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Sandys O, Stokkers PCF, Te Velde AA. DAMP-ing IBD: Extinguish the Fire and Prevent Smoldering. Dig Dis Sci 2024:10.1007/s10620-024-08523-5. [PMID: 38963463 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-024-08523-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
In inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), the most promising therapies targeting cytokines or immune cell trafficking demonstrate around 40% efficacy. As IBD is a multifactorial inflammation of the intestinal tract, a single-target approach is unlikely to solve this problem, necessitating an alternative strategy that addresses its variability. One approach often overlooked by the pharmaceutically driven therapeutic options is to address the impact of environmental factors. This is somewhat surprising considering that IBD is increasingly viewed as a condition heavily influenced by such factors, including diet, stress, and environmental pollution-often referred to as the "Western lifestyle". In IBD, intestinal responses result from a complex interplay among the genetic background of the patient, molecules, cells, and the local inflammatory microenvironment where danger- and microbe-associated molecular patterns (D/MAMPs) provide an adjuvant-rich environment. Through activating DAMP receptors, this array of pro-inflammatory factors can stimulate, for example, the NLRP3 inflammasome-a major amplifier of the inflammatory response in IBD, and various immune cells via non-specific bystander activation of myeloid cells (e.g., macrophages) and lymphocytes (e.g., tissue-resident memory T cells). Current single-target biological treatment approaches can dampen the immune response, but without reducing exposure to environmental factors of IBD, e.g., by changing diet (reducing ultra-processed foods), the adjuvant-rich landscape is never resolved and continues to drive intestinal mucosal dysregulation. Thus, such treatment approaches are not enough to put out the inflammatory fire. The resultant smoldering, low-grade inflammation diminishes physiological resilience of the intestinal (micro)environment, perpetuating the state of chronic disease. Therefore, our hypothesis posits that successful interventions for IBD must address the complexity of the disease by simultaneously targeting all modifiable aspects: innate immunity cytokines and microbiota, adaptive immunity cells and cytokines, and factors that relate to the (micro)environment. Thus the disease can be comprehensively treated across the nano-, meso-, and microscales, rather than with a focus on single targets. A broader perspective on IBD treatment that also includes options to adapt the DAMPing (micro)environment is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Sandys
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, AmsterdamUMC, AGEM, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter C F Stokkers
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, OLVG West, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anje A Te Velde
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, AmsterdamUMC, AGEM, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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2
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Lee KMC, Lupancu T, Chang L, Manthey CL, Zeeman M, Fourie AM, Hamilton JA. IL-23 regulation of myeloid cell biology during inflammation. Cytokine 2024; 179:156619. [PMID: 38669908 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-23 is implicated in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases and is usually linked with helper T cell (Th17) biology. However, there is some data linking IL-23 with innate immune biology in such diseases. We therefore examined the effects of IL-23p19 genetic deletion and/or neutralization on in vitro macrophage activation and in an innate immune-driven peritonitis model. We report that endogenous IL-23 was required for maximal macrophage activation by zymosan as determined by pro-inflammatory cytokine production, including a dramatic upregulation of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF). Furthermore, both IL-23p19 genetic deletion and neutralization in zymosan-induced peritonitis (ZIP) led to a specific reduction in the neutrophil numbers, as well as a reduction in the G-CSF levels in exudate fluids. We conclude that endogenous IL-23 can contribute significantly to macrophage activation during an inflammatory response, mostly likely via an autocrine/paracrine mechanism; of note, endogenous IL-23 can directly up-regulate macrophage G-CSF expression, which in turn is likely to contribute to the regulation of IL-23-dependent neutrophil number and function during an inflammatory response, with potential significance for IL-23 targeting particularly in neutrophil-associated inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M-C Lee
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia.
| | - Tanya Lupancu
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Leon Chang
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla CA & Spring House PA, USA
| | - Carl L Manthey
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla CA & Spring House PA, USA
| | - Martha Zeeman
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla CA & Spring House PA, USA
| | - Anne M Fourie
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla CA & Spring House PA, USA
| | - John A Hamilton
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
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3
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Abdo AIK, Nordin F, Tye GJ. Selection and evaluation of single domain antibody against p19 subunit of IL-23 by phage display for potential use as an autoinflammatory therapeutic. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 137:112371. [PMID: 38852516 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
IL-23 is a double-subunit cytokine that plays an important role in shaping the immune response. IL-23 was found to be associated with several autoinflammatory diseases by generating sustained inflammatory loops that lead to tissue damage. Antibody neutralization of IL-23 was proven to be effective in ameliorating associated diseases. However, antibodies as large proteins have limited tissue penetration and tend to elicit anti-drug antibodies. Additionally, anti-IL-23 antibodies target only one subunit of IL-23 leaving the other one unneutralized. Here, we attempted to isolate a recycling single domain antibody by phage display. One of IL-23 subunits, p19, was expressed in E. coli fused to Gamillus protein to stabilize the α-helix-only p19. To remove Gamillus binders, two biopanning methods were investigated, first, preselection with Gamillus and second, challenge with IL-23 then on the subsequent round challenge with p19-Gam. The isolation of calcium-dependent and pH-dependent recycling binders was performed with EDTA and citrate buffers respectively. Both methods of panning failed to isolate high-affinity and specific p19 recycling binders, while from the second panning method, a high affinity and specific p19 standard binder, namely H11, was successfully isolated. H11 significantly inhibited the gene expression of IL-17 and IL-22 in IL-23-challenged PBMCs indicating H11 specificity and neutralizing ability for IL-23. The new binder due to its small size can overcome antibodies limitations, also, it can be further engineered in the future for antigen clearance such as fusing it to cell penetrating peptides, granting H11 the ability to clear excess IL-23 and enhancing its potential therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Ismail Khaled Abdo
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Fazlina Nordin
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Gee Jun Tye
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
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4
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Iliopoulou L, Lianopoulou E, Kollias G. IL-23 exerts dominant pathogenic functions in Crohn's disease-ileitis. Mucosal Immunol 2024:S1933-0219(24)00049-7. [PMID: 38844209 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2024.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD), a main form of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder, mainly affecting the ileum. Interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23 are both targeted by Ustekinumab, a commonly used monoclonal antibody for IBD treatment. However, their specific roles in ileitis have not been extensively explored. Here, we utilized the TnfΔΑRE model of CD-ileitis to probe the functions of IL-12 and IL-23 by employing genetically deficient mice for their respective subunits. Our findings highlight that IL-23, rather than IL-12, plays a pivotal role in the progression of ileitis. IL-23 deficiency resulted in reduced immune cell infiltration in the ileum, and decreased expression of effector cytokines downstream of IL-23 signaling. Interestingly, expanding CD14+ neutrophils were highly expressing Il23a in the inflamed ileum. Furthermore, the deletion of IL-12 conferred modest additional protection only in the absence of IL-23, suggesting potential compensatory mechanisms between these cytokines. Furthermore, our study suggests that IL-23 may function independently of IL-17, as Il17a deletion exacerbated murine ileitis, consistent with clinical studies in human CD patients using anti-IL-17 inhibitors. This research underscores the significance of targeting IL-23 in CD-ileitis, while the concurrent targeting of both IL-12 and IL-23 should be also considered as an advantageous therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida Iliopoulou
- Institute for BioInnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Greece
| | - Erifili Lianopoulou
- Institute for BioInnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Greece
| | - George Kollias
- Institute for BioInnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Greece; Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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5
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Verstockt B, Salas A, Sands BE, Abraham C, Leibovitzh H, Neurath MF, Vande Casteele N. IL-12 and IL-23 pathway inhibition in inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 20:433-446. [PMID: 37069321 PMCID: PMC10958371 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-023-00768-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) and interleukin-23 (IL-23), which belong to the IL-12 family of cytokines, have a key role in intestinal homeostasis and inflammation and are implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Upon their secretion by antigen-presenting cells, they exert both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory receptor-mediated effects. An increased understanding of these biological effects, particularly the pro-inflammatory effects mediated by IL-12 and IL-23, has led to the development of monoclonal antibodies that target a subunit common to IL-12 and IL-23 (p40; targeted by ustekinumab and briakinumab), or the IL-23-specific subunit (p19; targeted by risankizumab, guselkumab, brazikumab and mirikizumab). This Review provides a summary of the biology of the IL-12 family cytokines IL-12 and IL-23, discusses the role of these cytokines in intestinal homeostasis and inflammation, and highlights IL-12- and IL-23-directed drug development for the treatment of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Verstockt
- University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Azucena Salas
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bruce E Sands
- Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Clara Abraham
- Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Haim Leibovitzh
- Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie DZI, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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6
