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Kozik AJ, Begley LA, Lugogo N, Baptist A, Erb-Downward J, Opron K, Huang YJ. Airway microbiota and immune mediator relationships differ in obesity and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 151:931-942. [PMID: 36572355 PMCID: PMC10566565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma and obesity are both complex conditions characterized by chronic inflammation, and obesity-related severe asthma has been associated with differences in the microbiome. However, whether the airway microbiome and microbiota-immune response relationships differ between obese persons with or without nonsevere asthma is unestablished. OBJECTIVE We compared the airway microbiome and microbiota-immune mediator relationships between obese and nonobese subjects, with and without mild-moderate asthma. METHODS We performed cross-sectional analyses of the airway (induced sputum) microbiome and cytokine profiles from blood and sputum using 16S ribosomal RNA gene and internal transcribed spacer region sequencing to profile bacteria and fungi, and multiplex immunoassays. Analysis tools included QIIME 2, linear discriminant analysis effect size (aka LEfSe), Piphillin, and Sparse inverse covariance estimation for ecological association inference (aka SPIEC-EASI). RESULTS Obesity, irrespective of asthma status, was associated with significant differences in sputum bacterial community structure and composition (unweighted UniFrac permutational analysis of variance, P = .02), including a higher relative abundance of Prevotella, Gemella, and Streptococcus species. Among subjects with asthma, additional differences in sputum bacterial composition and fungal richness were identified between obese and nonobese individuals. Correlation network analyses demonstrated differences between obese and nonobese asthma in relationships between cytokine mediators, and these together with specific airway bacteria involving blood PAI-1, sputum IL-1β, GM-CSF, IL-8, TNF-α, and several Prevotella species. CONCLUSION Obesity itself is associated with an altered sputum microbiome, which further differs in those with mild-moderate asthma. The distinct differences in airway microbiota and immune marker relationships in obese asthma suggest potential involvement of airway microbes that may affect mechanisms or outcomes of obese asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariangela J Kozik
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, Mich.
| | - Lesa A Begley
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Njira Lugogo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Alan Baptist
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - John Erb-Downward
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Kristopher Opron
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Yvonne J Huang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, Mich; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.
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2
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Plasma biomarkers associated with survival and thrombosis in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Int J Hematol 2022; 116:937-946. [PMID: 35994163 PMCID: PMC9395834 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-022-03437-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Severe coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) has been associated with fibrin-mediated hypercoagulability and thromboembolic complications. To evaluate potential biomarkers of coagulopathy and disease severity in COVID-19, we measured plasma levels of eight biomarkers potentially associated with coagulation, fibrinolysis, and platelet function in 43 controls and 63 COVID-19 patients, including 47 patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and 16 non-ICU patients. COVID-19 patients showed significantly elevated levels of fibrinogen, tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), and its inhibitor plasminogen activation inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), as well as ST2 (the receptor for interleukin-33) and von Willebrand factor (vWF) compared to the control group. We found that higher levels of t-PA, ST2, and vWF at the time of admission were associated with lower survival rates, and that thrombotic events were more frequent in patients with initial higher levels of vWF. These results support a predictive role of specific biomarkers such as t-PA and vWF in the pathophysiology of COVID-19. The data provide support for the case that hypercoagulability in COVID-19 is fibrin-mediated, but also highlights the important role that vWF may play in the genesis of thromboses in the pathophysiology of COVID-19. Interventions designed to enhance fibrinolysis might prove to be useful adjuncts in the treatment of coagulopathy in a subset of COVID-19 patients.
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Wang C, Wang X, Tan C, Wang Y, Tang Z, Zhang Z, Liu J, Xiao G. Novel therapeutics for hydrocephalus: Insights from animal models. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:1012-1022. [PMID: 34151523 PMCID: PMC8339528 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrocephalus is a cerebrospinal fluid physiological disorder that causes ventricular dilation with normal or high intracranial pressure. The current regular treatment for hydrocephalus is cerebrospinal fluid shunting, which is frequently related to failure and complications. Meanwhile, considering that the current nonsurgical treatments of hydrocephalus can only relieve the symptoms but cannot eliminate this complication caused by primary brain injuries, the exploration of more effective therapies has become the focus for many researchers. In this article, the current research status and progress of nonsurgical treatment in animal models of hydrocephalus are reviewed to provide new orientations for animal research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuansen Wang
- Department of NeurosurgeryXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center for HydrocephalusXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Xiaoqiang Wang
- Department of Pediatric NeurosurgeryXinhua HospitalShanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Changwu Tan
- Department of NeurosurgeryXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center for HydrocephalusXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Yuchang Wang
- Department of NeurosurgeryXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center for HydrocephalusXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Zhi Tang
- Department of NeurosurgeryHunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of MedicineCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- Department of NeurosurgeryXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center for HydrocephalusXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Jingping Liu
- Department of NeurosurgeryXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center for HydrocephalusXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Gelei Xiao
- Department of NeurosurgeryXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center for HydrocephalusXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
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Choudhary I, Hwang D, Chae J, Yoon W, Kang C, Kim E. Proteomic Changes during the Dermal Toxicity Induced by Nemopilema nomurai Jellyfish Venom in HaCaT Human Keratinocyte. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13050311. [PMID: 33925349 PMCID: PMC8146130 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13050311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Jellyfish venom is well known for its local skin toxicities and various lethal accidents. The main symptoms of local jellyfish envenomation include skin lesions, burning, prickling, stinging pain, red, brown, or purplish tracks on the skin, itching, and swelling, leading to dermonecrosis and scar formation. However, the molecular mechanism behind the action of jellyfish venom on human skin cells is rarely understood. In the present study, we have treated the human HaCaT keratinocyte with Nemopilema nomurai jellyfish venom (NnV) to study detailed mechanisms of actions behind the skin symptoms after jellyfish envenomation. Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS), cellular changes at proteome level were examined. The treatment of NnV resulted in the decrease of HaCaT cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner. Using NnV (at IC50), the proteome level alterations were determined at 12 h and 24 h after the venom treatment. Briefly, 70 protein spots with significant quantitative changes were picked from the gels for MALDI-TOF/MS. In total, 44 differentially abundant proteins were successfully identified, among which 19 proteins were increased, whereas 25 proteins were decreased in the abundance levels comparing with their respective control spots. DAPs involved in cell survival and development (e.g., Plasminogen, Vinculin, EMILIN-1, Basonuclin2, Focal adhesion kinase 1, FAM83B, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma co-activator 1-alpha) decreased their expression, whereas stress or immune response-related proteins (e.g., Toll-like receptor 4, Aminopeptidase N, MKL/Myocardin-like protein 1, hypoxia up-regulated protein 1, Heat shock protein 105 kDa, Ephrin type-A receptor 1, with some protease (or peptidase) enzymes) were up-regulated. In conclusion, the present findings may exhibit some possible key players during skin damage and suggest therapeutic strategies for preventing jellyfish envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indu Choudhary
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (I.C.); (D.H.); (C.K.)
| | - Duhyeon Hwang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (I.C.); (D.H.); (C.K.)
- Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Jinho Chae
- Marine Environmental Research and Information Laboratory, B1101, 17 Gosan-ro 148beon-gil, Gunpo-si 15850, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (J.C.); (W.Y.)
| | - Wonduk Yoon
- Marine Environmental Research and Information Laboratory, B1101, 17 Gosan-ro 148beon-gil, Gunpo-si 15850, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (J.C.); (W.Y.)
| | - Changkeun Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (I.C.); (D.H.); (C.K.)
- Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Euikyung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (I.C.); (D.H.); (C.K.)
- Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-55-772-2355; Fax: +82-55-772-2349
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5
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Hong SN, Zhang YL, Rhee CS, Kim DY. Probable Roles of Coagulation Cascade and Fibrinolysis System in the Development of Allergic Rhinitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2018; 33:137-144. [PMID: 30518218 DOI: 10.1177/1945892418816015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysregulation of the coagulation cascade and fibrinolysis system may play an etiologic role in many diseases. Allergic diseases such as bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, and conjunctivitis are also associated with fibrin accumulation caused by a change in hemostasis. However, only a few studies have dealt with the relationship between allergic rhinitis (AR) and the coagulation system. OBJECTIVE We investigated the difference of coagulation and fibrinolysis cascade components between an AR mouse model and a control mice. METHODS BALB/c mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin. Multiple parameters of coagulation cascade and fibrinolysis system such as factors II, V, VII, X, and XIII; tissue-type plasminogen activator; urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA); plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1); and fibrin were compared between the AR model group and the control group. RESULTS The symptom scores and eosinophil counts were higher in the AR group than in the control group ( P < .01). The mRNA expression level of u-PA ( P = .040) was significantly lower, and the expression levels of factor II ( P = .038) and factor X ( P = .036) were significantly higher, in the AR group. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that most of the fibrinolysis system and coagulation cascade components were localized to the epithelium, endothelium, and submucosal glands of the nasal mucosa. u-PA was downregulated in the AR group, whereas fibrin deposition was more prominent in the AR group than in the control group. CONCLUSION In AR, particular components of the coagulation cascade were increased and fibrinolysis system was decreased compared to normal control. This difference may be associated with the fibrin deposition in the mucosa of AR mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-No Hong
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Lian Zhang
- 2 Center of Morphological Experiment, Medical College of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chae-Seo Rhee
- 3 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Young Kim
- 3 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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6
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Jo A, Lee SH, Kim DY, Hong SJ, Teng MN, Kolliputi N, Lockey RF, Schleimer RP, Cho SH. Mast cell-derived plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 promotes airway inflammation and remodeling in a murine model of asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142:294-297.e5. [PMID: 29477725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ara Jo
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Fla
| | - Sun H Lee
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Dong-Young Kim
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Seung-Jae Hong
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, Fla
| | - Michael N Teng
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Fla
| | - Narasaiah Kolliputi
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Fla
| | - Richard F Lockey
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Fla
| | - Robert P Schleimer
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Seong H Cho
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Fla; Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill; Division of Allergy-Immunology, James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, Fla; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
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7
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Sherenian MG, Cho SH, Levin A, Min JY, Oh SS, Hu D, Galanter J, Sen S, Huntsman S, Eng C, Rodriguez-Santana JR, Serebrisky D, Avila PC, Kalhan R, Smith LJ, Borrell LN, Seibold MA, Keoki Williams L, Burchard EG, Kumar R. PAI-1 gain-of-function genotype, factors increasing PAI-1 levels, and airway obstruction: The GALA II Cohort. Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 47:1150-1158. [PMID: 28543872 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PAI-1 gain-of-function variants promote airway fibrosis and are associated with asthma and with worse lung function in subjects with asthma. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether the association of a gain-of-function polymorphism in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) with airway obstruction is modified by asthma status, and whether any genotype effect persists after accounting for common exposures that increase PAI-1 level. METHODS We studied 2070 Latino children (8-21y) with genotypic and pulmonary function data from the GALA II cohort. We estimated the relationship of the PAI-1 risk allele with FEV1/FVC by multivariate linear regression, stratified by asthma status. We examined the association of the polymorphism with asthma and airway obstruction within asthmatics via multivariate logistic regression. We replicated associations in the SAPPHIRE cohort of African Americans (n=1056). Secondary analysis included the effect of the at-risk polymorphism on postbronchodilator lung function. RESULTS There was an interaction between asthma status and the PAI-1 polymorphism on FEV1 /FVC (P=.03). The gain-of-function variants, genotypes (AA/AG), were associated with lower FEV1 /FVC in subjects with asthma (β=-1.25, CI: -2.14,-0.35, P=.006), but not in controls. Subjects with asthma and the AA/AG genotypes had a 5% decrease in FEV1 /FVC (P<.001). In asthmatics, the risk genotype (AA/AG) was associated with a 39% increase in risk of clinically relevant airway obstruction (OR=1.39, CI: 1.01, 1.92, P=.04). These associations persisted after exclusion of factors that increase PAI-1 including tobacco exposure and obesity. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The decrease in the FEV1 /FVC ratio associated with the risk genotype was modified by asthma status. The genotype increased the odds of airway obstruction by 75% within asthmatics only. As exposures known to increase PAI-1 levels did not mitigate this association, PAI-1 may contribute to airway obstruction in the context of chronic asthmatic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Sherenian
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,The Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - S H Cho
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - A Levin
- Department of Public Health Science, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - J-Y Min
- Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - S S Oh
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - D Hu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J Galanter
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - S Sen
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, UTHSC, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - S Huntsman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - C Eng
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - D Serebrisky
- Pediatric Pulmonary Division, Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - P C Avila
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - R Kalhan
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - L J Smith
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - L N Borrell
- Department of Health Sciences, Lehman College, CUNY, New York, NY, USA
| | - M A Seibold
- Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - L Keoki Williams
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA.,Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - E G Burchard
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - R Kumar
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,The Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Abstract
Proteases play an important role in health and disease of the lung. In the normal lungs, proteases maintain their homeostatic functions that regulate processes like its regeneration and repair. Dysregulation of proteases–antiproteases balance is crucial in the manifestation of different types of lung diseases. Chronic inflammatory lung pathologies are associated with a marked increase in protease activities. Thus, in addition to protease activities, inhibition of anti-proteolytic control mechanisms are also important for effective microbial infection and inflammation in the lung. Herein, we briefly summarize the role of different proteases and to some extent antiproteases in regulating a variety of lung diseases.
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9
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Feng Z, Tan Q, Tang J, Li L, Tao Y, Chen Y, Yang Y, Luo C, Feng H, Zhu G, Chen Q, Chen Z. Intraventricular administration of urokinase as a novel therapeutic approach for communicating hydrocephalus. Transl Res 2017; 180:77-90.e2. [PMID: 27614013 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis of the subarachnoid space (SAS) after infection, inflammation, or hemorrhage can impair cerebrospinal fluid absorption and circulation, causing diffuse ventricular dilatation. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that urokinase (also known as urokinase-type plasminogen activator [uPA]), a fibrinolytic agent, attenuates fibrosis and ventriculomegaly in a rat model of kaolin-induced communicating hydrocephalus and thus may have potential as a therapy for these conditions. Thirty microliters of sterile 25% kaolin suspension was injected into the basal cisterns of adult Sprague-Dawley rats to induce hydrocephalus, and 2 intraventricular injections of either uPA or vehicle (saline) were administered immediately and 3 days thereafter. Ventricular volumes were measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on days 3, 14, and 28 after kaolin injection. Fibrosis and reactive astrogliosis were evaluated on day 28 by immunofluorescence and Western blotting. Neurocognitive features were tested using the Morris water maze from days 23 to 28. MRI analysis demonstrated that kaolin administration successfully induced hydrocephalus in rats and that uPA treatment significantly attenuated ventricular enlargement. In addition, uPA inhibited the deposition of laminin and fibronectin, extracellular matrix molecules, in the SAS, attenuated gliosis, and improved learning and memory in kaolin-treated rats. Therefore, we concluded that uPA prevents the development of kaolin-induced communicating hydrocephalus by preventing the development of subarachnoid fibrosis and by eliciting improvements in neurocognition. The results of this study indicate that uPA may be a novel clinical therapy for communicating hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihao Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujie Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial Corps Hospital, Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Leshan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunxia Luo
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianwei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Elkhidir HS, Richards JB, Cromar KR, Bell CS, Price RE, Atkins CL, Spencer CY, Malik F, Alexander AL, Cockerill KJ, Haque IU, Johnston RA. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 does not contribute to the pulmonary pathology induced by acute exposure to ozone. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/18/e12983. [PMID: 27670409 PMCID: PMC5037925 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1, the major physiological inhibitor of fibrinolysis, is increased in the lung following inhalation of ozone (O3), a gaseous air pollutant. PAI-1 regulates expression of interleukin (IL)-6, keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC), and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2, which are cytokines that promote lung injury, pulmonary inflammation, and/or airway hyperresponsiveness following acute exposure to O3 Given these observations, we hypothesized that PAI-1 contributes to the severity of the aforementioned sequelae by regulating expression of IL-6, KC, and MIP-2 following acute exposure to O3 To test our hypothesis, wild-type mice and mice genetically deficient in PAI-1 (PAI-1-deficient mice) were acutely exposed to either filtered room air or O3 (2 ppm) for 3 h. Four and/or twenty-four hours following cessation of exposure, indices of lung injury [bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) protein and epithelial cells], pulmonary inflammation (BALF IL-6, KC, MIP-2, macrophages, and neutrophils), and airway responsiveness to aerosolized acetyl-β-methylcholine chloride (respiratory system resistance) were measured in wild-type and PAI-1-deficient mice. O3 significantly increased indices of lung injury, pulmonary inflammation, and airway responsiveness in wild-type and PAI-1-deficient mice. With the exception of MIP-2, which was significantly lower in PAI-1-deficient as compared to wild-type mice 24 h following cessation of exposure to O3, no other genotype-related differences occurred subsequent to O3 exposure. Thus, following acute exposure to O3, PAI-1 neither regulates pulmonary expression of IL-6 and KC nor functionally contributes to any of the pulmonary pathological sequelae that arise from the noxious effects of inhaled O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza S Elkhidir
