhibited graft rejection and Th1 priming. CONCLUSIONS p21 controls the intensity of the immune response posttransplantation, with overexpression inhibiting allograft rejection. Our data demonstrate that p21 controls T-cell priming and suggest that p21 and other cdk inhibitors may serve as potential targets for therapeutic manipulation of alloimmune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore H Welling
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Mich, USA.
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18
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19
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Li Y, Dida F, Iwao A, Deguchi T, Azuma E, Komada Y. Cell cycle dependency of caspase activation in Fas-induced apoptosis in leukemia cells. Cancer Sci 2007; 98:1174-83. [PMID: 17561974 PMCID: PMC11158469 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00523.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between apoptosis and the cell cycle remains unclear. In the present study we have investigated the relationship between cell cycle progression and the activation of caspases (caspase-3 and caspase-8) in Fas (CD95)-mediated apoptosis in asynchronously growing leukemia cells. We found that cells expressing the active form of caspase-3 were cyclin A/B1 and Ki-67 negative but cyclin E positive, whereas expression of the active form of caspase-8 was detected in cyclin A/B1/E-negative and Ki-67-negative cells. In addition, both the activation of caspases and Fas-mediated apoptosis were completely abolished when leukemia cells were arrested in early G1 phase. Using post-sorting western blot analysis, we demonstrated that caspase-3 and caspase-8 were activated in p27-negative cells. These results suggest that caspase-3 would be activated in cells entering into late G1 or early S phase, and caspase-8 would be activated in middle or late G1 phase. The speed of cell cycle progression from G1 to S phase might be influential in the speed of caspase activation and induction of Fas-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Li
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Science, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Edobashi 2-174, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
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20
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Kojima K, Konopleva M, Samudio IJ, Ruvolo V, Andreeff M. Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibition enhances nuclear proapoptotic function of p53 in acute myelogenous leukemia cells. Cancer Res 2007; 67:3210-9. [PMID: 17409429 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-2712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway and inactivation of wild-type p53 by Mdm2 overexpression are frequent molecular events in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). We investigated the interaction of Raf/MEK/ERK and p53 pathways after their simultaneous blockades using a selective small-molecule antagonist of Mdm2, Nutlin-3a, and a pharmacologic MEK-specific inhibitor, PD98059. We found that PD98059, which itself has minimal apoptogenic activity, acts synergistically with Nutlin-3a to induce apoptosis in wild-type p53 AML cell lines OCI-AML-3 and MOLM-13. Interestingly, PD98059 enhanced nuclear proapototic function of p53 in these cells. In accordance with the activation of transcription-dependent apoptosis, PD98059 treatment promoted the translocation of p53 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in OCI-AML-3 cells, in which p53 primarily initiates transcription-independent apoptosis when cells are treated with Nutlin-3a alone. The critical role of p53 localization in cells with increased p53 levels was supported by enhanced apoptosis induction in cells cotreated with Nutlin-3a and the nuclear export inhibitor leptomycin B. PD98059 prevented p53-mediated induction of p21 at the transcriptional level. The repressed expression of antiapototic p21 also seemed to contribute to synergism between PD98059 and Nutlin-3a because (a) the synergistic apoptogenic effect was preserved in G(1) cells, (b) p53-mediated induction of p21 was preferentially seen in G(1) cells, (c) PD98059 strongly antagonized p21 induction by Nutlin-3a, and (d) cells with high p21 levels were resistant to apoptosis. This is the first report showing that the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway regulates the subcellular localization of p53 and the relative contribution of transcription-dependent and transcription-independent pathways in p53-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Kojima
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
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21
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Arias CF, Ballesteros-Tato A, García MI, Martín-Caballero J, Flores JM, Martínez-A C, Balomenos D. p21CIP1/WAF1 Controls Proliferation of Activated/Memory T Cells and Affects Homeostasis and Memory T Cell Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:2296-306. [PMID: 17277135 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.4.2296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Development of autoantibodies and lupus-like autoimmunity by 129/Sv x C57BL/6 p21(-/-) mice has established that cell cycle deregulation is one the defective pathways leading to break of tolerance. Memory T cell accumulation is thought to be related to tolerance loss in murine lupus models. We studied T cell memory responses in C57BL/6 p21(-/-) mice that develop lupus-like disease manifestations. p21 did not affect primary proliferation of naive T cells, and was required for cycling control, but not for apoptosis of activated/memory T cells. When we induced apoptosis by secondary TCR challenge, surviving memory T cells depended on p21 for proliferation control. Under conditions of secondary T cell stimulation that did not cause apoptosis, p21 was also needed for regulation of activated/memory T cell expansion. The requirement for p21 in the control of T cell proliferation of activated/memory T cells suggests that in addition to apoptosis, cycling regulation by p21 constitutes a new pathway for T cell homeostasis. Concurring with this view, we found accumulation in p21(-/-) mice of memory CD4(+) T cells that showed increased proliferative potential after TCR stimulation. Furthermore, OVA immunization of p21(-/-) mice generated hyperresponsive OVA-specific T cells. Overall, the data show that p21 controls the proliferation of only activated/memory T cells, and suggest that p21 forms part of the memory T cell homeostasis mechanism, contributing to maintenance of tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina F Arias
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
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22