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Pavlidis P, Tsakmaki A, Pantazi E, Li K, Cozzetto D, Digby-Bell J, Yang F, Lo JW, Alberts E, Sa ACC, Niazi U, Friedman J, Long AK, Ding Y, Carey CD, Lamb C, Saqi M, Madgwick M, Gul L, Treveil A, Korcsmaros T, Macdonald TT, Lord GM, Bewick G, Powell N. Interleukin-22 regulates neutrophil recruitment in ulcerative colitis and is associated with resistance to ustekinumab therapy. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5820. [PMID: 36192482 PMCID: PMC9530232 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33331-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of interleukin-22 (IL-22) in intestinal barrier homeostasis remains controversial. Here, we map the transcriptional landscape regulated by IL-22 in human colonic epithelial organoids and evaluate the biological, functional and clinical significance of the IL-22 mediated pathways in ulcerative colitis (UC). We show that IL-22 regulated pro-inflammatory pathways are involved in microbial recognition, cancer and immune cell chemotaxis; most prominently those involving CXCR2+ neutrophils. IL-22-mediated transcriptional regulation of CXC-family neutrophil-active chemokine expression is highly conserved across species, is dependent on STAT3 signaling, and is functionally and pathologically important in the recruitment of CXCR2+ neutrophils into colonic tissue. In UC patients, the magnitude of enrichment of the IL-22 regulated transcripts in colonic biopsies correlates with colonic neutrophil infiltration and is enriched in non-responders to ustekinumab therapy. Our data provide further insights into the biology of IL-22 in human disease and highlight its function in the regulation of pathogenic immune pathways, including neutrophil chemotaxis. The transcriptional networks regulated by IL-22 are functionally and clinically important in UC, impacting patient trajectories and responsiveness to biological intervention. Mechanisms of non-response to ustekinumab, a biologic targeting IL-23, are currently unclear. Here, the authors show that the transcriptional program regulated by IL-22, an IL-23 responsive cytokine, is enriched in patients with ulcerative colitis unresponsive to ustekinumab and associated with higher colon neutrophil recruitment and activation of upstream IL-22 regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anastasia Tsakmaki
- Diabetes Research Group, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Eirini Pantazi
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Katherine Li
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Rd, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Domenico Cozzetto
- Translational Bioinformatics, National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Digby-Bell
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Feifei Yang
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Rd, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Jonathan W Lo
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Elena Alberts
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Umar Niazi
- Translational Bioinformatics, National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Joshua Friedman
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Rd, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Anna K Long
- Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Yuchun Ding
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Christopher D Carey
- Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Christopher Lamb
- Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mansoor Saqi
- Translational Bioinformatics, National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew Madgwick
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Leila Gul
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Agatha Treveil
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Tamas Korcsmaros
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Thomas T Macdonald
- Centre for Immunobiology, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, QMUL, London, UK
| | - Graham M Lord
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Gavin Bewick
- Diabetes Research Group, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nick Powell
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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7
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Uddin J, Tomar S, Sharma A, Waggoner L, Ganesan V, Marella S, Yang Y, Noah T, Vanoni S, Patterson A, Zeng C, Foster PS, Newberry R, Bishu S, Kao JY, Rosen MJ, Denson L, King PD, Hoebe K, Divanovic S, Munitz A, Hogan SP. PIR-B Regulates CD4 + IL17a + T-Cell Survival and Restricts T-Cell-Dependent Intestinal Inflammatory Responses. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 12:1479-1502. [PMID: 34242819 PMCID: PMC8531983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS CD4+ T cells are regulated by activating and inhibitory cues, and dysregulation of these proper regulatory inputs predisposes these cells to aberrant inflammation and exacerbation of disease. We investigated the role of the inhibitory receptor paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B (PIR-B) in the regulation of the CD4+ T-cell inflammatory response and exacerbation of the colitic phenotype. METHODS We used Il10-/- spontaneous and CD4+CD45RBhi T-cell transfer models of colitis with PIR-B-deficient (Pirb-/-) mice. Flow cytometry, Western blot, and RNA sequencing analysis was performed on wild-type and Pirb-/- CD4+ T cells. In silico analyses were performed on RNA sequencing data set of ileal biopsy samples from pediatric CD and non-inflammatory bowel disease patients and sorted human memory CD4+ T cells. RESULTS We identified PIR-B expression on memory CD4+ interleukin (IL)17a+ cells. We show that PIR-B regulates CD4+ T-helper 17 cell (Th17)-dependent chronic intestinal inflammatory responses and the development of colitis. Mechanistically, we show that the PIR-B- Src-homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1/2 axis tempers mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1-dependent caspase-3/7 apoptosis, resulting in CD4+ IL17a+ cell survival. In silico analyses showed enrichment of transcriptional signatures for Th17 cells (RORC, RORA, and IL17A) and tissue resident memory (HOBIT, IL7R, and BLIMP1) networks in PIR-B+ murine CD4+ T cells and human CD4+ T cells that express the human homologue leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B member 3 (LILRB3). High levels of LILRB3 expression were associated strongly with mucosal injury and a proinflammatory Th17 signature, and this signature was restricted to a treatment-naïve, severe pediatric CD population. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show an intrinsic role for PIR-B/LILRB3 in the regulation of CD4+ IL17a+ T-cell pathogenic memory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jazib Uddin
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Graduate Program in Immunology, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sunil Tomar
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ankit Sharma
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lisa Waggoner
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Varsha Ganesan
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sahiti Marella
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yanfen Yang
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Taeko Noah
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Simone Vanoni
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | - Chang Zeng
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Paul S. Foster
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Rodney Newberry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Shrinivas Bishu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - John Y. Kao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Michael J. Rosen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Lee Denson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Philip D. King
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kasper Hoebe
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati, Ohio,Janssen, Inc, Janssen R@D, Discovery, Innate Immunology Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - Senad Divanovic
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati, Ohio,Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ariel Munitz
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Simon P. Hogan
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Simon P. Hogan, PhD, Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200. fax: (734) 615-2331.
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8
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da Silva LS, Santo JDE, de Mesquita TGR, Santos VAM, de Souza JL, de Araújo FJ, da Silveira CM, da Silva CC, Queiroz KLGD, Sequera HDG, Guerra MVDF, de Souza MLG, Ramasawmy R. IL-23R variant rs11805303 is associated with susceptibility to the development of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Leishmania guyanensis-infected individuals. J Infect Dis 2021; 225:163-171. [PMID: 34139757 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence suggests that the IL-17/IL-23 axis may play a role in the pathogenesis of leishmaniasis. Our aim was to investigate whether the IL-23R variant rs11805303 is a risk factor for the development of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Leishmania guyanensis-infected individuals. METHODS We genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism the rs11805303 C/T in 828 patients with CL and 806 healthy individuals. Plasma TNF-α, IL-6, IFG-γ, IL-1β and IL-17 were measured with the Bioplex assay. RESULTS The distribution of the genotypes differed between patients with CL and HC with a common odds ratio (OR) of 1.78 (p = 2.2 x10 -11) for the disease-associated T allele. L. guyanensis-infected individuals homozygous for the T allele show a 200% increased risk of progressing to disease development, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) ranging from 81% to 400% (P = 9.9 x 10 -6) in comparison to individuals homozygous for the C allele. Males homozygous for the T allele have higher plasma levels of IL-17 compared with heterozygous or homozygous CC individuals. CONCLUSION The present association of the IL-23R variant rs11805303 with the development of cutaneous leishmaniasis suggests that the IL-17/IL-23 axis may play an important role in the pathogenesis of CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lener Santos da Silva
- Fundação de , Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Viera Dourado, Manaus, Amazona, Brazil.,PPGMT, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - José do Espírito Santo
- Fundação de , Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Viera Dourado, Manaus, Amazona, Brazil.,PPGIBA, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Tirza Gabrielle Ramos de Mesquita
- Fundação de , Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Viera Dourado, Manaus, Amazona, Brazil.,PPGMT, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | - Josué Lacerda de Souza
- Fundação de , Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Viera Dourado, Manaus, Amazona, Brazil.,PPGIBA, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Felipe Jules de Araújo
- Fundação de , Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Viera Dourado, Manaus, Amazona, Brazil.,PPGMT, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Héctor David Graterol Sequera
- Fundação de , Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Viera Dourado, Manaus, Amazona, Brazil.,PPGMT, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rajendranath Ramasawmy
- Fundação de , Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Viera Dourado, Manaus, Amazona, Brazil.,PPGMT, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.,PPGIBA, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Nilton Lins, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
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9
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Minicircles for Investigating and Treating Arthritic Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050736. [PMID: 34067675 PMCID: PMC8156692 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene delivery systems have become an essential component of research and the development of therapeutics for various diseases. Minicircles are non-viral vectors with promising characteristics for application in a variety of fields. With their minimal size, minicircles exhibit relatively high safety and efficient delivery of genes of interest into cells. Cartilage tissue lacks the natural ability to heal, making it difficult to treat osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which are the two main types of joint-related disease. Although both OA and RA affect the joint, RA is an autoimmune disease, while OA is a degenerative joint condition. Gene transfer using minicircles has also been used in many studies regarding cartilage and its diseased conditions. In this review, we summarize the cartilage-, OA-, and RA-based studies that have used minicircles as the gene delivery system.