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Jeremy B Richards
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Kevin R Cromar
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York
| | - Cynthia S Bell
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Roger E Price
- Comparative Pathology Laboratory, Center for Comparative Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Constance L Atkins
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Chantal Y Spencer
- Section of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Farhan Malik
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Amy L Alexander
- Pediatric Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Katherine J Cockerill
- Pediatric Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Ikram U Haque
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Richard A Johnston
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas Pediatric Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
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11
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Sneeboer MMS, Majoor CJ, de Kievit A, Meijers JCM, van der Poll T, Kamphuisen PW, Bel EH. Prothrombotic state in patients with severe and prednisolone-dependent asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 137:1727-1732. [PMID: 26714414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiologic studies have shown that asthmatic patients, in particular those with severe disease, have increased risk of pulmonary embolism. It is unknown whether these patients have a prothrombotic state under stable conditions. OBJECTIVE We sought to compare coagulation and fibrinolysis parameters between healthy subjects and patients with mild, severe, and prednisolone-dependent asthma under stable conditions and to investigate whether hemostatic markers correlate with airway inflammation. METHODS In 126 adults (33 healthy control subjects, 31 patients with mild asthma, 32 patients with severe asthma, and 30 patients with prednisolone-dependent asthma) parameters of inflammation (peripheral blood eosinophils and neutrophils) and markers of hemostasis (endogenous thrombin potential [ETP], thrombin-antithrombin complex, plasmin-α2-antiplasmin complex, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 [PAI-1], D-dimer, and von Willebrand factor [vWF]) were measured in plasma. One-way ANOVA with the post hoc Bonferroni test was used for group comparison, and linear regression analysis was used for correlations. RESULTS We observed increased ETP (121% vs 99%, overall P < .01), plasmin-α2-antiplasmin complex (520 vs 409 μg/L, overall P = .04), PAI-1 (10 vs 7 ng/mL, overall P = .02), and vWF (142% vs 87%, overall P < .01) levels in asthmatic patients compared with healthy control subjects. ETP, PAI-1, and vWF levels increased with increasing asthma severity. In addition, we found a correlation between ETP and vWF with neutrophil but not eosinophil counts. CONCLUSION Asthmatic patients have a prothrombotic state that increases with asthma severity. This might explain why patients with asthma, in particular those with severe disease, have an increased risk of venous thromboembolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlous M S Sneeboer
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Christof J Majoor
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne de Kievit
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost C M Meijers
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter W Kamphuisen
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth H Bel
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Bhandary YP, Shetty SK, Marudamuthu AS, Midde KK, Ji HL, Shams H, Subramaniam R, Fu J, Idell S, Shetty S. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in cigarette smoke exposure and influenza A virus infection-induced lung injury. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123187. [PMID: 25932922 PMCID: PMC4416821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parenchymal lung inflammation and airway and alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis are associated with cigarette smoke exposure (CSE), which contributes to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Epidemiological studies indicate that people exposed to chronic cigarette smoke with or without COPD are more susceptible to influenza A virus (IAV) infection. We found increased p53, PAI-1 and apoptosis in AECs, with accumulation of macrophages and neutrophils in the lungs of patients with COPD. In Wild-type (WT) mice with passive CSE (PCSE), p53 and PAI-1 expression and apoptosis were increased in AECs as was lung inflammation, while those lacking p53 or PAI-1 resisted AEC apoptosis and lung inflammation. Further, inhibition of p53-mediated induction of PAI-1 by treatment of WT mice with caveolin-1 scaffolding domain peptide (CSP) reduced PCSE-induced lung inflammation and reversed PCSE-induced suppression of eosinophil-associated RNase1 (EAR1). Competitive inhibition of the p53-PAI-1 mRNA interaction by expressing p53-binding 3’UTR sequences of PAI-1 mRNA likewise suppressed CS-induced PAI-1 and AEC apoptosis and restored EAR1 expression. Consistent with PCSE-induced lung injury, IAV infection increased p53, PAI-1 and apoptosis in AECs in association with pulmonary inflammation. Lung inflammation induced by PCSE was worsened by subsequent exposure to IAV. Mice lacking PAI-1 that were exposed to IAV showed minimal viral burden based on M2 antigen and hemagglutination analyses, whereas transgenic mice that overexpress PAI-1 without PCSE showed increased M2 antigen and inflammation after IAV infection. These observations indicate that increased PAI-1 expression promotes AEC apoptosis and exacerbates lung inflammation induced by IAV following PCSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashodhar P. Bhandary
- Texas Lung Injury Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shwetha K. Shetty
- Texas Lung Injury Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Amarnath S. Marudamuthu
- Texas Lung Injury Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Krishna K. Midde
- Texas Lung Injury Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hong-Long Ji
- Texas Lung Injury Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Homoyoun Shams
- Texas Lung Injury Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Renuka Subramaniam
- Texas Lung Injury Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jian Fu
- Center for Research on Environmental Disease and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Steven Idell
- Texas Lung Injury Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sreerama Shetty
- Texas Lung Injury Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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IMD-4690, a novel specific inhibitor for plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, reduces allergic airway remodeling in a mouse model of chronic asthma via regulating angiogenesis and remodeling-related mediators. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121615. [PMID: 25785861 PMCID: PMC4364779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 is the principal inhibitor of plasminogen activators, and is responsible for the degradation of fibrin and extracellular matrix. IMD-4690 is a newly synthesized inhibitor for PAI-1, whereas the effect on allergic airway inflammation and remodeling is still unclear. We examined the in vivo effects by using a chronic allergen exposure model of bronchial asthma in mice. The model was generated by an immune challenge for 8 weeks with house dust mite antigen, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp). IMD-4690 was intraperitoneally administered during the challenge. Lung histopathology, hyperresponsiveness and the concentrations of mediators in lung homogenates were analyzed. The amount of active PAI-1 in the lungs was increased in mice treated with Dp. Administration with IMD-4690 reduced an active/total PAI-1 ratio. IMD-4690 also reduced the number of bronchial eosinophils in accordance with the decreased expressions of Th2 cytokines in the lung homogenates. Airway remodeling was inhibited by reducing subepithelial collagen deposition, smooth muscle hypertrophy, and angiogenesis. The effects of IMD-4690 were partly mediated by the regulation of TGF-β, HGF and matrix metalloproteinase. These results suggest that PAI-1 plays crucial roles in airway inflammation and remodeling, and IMD-4690, a specific PAI-1 inhibitor, may have therapeutic potential for patients with refractory asthma due to airway remodeling.
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14
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Cho SH, Lee SH, Kato A, Takabayashi T, Kulka M, Shin SC, Schleimer RP. Cross-talk between human mast cells and bronchial epithelial cells in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 production via transforming growth factor-β1. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 52:88-95. [PMID: 24987792 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0399oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous reports suggest that plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) promotes airway remodeling and that human and mouse mast cells (MCs) are an important source of PAI-1. In the present study we investigated MC-epithelial cell (EC) interactions in the production of PAI-1. We stimulated the human MC line LAD2 with IgE-receptor cross-linking and collected the supernatants. We incubated the human bronchial EC line BEAS-2B with the LAD2 supernatants and measured the level of PAI-1. When the supernatants from IgE-stimulated LAD2 were added to BEAS-2B, there was a significant enhancement of PAI-1 production by BEAS-2B. When we treated the MC supernatants with a transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 neutralizing antibody, the MC-derived induction of PAI-1 from BEAS-2B was completely abrogated. Although TGF-β1 mRNA was constitutively expressed in resting LAD2, it was not highly induced by IgE-mediated stimulation. Nonetheless, active TGF-β1 protein was significantly increased in LAD2 after IgE-mediated stimulation. Active TGF-β1 produced by primary cultured human MCs was significantly reduced in the presence of a chymase inhibitor, suggesting a role of MC chymase as an activator of latent TGF-β1. This study indicates that stimulation of human MCs by IgE receptor cross-linking triggers activation of TGF-β1, at least in part via chymase, which in turn induces the production of PAI-1 by bronchial ECs. Our data suggest that human MCs may play an important role in airway remodeling in asthma as a direct source of PAI-1 and by activating bronchial ECs to produce further PAI-1 via a TGF-β1-mediated activation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong H Cho
- 1 Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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15
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Wigenstam E, Koch B, Bucht A, Jonasson S. N-acetyl cysteine improves the effects of corticosteroids in a mouse model of chlorine-induced acute lung injury. Toxicology 2014; 328:40-7. [PMID: 25497111 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine (Cl2) causes tissue damage and a neutrophilic inflammatory response in the airways manifested by pronounced airway hyperreactivity (AHR). The importance of early anti-inflammatory treatment has previously been addressed. In the previous study, both high-dose and low-dose of dexamethasone (DEX) decreased the risk of developing delayed effects, such as persistent lung injuries, while only high-dose treatment could significantly counteract acute-phase effects. One aim of this study was to evaluate whether a low-dose of DEX in combination with the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) and if different treatments (Triptolide, Reparixin and Rolipram) administered 1h after Cl2-exposure could improve protection against acute lung injury in Cl2-exposed mice. BALB/c mice were exposed to 300 ppm Cl2 during 15 min. Assessment of AHR and inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage was analyzed 24h post exposure. Neither of DEX nor NAC reduced the AHR and displayed only minor effects on inflammatory cell influx when given as separate treatments. When given in combination, a protective effect on AHR and a significant reduction in inflammatory cells (neutrophils) was observed. Neither of triptolide, Reparixin nor Rolipram had an effect on AHR but Triptolide had major effect on the inflammatory cell influx. Treatments did not reduce the concentration of either fibrinogen or plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in serum, thereby supporting the theory that the inflammatory response is not solely limited to the lung. These results provide a foundation for future studies aimed at identifying new concepts for treatment of chemical-induced lung injury. Studies addressing combination of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant treatment are highly motivated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Wigenstam
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bo Koch
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Bucht
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Sofia Jonasson
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden.