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Meier P, Spertini F, Blanc E, Burnier M. Oxidized Low-Density Lipoproteins Activate CD4+T Cell Apoptosis in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease through Fas Engagement. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 18:331-42. [PMID: 17182885 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2006050514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidized LDL (oxLDL) are cytotoxic to vascular cells, but their possible toxic action on T cells from patients with ESRD has not been evaluated. oxLDL concentrations were measured and compared in patients who were on long-term hemodialysis (HD), in patients who had ESRD and were on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, in nondialyzed patients with chronic kidney disease, and in age- and gender-matched control subjects. In parallel, the proliferative capacity of CD69+/CD4+ T cells and their rate of apoptosis, IL-2 expression, and intracellular expression of Bcl-2 and Bax were determined in vitro. The oxLDL concentrations were significantly higher in HD patients (all P = 0.001). Upon phytohemagglutinin stimulation, CD69+/CD4+ T cells from HD patients proliferated significantly less than those from the other patients' group (both P < 0.001). oxLDL but not the native LDL were led to CD69+/CD4+ T cells' program cell death in a dosage- and time-dependent manner through Fas pathway (P = 0.001). Cell surface Fas expression was followed by DNA fragmentation when CD69+/CD4+ T cells from HD patients or control subjects were cultured with oxLDL (200 microg/ml; 31 +/- 3 versus 25 +/- 3%; P = 0.001). In the presence of oxLDL, CD69+/CD4+ T cells from HD patients expressed significantly lower IL-2 levels, which strongly correlated with a decrease in the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 and conversely with an increase in the proapoptotic Bax expression. In conclusion, these data suggest that, in HD patients, exposure of activated CD4+ T cells to oxLDL leads to Fas-mediated apoptosis in association with inhibition of IL-2 expression. Subsequently, this may favor activation of mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathways, leading to activated CD4+ T cell dysfunction.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/physiology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Survival
- Female
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques
- Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Kidney Failure, Chronic/immunology
- Kidney Failure, Chronic/metabolism
- Kidney Failure, Chronic/pathology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Lipids/blood
- Lipoproteins, LDL/blood
- Lipoproteins, LDL/metabolism
- Lipoproteins, LDL/pharmacology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/metabolism
- bcl-2-Associated X Protein/metabolism
- fas Receptor/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Meier
- Service of Nephrology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), 17 rue du Bugnon, 1011 Lausanne, Suisse.
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23
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Yin D, Zhang Y, Stuart C, Miao J, Zhang Y, Li C, Zeng X, Hanley G, Moorman J, Yao Z, Woodruff M. Chronic restraint stress modulates expression of genes in murine spleen. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 177:11-7. [PMID: 16814870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2006] [Revised: 05/08/2006] [Accepted: 05/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Psychological and physical stress can alter the immune system in both humans and animals. We have reported that mice subjected to chronic 12-h daily physical restraint for 2 days showed dramatic apoptosis in splenocytes. To identify genes that contribute to the splenocyte apoptosis, we compare gene expression in the spleens of restrained and unstressed mice using oligo microarrays consisting of 226 genes. We report here that mice subjected to chronic 12-h daily physical restraint for 2 days exhibited significantly altered expression of 50 of 226 genes. These genes included pro-apoptotic genes. We selected 5 genes of interest and confirmed the microarray results by real-time PCR. In this study, we identify a potentially important component of pro-apoptotic activity in restraint stress and suggest a possible target for anti-apoptotic therapy to protect splenocytes against stress-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deling Yin
- Department of Internal Medicine, James Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, P. O. Box 70622, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States.
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24
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Cho HJ, Kim EJ, Lim SS, Kim MK, Sung MK, Kim JS, Park JHY. Trans-10,cis-12, not cis-9,trans-11, conjugated linoleic acid inhibits G1-S progression in HT-29 human colon cancer cells. J Nutr 2006; 136:893-8. [PMID: 16549447 DOI: 10.1093/jn/136.4.893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercial preparations of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) contain both positional and geometric isomers of octadecadienoic acid, with cis-9,trans-11 CLA (c9t11) and trans-10,cis-12 CLA (t10c12) as the principal isomers. We showed previously that CLA reduced the incidence of colon tumors in rats treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. In addition, our previous in vitro studies showed that t10c12 inhibited the growth of HT-29 and Caco-2 human colon cancer cells, whereas c9t11 had no effect on cell growth. In the present study, to examine the effects of the CLA isomers on cell cycle and cell cycle regulatory proteins, we treated HT-29 cells with various concentrations (0-4 micromol/L) of the individual CLA isomers. A DNA flow cytometric analysis revealed that t10c12 induced a G1 arrest, whereas c9t11 had no effect on the cell cycle. Western blot analysis of total cell lysates revealed no alteration in the protein expression of cyclin A, cyclin D, cyclin E, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 2, or CDK4 due to t10c12 treatment. However, t10c12 substantially increased the protein expression and mRNA accumulation of the CDK inhibitor p21(CIP1/WAF1). The t10c12 isomer increased the association of p21(CIP1/WAF1) with CDK2 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen, but decreased the levels of phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein (Rb), with an increase in the levels of hypophosphorylated Rb protein. An in vitro kinase assay using histone H1 as a substrate showed that the activities of CDK2 were significantly decreased by t10c12. These results indicate that t10c12 exerts its growth inhibitory effects in colon cancer cells through the induction of G1 cell cycle arrest. The induction of p21(CIP1/WAF1) may be one of the mechanisms by which t10c12 inhibits cell cycle progression in HT-29 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Jin Cho