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10
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Tong X, Zheng Y, Li Y, Xiong Y, Chen D. Soluble ligands as drug targets for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 226:107859. [PMID: 33895184 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is characterized by persistent inflammation in a hereditarily susceptible host. In addition to gastrointestinal symptoms, patients with IBD frequently suffer from extra-intestinal complications such as fibrosis, stenosis or cancer. Mounting evidence supports the targeting of cytokines for effective treatment of IBD. Cytokines can be included in a newly proposed classification "soluble ligands" that has become the third major target of human protein therapeutic drugs after enzymes and receptors. Soluble ligands have potential significance for research and development of anti-IBD drugs. Compared with traditional drug targets for IBD treatment, such as receptors, at least three factors contribute to the increasing importance of soluble ligands as drug targets. Firstly, cytokines are the main soluble ligands and targeting of them has demonstrated efficacy in patients with IBD. Secondly, soluble ligands are more accessible than receptors, which are embedded in the cell membrane and have complex tertiary membrane structures. Lastly, certain potential target proteins that are present in membrane-bound forms can become soluble following cleavage, providing further opportunities for intervention in the treatment of IBD. In this review, 49 drugs targeting 25 distinct ligands have been evaluated, including consideration of the characteristics of the ligands and drugs in respect of IBD treatment. In addition to approved drugs targeting soluble ligands, we have also assessed drugs that are in preclinical research and drugs inhibiting ligand-receptor binding. Some new types of targetable soluble ligands/proteins, such as epoxide hydrolase and p-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1, are also introduced. Targeting soluble ligands not only opens a new field of anti-IBD drug development, but the circulating soluble ligands also provide diagnostic insights for early prediction of treatment response. In conclusion, soluble ligands serve as the third-largest protein target class in medicine, with much potential for the drugs targeting them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Tong
- Compartive Medicine Department of Researching and Teaching, Dalian Medical University, Dalian City 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zheng
- Compartive Medicine Department of Researching and Teaching, Dalian Medical University, Dalian City 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yu Li
- Compartive Medicine Department of Researching and Teaching, Dalian Medical University, Dalian City 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yongjian Xiong
- Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Dapeng Chen
- Compartive Medicine Department of Researching and Teaching, Dalian Medical University, Dalian City 116044, Liaoning Province, China.
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11
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Wang Y, Xu Y, Fan Y, Bi D, Song J, Xia L, Shang Q, Gao C, Zhang X, Zhu D, Qiao Y, Su Y, Wang X, Zhu C, Xing Q. The Association Study of IL-23R Polymorphisms With Cerebral Palsy in Chinese Population. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:590098. [PMID: 33324152 PMCID: PMC7724030 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.590098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cerebral palsy (CP) is a syndrome of non-progressive motor dysfunction caused by early brain development injury. Recent evidence has shown that immunological abnormalities are associated with an increased risk of CP. Methods: We recruited 782 children with CP as the case group and 770 healthy children as the control group. The association between IL-23R single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; namely, rs10889657, rs6682925, rs1884444, rs17375018, rs1004819, rs11805303, and rs10889677) and CP was studied by using a case–control method and SHEsis online software. Subgroup analysis based on complications and clinical subtypes was also carried out. Results: There were differences in the allele and genotype frequencies between CP cases and controls at the rs11805303 and rs10889677 SNPs (Pallele = 0.014 and 0.048, respectively; Pgenotype = 0.023 and 0.008, respectively), and the difference in genotype frequency of rs10889677 remained significant after Bonferroni correction (Pgenotype = 0.048). Subgroup analysis revealed a more significant association of rs10889677 with CP accompanied by global developmental delay (Pgenotype = 0.024 after correction) and neonatal encephalopathy (Pgenotype = 0.024 after correction). Conclusion: The present results showed a significant association between IL-23R and CP, suggesting that IL-23R may play a potential role in CP pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangong Wang
- Institutes of Biomedical Science and Children's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiran Xu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Department of Pediatrics, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yangyi Fan
- Institutes of Biomedical Science and Children's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Bi
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Juan Song
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Department of Pediatrics, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lei Xia
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Department of Pediatrics, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qing Shang
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chao Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Department of Pediatrics, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dengna Zhu
- Child Rehabilitation Center, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yimeng Qiao
- Institutes of Biomedical Science and Children's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Su
- Institutes of Biomedical Science and Children's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Department of Pediatrics, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Changlian Zhu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Department of Pediatrics, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Qinghe Xing
- Institutes of Biomedical Science and Children's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Center for Women and Children's Health, Shanghai, China
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12
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Mutual Interplay of Host Immune System and Gut Microbiota in the Immunopathology of Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228729. [PMID: 33227973 PMCID: PMC7699263 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is the key for the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Accumulating evidence has revealed that an altered gut microbiome (dysbiosis) triggers both local and systemic inflammation to cause chronic inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis. There have been some microbiome-relevant pro-inflammatory mechanisms proposed to link the relationships between dysbiosis and atherosclerosis such as gut permeability disruption, trigger of innate immunity from lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and generation of proatherogenic metabolites, such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO). Meanwhile, immune responses, such as inflammasome activation and cytokine production, could reshape both composition and function of the microbiota. In fact, the immune system delicately modulates the interplay between microbiota and atherogenesis. Recent clinical trials have suggested the potential of immunomodulation as a treatment strategy of atherosclerosis. Here in this review, we present current knowledge regarding to the roles of microbiota in contributing atherosclerotic pathogenesis and highlight translational perspectives by discussing the mutual interplay between microbiota and immune system on atherogenesis.
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13
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Abstract
In inflammatory rheumatic disorders, the immune system attacks and damages the connective tissues and invariably internal organs. During the past decade, remarkable advances having been made towards our understanding on the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in rheumatic diseases. The discovery of IL-23/IL-17 axis and the delineation of its important role in the inflammation led to the introduction of many needed new therapeutic tools. We will present an overview of the rationale for targeting therapeutically the IL-23/IL-17 axis in rheumatic diseases and the clinical benefit which has been realized so far. Finally, we will discuss the complex interrelationship between IL-23 and IL-17 and the possible uncoupling in certain disease settings.
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14
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Medara N, Lenzo JC, Walsh KA, Reynolds EC, Darby IB, O'Brien-Simpson NM. A review of T helper 17 cell-related cytokines in serum and saliva in periodontitis. Cytokine 2020; 138:155340. [PMID: 33144024 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease with a complex underlying immunopathology. Cytokines, as molecular mediators of inflammation, play a role in all stages of disease progression. T helper 17 (Th17) cells are thought to play a role in periodontitis. Th17 cell development and maintenance requires a pro-inflammatory cytokine milieu, with many of the cytokines implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Serum and saliva are easily accessible biofluids which can represent the systemic and local environment to promote the development of Th17 cells. Here we review human clinical studies that investigate IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-25, IL-31, IL-33, IFN-γ, sCD40L and TNF-α in serum and saliva in periodontitis. We highlight their putative role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis and place them within a wider context of animal and other clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Medara
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
| | - Jason C Lenzo
- Centre for Oral Health Research, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
| | - Katrina A Walsh
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Lance Townsend Building, Level 8, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia.