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16
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Hammel I, Meilijson I. The stealthy nano-machine behind mast cell granule size distribution. Mol Immunol 2014; 63:45-54. [PMID: 24629227 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The classical model of mast cell secretory granule formation suggests that newly synthesized secretory mediators, transported from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex, undergo post-transitional modification and are packaged for secretion by condensation within membrane-bound granules of unit size. These unit granules may fuse with other granules to form larger granules that reside in the cytoplasm until secreted. A novel stochastic model for mast cell granule growth and elimination (G&E) as well as inventory management is presented. Resorting to a statistical mechanics approach in which SNAP (Soluble NSF Attachment Protein) REceptor (SNARE) components are viewed as interacting particles, the G&E model provides a simple 'nano-machine' of SNARE self-aggregation that can perform granule growth and secretion. Granule stock is maintained as a buffer to meet uncertainty in demand by the extracellular environment and to serve as source of supply during the lead time to produce granules of adaptive content. Experimental work, mathematical calculations, statistical modeling and a rationale for the emergence of nearly last-in, first out inventory management, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Hammel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
| | - Isaac Meilijson
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, School of Mathematical Sciences, Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
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17
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Yoshikawa T, Kanazawa H, Fujimoto S, Hirata K. Epistatic effects of multiple receptor genes on pathophysiology of asthma - its limits and potential for clinical application. Med Sci Monit 2014; 20:64-71. [PMID: 24435185 PMCID: PMC3907491 DOI: 10.12659/msm.889754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) permit a comprehensive scan of the genome in an unbiased manner, with high sensitivity, and thereby have the potential to identify candidate genes for the prevalence or development of multifactorial diseases such as bronchial asthma. However, most studies have only managed to explain a small additional percentage of hereditability estimates, and often fail to show consistent results among studies despite large sample sizes. Epistasis is defined as the interaction between multiple different genes affecting phenotypes. By applying epistatic analysis to clinical genetic research, we can analyze interactions among more than 2 molecules (genes) considering the whole system of the human body, illuminating dynamic molecular mechanisms. An increasing number of genetic studies have investigated epistatic effects on the risk for development of asthma. The present review highlights a concept of epistasis to overcome traditional genetic studies in humans and provides an update of evidence on epistatic effects on asthma. Furthermore, we review concerns regarding recent trends in epistatic analyses from the perspective of clinical physicians. These concerns include biological plausibility of genes identified by computational statistics, and definition of the diagnostic label of 'physician-diagnosed asthma'. In terms of these issues, further application of epistatic analysis will prompt identification of susceptibility of diseases and lead to the development of a new generation of pharmacological strategies to treat asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yoshikawa
- Department of Sports Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kanazawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeo Fujimoto
- Department of Sports Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuto Hirata
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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18
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Cho SH, Hong SJ, Chen H, Habib A, Cho D, Lee SH, Kang J, Ward T, Boushey HA, Schleimer RP, Avila PC. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in sputum and nasal lavage fluids increases in asthmatic patients during common colds. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 133:1465-7, 1467.e1-2. [PMID: 24373352 PMCID: PMC4004714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seong H Cho
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Seung J Hong
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Haimei Chen
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Ali Habib
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - David Cho
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Sun H Lee
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Joseph Kang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Theresa Ward
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Homer A Boushey
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Robert P Schleimer
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Pedro C Avila
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
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19
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Natorska J, Wypasek E, Grudzień G, Sadowski J, Undas A. Impaired fibrinolysis is associated with the severity of aortic stenosis in humans. J Thromb Haemost 2013; 11:733-40. [PMID: 23289423 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A role of fibrinolysis in the pathogenesis of aortic valve stenosis (AS) is unknown, although fibrinolytic proteins have been detected in aortic stenotic valves. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether impaired fibrinolysis could be associated with AS. METHODS AND RESULTS We studied 74 patients with AS (43 male, 31 female, aged 62.7 ± 10.7 years) without documented atherosclerotic valvular disease scheduled for isolated valve replacement and 68 controls. The plasma fibrin clot lysis time (CLT) in the presence of tissue factor (TF) and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), along with plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) were determined. Valvular expression of fibrin and PAI-1 together with macrophages and mast cells (MC) was evaluated by immunostaining. Patients with AS compared with controls were characterized by a prolonged CLT (median, 110 [54-153] vs. 92.5 [58-115] min, P = 0.0007) and increased plasma PAI-1 (78.6 [35.5-149] vs. 38.5 [18-61] ng mL(-1) , P < 0.0001). CLT was correlated with maximal (r = 0.43, P = 0.0002) and mean (r = 0.38, P = 0.001) transvalvular pressure gradients, and aortic valve area (r = -0.59, P < 0.0001). In AS patients, the CLT was positively correlated with the valve leaflet thickness (r = 0.67, P = 0.003), the degree of valve calcification (r = 0.65, P < 0.00001), valvular fibrin (r = 0.54, P = 0.007) and PAI-1 expression (r = 0.48, P = 0.007). Double-immunostaining revealed colocalization of valvular PAI-1 with MC (87 ± 17% cells) and macrophages (48 ± 11% cells) within stenotic valves. CONCLUSIONS Hypofibrinolysis might be a marker of severe AS and be implicated in AS progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Natorska
- Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Krakow, Poland
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Zhang Y, Xiao W, Jiang Y, Wang H, Xu X, Ma D, Chen H, Wang X. Levels of components of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator system are related to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease parenchymal destruction and airway remodelling. J Int Med Res 2013; 40:976-85. [PMID: 22906270 DOI: 10.1177/147323001204000316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Retrospective study to investigate levels of components of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) system in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). METHODS Peripheral lung tissue was obtained from patients who underwent surgical resection for benign lung diseases: 16 patients with COPD, 10 controls without lung function impairment who were smokers, and 10 controls without lung function impairment who were nonsmokers. Immunohistochemical staining for uPA, uPA receptor (uPAR) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) was quantified. Airway remodelling (collagen; detected by Sirius red staining), lung function (determined by spirometry) and emphysema (alveolar destruction; percentage of low attenuation areas on computed tomography scan) were evaluated. RESULTS uPA, uPAR and PAI-1 were significantly different in structural lung cells and pulmonary macrophages from patients with COPD compared with controls. There were significant positive correlations between collagen levels and uPA and PAI-1, and between uPA and degree of emphysema. There were significant inverse correlations between lung function and uPA, uPAR and PAI-1. CONCLUSION Correlations between components of the uPA system and lung function, small airway fibrosis and emphysema indicate a role for the uPA system in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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21
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Bora E, Soylar R, Arıkan-Ayyıldız Z, Uzuner N, Giray-Bozkaya Ö, Erçal D, Karaman Ö, Ülgenalp A. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphisms in Turkish asthmatic children. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2013; 41:11-6. [PMID: 22361338 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polymorphisms of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) genes have been implicated in susceptibility to asthma. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether there was any association between childhood asthma and polymorphisms of the PAI-1 and ACE genes. METHODS Two hundred and three Turkish children aged 5-15 years, including 102 asthmatic patients and 101 healthy control subjects were included in this study. The asthma group was divided into two groups as follows: Group I: Asthmatic children with positive family history for atopy (n=53), Group II: Asthmatic children without any family history for atopy (n=49). One hundred and twenty-eight atopic family members were also included in the study. The insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the ACE and PAI-1 4G/5G gene polymorphisms was carried out by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The prevalence of the PAI-1 4G allele was significantly greater in asthmatic children compared to control group (p<0.05, OR: 1.64 (1.11-2.43)) but there was no significant relation between ACE I/D genotypes and childhood asthma. No significant difference was detected between Groups I and II in terms of these ACE and PAI-1 genotypes and allele frequencies. No significant relationship was found between both gene polymorphisms and total serum IgE and skin prick test results. CONCLUSION It has been established that PAI-1 4G allele may be a genetic risk factor for childhood asthma but ACE gene I/D polymorphisms do not play a role in the development of asthma in the sample of Turkish children.
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22
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Cho SH, Chen H, Kim IS, Yokose C, Kang J, Cho D, Cai C, Palma S, Busi M, Martini A, Yoo TJ. Association of the 4 g/5 g polymorphism of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene with sudden sensorineural hearing loss. A case control study. BMC EAR, NOSE, AND THROAT DISORDERS 2012; 12:5. [PMID: 22672326 PMCID: PMC3431267 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6815-12-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background The 5 G/5 G genotype of PAI-1 polymorphism is linked to decreased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels and it has been suggested that lower PAI-1 levels may provide protective effects on inflammation, local microcirculatory disturbance, and fibrotic changes, which are likely associated with development of sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL). Methods The association of the 4 G/5 G PAI-1 polymorphism with the development and clinical outcome of SSNHL is evaluated via a case control study. 103 patients with SSNHL and 113 age and sex-matched controls were enrolled at University of Ferrara, Italy and hearing loss outcome was measured at least 3 months after the onset of hearing loss. DNA was isolated from peripheral blood using the QIAamp kit and the 4 G/5 G polymorphism in the −675 promoter region was genotyped with an allele-specific PCR. Genotype distribution was tested in patients and compared to controls by chi-square and odd-ratio analysis. The codominant and recessive models were used for the multiple logistic regression analyses of the PAI-1 gene allele. Results In this population, 5 G/5 G genotype had a two-time lower frequency in SSNHL patients compared to healthy controls (15.5% vs 30.1%) and was associated with decreased odds compared to 4 G/5 G genotype (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.19-0.75, p = 0.005). In addition, the patients with 5 G/5 G genotype showed a trend of more than 2 times higher ratio of hearing recovery (> 20 dB) after systemic corticosteroid treatment compared to 4 G/5 G genotype (OR 2.3, 95% CI 0.32 - 16.83, p = 0.39), suggesting a better clinical outcome. Conclusions The 5 G/5 G genotype of PAI-1 may be associated with a reduced risk of SSNHL in the Italian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Ho Cho
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 N, St Clair street #14028, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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Abstract
Asthma is a chronic airway disease characterized by paroxysmal airflow obstruction evoked by irritative stimuli on a background of allergic lung inflammation. Currently, there is no cure for asthma, only symptomatic treatment. In recent years, our understanding of the involvement of coagulation and anticoagulant pathways, the fibrinolytic system, and platelets in the pathophysiology of asthma has increased considerably. Asthma is associated with a procoagulant state in the bronchoalveolar space, further aggravated by impaired local activities of the anticoagulant protein C system and fibrinolysis. Protease-activated receptors have been implicated as the molecular link between coagulation and allergic inflammation in asthma. This review summarizes current knowledge of the impact of the disturbed hemostatic balance in the lungs on asthma severity and manifestations and identifies new possible targets for asthma treatment.