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 200-702, Korea
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25
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Bianchi T, Rufer N, MacDonald HR, Migliaccio M. The tumor suppressor p16Ink4a regulates T lymphocyte survival. Oncogene 2006; 25:4110-5. [PMID: 16491120 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to other cell cycle inhibitors, the tumor suppressor p16Ink4a is not detectable or expressed at very low levels in embryonic and adult mouse tissues, and therefore it has often been considered as a specialized checkpoint protein that does not participate in the control of normal cell cycle progression. However, Ink4a-/- mice possess increased thymus size and cellularity, thus suggesting the involvement of p16(Ink4a) in the control of thymocyte proliferation. In this study, we found increased numbers of CD8 and CD4 T lymphocytes in thymus and spleen from Ink4a-/- mice. Unexpectedly, this was not related to an increase in T-cell division rates, which were similar in lymphoid organs of Ink4a-/- and wild-type mice. In contrast, T-cell apoptosis rates were significantly decreased in thymus and spleen from Ink4a-/- mice. Moreover, whereas p16Ink4a-deficient and wild-type T cells were equally sensitive to Fas or TCR-mediated apoptosis, the former were clearly more resistant to apoptosis induced by oxidative stress or gamma irradiation. Our results indicate that p16Ink4a function is associated with T-cell apoptosis, and subsequently contributes to the control of T-cell population size in lymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bianchi
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Epalinges, Switzerland
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26
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Goulvestre C, Chéreau C, Nicco C, Mouthon L, Weill B, Batteux F. A mimic of p21WAF1/CIP1 ameliorates murine lupus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 175:6959-67. [PMID: 16272356 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.10.6959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a progressive autoimmune disease characterized by the production of high levels of affinity-matured IgG autoantibodies to dsDNA and, possibly, visceral involvement. Pathogenic autoantibodies result from the activation and proliferation of autoreactive T and B lymphocytes stimulated by epitopes borne by nucleosomal histones. To inhibit the proliferation of autoreactive cells and abrogate the development of SLE, a novel tool, cell cycle inhibiting peptide therapy, was used. Thus, a peptidyl mimic of p21WAF1/CIP1 that inhibits the interaction between cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and type D cyclins abrogated the in vitro proliferative response of T cells to histones and T-independent and T-dependent proliferative responses of B cells. The WAF1/CIP1 mimic also abrogated the in vitro production of total and anti-dsDNA IgG Abs by B cells. Similarly, the p21WAF1/CIP1 construct inhibited the ex vivo T and B cell proliferative responses to histones and decreased the numbers of activated/memory B and T spleen cells. The alterations in the balance of spleen cell subsets resulted from proapoptotic effects of the p21WAF1/CIP1)construct on activated splenocytes. Finally, in vivo, four i.v. injections of the p21WAF1/CIP1 mimic were sufficient to inhibit the progression of the lupus-like syndrome in (NZB x NZW)F1 mice. The levels of anti-dsDNA IgG autoantibodies and the incidence and severity of renal involvement were lower in treated mice than in nontreated mice. Those observations open new avenues for the treatment of SLE and prompt us to evaluate the potential interest of peptidic therapy in human SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Goulvestre
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes et Hôpital Cochin, Université Paris 5, Paris, France
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Gartel AL. The conflicting roles of the cdk inhibitor p21(CIP1/WAF1) in apoptosis. Leuk Res 2005; 29:1237-8. [PMID: 15946739 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2005.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2005] [Accepted: 04/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Lim DY, Tyner AL, Park JB, Lee JY, Choi YH, Park JHY. Inhibition of colon cancer cell proliferation by the dietary compound conjugated linoleic acid is mediated by the CDK inhibitor p21CIP1/WAF1. J Cell Physiol 2005; 205:107-13. [PMID: 15880444 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies indicated that dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) inhibits colon tumor cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. To identify mechanisms by which CLA regulates growth arrest, the HT-29 human colon carcinoma cell line was treated with various physiological concentrations of CLA and analyzed by flow cytometry. We detected a dose-dependent increase in the percentage of cells arrested in G1 after CLA treatment that was accompanied by induction of the cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p21CIP1/WAF. CLA addition also led to increased p21 expression in HCT116 and SW480 cells, indicating that p21 induction is a general consequence of CLA treatment in colon cancer cells. Since both HT-29 and SW480 cells have mutant p53, our data indicate that p53 is not essential for induction of p21. In addition to an increase in p21 levels, HT-29 cell growth arrest was also accompanied by moderate decreases in Cyclin A, D1, E, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) levels. Following CLA treatment, p21 associated with and inhibited CDK4 and CDK2, and this correlated with reduced phosphorylation of retinoblastoma proteins. Increased association of p21 with PCNA was also detected. Dietary CLA inhibits cell cycle progression by inducing p21, which negatively regulates the growth promoting activities of CDK/cyclins and PCNA. These studies indicate that physiological concentrations of CLA inhibit growth of colon cancer cells with either wild-type or mutant p53, and may have therapeutic benefits in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Y Lim
- Division of Life Sciences, Hallym University, Chunchon, Korea
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29
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Ghanem L, Steinman R. A proapoptotic function of p21 in differentiating granulocytes. Leuk Res 2005; 29:1315-23. [PMID: 15893818 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2005.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2005] [Revised: 03/25/2005] [Accepted: 03/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