| | - Eric C Reynolds
- Centre for Oral Health Research, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
| | - Ivan B Darby
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
| | - Neil M O'Brien-Simpson
- Centre for Oral Health Research, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
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15
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Huang J, Wang L, Yu C, Fu Z, Liu C, Zhang H, Wang K, Guo X, Wang J. Characterization of a reliable cell-based reporter gene assay for measuring bioactivities of therapeutic anti-interleukin-23 monoclonal antibodies. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 85:106647. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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16
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Lee KMC, Zhang Z, Achuthan A, Fleetwood AJ, Smith JE, Hamilton JA, Cook AD. IL-23 in arthritic and inflammatory pain development in mice. Arthritis Res Ther 2020; 22:123. [PMID: 32471485 PMCID: PMC7345543 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-020-02212-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cytokine, interleukin-23 (IL-23), can be critical for the progression of inflammatory diseases, including arthritis, and is often associated with T lymphocyte biology. We previously showed that certain lymphocyte-independent, inflammatory arthritis and pain models have a similar requirement for tumour necrosis factor (TNF), granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and C-C motif ligand 17 (CCL17). Given this correlation in cytokine requirements, we explored whether IL-23 might interact with this cytokine cluster in the control of arthritic and inflammatory pain. Methods The role of IL-23 in the development of pain-like behaviour was investigated using mouse arthritis models (zymosan-induced arthritis and GM-CSF-, TNF-, and CCL17-driven monoarticular arthritis) and inflammatory pain models (intraplantar zymosan, GM-CSF, TNF, and CCL17). Additionally, IL-23-induced inflammatory pain was measured in GM-CSF−/−, Tnf−/−, and Ccl17E/E mice and in the presence of indomethacin. Pain-like behaviour and arthritis were assessed by relative weight distribution in hindlimbs and histology, respectively. Cytokine mRNA expression in knees and paw skin was analysed by quantitative PCR. Blood and synovial cell populations were analysed by flow cytometry. Results We report, using Il23p19−/− mice, that innate immune (zymosan)-driven arthritic pain-like behaviour (herein referred to as pain) was completely dependent upon IL-23; optimal arthritic disease development required IL-23 (P < 0.05). Zymosan-induced inflammatory pain was also completely dependent on IL-23. In addition, we found that exogenous TNF-, GM-CSF-, and CCL17-driven arthritic pain, as well as inflammatory pain driven by each of these cytokines, were absent in Il23p19−/− mice; optimal disease in these mBSA-primed models was dependent on IL-23 (P < 0.05). Supporting this cytokine connection, it was found conversely that IL-23 (200 ng) can induce inflammatory pain at 4 h (P < 0.0001) with a requirement for each of the other cytokines as well as cyclooxygenase activity. Conclusions These findings indicate a role for IL-23 in innate immune-mediated arthritic and inflammatory pain with potential links to TNF, GM-CSF, CCL17, and eicosanoid function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M-C Lee
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3050, Australia.
| | - Zihao Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3050, Australia
| | - Adrian Achuthan
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3050, Australia
| | - Andrew J Fleetwood
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3050, Australia
| | - Julia E Smith
- Adaptive Immunity, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - John A Hamilton
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3050, Australia.,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St. Albans, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew D Cook
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3050, Australia
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17
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Chen L, Deshpande M, Grisotto M, Smaldini P, Garcia R, He Z, Gulko PS, Lira SA, Furtado GC. Skin expression of IL-23 drives the development of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis in mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8259. [PMID: 32427877 PMCID: PMC7237669 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65269-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis (PS) is a chronic skin inflammation. Up to 30% of the patients with PS develop psoriatic arthritis (PsA), a condition characterized by inflammatory arthritis that affects joints or entheses. Although there is mounting evidence for a critical role of interleukin-23 (IL-23) signaling in the pathogenesis of both PS and PsA, it remains unclear whether IL-23-induced skin inflammation drives joint disease. Here, we show that mice expressing increased levels of IL-23 in the skin (K23 mice) develop a PS-like disease that is characterized by acanthosis, parakeratosis, hyperkeratosis, and inflammatory infiltrates in the dermis. Skin disease preceded development of PsA, including enthesitis, dactylitis, and bone destruction. The development of enthesitis and dactylitis was not due to high circulating levels of IL-23, as transgenic animals and controls had similar levels of this cytokine in circulation. IL-22, a downstream cytokine of IL-23, was highly increased in the serum of K23 mice. Although IL-22 deficiency did not affect skin disease development, IL-22 deficiency aggravated the PsA-like disease in K23 mice. Our results demonstrate a central role for skin expressed IL-23 in the initiation of PS and on pathogenic processes leading to PsA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Chen
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Madhura Deshpande
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marcos Grisotto
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paola Smaldini
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roberto Garcia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhengxiang He
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Percio S Gulko
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sergio A Lira
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Glaucia C Furtado
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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18
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Rossini M, Epis OM, Tinazzi I, Grembiale RD, Iagnocco A. Role of the IL-23 pathway in the pathogenesis and treatment of enthesitis in psoriatic arthritis. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 20:787-798. [PMID: 32129102 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2020.1737855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Enthesitis is a key feature of spondyloarthritis (SpA). Several studies have underlined the role of interleukin (IL)-23 in SpA development as a crucial cytokine in the pathogenesis of enthesitis. AREA COVERED This review summarizes recent evidence of the role of IL-23 in the pathogenesis of and as a target of the treatment of enthesitis. We review the definition, diagnosis and clinical impact of enthesitis and its connection with microbial infections, gut dysbiosis, and mechanical stress. We also review clinical trials and real-life studies of drugs targeting the p19 or p40 subunits of IL-23. EXPERT OPINION Novel therapies targeting the p19 or p40 subunit of IL-23 appear to be promising treatment options for patients with enthesitis. Although we are currently unable to identify the best therapeutic window to target IL-23 in SpA disease evolution, the promising ability of this therapy to control the gut-entheseal axis is increasing our knowledge of SpA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Rossini
- Rheumatology Section, Department of Medicine, University of Verona , Verona, Italy
| | | | - Ilaria Tinazzi
- Unit of Rheumatology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital , Verona, Italy
| | | | - Annamaria Iagnocco
- Academic Rheumatology Centre, Università Degli Studi Di Torino , Turin, Italy
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19
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Knoell DL, Smith DA, Sapkota M, Heires AJ, Hanson CK, Smith LM, Poole JA, Wyatt TA, Romberger DJ. Insufficient zinc intake enhances lung inflammation in response to agricultural organic dust exposure. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 70:56-64. [PMID: 31153019 PMCID: PMC10575612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Organic dust exposure particularly within hog confinement facilities is a significant cause of airway inflammation and lung disease. In a cohort of Midwestern veterans with COPD and agricultural work exposure we observed reduced zinc intakes which were associated with decreased lung function. Because insufficient zinc intake is common within the U.S. and a potent modulator of innate immune function, we sought to determine whether deficits in zinc intake would impact the airway inflammatory response to hog confinement facility dust extract (HDE). Adult male C57BL/6 mice were randomized to zinc deficient or matched zinc sufficient diets for 3 weeks and subsequently treated with intranasal HDE inhalation or saline once or daily for 3 weeks while maintained on specific diets. Lavage fluid and lung tissue was collected. Conditions of zinc deficiency were also studied in macrophages exposed to HDE. Single and repetitive HDE inhalation exposure resulted in increased influx of total cells and neutrophils, increased mediator hyper-responsiveness (TNFα, IL-6, CXCL1, and amphiregulin), and enhanced tissue pathology that was more pronounced in zinc deficient mice compared to normal dietary counterparts. Airway inflammation was most pronounced in zinc deficient mice treated with repetitive HDE for 3 weeks. Similarly, macrophages maintained in a zinc deficient environment exhibited increased CXCL1 and IL-23 production as a result of increased NF-κB activation. Conclusion: Given the relatively high incidence of dietary deficiencies in agriculture workers, we anticipate that zinc intake, or a lack thereof, may play an important role in modulating the host response to organic dust exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daren L Knoell
- The University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy, Omaha, NE 68198.
| | - Deandra A Smith
- The University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy, Omaha, NE 68198.
| | - Muna Sapkota
- The University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy, Omaha, NE 68198.
| | - Art J Heires
- The University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68198.
| | - Corrine K Hanson
- The University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Allied Health, Omaha, NE 68198.
| | - Lynette M Smith
- The University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Public Health, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Jill A Poole
- The University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68198.
| | - Todd A Wyatt
- The University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68198; The University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Public Health, Omaha, NE 68198; VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105.
| | - Debra J Romberger
- The University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68198.