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Huang F, del-Río-Navarro BE, Alcántara ST, Ontiveros JAP, Cienfuegos DRP, Bello González SA, Villafaña S, Bravo G, Hong E. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, fibrinogen, and lung function in adolescents with asthma and obesity. Endocr Res 2012; 37:135-44. [PMID: 22578058 DOI: 10.3109/07435800.2012.654555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity promotes a low-grade systemic inflammatory state that may act on the lung to exacerbate asthma. There is little information on the relationship between systemic inflammation and lung function in children and adolescents. OBJECTIVES To explore the relationship among fibrinogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), lung function in adolescents with the presence of asthma, and/or obesity. METHODS Totally 178 adolescents (boys and girls) were involved; four groups were divided according to their diagnosis: non-obese and non-asthmatic controls (n = 38), non-obese asthmatics (n = 31), obese non-asthmatics (n = 62), obese asthmatics (n = 47). The levels of PAI-1 and fibrinogen were determined in blood samples. The lung function was evaluated with spirometry by measuring forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and forced expiratory flows between 25 and75% (FEF(25-75%)). RESULTS Compared to healthy controls, obese adolescents with or without asthma show higher levels of fibrinogen (289.2 ± 61.5, 328.4 ± 54.9, and 324.9 ± 68.9 mg/dL, respectively), PAI-1 (36.0 ± 17.3, 53.2 ± 22.3, and 52.6 ± 24.7 ng/mL, respectively), and the reduced FEV1/FVC ratio (87.7 ± 7.7, 81.6 ± 8.6, and 81.7 ± 6.9, respectively). In the whole studied subjects, FEV1/FVC ratio shows significant inverse correlation with PAI-1 (r = -0.185), fibrinogen (r = -0.157), body mass index (BMI; r = -0.303), insulin(r = -0.198), and HOMA (r = -0.173). In the 78 asthmatic subjects, FVC correlates positively with BMI. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that the degree of systemic inflammation and the degree of obesity in the whole studied adolescents groups correlate negatively with lung function, suggesting an obstructive pulmonary pattern. Further studies are needed to identify the pathophysiological mechanism for such association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyang Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hospital Infántil de México Federico Gómez (HIMFG), Mexico City, Mexico
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Ogawa H, Azuma M, Muto S, Nishioka Y, Honjo A, Tezuka T, Uehara H, Izumi K, Itai A, Sone S. IκB kinase β inhibitor IMD-0354 suppresses airway remodelling in a Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus-sensitized mouse model of chronic asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2011; 41:104-15. [PMID: 20573155 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2010.03564.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nuclear factor (NF)-κB is a transcription factor that regulates cytokine and chemokine production in various inflammatory diseases, including bronchial asthma. IκB kinase (IKK) β is important for NF-κB activation in inflammatory conditions, and is possibly related to airway remodelling. Thus, inhibition of the IKKβ-NF-κB pathway may be an ideal strategy for the management of airway remodelling. OBJECTIVE We examined the effects of a newly synthesized IKKβ inhibitor, IMD-0354, in a chronic allergen exposure model of bronchial asthma in mice. METHODS A chronic mouse model was generated by challenge with house dust mite antigen (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus). IMD-0354 was administrated intraperitoneally in therapeutic groups. Lung histopathology, hyperresponsiveness and the concentrations of mediators and molecules in supernatants of lung homogenates were determined. RESULTS NF-κB activation was inhibited by prolonged periods of IMD-0354 administration. IMD-0354 reduced the numbers of bronchial eosinophils. IMD-0354 also inhibited the pathological features of airway remodelling, including goblet cell hyperplasia, subepithelial fibrosis, collagen deposition and smooth muscle hypertrophy. Inhibition of these structural changes by IMD-0354 was the result of the suppressing the production and activation of remodelling-related mediators, such as TGF-β, via inhibition of IKKβ. IMD-0354 inhibited IL-13 and IL-1β production, and it restored the production of IFN-γ. It also ameliorated airway hyperresponsiveness. CONCLUSION IKKβ plays crucial roles in airway inflammation and remodelling in a chronic mouse model of asthma. A specific IKKβ inhibitor, IMD-0354, may be therapeutically beneficial for treating airway inflammation and remodelling in chronic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ogawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine & Rheumatology Department of Molecular and Environmental Pathology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.
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Kasperska-Zajac A, Czecior E, Grzanka A, Machura E, Misiolek M. The Blood Urokinase System in Patients with Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis and Concomitant Seasonal Asthma during Pollen Season. EUR J INFLAMM 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x1100900309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that the fibrinolytic system actively participates in inflammatory processes. To investigate the role of the urokinase system in atopic allergy, we assessed circulating levels of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its soluble receptor (suPAR) in patients with pollen allergy suffering from allergic rhinitis and asthma during a period of natural pollens exposure. Plasma concentrations of uPA and suPAR were measured in 19 patients sensitized to grass and rye pollens (12 men and 7 women, 18 to 30 years old) who had seasonal allergic rhinitis and concomitant seasonal asthma symptoms, and 23 age- and sex-matched healthy controls, using THE enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. There were no significant differences in plasma concentrations of uPA and suPAR between patients and the control subjects. Seasonal allergic airway inflammation is not associated with enhanced release of uPA and suPAR into the systemic circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Kasperska-Zajac
- Clinical Department of Internal Diseases, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice
| | - E. Czecior
- Clinical Department of Otolaryngology in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice
| | - A. Grzanka
- Department of Internal Diseases, Dermatology and Allergology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice
| | - E. Machura
- Department of Pediatric in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Poland
| | - M. Misiolek
- Clinical Department of Otolaryngology in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice
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Concentrations of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) in induced sputum of asthma patients after allergen challenge. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2011; 48:518-23. [PMID: 21478092 DOI: 10.2478/v10042-010-0075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and its inhibitor (PAI-1) are involved in tiisue remodeling and repair processes associated with acute and chronic inflammation. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of allergen challenge on concentration of uPA and PAI-1 in induced sputum of house dust mite allergic asthmatics (HDM-AAs). Thirty HDM-AAs and ten healthy persons (HCs)were recruited for the study. In 24 HDM-AAs bronchial challenge with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp) and in 6 HDM-AAs sham challenege with saline were performed. In HDM-AAs sputum was induced 24 hours before (T0) and 24 hours (T24) after the challenge. Concentration of uPA and PAI-1 in induced sputum were determined using immunoenzymatic assays. At T0 in HDM-AAs mean sputum uPA (151 ± 96 pg/ml) and PAI-1 (4341 ± 1262 pg/ml) concentrations were higher than in HC (18.8 ± 6.7 pg/ml; p=0.0002 and 596 ± 180 pg/ml; p<0.0001; for uPA and PAI-1 respectively). After allergen challenge further increase in sputum uPA (187 ± 144 pg/ml; p=0.03) and PAI-1 (6252 ± 2323 pg/ml; p<0.0001) concentrations were observed. Moreover, in Dp challenged, but not in saline challenged HDM-AAs the mean uPA/PAI-1 ratio decreased significantly at T24. No significant increase in the studied parameters were found in sham challenged patients. In HDM-AAs allergen exposure leads to activation of the plasmin system in the airways. Greater increase of the PAI-1 concentration than uPA concentration after allergen challenge may promote airway remodeling and play an important role in the development of bronchial hyperreactivity.