p21(waf 1/cip 1) (p21), best known for its ability to regulate the cell cycle, has been noted also to exert cell cycle-independent effects on apoptosis and differentiation. Inhibition of apoptosis by p21 has been reported in hematopoietic models, particularly in monocytes exposed to apoptogenic agents. The effect of p21 on survival has not hitherto been analyzed during the myeloblast to granulocyte transition. Using 32 Dc l3 murine myeloblasts, a cell line that proliferates in IL-3 and differentiates in G-CSF, we studied the effects of forced expression of p21 on cell survival. We hypothesized that exogenous p21 would suppress the modest levels of cell death associated with G-CSF-mediated differentiation of 32 Dc l3 cells. Contrary to expectations, we found that exogenous p21 enhanced apoptosis of cells removed from IL-3. The p21 overexpression led to decreased cell growth, caspase-3 activation and annexin positivity. These effects occurred only in the presence of G-CSF. These findings suggest that p21 is proapoptotic in granulopoiesis, and that this effect is masked by IL-3-mediated survival signals. Our results also indicate there are distinct and opposing effects of p21 on monocytic and granulocytic survival. Aberrantly high levels of p21 may contribute to disease processes involving excessive apoptosis of granulocyte precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Ghanem
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hillman Cancer Center, Lab 2.18, 5117 Center Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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30
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Abbady AQ, Bronner C, Bathami K, Muller CD, Jeanblanc M, Mathieu E, Klein JP, Candolfi E, Mousli M. TCR pathway involves ICBP90 gene down-regulation via E2F binding sites. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 70:570-9. [PMID: 15964557 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2005] [Revised: 05/10/2005] [Accepted: 05/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Antigen-induced cell death is essential for function, growth and differentiation of T-lymphocytes through legation of the T cell receptor. Since TCR-induced cell death occurs at late G1 checkpoint of the cell cycle and considering that ICBP90 is critical for G1/S transition, we studied the ICBP90 regulation through the TCR pathway in Jurkat cells. ICBP90 expression was strongly decreased after TCR triggering concomitantly to cyclin D3 and topoisomerase IIalpha expression decreases. Cell stimulation with PMA and/or calcium ionophore A23187 down-regulated ICBP90 expression. The decrease of ICBP90 protein and mRNA expressions was accompanied with cell growth arrest. A luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that activation of TCR pathways inhibit ICBP90 gene promoter activity. Three consensus E2F binding sites (called from E2F-a to E2F-c) were identified in the ICBP90 gene promoter and were subjected to mutations. The E2F-a, located in a highly active promoter fragment, shows a strong positive functional activity in proliferating cells. E2F-a and E2F-c binding sites are involved in the TCR-induced down-regulation of ICBP90 gene transcription. Altogether, our data demonstrate that TCR signaling pathways regulate ICBP90 gene expression through pRb/E2F complex. We propose that ICBP90 down-regulation is a key event in G1 arrest preceding T cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul-Qader Abbady
- INSERM UMR-S 392, and Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Cellulaire & Moléculaire et Infection, Institut de Parasitolgie et de Pathologie Tropicale, Faculté de Médecine, 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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31
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Bosque A, Pardo J, Martínez-Lorenzo MJ, Lasierra P, Larrad L, Marzo I, Naval J, Anel A. Human CD8+ T cell blasts are more sensitive than CD4+ T cell blasts to regulation by APO2L/TRAIL. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:1812-21. [PMID: 15884050 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200526046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms responsible for the down-modulation of the activation of separated CD4(+) or CD8(+) human T cell blasts were studied using cells obtained from healthy donors. In the presence of IL-2, human CD8(+) T cell blasts were more sensitive than CD4(+) T cell blasts to regulation by APO2 ligand/TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (APO2L/TRAIL), while both T cell subsets were equally sensitive to Fas/CD95 regulation. This regulation was defined as inhibition of IL-2-dependent T cell growth in the absence of cell death induction, characterized by cell cycle arrest in G(2)/M. The physiological validity of these observations was corroborated by the demonstration of intracellular FasL and APO2L/TRAIL expression in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell blasts, which were secreted in their bioactive form into the supernatant upon PHA, CD3 or CD59 reactivation. Additionally, the inhibition of IL-2-dependent CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cell blast growth upon CD3 or CD59 ligation was dependent, at least partially, on FasL and/or APO2L/TRAIL. These data precisely define the role of APO2L/TRAIL in the regulation of human T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Bosque
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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Wolfraim LA, Letterio JJ. Cutting edge: p27Kip1 deficiency reduces the requirement for CD28-mediated costimulation in naive CD8+ but not CD4+ T lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:2481-4. [PMID: 15728451 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.5.2481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cell cycle re-entry of quiescent T cells is dependent upon cyclin-dependent kinase 2. Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 by p27(Kip1) is believed to be the principal constraint on S-phase entry in T cells. We report that deficiency for p27(Kip1) has a more pronounced effect on the expansion of murine naive CD8(+) T cells and that this disparity is due to a reduced requirement for CD28-mediated costimulation in CD8(+) but not CD4(+) T cells lacking p27(Kip1). These data highlight a previously unappreciated difference in the way CD28 signaling is coupled to the core cell cycle machinery in these two T cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence A Wolfraim