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20
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Tait Wojno ED, Hunter CA, Stumhofer JS. The Immunobiology of the Interleukin-12 Family: Room for Discovery. Immunity 2019; 50:851-870. [PMID: 30995503 PMCID: PMC6472917 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of interleukin (IL)-6 and its receptor subunits provided a foundation to understand the biology of a group of related cytokines: IL-12, IL-23, and IL-27. These family members utilize shared receptors and cytokine subunits and influence the outcome of cancer, infection, and inflammatory diseases. Consequently, many facets of their biology are being therapeutically targeted. Here, we review the landmark discoveries in this field, the combinatorial biology inherent to this family, and how patient datasets have underscored the critical role of these pathways in human disease. We present significant knowledge gaps, including how similar signals from these cytokines can mediate distinct outcomes, and discuss how a better understanding of the biology of the IL-12 family provides new therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia D Tait Wojno
- Baker Institute for Animal Health and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, 235 Hungerford Hill Rd., Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Christopher A Hunter
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 380 South University Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19104-4539, USA.
| | - Jason S Stumhofer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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21
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Neurath MF. IL-23 in inflammatory bowel diseases and colon cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 45:1-8. [PMID: 30563755 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies in recent years have identified a pivotal role of the cytokine IL-23 in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD: Crohn´s disease, ulcerative colitis) and colitis-associated colon cancer. Genetic studies revealed that subgroups of IBD patients have single nucleotide polymorphisms in the IL-23R gene suggesting that IL-23R signaling affects disease susceptibility. Furthermore, increased production of IL-23 by macrophages, dendritic cells or granulocytes has been observed in various mouse models of colitis, colitis-associated cancer and IBD patients. Moreover, in several murine models of colitis, suppression of IL-12/IL-23 p40, IL-23 p19 or IL-23R function led to marked suppression of gut inflammation. This finding was associated with reduced activation of IL-23 target cells such as T helper 17 cells, innate lymphoid cells type 3, granulocytes and natural killer cells as well as with impaired production of proinflammatory cytokines. Based on these findings, targeting of IL-23 emerges as important concept for suppression of gut inflammation and inflammation-associated cancer growth. Consistently, neutralizing antibodies against IL-12/IL-23 p40 and IL-23 p19 have been successfully used in clinical trials for therapy of Crohn´s disease and pilot studies in ulcerative colitis are ongoing. These findings underline the crucial regulatory role of IL-23 in chronic intestinal inflammation and colitis-associated cancer and indicate that therapeutic strategies aiming at IL-23 blockade may be of key relevance for future therapy of IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Kussmaul Research Campus & Ludwig Demling Endoscopy Center of Excellence, Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany.
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22
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Luckett-Chastain LR, Gipson JR, Gillaspy AF, Gallucci RM. Transcriptional profiling of irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) in a mouse model identifies specific patterns of gene expression and immune-regulation. Toxicology 2018; 410:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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23
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Abstract
While the commensal microbiota is considered an important regulator of immunity and metabolism, the mechanisms controlling the interplay between diet, cytokine signaling, and the microbiota in atherosclerosis remains unknown. In this issue of Immunity, Fatkhullina et al. (2018) demonstrate that interlukin-23-22 axis regulates diet-induced atherosclerosis by repressing pro-atherogenic microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Carreras
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Bäckhed
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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24
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Fatkhullina AR, Peshkova IO, Dzutsev A, Aghayev T, McCulloch JA, Thovarai V, Badger JH, Vats R, Sundd P, Tang HY, Kossenkov AV, Hazen SL, Trinchieri G, Grivennikov SI, Koltsova EK. An Interleukin-23-Interleukin-22 Axis Regulates Intestinal Microbial Homeostasis to Protect from Diet-Induced Atherosclerosis. Immunity 2018; 49:943-957.e9. [PMID: 30389414 PMCID: PMC6257980 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although commensal flora is involved in the regulation of immunity, the interplay between cytokine signaling and microbiota in atherosclerosis remains unknown. We found that interleukin (IL)-23 and its downstream target IL-22 restricted atherosclerosis by repressing pro-atherogenic microbiota. Inactivation of IL-23-IL-22 signaling led to deterioration of the intestinal barrier, dysbiosis, and expansion of pathogenic bacteria with distinct biosynthetic and metabolic properties, causing systemic increase in pro-atherogenic metabolites such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO). Augmented disease in the absence of the IL-23-IL-22 pathway was mediated in part by pro-atherogenic osteopontin, controlled by microbial metabolites. Microbiota transfer from IL-23-deficient mice accelerated atherosclerosis, whereas microbial depletion or IL-22 supplementation reduced inflammation and ameliorated disease. Our work uncovers the IL-23-IL-22 signaling as a regulator of atherosclerosis that restrains expansion of pro-atherogenic microbiota and argues for informed use of cytokine blockers to avoid cardiovascular side effects driven by microbiota and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliia R Fatkhullina
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Iuliia O Peshkova
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Amiran Dzutsev
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the NCI, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Turan Aghayev
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - John A McCulloch
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the NCI, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Vishal Thovarai
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the NCI, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA; Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the NCI, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jonathan H Badger
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the NCI, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ravi Vats
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Prithu Sundd
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Hsin-Yao Tang
- Proteomics and Metabolomics, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Andrew V Kossenkov
- Bioinformatics Facilities, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Stanley L Hazen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the NCI, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sergei I Grivennikov
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Ekaterina K Koltsova
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA.
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25
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Chen Y, Ouyang J, Yan R, Maarouf MH, Wang X, Chen B, Liu S, Hu J, Guo G, Zhang J, Dai SM, Xu H, Chen JL. Silencing SOCS3 Markedly Deteriorates Spondyloarthritis in Mice Induced by Minicircle DNA Expressing IL23. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2641. [PMID: 30487798 PMCID: PMC6246747 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Despite extensive studies, the precise mechanism underlying spondyloarthritis, especially ankylosing spondylitis, remains elusive. This study aimed to develop an ideal animal model for an insight into mechanism of spondyloarthritis and functional relevance of SOCS3 in spondyloarthritis. Methods: Since SOCS3 is a major regulator of IL23-STAT3 signaling, we generated SOCS3 knockdown transgenic (TG) mice for development of an animal model of spondyloarthritis. A hydrodynamic delivery method was employed to deliver minicircle DNA expressing IL23 (mc-IL23) into wild-type (WT) and the TG mice. Knockdown/overexpression systems mediated by lentivirus and retrovirus were used to determine whether SOCS3 regulated osteoblast differentiation. Results: Forced expression of IL23 induced severe joint destruction and extensive bone loss in SOCS3 knockdown TG mice, while this treatment only caused moderate symptoms in WT mice. Furthermore, severe spondyloarthritis was found in IL23-injected TG mice as compared to mild disease observed in WT controls under same condition. Moreover, our studies showed that IL23 promoted osteoblast differentiation via activation of STAT3 pathway and disruption of SOCS3 expression greatly increased phosphorylation of STAT3. In addition, silencing SOCS3 resulted in enhanced osteoblast differentiation through activation of Smad1/5/9 signaling, as evidenced by elevated phosphorylation level of Smad1/5/9. Experiments further demonstrated that SOCS3 interacted with Smad1 and thus suppressed the BMP2-Smad signaling. Conclusions: The results reveal that SOCS3 is involved in IL23-induced spondyloarthritis and acts as a key regulator of osteoblast differentiation, and suggest that SOCS3 knockdown TG mice may be an ideal animal model for further studies of spondyloarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhai Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Ouyang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruoxiang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mohamed Hassan Maarouf
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,International College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Biao Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shasha Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayue Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guijie Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng-Ming Dai
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Huji Xu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji-Long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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26