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Kim CD, Sohn KC, Lee SS, Lee JH, Kim S, Lee YH, Ryu EK, Park YS. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 (PAI-2) secreted from activated mast cells induces α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression in dermal fibroblasts. J Dermatol Sci 2011; 62:204-6. [PMID: 21477997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Cho S, Kang J, Lyttle C, Harris K, Daley B, Grammer L, Avila P, Kumar R, Schleimer R. Association of elevated plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 levels with diminished lung function in patients with asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2011; 106:371-7. [PMID: 21530867 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2010.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported that plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) was upregulated in human asthmatic airways and promotes airway fibrosis in an allergen-challenged murine model of asthma. OBJECTIVES To examine whether elevated plasma levels of PAI-1 are associated with poor lung function in asthmatic patients. METHODS Five hundred nineteen adults were eligible for the study, and ultimately 353 adults were enrolled and completed the baseline protocol between January 24, 2004, and July 30, 2005. Of these, 231 adults with asthma from the Chicago Initiative to Raise Asthma Health Equity study were randomly selected and the plasma levels of PAI-1 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Asthma burden, medication, smoking status, and body mass index (BMI) were obtained by history and spirometry was performed. A multivariate regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association of PAI-1 levels and lung function and the potential determinant variables that were associated with PAI-1. RESULTS We found associations between PAI-1 and BMI (β = 0.606, P = .002), smoking (β = 7.526, P = .001), and African American race (β = -9.061, P = .01). Obese patients showed a significant increase in PAI-1, and current smokers demonstrated higher levels of PAI-1 compared with nonsmokers. When we evaluated the associations between lung function parameters and PAI-1, we found that PAI-1 was negatively associated with forced vital capacity (FVC) (β = -0.098, P = .011) but not with forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV(1)) or the FEV(1)/FVC ratio. There was a negative association between BMI and FVC, and PAI-1 may mediate some of this association. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests a significant association between PAI-1 and lung function in patients with asthma. The effect of obesity on FVC may in part be mediated by PAI-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Cho
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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Song JS, Kang CM. Inhibition of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Expression in Smoke-Exposed Alveolar Type II Epithelial Cells Attenuates Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2011. [DOI: 10.4046/trd.2011.70.6.462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Sup Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yeouido St Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chun Mi Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yeouido St Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Sejima T, Holtappels G, Bachert C. The Expression of Fibrinolytic Components in Chronic Paranasal Sinus Disease. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2011; 25:1-6. [DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2011.25.3537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Fibrinolytic components, their receptors, and inhibitors are considered to play an important role in inflammation and tissue remodeling including chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). To clarify the relationship between these components and the pathology of CRS, we analyzed fibrinolytic components in sinonasal mucosa of CRS. Methods Sinonasal mucosa samples from 12 patients with CRS without nasal polyp (CRSsNP), 14 patients with CRS with nasal polyp (CRSwNP), and 12 control patients were prepared. By immunohistochemistry and ELISA, samples were studied with respect to urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), uPA receptor (uPAR), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and key mediators in sinus disease, TGF-beta1 and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP). Results uPA- or uPAR-positive inflammatory cells were increased in CRSwNP compared to controls and CRSsNP, whereas PAI-1-positive cells were increased in CRSsNP compared to CRSwNP and controls. ELISA measurements revealed that uPAR concentrations were increased in both CRSsNP (16.1 ng/mL; 10.4–22.9; p < 0.05) and CRSwNP (20.8 ng/mL; 9.62–25.9; p < 0.01) compared to controls (8.7 ng/mL; 7.9–12.9), and PAI-1 concentrations were increased in CRSsNP (198.8 ng/mL; 147.4–234.1) compared to controls (107.3 ng/mL; 92.6–175.3; p < 0.01) and CRSwNP (113.5 ng/mL; 105.1–193.5; p < 0.05). Moreover, the concentrations of TGF-beta1 correlated with PAI-1 in CRSsNP, and ECP correlated with uPAR protein in CRSwNP. Conclusion Fibrinolytic components were highly expressed in CRSwNP compared to normal controls, whereas the inhibiting protein was up-regulated in CRSsNP. Furthermore, correlations between the expressions of fibrinolytic components and key mediators in CRS were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Sejima
- Upper Airway Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Gabriele Holtappels
- Upper Airway Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claus Bachert
- Upper Airway Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Sereda MJ, Bradding P, Vial C. Adenosine potentiates human lung mast cell tissue plasminogen activator activity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 186:1209-17. [PMID: 21149610 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether adenosine, a potent contributor to the regulation of pulmonary function, can modulate human lung mast cell (HLMC) fibrinolytic activity. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) activity and tPA transcript expression levels from a human mast cell line (HMC-1) and HLMC were monitored following adenosine application. Adenosine potentiated mast cell tPA activity and tPA gene expression in a dose-dependent manner. Adenosine effects were abolished in the presence of adenosine deaminase. HMC-1 cells and HLMC predominantly expressed adenosine A(2A) and A(2B) receptor transcripts (A(2B) ≈ A(2A) > A(3) >> A(1)). Pharmacological and signaling studies suggest that the A(2A) receptor is the major subtype accounting for adenosine-induced mast cell tPA activity. Finally, the supernatant from HMC-1 cells and HLMC treated with adenosine (for 24 h) significantly increased fibrin clot lysis, whereas ZM241385, an A(2A) receptor antagonist, abolished this effect. To our knowledge, this study provides the first data to demonstrate the potentiating effect of adenosine on mast cell tPA activity and fibrin clot lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal J Sereda
- Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
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Plasma fibrin clot properties in atopic dermatitis: links between thrombosis and atopy. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2010; 30:121-6. [PMID: 20419337 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-010-0478-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke are associated with formation of dense fibrin clots resistant to lysis. Although pro- and antithrombotic alterations have been reported in atopy, fibrin clot function has not been studied in atopic patients. The aim of the current study was to investigate fibrin clot properties in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). Plasma fibrin clot permeability, turbidity and clot lysis were assessed in 130 consecutive AD patients, aged 29.7 +/- 11 [+/-SD] years (mean SCORAD index, 32.4 +/- 14.9), free of thrombotic events. A control group comprised 130 healthy controls matched for demographics. Patients with AD had lower clot permeability (7.12 +/- 1.87 vs. 9.32 +/- 0.86 x 10(-9) cm(2); P < 0.0001), increased fiber thickness (maximum clot absorbancy at 405 nm, 4.03 +/- 0.54 vs. 3.47 +/- 0.25), faster clot formation (the lag phase, 39.16 +/- 4.61 vs. 43.05 +/- 4.56 s), higher maximum D-dimer levels released from clots, reflecting increased clot mass (4.05 +/- 0.57 vs. 3.47 +/- 0.25 mg/l; P < 0.0001), lower rate of D-dimer release (0.073 +/- 0.01 vs. 0.078 +/- 0.01 mg/l/min; P < 0.0001), and prolonged fibrinolysis time (9.26 +/- 1.47 vs. 7.81 +/- 1.17 min; P < 0.0001) compared with controls. Concomitant asthma (n = 36; 27.7%) was related to a higher rate of D-dimer release from clots than the remainder (0.075 +/- 0.01 vs. 0.072 +/- 0.01 mg/l/min, respectively; P = 0.03). Altered plasma fibrin clot properties associated with reduced efficiency of fibrinolysis can be detected in AD patients, which might represent a novel mechanism that modulates a hemostatic balance in atopy.
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Ma Z, Kwong KYC, Tovar JP, Paek D. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate induces plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression in human mast cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 400:569-74. [PMID: 20816667 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.08.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Plaminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), the key physiological inhibitor of the plasmin fibrinolytic system, plays important roles in the pathogenesis of asthma. Mast cells (MCs) are crucial effector cells and a major source of PAI-1 for asthma. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is the important regulator of MCs; however, its effects on PAI-1 expression in MCs remain unknown. We reported cAMP/protein kinase A pathway positively regulates PAI-1 expression through cAMP-response element binding protein binding to hypoxia response element-1 at -158 to -153bp of human PAI-1 promoter in human MCs. Moreover, cAMP synergistically augments PAI-1 expression with ionomycin- or IgE receptor cross-linking-mediated stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongcai Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
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Brims FJH, Chauhan AJ, Higgins B, Shute JK. Up-regulation of the extrinsic coagulation pathway in acute asthma--a case study. J Asthma 2010; 47:695-8. [PMID: 20615166 DOI: 10.3109/02770901003682802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the normal airway, the hemostatic balance is antithrombotic and favors fibrinolysis. Acute asthma is associated with inflammatory cell infiltrate and plasma exudation in the airways. Postmortem specimens following status asthmaticus suggest a role for the activation of the extrinsic coagulation cascade and intraluminal fibrin formation. The authors report a chance observation of fibrin formation in the airways of a patient with moderate asthma 5 days before a severe exacerbation requiring hospital admission. METHODS Alpha-2 macroglobulin, an index of plasma leakage, coagulation factors, and D-dimers were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in hypertonic saline-induced sputum, as part of a study into airway repair in stable asthma. All subjects were required to have stable symptoms and measures of asthma prior to sampling. RESULTS The subject's baseline forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV(1)) was 94% predicted and fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) level was 30 ppb prior to sputum induction. Differential sputum cell count revealed an airways neutrophilia (neutrophils 81.1%, eosinophils 0.19%). D-dimers were 70-fold and 22-fold higher than the median value for patients with stable moderate and severe asthma, respectively. Plasma exudation was 42-fold higher than in stable moderate asthma, but on a par with levels found in severe stable asthma, and locally produced coagulation factors may therefore be involved. Levels of fibrinogen, plasminogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 and thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) were all at least an order of magnitude higher than those seen in stable moderate or severe asthma. CONCLUSIONS Acute exacerbation of moderate asthma appears to be associated with a shift to a profibrinogenic, possibly antifibrinolytic, environment in the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser J H Brims
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK.