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Nakamura K, Arai D, Fukuchi K. Identification of the region required for the antiapoptotic function of the cyclin kinase inhibitor, p21. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004; 431:47-54. [PMID: 15464725 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2004.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2004] [Revised: 07/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The CDK inhibitor, p21, exhibits an antiapoptotic or proapoptotic effect, in addition to its anti-proliferative effect, depending on the conditions. To define the apoptosis-regulatory function of p21, we constructed cells that stably express C-terminal deletion mutants of p21 (full length 164aa), 1-157, 1-147 or 1-128, and evaluated the apoptotic response of these cells. The AnnexinV positive cell fraction after gamma-irradiation did not increase in cells expressing 1-157. Consistently, an increase of caspase3 activity or the active form of caspase3 was not observed in cells expressing 1-157, but was prominent in cells expressing 1-128 and 1-147. Further, the activity of caspase9 was suppressed in gamma-irradiated cells expressing 1-157. The antiapoptotic effect of 1-157 was weaker in Fas-induced apoptosis. Our data indicate that the 1-157 region of p21 inhibits apoptosis caused by gamma-irradiation by reducing the activity of caspase9 and caspase3, and the 148-157 region is critical for its inhibiting activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentarou Nakamura
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University, School of Medicine 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8666, Japan
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34
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Poole AJ, Heap D, Carroll RE, Tyner AL. Tumor suppressor functions for the Cdk inhibitor p21 in the mouse colon. Oncogene 2004; 23:8128-34. [PMID: 15377995 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Cdk inhibitor p21 regulates p53-mediated growth arrest following DNA damage. It is expressed during epithelial differentiation in a variety of organs including colon. We investigated susceptibility of p21-deficient mice to the colon carcinogen azoxymethane (AOM). After AOM injections, rodents develop putative premalignant lesions called aberrant crypt foci (ACF) that are localized to the distal three centimeters of the colon. p21-deficient mice developed significantly higher numbers of ACF than wild-type mice in response to AOM, and these were not restricted to distal colon. After AOM treatment, increased numbers of lymphoid aggregates were detected in p21-deficient colon. Proliferation was similar in wild type and p21-deficient colon before and after AOM injection, but AOM-induced apoptosis was detected only in wild-type crypt epithelial cells, and not in the p21-deficient colon. The proapoptotic function uncovered for p21 was unexpected, because p21 acts as an inhibitor of apoptosis in many systems, and is not required for p53-dependent apoptosis. Enhanced formation of ACF in p21-deficient mice supports a tumor suppressor function for p21 in the colon. Reduced apoptosis of colon epithelial cells with deleterious mutations may be an initiating event in the formation of ACF, with inflammatory cell cytokine expression contributing to their further expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Jovanovic Poole
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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35
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Wolfraim LA, Walz TM, James Z, Fernandez T, Letterio JJ. p21Cip1 and p27Kip1 act in synergy to alter the sensitivity of naive T cells to TGF-beta-mediated G1 arrest through modulation of IL-2 responsiveness. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:3093-102. [PMID: 15322169 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.5.3093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Induction of G(1) arrest by TGF-beta correlates with the regulation of p21(Cip1) and p27(Kip1), members of the Cip/Kip family of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (cki). However, no definitive evidence exists that these proteins play a causal role in TGF-beta(1)-induced growth arrest in lymphocytes. In this report we show the suppression of cell cycle progression by TGF-beta is diminished in T cells from mice deficient for both p21(Cip1) and p27(Kip1) (double-knockout (DKO)) only when activated under conditions of optimal costimulation. Although there is an IL-2-dependent enhanced proliferation of CD8(+) T cells from DKO mice, TGF-beta is able to maximally suppress the proliferation of DKO T cells when activated under conditions of low costimulatory strength. We also show that the induction of p15(Ink4b) in T cells stimulated in the presence of TGF-beta is not essential, as TGF-beta also efficiently suppressed proliferation of T cells from p15(Ink4b-/-) mice. Finally, although these cki are dispensable for the suppression of T cell proliferation by TGF-beta, we now describe a Smad3-dependent down-regulation of cdk4, suggesting a potential mechanism underlying to resistance of Smad3(-/-) T cells to the induction of growth arrest by TGF-beta. In summary, the growth suppressive effects of TGF-beta in naive T cells are a function of the strength of costimulation, and alterations in the expression of cki modify the sensitivity to TGF-beta by lowering thresholds for a maximal mitogenic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence A Wolfraim
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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36
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Ding Y, Wang L, Su LK, Frey JA, Shao R, Hunt KK, Yan DH. Antitumor activity of IFIX, a novel interferon-inducible HIN-200 gene, in breast cancer. Oncogene 2004; 23:4556-66. [PMID: 15122330 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We identified IFIX as a new member of the hematopoietic interferon (IFN)-inducible nuclear protein with the 200-amino-acid repeat (HIN-200) family. Six different alternatively spliced forms of mRNA are transcribed from the IFIX gene, which are predicted to encode six different isoforms of IFIX proteins (IFIXalpha1, alpha2, beta1, beta2, gamma1, and gamma2). The IFIX proteins are primarily localized in the nucleus. They share a common N-terminal region that contains a predicted pyrin domain and a putative nuclear localization signal. Unlike IFIXalpha and IFIXbeta, IFIXgamma isoforms do not have the 200-amino-acid signature motif. Interestingly, the expression of IFIX was reduced in most human breast tumors and breast cancer cell lines. Expression of IFIXalpha1, the longest isoform of IFIX, in human breast cancer cell lines reduced their anchorage-dependent and -independent growth in vitro and tumorigenicity in nude mice. Moreover, a liposome-mediated IFIXalpha1 gene transfer suppressed the growth of already-formed tumors in a breast cancer xenograft model. IFIXalpha1 appears to suppress the growth of breast cancer cells in a pRB- and p53-independent manner by increasing the expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(CIP1), which leads to the reduction of the kinase activity of both Cdk2 and p34(Cdc2). Together, our results show that IFIXalpha1 possesses a tumor-suppressor activity and suggest IFIXalpha1 may be used as a therapeutic agent in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ding