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Chen L, He Z, Iuga AC, Martins Filho SN, Faith JJ, Clemente JC, Deshpande M, Jayaprakash A, Colombel JF, Lafaille JJ, Sachidanandam R, Furtado GC, Lira SA. Diet Modifies Colonic Microbiota and CD4 + T-Cell Repertoire to Induce Flares of Colitis in Mice With Myeloid-Cell Expression of Interleukin 23. Gastroenterology 2018; 155:1177-1191.e16. [PMID: 29909020 PMCID: PMC6174107 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Several studies have shown that signaling via the interleukin 23 (IL23) receptor is required for development of colitis. We studied the roles of IL23, dietary factors, alterations to the microbiota, and T cells in the development and progression of colitis in mice. METHODS All mice were maintained on laboratory diet 5053, unless otherwise noted. We generated mice that express IL23 in CX3CR1-positive myeloid cells (R23FR mice) upon cyclic administration of tamoxifen dissolved in diet 2019. Diets 2019 and 5053 have minor differences in the overall composition of protein, fat, fiber, minerals, and vitamins. CX3CR1CreER mice (FR mice) were used as controls. Some mice were given antibiotics, and others were raised in a germ-free environment. Intestinal tissues were collected and analyzed by histology and flow cytometry. Feces were collected and analyzed by 16S rDNA sequencing. Feces from C57/Bl6, R23FR, or FR mice were fed to FR and R23FR germ-free mice in microbiota transplant experiments. We also performed studies with R23FR/Rag-/-, R23FR/Mu-/-, and R23FR/Tcrd-/- mice. R23FR mice were given injections of antibodies against CD4 or CD8 to deplete T cells. Mesenteric lymph nodes and large intestine CD4+ cells from R23FR or FR mice in remission from colitis were transferred into Rag-/- mice. CD4+ cells were isolated from donor R23FR mice and recipient Rag-/- mice, and T-cell receptor sequences were determined. RESULTS Expression of IL23 led to development of a relapsing-remitting colitis that was dependent on the microbiota and CD4+ T cells. The relapses were caused by switching from the conventional diet used in our facility (diet 5053) to the diet 2019 and were not dependent on tamoxifen after the first cycle. The switch in the diet modified the microbiota but did not alter levels of IL23 in intestinal tissues compared with mice that remained on the conventional diet. Mesenteric lymph nodes and large intestine CD4+ cells from R23FR mice in remission, but not from FR mice, induced colitis after transfer into Rag-/- mice, but only when these mice were placed on the diet 2019. The CD4+ T-cell receptor repertoire of Rag-/- mice with colitis (fed the 2019 diet) was less diverse than that from donor mice and Rag-/- mice without colitis (fed the 5053 diet) because of expansion of dominant T-cell clones. CONCLUSIONS We developed mice that express IL23 in CX3CR1-positive myeloid cells (R23FR mice) and found that they are more susceptible to diet-induced colitis than mice that do not express IL23. The R23FR mice have a population of CD4+ T cells that becomes activated in response to dietary changes and alterations to the intestinal microbiota. The results indicate that alterations in the diet, intestinal microbiota, and IL23 signaling can contribute to pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Chen
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Zhengxiang He
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Alina Cornelia Iuga
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sebastião N. Martins Filho
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jeremiah J. Faith
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA,Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jose C. Clemente
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA,Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Madhura Deshpande
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | - Jean-Frederic Colombel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Juan J. Lafaille
- Department of Pathology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ravi Sachidanandam
- Girihlet Inc. Oakland, CA 94609, USA,Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Glaucia C. Furtado
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sergio A. Lira
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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27
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Ma C, Jairath V, Khanna R, Feagan BG. Investigational drugs in phase I and phase II clinical trials targeting interleukin 23 (IL23) for the treatment of Crohn’s disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2018; 27:649-660. [DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2018.1506764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Robarts Clinical Trials Inc., London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vipul Jairath
- Robarts Clinical Trials Inc., London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Reena Khanna
- Robarts Clinical Trials Inc., London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian G. Feagan
- Robarts Clinical Trials Inc., London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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28
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Can IL-23 be a good target for ulcerative colitis? Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2018; 32-33:95-102. [PMID: 30060945 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A considerable percentage of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) do not respond to therapies, including anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) drugs and vedolizumab, or lose response over time. Hence the continuing need to find new therapeutic strategies and novel drugs to control this chronic debilitating disease. Increased levels of interleukin (IL)-23 and T helper (Th) 17 cell cytokines have been found in intestinal mucosa, plasma, and serum of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). IL23-blocking has been shown to reduce the severity of inflammation in experimental colitis. Lastly, ustekinumab, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) to the p40 subunit of IL-12 and IL-23, has showed good efficacy and safety profile in patients with Crohn's disease (CD). This review aims to discuss the available data on IL-23 and Th17 cell pathways in UC, in order to define the role of IL-23 as possible target for the treatment of UC.
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29
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NOD2 up-regulates TLR2-mediated IL-23p19 expression via NF-κB subunit c-Rel in Paneth cell-like cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:63651-63660. [PMID: 27563808 PMCID: PMC5325392 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-23p19 plays important roles in intestinal antimicrobial immunity, while its over-expression can lead to intestinal inflammation. However, the bacterial compounds and the type of pattern recognition receptor involved in the inducible expression of IL-23p19 in Paneth cells remain unclear. Here we show that the mRNA expression of IL-23p19 was increased in Paneth cell (PC)-like cells stimulated by Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) ligands, peptidoglycan (PGN) and Pam3CSK4, and was further increased in the presence of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2)-ligand muramyl dipeptide (MDP). However, its mRNA expression was decreased in NOD2-knockdown PC-like cells. Additionally, the c-Rel activation was increased in Pam3CSK4- or PGN-stimulated PC-like cells, but the PGN-induced c-Rel activation was decreased in NOD2-knockdown PC-like cells and had no significant difference compared with Pam3CSK4-induced c-Rel activation. Our results suggest that NOD2 up-regulates TLR2-mediated IL-23p19 expression via increasing c-Rel activation in PC-like cells. This finding might provide us with a novel therapeutic target for inflammatory bowel disease to inhibit IL-23p19 over-expression via the NOD2-c-Rel pathway.
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30
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IL-23 and Th17 Disease in Inflammatory Arthritis. J Clin Med 2017; 6:jcm6090081. [PMID: 28850053 PMCID: PMC5615274 DOI: 10.3390/jcm6090081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-23, which is composed of p19 and p40 subunits, is a proinflammatory cytokine that contributes to the formation and maintenance of Th17 cells in inflammatory autoimmune diseases. IL-23 is a human osteoclastogenic cytokine and anti-IL-23 antibody attenuates paw volume and joint destruction in CIA rats. IL-23 levels in serum and synovial fluid are high in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, and IL-23 may be a useful biomarker for the diagnosis of RA. In addition, IL-23 affects the pathogenesis of inflammation and bone destruction through interaction with other cytokines such as IL-17 and TNF-α. Furthermore, polymorphisms of IL23R are a risk factor for ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA), which indicates that IL-23 is also involved in the pathogenesis of spondyloarthritis (SpA). Finally, IL-17 and IL-23 inhibitors reduce the clinical manifestations of SpA. Thus, the IL-23/Th17 pathway is a therapeutic target for the treatment of inflammatory arthritis.
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31
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Abraham C, Dulai PS, Vermeire S, Sandborn WJ. Lessons Learned From Trials Targeting Cytokine Pathways in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Gastroenterology 2017; 152:374-388.e4. [PMID: 27780712 PMCID: PMC5287922 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Insights into the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) have provided important information for the development of therapeutics. Levels of interleukin 23 (IL23) and T-helper (Th) 17 cell pathway molecules are increased in inflamed intestinal tissues of patients with IBD. Loss-of-function variants of the IL23-receptor gene (IL23R) protect against IBD, and, in animals, blocking IL23 reduces the severity of colitis. These findings indicated that the IL23 and Th17 cell pathways might be promising targets for the treatment of IBD. Clinical trials have investigated the effects of agents designed to target distinct levels of the IL23 and Th17 cell pathways, and the results are providing insights into IBD pathogenesis and additional strategies for modulating these pathways. Strategies to reduce levels of proinflammatory cytokines more broadly and increase anti-inflammatory mechanisms also are emerging for the treatment of IBD. The results from trials targeting these immune system pathways have provided important lessons for future trials. Findings indicate the importance of improving approaches to integrate patient features and biomarkers of response with selection of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Abraham
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
| | - Parambir S. Dulai
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego,
La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Séverine Vermeire
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven,
Belgium
| | - William J. Sandborn
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego,
La Jolla, CA, USA
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32
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Speca S, Dubuquoy L. Chronic bowel inflammation and inflammatory joint disease: Pathophysiology. Joint Bone Spine 2017; 84:417-420. [PMID: 28062378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2016.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bowel inflammation is closely linked to chronic joint inflammation. Research reported in the 1980s demonstrated bowel inflammation with gross and microscopic pathological features identical to those of Crohn's disease in over 60% of patients with spondyloarthritis (SpA). Numerous prospective studies have evidenced joint involvement in patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and bowel inflammation in patients with SpA. Nevertheless, the interactions of joint disease and chronic bowel inflammation remain incompletely elucidated. Two main hypotheses have been suggested to explain potential links between inflammation of the mucosal immune system and peripheral arthritis: one identifies gut bacteria as potentially implicated in the development of joint inflammation and the other involves the recruitment of gut lymphocytes or activated macrophages to the joints. Pathophysiological investigations have established that HLA-B27 is a pivotal pathogenic factor. Here, we review current data on links between chronic bowel inflammation and inflammatory joint disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Speca
- Lille Inflammation Research International Center (LIRIC), U995, University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Laurent Dubuquoy
- Lille Inflammation Research International Center (LIRIC), U995, University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, 59000 Lille, France.