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Schuliga M, Harris T, Stewart AG. Plasminogen activation by airway smooth muscle is regulated by type I collagen. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 44:831-9. [PMID: 20693403 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2009-0469oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmin, the activated protease product of plasminogen, is involved in collagen remodeling, and is strongly implicated in asthma pathophysiology by recent genome-wide association studies. This study examines plasminogen "activation" by airway smooth muscle cells, and its regulation in a fibrotic environment created by culture on type I collagen and incubation with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) activity was detected in the supernatants of human airway smooth muscle cell cultures maintained in serum-free conditions. Incubation with plasminogen (1.5-50.0 μg/ml, 24 h) increased plasmin activity in a concentration-dependent manner (P < 0.001). uPA activity was higher in cultures maintained on fibrillar type I collagen substrata than in those on plastic, as was plasmin activity after incubation with plasminogen (20 μg/ml). Pretreatment with TGF-β (100 pM) for 18 hours inhibited plasminogen activation by airway smooth muscle cells maintained on plastic, but not on collagen. TGF-β stimulated an increase in the level of uPA mRNA in airway smooth muscle cells grown on collagen, but not on plastic. Reducing the levels of β1-integrin collagen receptor, using interference RNA, attenuated plasmin formation by airway smooth muscle cells grown on collagen, and restored the inhibitory effect of TGF-β. This study shows that airway smooth muscle activation of plasminogen by uPA is accelerated in a collagen-rich environment in which the inhibitory effect of TGF-β is attenuated in association with greater uPA expression induced via β1-integrin signaling. These findings suggest that the plasminogen-activation system involving uPA has the potential to contribute to airway wall remodeling in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schuliga
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Masset A, Maillard C, Sounni NE, Jacobs N, Bruyére F, Delvenne P, Tacke M, Reinheckel T, Foidart JM, Coussens LM, Noël A. Unimpeded skin carcinogenesis in K14-HPV16 transgenic mice deficient for plasminogen activator inhibitor. Int J Cancer 2010; 128:283-93. [PMID: 20232379 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, extracellular matrix remodeling and cell migration are associated with cancer progression and involve at least, the plasminogen activating system and its main physiological inhibitor, the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). Considering the recognized importance of PAI-1 in the regulation of tumor angiogenesis and invasion in murine models of skin tumor transplantation, we explored the functional significance of PAI-1 during early stages of neoplastic progression in the transgenic mouse model of multistage epithelial carcinogenesis (K14-HPV16 mice). We have studied the effect of genetic deletion of PAI-1 on inflammation, angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis and tumor progression. In this model, PAI-1 deficiency neither impaired keratinocyte hyperproliferation or tumor development nor affected the infiltration of inflammatory cells and development of angiogenic or lymphangiogenic vasculature. We are reporting evidence for concomitant lymphangiogenic and angiogenic switches independent to PAI-1 status. Taken together, these data indicate that PAI-1 is not rate limiting for neoplastic progression and vascularization during premalignant progression, or that there is a functional redundancy between PAI-1 and other tumor regulators, masking the effect of PAI-1 deficiency in this long-term model of multistage epithelial carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Masset
- Laboratory of Biology of Tumor and Development, Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliqué-GIGA Cancer, Tour de Pathologie (B23), Sart-Tilman, Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Moon TC, St Laurent CD, Morris KE, Marcet C, Yoshimura T, Sekar Y, Befus AD. Advances in mast cell biology: new understanding of heterogeneity and function. Mucosal Immunol 2010; 3:111-28. [PMID: 20043008 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2009.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells are classically viewed as effector cells of IgE-mediated allergic diseases. However, over the last decade our understanding has been enriched about their roles in host defense, innate and adaptive immune responses, and in homeostatic responses, angiogenesis, wound healing, tissue remodeling, and immunoregulation. Despite impressive progress, there are large gaps in our understanding of their phenotypic heterogeneity, regulatory mechanisms involved, and functional significance. This review summarizes our knowledge of mast cells in innate and acquired immunity, allergic inflammation and tissue homeostasis, as well as some of the regulatory mechanisms that control mast cell development, phenotypic determination, and function, particularly in the context of mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Moon
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Remodeling of the lower and upper airways. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2010; 75:151-6. [PMID: 19488576 PMCID: PMC9442173 DOI: 10.1016/s1808-8694(15)30847-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 03/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Remodeling is defined as modeling again or differently, as reconstructing. Remodeling is a critical aspect of wound repair in all organs; it represents a dynamic process that associates the production and degradation of matrix in reaction to inflammation. This leads to normal reconstruction or a pathologic process. Aim and Methods: To compare data in the current literature on upper and lower airways. Results: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with abnormal airways remodeling. In allergic rhinitis, another chronic inflammatory disease, remodeling is still poorly understood. Even though inflammation is similar in allergic rhinitis and asthma, the pathologic extent of nasal remodeling, as well as its clinical consequences, might be different from those in bronchi. Conclusion: Remodeling occurs less in upper airways compared to lower airways; it is apparent, however, that the structure of the rhinitic nose is not normal.
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Xu X, Wang H, Wang Z, Xiao W. PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR-1 PROMOTES INFLAMMATORY PROCESS INDUCED BY CIGARETTE SMOKE EXTRACTION OR LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES IN ALVEOLAR EPITHELIAL CELLS. Exp Lung Res 2009; 35:795-805. [DOI: 10.3109/01902140902912519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Cosan D, Kurt E, Kurt H, Degirmenci I, Kuçukarabaci B, Metintas M, Kucuk MU, Gunes HV, Colak E. Plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 gene 4G/5G polymorphism in Turkish adult patients with asthma. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2009; 13:543-6. [PMID: 19604112 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2009.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study has been performed on asthmatic patients in the Turkish population to determine the frequency of 4G/5G polymorphism genotypes of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 gene, and with the aim of examining the role of this polymorphism in asthma development. METHODS Genomic DNA obtained from 165 persons (98 patients with asthma and 67 healthy controls) was used in the study. DNA was multiplied with polymerase chain reaction using 4G and 5G allele-specific primers. Polymerase chain reaction products were assessed with CCD camera by being exposed to 2% agarose gel electrophoresis. Results were evaluated with chi-square test. RESULTS No statistically significant difference between the groups with respect to genotype distribution was found (p > 0.05) in the study. The 4G allele frequency was indicated as 48% and 5G allele was as 52% in patients, whereas this was 50-50% in the control group. CONCLUSION It has been established by this study that 4G/5G polymorphism genotypes of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 gene do not play a role in the development of asthma in the Turkish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didem Cosan
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey.
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Ma Z, Paek D, Oh CK. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and asthma: role in the pathogenesis and molecular regulation. Clin Exp Allergy 2009; 39:1136-44. [PMID: 19438580 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03272.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 is a major inhibitor of the fibrinolytic system. PAI-1 levels are markedly increased in asthmatic airways, and mast cells (MCs), a pivotal cell type in the pathogenesis of asthma, are one of the main sources of PAI-1 production. Recent studies suggest that PAI-1 may promote the development of asthma by regulating airway remodelling, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), and allergic inflammation. The single guanosine nucleotide deletion/insertion polymorphism (4G/5G) at -675 bp of the PAI-1 gene is the major genetic determinant of PAI-1 expression. Plasma PAI-1 level is higher in people with the 4G/4G genotype than in those with the 5G/5G genotype. A strong association between the 4G/5G polymorphism and the risk and the severity of asthma has been suggested. Levels of plasma IgE and PAI-1 and severity of AHR are greater in asthmatic patients with the 4G/4G genotype than in those with the 5G/5G genotype. The PAI-1 promoter with the 4G allele renders higher transcription activity than the PAI-1 promoter with the 5G allele in stimulated MCs. The molecular mechanism for the 4G allele-mediated higher PAI-1 expression is associated with greater binding of upstream stimulatory factor-1 to the E-box adjacent to the 4G site (E-4G) than to the E-5G. In summary, PAI-1 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma. Further studies evaluating the mechanisms of PAI-1 action and regulation may lead to the development of a novel prognostic factor and therapeutic target for the treatment and prevention of asthma and other PAI-1-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Torrance, CA, USA
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Shinagawa K, Ploplis VA, Castellino FJ. A severe deficiency of coagulation factor VIIa results in attenuation of the asthmatic response in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2009; 296:L763-70. [PMID: 19286924 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.90638.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophil counts in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of wild-type (WT) mice increased after ovalbumin (OVA) challenge, a response that was diminished in comparably challenged low-expressing coagulation factor VII (FVII(tTA/tTA)) mice. Levels of T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokines, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, and eosinophil-attracting chemokines, eotaxin and RANTES, were also lower in the OVA-challenged FVII(tTA/tTA) mice. Eosinophils purified from low-FVII mice underwent apoptosis at a faster rate compared with WT eosinophils, and eosinophil migration in response to eotaxin was reduced in eosinophils obtained from FVII(tTA/tTA) mice. Airway hyperresponsiveness and mucous layer thickness were reduced in OVA-treated FVII(tTA/tTA) mice, and addition of exogenous coagulation factor X (FX) enhanced mucin production in human epithelial NCI-H292 cells. Correspondingly, incubation of FX with NCI-H292 cells resulted in activated (a) FX production, suggesting that the components required for FX activation were present on NCI-H292 cells. These results demonstrate that FVIIa functions in the asthmatic response to an allergen by stimulating lung eosinophilia, airway hyperresponsiveness, and mucin production, this latter effect through its ability to activate FX in conjunction with tissue factor.