- 1Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Piekarz RL, Robey RW, Zhan Z, Kayastha G, Sayah A, Abdeldaim AH, Torrico S, Bates SE. T-cell lymphoma as a model for the use of histone deacetylase inhibitors in cancer therapy: impact of depsipeptide on molecular markers, therapeutic targets, and mechanisms of resistance. Blood 2004; 103:4636-43. [PMID: 14996704 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-09-3068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractDepsipeptide (FK228) is a novel histone deacetylase inhibitor currently in clinical trials and the first to demonstrate clinical activity in patients. Responses have been observed in patients with T-cell lymphomas, despite prior treatment with multiple chemotherapeutic agents. To better understand the effects of histone deacetylase inhibitors on T-cell lymphoma, the human T-cell lymphoma cell line HUT78 was tested for sensitivity and molecular response to depsipeptide. Treatment with depsipeptide, as well as other histone deacetylase inhibitors, caused induction of histone acetylation, induction of p21 expression, and substantial apoptosis without significant cell cycle arrest. Treatment with the caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk significantly inhibited depsipeptide-induced apoptosis, enabling detection of cell cycle arrest. Treatment with depsipeptide increased expression of the interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor, and combination with the IL-2 toxin conjugate denileukin diftitox resulted in more than additive toxicity. Cells selected for resistance to depsipeptide overexpressed the multidrug resistance pump, P-glycoprotein (Pgp). However, cells selected for resistance to depsipeptide in the presence of a Pgp inhibitor had a Pgp-independent mechanism of resistance. These studies confirm the activity of depsipeptide in a T-cell lymphoma model and suggest a general sensitivity of T-cell lymphoma to histone deacetylase inhibitors, an emerging new class of anticancer agents. (Blood. 2004;103:4636-4643)
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Piekarz
- Cancer Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute/NIH, MSC 1903, 10 Center Drive, Building 10/Room 12C103, Bethesda, MD 20892-1903, USA.
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Fulda S, Debatin KM. Sensitization for tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-induced apoptosis by the chemopreventive agent resveratrol. Cancer Res 2004; 64:337-46. [PMID: 14729643 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-1656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Survivin is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins that is expressed at high levels in most human cancers and may facilitate evasion from apoptosis and aberrant mitotic progression. Naturally occurring dietary compounds such as resveratrol have gained considerable attention as cancer chemopreventive agents. Here, we discovered a novel function of the chemopreventive agent resveratrol: resveratrol is a potent sensitizer of tumor cells for tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis through p53-independent induction of p21 and p21-mediated cell cycle arrest associated with survivin depletion. Concomitant analysis of cell cycle, survivin expression, and apoptosis revealed that resveratrol-induced G(1) arrest was associated with down-regulation of survivin expression and sensitization for TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Accordingly, G(1) arrest using the cell cycle inhibitor mimosine or induced by p21 overexpression reduced survivin expression and sensitized cells for TRAIL treatment. Likewise, resveratrol-mediated cell cycle arrest followed by survivin depletion and sensitization for TRAIL was impaired in p21- deficient cells. Also, down-regulation of survivin using survivin antisense oligonucleotides sensitized cells for TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Importantly, resveratrol sensitized various tumor cell lines, but not normal human fibroblasts, for apoptosis induced by death receptor ligation or anticancer drugs. Thus, this combined sensitizer (resveratrol)/inducer (e.g., TRAIL) strategy may be a novel approach to enhance the efficacy of TRAIL-based therapies in a variety of human cancers.
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Schavinsky-Khrapunsky Y, Huleihel M, Aboud M, Torgeman A. Role of protein kinase C and the Sp1-p53 complex in activation of p21(WAF-1) expression by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in human T cells. Oncogene 2003; 22:5315-24. [PMID: 12917633 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Previous reports have shown that, in certain cell types, p21(WAF-1), which plays a central role in cell proliferation, can be activated by HTLV-I Tax protein and by TPA. Tax and TPA are also known to stimulate HTLV-I gene expression. Since cell proliferation has a major impact on HTLV-I replication, it was of interest to investigate their effect on p21(WAF-1) in human T cells, which are the main target of HTLV-I in human infection. This study demonstrates that p21(WAF-1) is activated in such cells by both factors, each acting through a different mechanism that does not influence the other. The effect of TPA is shown to require PKC activity. Notably, however, examination of different PKC isoforms revealed that PKC-alpha and PKC-epsilon stimulated p21(WAF-1) expression, whereas PKC-eta was rather inhibitory and PKC-beta1 and beta2 were ineffective. All these isoforms were found to be activated by TPA in the employed T cells, but this apparent paradox was resolved by the observation that when coexpressed together in these cells, the stimulatory PKCs override the inhibitory isoform. Further experiments demonstrated that the PKC-induced p21(WAF-1) activation was mediated by binding of Sp1-p53 complex to the second most upstream of the six Sp1 recognition sites present in its promoter and that this effect did not require the cooperation of an p53-binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Schavinsky-Khrapunsky
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cancer Research Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