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33
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Zhou H, Liu X, Yu R, Long T, Zhao R, Liu H, Xu Y, Liang JG, Liang P. Alternative splicing directs two IL-20R2 isoforms and is responsible for the incomplete gene knockout via the exon I ablation. Genes Immun 2016; 17:220-7. [PMID: 27009487 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2016.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Two heterodimeric receptors consisting of interleukin (IL)-20R2 are shared by three of the IL-20 family of cytokines, IL-19, IL-20 and IL-24. Along with IL-22, these cytokines are downstream effectors of IL-23 and have been implicated in keratinocyte functions and the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Surprisingly, whereas knocking out either the IL-23 or IL-22 gene abolished imiquimod-induced psoriatic phenotypes in mice, similar attempt for IL-20R2 had little effect. Here, we report that the apparent disparity may result from a new IL-20R2 isoform encoded by an alternatively spliced transcript which survived the previous attempt for IL-20R2 gene knockout via the exon I deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - X Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - R Yu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - T Long
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - R Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - H Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y Xu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - J G Liang
- Clover Biopharmaceuticals, Chengdu, China
| | - P Liang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Clover Biopharmaceuticals, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory for Gene and Cell Therapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- GenHunter Corporation, Nashville, TN, USA
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34
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Espígol-Frigolé G, Planas-Rigol E, Ohnuki H, Salvucci O, Kwak H, Ravichandran S, Luke B, Cid MC, Tosato G. Identification of IL-23p19 as an endothelial proinflammatory peptide that promotes gp130-STAT3 signaling. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra28. [PMID: 26980441 PMCID: PMC6312101 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aad2357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-23 (IL-23), a heterodimeric cytokine composed of the unique p19 peptide (IL-23p19) and a peptide called IL-12p40, which is shared with IL-12, is implicated in Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and other immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Endothelial cells produce the IL-23p19 peptide in the absence of the IL-12p40 chain and thus do not make heterodimeric IL-23. We found that intercellular IL-23p19 increased the cell surface abundances of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) on endothelial cells, which enhanced the attachment of leukocytes and increased their transendothelial migration. Intracellular p19 associated with the cytokine receptor subunit gp130 and stimulated the gp130-dependent activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling. Proinflammatory factors promoted the generation of IL-23p19 in endothelial cells. The adventitial capillaries of inflamed temporal arteries in patients with giant-cell arteritis (GCA) had endothelial p19 protein associated with gp130, but did not contain the IL-12p40 chain. Because adventitial capillaries are essential for the entry of inflammatory cells into arterial walls, these data suggest that p19 may contribute to GCA disease and could represent a therapeutic target. Our results provide evidence that IL-23p19 is a previously unrecognized endothelial proinflammatory peptide that promotes leukocyte transendothelial migration, advancing our current understanding of the complexities of inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Espígol-Frigolé
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Department of Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Clinical Institute of Medicine and Dermatology, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS-CRB CELLEX, Barcelona 08036, Spain.
| | - Ester Planas-Rigol
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Department of Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Clinical Institute of Medicine and Dermatology, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS-CRB CELLEX, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Hidetaka Ohnuki
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ombretta Salvucci
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hyeongil Kwak
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sarangan Ravichandran
- Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Brian Luke
- Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Maria C Cid
- Department of Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Clinical Institute of Medicine and Dermatology, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS-CRB CELLEX, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Giovanna Tosato
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Durham LE, Kirkham BW, Taams LS. Contribution of the IL-17 Pathway to Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2016. [PMID: 26209291 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-015-0529-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Investigators have accrued compelling evidence that the IL-17 pathway is central to the pathogenesis of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. The evidence comprises genome-wide association studies (GWAS), data from experimental murine models and findings from in vitro studies on patients' cells or tissue biopsies. More recently, the success of drugs blocking the IL-17 pathway in treating both psoriasis (PsO) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) confirms that IL-17 is a clinically relevant therapeutic target. However, there remain many unanswered questions: is PsA simply an extension of PsO from the skin to the synovial tissue or are there differences in the underlying pathogenesis of these diseases? Which cell type represents the primary source of IL-17 in PsO and PsA? And how are these cells regulated? This review outlines the IL-17 pathway, summarises the evidence supporting its role in PsO and PsA and discusses recent data that may help to address these yet unresolved questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Durham
- Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation (CMCBI), Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammatory Disease, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK,
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Welsby I, Goriely S. Regulation of Interleukin-23 Expression in Health and Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 941:167-189. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-0921-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Krause P, Morris V, Greenbaum JA, Park Y, Bjoerheden U, Mikulski Z, Muffley T, Shui JW, Kim G, Cheroutre H, Liu YC, Peters B, Kronenberg M, Murai M. IL-10-producing intestinal macrophages prevent excessive antibacterial innate immunity by limiting IL-23 synthesis. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7055. [PMID: 25959063 PMCID: PMC4428691 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immune responses are regulated in the intestine to prevent excessive inflammation. Here we show that a subset of mouse colonic macrophages constitutively produce the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. In mice infected with Citrobacter rodentium, a model for enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infection in humans, these macrophages are required to prevent intestinal pathology. IL-23 is significantly increased in infected mice with a myeloid cell-specific deletion of IL-10, and the addition of IL-10 reduces IL-23 production by intestinal macrophages. Furthermore, blockade of IL-23 leads to reduced mortality in the context of macrophage IL-10 deficiency. Transcriptome and other analyses indicate that IL-10-expressing macrophages receive an autocrine IL-10 signal. Interestingly, only transfer of the IL-10 positive macrophages could rescue IL-10 deficient infected mice. Therefore, these data indicate a pivotal role for intestinal macrophages that constitutively produce IL-10, in controlling excessive innate immune activation and preventing tissue damage after an acute bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Krause
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Venetia Morris
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Jason A Greenbaum
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Yoon Park
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Unni Bjoerheden
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Zbigniew Mikulski
- Microscopy Core Facility, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Tracy Muffley
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Jr-Wen Shui
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Gisen Kim
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Hilde Cheroutre
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Yun-Cai Liu
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Masako Murai
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Zhang M, Cai ZR, Zhang B, Cai X, Li W, Guo Z, Ma L. Functional polymorphisms in interleukin-23 receptor and susceptibility to coronary artery disease. DNA Cell Biol 2015; 33:891-7. [PMID: 25192515 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2014.2573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As a key element in the T-helper 17 (Th17) cell-mediated inflammatory process, interleukin-23 receptor (IL-23R) may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IL-23R have been studied in several diseases. However, its association with coronary artery disease (CAD) remains unclear. This study examined whether genetic polymorphisms in IL-23R were associated with susceptibility to CAD. Two IL-23R SNPs, rs1884444 and rs6682925, were genotyped in 462 CAD patients and 486 healthy controls. Data showed that percentages of rs6682925TC and CC genotypes were significantly higher in patients than in controls (odds ratio [OR]=1.23, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04-1.79, p=0.022; OR=2.35, 95% CI: 1.52-3.43, p<0.001, respectively). Frequency of the rs1884444 polymorphism did not reveal any significant differences between patients and healthy donors. Further analyses demonstrated a significantly increased number of rs6682925CC genotype in patients with hypertension. Moreover, we investigated the effect of IL-23R polymorphisms on gene expression by assessing mRNA level of IL-23R in peripheral blood mononucleated cells (PBMCs). Results showed that subjects carrying rs6682925TC and CC genotypes had significantly increased mRNA level of IL-23R in PBMCs than those with TT genotype. These data suggest that IL-23R rs6682925T/C polymorphism may act as a risk factor of CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyan Zhang
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Emergency Center, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai, China
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Zheng Y, Zhong D, Chen H, Ma S, Sun Y, Wang M, Liu Q, Li G. Pivotal role of cerebral interleukin-23 during immunologic injury in delayed cerebral ischemia in mice. Neuroscience 2015; 290:321-31. [PMID: 25637493 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-23 (IL-23) is required for T helper 17 (Th17) cell responses and IL-17 production in ischemic stroke. We previously showed that the IL-23/IL-17 axis aggravates immune injury after cerebral infarction in mice. However, IL-23 might activate other cytokines and transcription factor forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) production in cerebral ischemia. We aimed to determine whether IL-23p19 knockdown prevents cerebral ischemic injury by reducing ischemic-induced inflammation. METHODS Ischemic stroke models were established by permanent middle cerebral arterial occlusion (pMCAO) in male C57BL/6 mice. In vivo gene knockdown was achieved by intravenous delivery of lentiviral vectors (LVs) encoding IL-23p19 short hairpin RNA (LV-IL-23p19 shRNA). Enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) confirmed inhibitory efficiency. Behavioral deficits were evaluated by adhesive-removal somatic-sensory test. Brain infarct volume was measured at day 5 after pMCAO by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. Expression of IL-17, IL-4, interferon (IFN)-γ and Foxp3 in ischemic brain tissues were detected by qRT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Additionally, immunohistochemical staining located cytokines in ischemic brain tissues. RESULTS RNA interference knockdown of IL-23p19 resulted in improved neurological function and reduced infarct volume. IL-23p19 knockdown suppressed IL-17 gene and protein expression. Moreover, IL-23p19 deficiency enhanced IFN-γ and Foxp3 expressions in delayed cerebral ischemic mice, and did not impact IL-4 expression. Immunohistochemical staining showed that IL-17, IL-4, IFN-γ and Foxp3-positive cells were located around ischemic lesions of the ipsilateral hemisphere. CONCLUSIONS IL-23p19 knockdown prevents delayed cerebral ischemic injury by dampening the ischemia-induced inflammation, and is a promising approach for clinically managing ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin 150001, Heilong Jiang Province, PR China
| | - D Zhong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin 150001, Heilong Jiang Province, PR China
| | - H Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin 150001, Heilong Jiang Province, PR China
| | - S Ma
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin 150001, Heilong Jiang Province, PR China
| | - Y Sun
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin 150001, Heilong Jiang Province, PR China
| | - M Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin 150001, Heilong Jiang Province, PR China
| | - Q Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin 150001, Heilong Jiang Province, PR China
| | - G Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin 150001, Heilong Jiang Province, PR China.