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Kuramoto E, Nishiuma T, Kobayashi K, Yamamoto M, Kono Y, Funada Y, Kotani Y, Sisson TH, Simon RH, Nishimura Y. Inhalation of urokinase-type plasminogen activator reduces airway remodeling in a murine asthma model. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 296:L337-46. [PMID: 19098125 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.90434.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The airway remodeling that occurs in asthma is characterized by an excess of extracellular matrix deposition in the submucosa, hyperplasia/hypertrophy of smooth muscle, goblet cell metaplasia, and accumulation of fibroblasts/myofibroblasts. The urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA)/plasmin system participates in pericellular proteolysis and is capable of directly degrading matrix components, activating latent proteinases, and activating growth factors. In a mouse ovalbumin (OVA) asthma model, we increased plasminogen activator activity in the lung by administering exogenous uPA or by using mice genetically deficient in the uPA inhibitor plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) to assess the role of this system in asthma pathogenesis. After intraperitoneal OVA sensitization, mice inhaled OVA plus uPA (500 IU/mouse) or saline by ultrasonic nebulization for 3 wk. When studied 24 h after the final exposure, the groups with upregulated plasmin activity had significantly reduced subepithelial fibrosis within the airway walls and had decreased airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to methacholine. Morphometric analysis showed that subepithelial wall thickening of the bronchi (subepithelial area ratio) was also reduced, as were collagen and alpha-smooth muscle actin. Upregulation of plasmin activity also increased the level of hepatocyte growth factor activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, whereas the release of transforming growth factor-beta was decreased. The administration of uPA 1 wk after the last OVA inhalation also significantly reduced lung hydroxyproline content and AHR. These results show that enhancing uPA/plasmin activity lessens the airway remodeling in a murine asthma model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Kuramoto
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) in sputum of allergic asthma patients. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2008; 46:193-8. [PMID: 18519237 DOI: 10.2478/v10042-008-0029-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and its inhibitor (PAI-1) have been associated with asthma. The aim of this study was to evaluate concentration of uPA and PAI-1 in induced sputum of house dust mite allergic asthmatics (HDM-AAs). The study was performed on 19 HDM-AAs and 8 healthy nonatopic controls (HCs). Concentration of uPA and PAI-1 was evaluated in induced sputum supernatants using ELISA method. In HDM-AAs the median sputum concentration of uPA (128 pg/ml; 95% CI 99 to 183 pg/ml) and PAI-1 (4063 pg/ml; 95%CI 3319 to 4784 pg/ml) were significantly greater than in HCs (17 pg/ml; 95%CI 12 to 32 pg/ml; p<0.001 and 626 pg/ml; 95%CI 357 to 961 pg/ml; p<0.001 for uPA and PAI-1 respectively). The sputum concentration of uPA correlated with sputum total cell count (r=0.781; p=0.0001) and with logarithmically transformed exhaled nitric oxide concentration (eNO) (r=0.486; p=0.035) but not with FEV1 or bronchial reactivity to histamine. On the contrary, the sputum PAI-1 concentration correlated with FEV1 (r=-0,718; p=0.0005) and bronchial reactivity to histamine expressed as log(PC20) (r=-0.824; p<0.0001) but did not correlate with sputum total cell count or eNO. The results of this study support previous observations linking PAI-1 with airway remodeling and uPA with cellular inflammation. Moreover, the observed effect of uPA seems to be independent of its fibrynolytic activity.
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Kucharewicz I, Mogielnicki A, Kasacka I, Buczko W, Bodzenta-Łukaszyk A. Plasmin system regulation in an ovalbumin-induced rat model of asthma. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2008; 147:190-6. [PMID: 18594148 DOI: 10.1159/000142041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND So far studies showing the role of the plasmin system in airway remodelling have been conducted using in vitro models. The aim of the present study was to determine plasmin system regulation in an in vivo rat model of asthma. METHODS Asthma in Wistar rats was induced by ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization followed by an OVA challenge (OVA/OVA, n = 6). Control groups were saline-sensitized challenged with OVA (VEH/OVA, n = 6) and OVA-sensitized challenged with saline (OVA/VEH, n = 6). Plasmin system components were determined in the plasma by ELISA. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) was localized by an immunohistochemical reaction. RESULTS Sensitization and challenge with OVA caused thickening of the airway wall, hypertrophy of smooth muscle cells, infiltration of inflammatory cells, subepithelial fibrosis, epithelial and endothelial lesions. Serum total IgE was significantly higher in OVA-sensitized rats as compared to VEH-sensitized control groups. Tissue plasminogen activator activity was significantly decreased in asthmatic animals (4.48 +/- 0.4 vs. 6.7 +/- 0.3 ng/ml for OVA/OVA and OVA/VEH; p < 0.05), and PAI-1 activity was statistically significantly higher in asthma rats (0.8 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.5 +/- 0.03 ng/ml for OVA/OVA vs. OVA/VEH; p < 0.05). alpha2-Antiplasmin was higher in rats receiving OVA sensitization than in those that were sham sensitized (p < 0.05). Immunohistochemical staining for PAI-1in the lungs of asthmatic animals showed very strong PAI-1 expression in lung inflammatory cells. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated for the first time the existence of PAI-1 in lung inflammatory cells of rats with asthma. This finding was consistent with the superiority of plasmin system inhibition over activation in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kucharewicz
- Department of Allergology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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Saito H. Progress in allergy signal research on mast cells: systemic approach to mast cell biology in allergic diseases. J Pharmacol Sci 2008; 106:341-6. [PMID: 18360090 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.fm0070192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
At the end of the last century, microarray technology that examines the total genes and transcripts present in a cell became available as a laboratory tool. Mast cells are known to play a pivotal role in initiating allergic inflammation by releasing various mediators and cytokines. According to the recent microarray-based studies, mast cells have been found to be much more versatile functional molecules than we ever thought. Also, genes that are exclusively expressed in mast cells have been identified in comparison with other cell types. In this article, the outcome of microarray-based analyses on the role of mast cells in allergic inflammation will be reviewed by focusing on the mast cell-specific genes as drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohisa Saito
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health & Development, Japan.
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Abstract
Fibrosis is characterized by excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) in basement membranes and interstitial tissues, resulting from increased synthesis or decreased degradation of ECM or both. The plasminogen activator/plasmin system plays an important role in ECM degradation, whereas the plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) is a physiologic inhibitor of plasminogen activators. PAI-1 expression is increased in the lung fibrotic diseases and in experimental fibrosis models. The deletion of the PAI-1 gene reduces, whereas the overexpression of PAI-1 enhances, the susceptibility of animals to lung fibrosis induced by different stimuli, indicating an important role of PAI-1 in the development of lung fibrosis. Many growth factors, including transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), as well as other chemicals/agents, induce PAI-1 expression in cultured cells and in vivo. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) have been shown to mediate the induction of PAI-1 by many of these stimuli. This review summarizes some recent findings that help us to understand the role of PAI-1 in the development of lung fibrosis and ROS/RNS in the regulation of PAI-1 expression during fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Ming Liu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA.
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Binding of upstream stimulatory factor 1 to the E-box regulates the 4G/5G polymorphism-dependent plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 expression in mast cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 121:1006-1012.e2. [PMID: 18234320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Revised: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 11/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 is a key regulator of the fibrinolytic system. PAI-1 levels are markedly elevated in the asthmatic airways. The 4G/5G polymorphism of the PAI-1 gene is associated with allergic asthma. OBJECTIVE To characterize the mechanisms of the 4G/5G-dependent PAI-1 expression in mast cells (MCs), a major source of PAI-1 and key effector cells in asthma. METHODS Transcription of PAI-1 was assessed by transiently transfecting human MC line (HMC-1) cells with the luciferase-tagged PAI-1 promoters containing the 4G or 5G allele (4G-PAI-1 or 5G-PAI-1 promoter). Upstream stimulatory factor (USF)-1 and the E-box interactions were studied by electrophoretic mobility shift assays and supershift assays. Expression of USF-1 was determined by Western blot analysis. RESULTS The 4G-PAI-1 promoter has higher promoter activity than the 5G-PAI-1 promoter in stimulated HMC-1 cells, and the E-box adjacent to the 4G/5G site (E-4G/5G) regulates the genotype-specific PAI-1 transcription. USF-1 binds to the E-4G with greater affinity than to the E-5G. USF-1 level is increased in HMC-1 cells after stimulation, and elevated USF-1 enhances PAI-1 transcription. Overexpression of wild-type USF-1 or dominant-negative USF remedies the 4G/5G-dependent PAI-1 transcription. CONCLUSION Binding of USF-1 to the E-4G/5G regulates the 4G/5G polymorphism-dependent PAI-1 expression in MCs.
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Ma Z, Jhun B, Oh CK. Upstream stimulating factor-1 mediates the E-box-dependent transcriptional repression of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene in human mast cells. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:4485-90. [PMID: 17765897 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Revised: 07/11/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 promotes development of asthma. PAI-1 mRNA and protein are markedly induced in activated mast cells (MCs), a major effector cell type in asthma. However, regulatory mechanisms of PAI-1 transcription in MCs are unknown. We present first evidence that PAI-1 is transcriptionally regulated in human MCs (hMCs). In addition to three enhancer regions, we demonstrated that the E-box at -566 bp to -561 bp is the negative regulatory element, and the specific and constitutive binding of the upstream stimulating factor-1 to this E-box is the key mechanism of the negative regulation of PAI-1 expression in hMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongcai Ma
- University of California, Los Angeles, UCLA School of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, United States
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