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Kralj M, Pavelić J. p21WAF1/CIP1 is more effective than p53 in growth suppression of mouse renal carcinoma cell line Renca in vitro and in vivo. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2003; 129:463-71. [PMID: 12884025 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-003-0458-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2003] [Accepted: 04/06/2003] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although there are many controversial reports about the effect of p53 and p21(WAF1/CIP1) overexpression in different human tumor cells, the p53 gene is shown to be a more effective candidate for cancer gene therapy because of its more pronounced ability to induce apoptosis. In the present study, we present the effect of p53 and p21(WAF1/CIP1) overexpression on mouse renal carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. METHODS p53 and p21(WAF1/CIP1) genes were introduced into Renca cells using adenoviral vectors (Ad5CMV-p53 and Ad5CMV-p21). The induction of apoptosis was measured using Annexin V assay and DNA fragmentation analysis. The expression of proteins was examined using immunocytochemistry and Western blot methods. The ability of adenoviral vectors to inhibit tumorigenicity of Renca cells, as well as the growth of pre-established tumors was measured. RESULTS In vitro growth assays revealed higher growth suppression after Ad5CMV-p21 infection. Although both vectors induced apoptosis, Ad5CMV-p53 was slightly more efficient. In vivo studies in Balb/c mice, demonstrated that tumorigenicity was completely suppressed by Ad5CMV-p21. Besides this, Ad5CMV-p21 significantly inhibited the growth of established tumors, while Ad5CMV-p53 did not. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that p21(WAF1/CIP1) is a more potent growth suppressor than p53 of mouse tumor cells Renca. The divergent responses of tumor cells to p21(WAF1/CIP1) overexpression could be due to various networks that differ between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijeta Kralj
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Bosković Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, P.O.Box 180, 10002, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Holmes WF, Soprano DR, Soprano KJ. Comparison of the mechanism of induction of apoptosis in ovarian carcinoma cells by the conformationally restricted synthetic retinoids CD437 and 4-HPR. J Cell Biochem 2003; 89:262-78. [PMID: 12704790 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) has been shown to inhibit the growth of a number of ovarian tumor cell lines while others have been found to be resistant to retinoid suppression of growth. Interestingly, two synthetic retinoids, CD437 and 4-HPR, inhibit the growth of both ATRA-sensitive (CA-OV-3) and ATRA-resistant (SK-OV-3) ovarian tumor cells. However, in contrast to ATRA, both induce apoptosis. Our goal was to elucidate the mechanism by which these two synthetic retinoids induce apoptosis in ovarian tumor cells. Since it has been documented that apoptosis induction is often mediated by the activation of a cascade of proteases known as caspases, we initially studied the role of caspases in induction of apoptosis by CD437 and 4-HPR. We found that both retinoids induced caspase-3 and caspase-9 enzyme activity. Furthermore, using caspase specific inhibitors we determined that caspase-3 and caspase-9 activity was essential for the induction of apoptosis by these synthetic retinoids since these inhibitors completely blocked CD437 and 4-HPR induced apoptosis. Interestingly, we found that treatment with bongkriekic acid (BA), a mitochondrial membrane depolarization inhibitor, blocked apoptosis, caspase-9 activation and caspase-3 activation induced by both retinoids. Finally, we were able to determine that CD437 treatment induced the translocation of TR3, a nuclear orphan receptor, whereas, 4-HPR did not. Our results suggest that CD437 and 4-HPR initially activate separate pathways to induce mitochondrial depolarization but both utilize mitochondrial depolarization, caspase-9 activation, and caspase-3 activation in the later stages of apoptosis induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Holmes
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3400 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
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Freebern WJ, Smith JL, Chaudhry SS, Haggerty CM, Gardner K. Novel cell-specific and dominant negative anti-apoptotic roles of p73 in transformed leukemia cells. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:2249-55. [PMID: 12427762 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m208517200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although extensive homology exists between related genes p53 and p73, recent data suggest that the family members have divergent roles. We demonstrate that the differential regulatory roles of p53 family member p73 are highly cell-context and promoter-specific. Full-length p73 expressed in the transformed leukemia cell line Jurkat behaves as a specific dominant negative transcriptional repressor of the cell cycle inhibitor gene p21 and blocks p53-mediated apoptosis. These findings provide evidence for a new mechanism in oncogenesis through which the functional properties of p73 can be altered in an inheritable and cell-specific fashion independent of transcriptional coding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy J Freebern
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression and Laboratory of Pathology, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Qiao L, McKinstry R, Gupta S, Gilfor D, Windle JJ, Hylemon PB, Grant S, Fisher PB, Dent P. Cyclin kinase inhibitor p21 potentiates bile acid-induced apoptosis in hepatocytes that is dependent on p53. Hepatology 2002; 36:39-48. [PMID: 12085347 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2002.33899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway enhances expression of the cyclin kinase inhibitor p21 that can promote growth arrest and cell survival in response to cytotoxic insults. Bile acids can also cause prolonged MAPK activation that is cytoprotective against bile acid-induced cell death. Here, we examined the impact of bile acid-induced MAPK signaling and p21 expression on the survival of primary mouse hepatocytes. Deoxycholic acid (DCA) caused prolonged activation of the MAPK pathway that weakly enhanced p21 protein expression. When DCA-induced MAPK activation was blocked using MEK1/2 inhibitors, both hepatocyte viability and expression of p21 were reduced. Surprisingly, constitutive overexpression of p21 in p21+/+ hepatocytes enhanced DCA-induced cell killing. In agreement with these findings, treatment of p21-/- hepatocytes with DCA and MEK1/2 inhibitors also caused less apoptosis than observed in wild-type p21+/+ cells. Expression of p21 in p21-/- hepatocytes did not modify basal levels of apoptosis but restored the apoptotic response of p21-/- cells to those of p21+/+ cells overexpressing p21. These findings suggest that basal expression of p21 plays a facilitating, proapoptotic role in DCA-induced apoptosis. Overexpression of p21 enhanced p53 protein levels. In agreement with a role for p53 in the enhanced apoptotic response, overexpression of p21 did not potentiate apoptosis in p53-/- hepatocytes but, instead, attenuated the death response in these cells. In conclusion, our data suggest that overexpression of p21 can promote apoptosis, leading to elevated sensitivity to proapoptotic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Qiao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College Street, Richmond, VA 23298-0058, USA
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Meier P, Dayer E, Blanc E, Wauters JP. Early T cell activation correlates with expression of apoptosis markers in patients with end-stage renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002; 13:204-212. [PMID: 11752039 DOI: 10.1681/asn.v131204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT. End-stage renal failure (ESRF) and chronic hemodialysis (HD) induce a state of immunodeficiency that involves T cell-mediated responses. A decreased T cell number combined with a reduced T cell lifespan and an increased T cell activation might play a role in the immune impairment associated with ESRF and chronic HD. Increased T cell activation associated with immunodeficiency suggests that activated T cells may be driven to apoptosis. To test this hypothesis, CD3+ T cell activation (CD69) and apoptosis (annexin V, CD95 (Fas), and DNA fragmentation) were analyzed in a case control study after blood draw sampling (ex vivo), in culture conditions, and after phytohemagglutinin or anti-CD3 stimulation. Ex vivo evaluation of T cells showed an increased number of activated CD69+ T cells in chronic HD patients (142 +/- 5 cells/mm3) compared with patients with ESRF (115 +/- 2 cells/mm3, P = 0.04) and controls (74 +/- 2 cells/mm3, P = 0.0006). These data were confirmed in culture conditions and after stimulation. Similarly, annexin V and CD95 (Fas)-positive T cells were more numerous in both patient groups than in controls, irrespective of the experimental conditions (P < or = 0.005 for both markers), and their percentage was always significantly higher in chronic HD patients than in patients with ESRF. The amount of DNA fragmentation was also significantly higher in the cultured resting T cells of chronic HD patients (37 +/- 3%) than in those of patients with ESRF (25 +/- 3%) and controls (20 +/- 2%) (P = 0.01). Percentage of cultured resting T cells expressing both CD69 and annexin V markers was higher in chronic HD patients (17 +/- 4%) than in patients with ESRF (10 +/- 4%) and controls (6 +/- 2%), (P = 0.005). After stimulation (phytohemagglutinin or anti-CD3), CD69+ T cell apoptosis increased by 2.4-fold in chronic HD patients compared with 1.8-fold in patients with ESRF and only 1.2-fold in controls (P = 0.001). T cells from chronic HD patients and patients with ESRF thus showed an aberrant state of early activation that contrasted with an increased proportion of annexin V and CD95 (Fas)-positive T cells engaged in apoptosis, as confirmed by DNA fragmentation. Increased susceptibility to early activated T cell apoptosis is not only associated with uremia, but is also enhanced by HD procedure. This may account for the T lymphopenia, progressive immunodeficiency, and increased infection risk seen in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Meier
- *Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hôpital de Sion, Sion, Switzerland; Division of Nephrology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland; and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Institut Central des Hôpitaux Valaisans, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Eric Dayer
- *Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hôpital de Sion, Sion, Switzerland; Division of Nephrology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland; and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Institut Central des Hôpitaux Valaisans, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Edouard Blanc
- *Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hôpital de Sion, Sion, Switzerland; Division of Nephrology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland; and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Institut Central des Hôpitaux Valaisans, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Pierre Wauters
- *Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hôpital de Sion, Sion, Switzerland; Division of Nephrology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland; and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Institut Central des Hôpitaux Valaisans, Sion, Switzerland
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Doyle IS, Hollmann CA, Crispe IN, Owens T. Specific blockade by CD54 and MHC II of CD40-mediated signaling for B cell proliferation and survival. Exp Cell Res 2001; 265:312-8. [PMID: 11302697 DOI: 10.1006/excr.2001.5183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of B lymphocyte proliferation is critical to maintenance of self-tolerance, and intercellular interactions are likely to signal such regulation. Here, we show that coligation of either the adhesion molecule ICAM-1/CD54 or MHC II with CD40 inhibited cell cycle progression and promoted apoptosis of mouse splenic B cells. This resulted from specific blockade of NF-kappa B induction, which normally inhibits apoptosis. LPS- or B cell receptor (BCR)-induced proliferation was not inhibited by these treatments, and mAb-induced association of CD40 with other B cell surface molecules did not have these effects. Addition of BCR or IL-4 signals did not overcome the effect of ICAM-1 or MHC II on CD40-induced proliferation. FasL expression was not detected in B cell populations. These results show that MHC II and ICAM-1 specifically modulate CD40-mediated signaling, so inhibiting proliferation and preventing inhibition of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Doyle
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4
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Bae Y, Crispe IN. Differential regulation of cell cycle-related proteins by CD95 engagement in thymocytes and T cell leukemic cell line, Jurkat. J Cell Biochem 2001; 80:328-38. [PMID: 11135362 DOI: 10.1002/1097-4644(20010301)80:3<328::aid-jcb50>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
CD95 engagement results in apoptosis in thymocytes and in the Jurkat human leukemic T cell line. Biochemical analyses in CD95-engaged thymocytes and Jurkat cells revealed dysregulation of the G1/S cell cycle control point. Cyclin E was upregulated upon CD95 engagement, suggesting G1-to-S progression, but there was no upregulation of cyclin A. Instead, cyclin E was degraded by caspases. In addition, c-myc that normally acts on S-phase progression through the activation of cdc25A appeared to be involved in the inhibition of S-phase progression after CD95 ligation. This implies that G1-->S progression and apoptosis are intimately linked in cells undergoing CD95 ligation. Furthermore, our data suggest that CD95-induced apoptosis occurs at the G1/S phase transition. We therefore suggest that CD95 engagement not only triggers death signals but also affects the G1/S checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Bae
- The Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA.
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