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Weiskirchen R, Tacke F. Cellular and molecular functions of hepatic stellate cells in inflammatory responses and liver immunology. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2015; 3:344-63. [PMID: 25568859 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2304-3881.2014.11.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The liver is a central immunological organ. Liver resident macrophages, Kupffer cells (KC), but also sinusoidal endothelial cells, dendritic cells (DC) and other immune cells are involved in balancing immunity and tolerance against pathogens, commensals or food antigens. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) have been primarily characterized as the main effector cells in liver fibrosis, due to their capacity to transdifferentiate into collagen-producing myofibroblasts (MFB). More recent studies elucidated the fundamental role of HSC in liver immunology. HSC are not only the major storage site for dietary vitamin A (Vit A) (retinol, retinoic acid), which is essential for proper function of the immune system. This pericyte further represents a versatile source of many soluble immunological active factors including cytokines [e.g., interleukin 17 (IL-17)] and chemokines [C-C motif chemokine (ligand) 2 (CCL2)], may act as an antigen presenting cell (APC), and has autophagy activity. Additionally, it responds to many immunological triggers via toll-like receptors (TLR) (e.g., TLR4, TLR9) and transduces signals through pathways and mediators traditionally found in immune cells, including the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway or inflammasome activation. Overall, HSC promote rather immune-suppressive responses in homeostasis, like induction of regulatory T cells (Treg), T cell apoptosis (via B7-H1, PDL-1) or inhibition of cytotoxic CD8 T cells. In conditions of liver injury, HSC are important sensors of altered tissue integrity and initiators of innate immune cell activation. Vice versa, several immune cell subtypes interact directly or via soluble mediators with HSC. Such interactions include the mutual activation of HSC (towards MFB) and macrophages or pro-apoptotic signals from natural killer (NK), natural killer T (NKT) and gamma-delta T cells (γδ T-cells) on activated HSC. Current directions of research investigate the immune-modulating functions of HSC in the environment of liver tumors, cellular heterogeneity or interactions promoting HSC deactivation during resolution of liver fibrosis. Understanding the role of HSC as central regulators of liver immunology may lead to novel therapeutic strategies for chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Weiskirchen
- 1 Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, 2 Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- 1 Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, 2 Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Interleukin-23 is sufficient to induce rapid de novo gut tumorigenesis, independent of carcinogens, through activation of innate lymphoid cells. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:842-56. [PMID: 24280935 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation has been associated with increased risk for developing gastrointestinal cancer. Interleukin-23 (IL-23) receptor signaling has been correlated with inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis, as well as promotion of tumor growth. However, little is known about the relative potential for IL-23-directed causality in gut tumorigenesis. We report that IL-23 transgene expression was sufficient to induce rapid (3-4 weeks) de novo development of intestinal adenomas with 100% incidence. Initiation of tumorigenesis was independent of exogenous carcinogens, Helicobacter colonization, or pre-existing tumor-suppressor gene mutations. Tumorigenesis was mediated by Thy1(+)IL-23R(+) innate lymphoid cells (ILC3), in part, through IL-17 responses as tumor development was inhibited in RAG(-/-) × IL-17(-/-) double knockout mice. Remarkably, IL-23 initiation of tumorigenesis by resident ILCs consistently occurred before recruitment of conspicuous inflammatory infiltrates. Our results reveal an explicit role for IL-23-mediated initiation of gut tumorigenesis and implicate a key role for IL-23R(+) ILC3 in the absence of overt cellular infiltrate recruitment.
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Ishizaki M, Muromoto R, Akimoto T, Sekine Y, Kon S, Diwan M, Maeda H, Togi S, Shimoda K, Oritani K, Matsuda T. Tyk2 is a therapeutic target for psoriasis-like skin inflammation. Int Immunol 2014; 26:257-67. [PMID: 24345760 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxt062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase 2 (Tyk2), a member of the Jak kinase family, mediates signals triggered by various cytokines, which are related to the pathogenesis of psoriasis. In this study, we investigated the role of Tyk2 in IL-23-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation. Tyk2(-/-) mice when injected with IL-23 showed significantly reduced ear skin swelling with epidermal hyperplasia and inflammatory cell infiltration compared with wild-type mice. In addition, Tyk2 deficiency reduced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and psoriasis-relevant anti-microbial peptides. More noteworthy is that Tyk2 directly regulated IL-22-dependent inflammation and epidermal hyperplasia. Taken together with the inhibition of IL-23-induced inflammation by treatment with neutralizing antibodies against IL-17 or IL-22, Tyk2 participates in both IL-23 and IL-22 signal transduction to mediate psoriasis-like skin inflammation. On the basis of these findings, we demonstrated for the first time that a small-molecule Tyk2 inhibitor significantly inhibited IL-23-induced inflammation and cytokine production in the skin. These observations demonstrate the important role of Tyk2 in experimental skin inflammation and indicate the therapeutic potential of Tyk2 inhibition in human psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Ishizaki
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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Tausend W, Downing C, Tyring S. Systematic Review of Interleukin-12, Interleukin-17, and Interleukin-23 Pathway Inhibitors for the Treatment of Moderate-to-Severe Chronic Plaque Psoriasis. J Cutan Med Surg 2014; 18:156-69. [DOI: 10.2310/7750.2013.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background: Monoclonal antibodies known as biologic agents specifically targeted against interleukin-12 (IL-12), interleukin-17A (IL-17), and interleukin-23 (IL-23) have been the focus of research for moderate-to-severe chronic plaque psoriasis in recent years. Objectives: To discuss the immune-mediated model of psoriasis and to summarize current knowledge of the clinical efficacy and safety of new biologic agents for moderate-to-severe chronic plaque psoriasis. Methods: The PubMed database was searched for relevant articles on ustekinumab, briakinumab, tildrakizumab (MK-322), guselkumab, secukinumab, ixekizumab, and brodalumab published between January 2005 and July 2013. Results: Fifty-five articles were identified. These studies suggest that the biologic agents specifically targeting IL-12, IL-17, and IL-23 are efficacious and safe in the treatment of moderate-to-severe psoriasis in adults. Conclusion: Current data from clinical trials suggest that biologic agents targeting IL-12, IL-17, and IL-23 are safe and efficacious drugs for use in moderate-to-severe chronic plaque psoriasis. Long-term data still need to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Tausend
- University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX
- Center for Clinical Studies, Houston, TX
- The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Department of Dermatology, Houston, TX
| | - Christopher Downing
- University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX
- Center for Clinical Studies, Houston, TX
- The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Department of Dermatology, Houston, TX
| | - Stephen Tyring
- University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX
- Center for Clinical Studies, Houston, TX
- The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Department of Dermatology, Houston, TX
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Abstract
: Crohn's disease (CD) is a lifelong inflammatory condition with underlying environmental and genetic components. CD affects multiple parts of the gastrointestinal tract, and it has a growing incidence in Western societies. IL-23 receptor variants have been identified as susceptibility or resistance factors for CD in genome-wide association studies. Accordingly, IL-23 is required for the development of experimental inflammatory bowel disease in many murine models. IL-23 receptor is expressed by both innate and adaptive immune cells, which include Th17, natural killer T, γδ T cells, and RORγt innate lymphoid cells all of which are capable of secreting IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22, and interferon-γ upon IL-23 stimulation. During the past decade, pathogenic and protective roles have been described for these cytokines in the inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis. More recently, innate lymphoid cells have been implicated in disease development. In this review, we have summarized and discussed these findings with an emphasis not only on the contribution of Th17 but also on innate lymphoid cells to disease etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Eken
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Akhilesh K Singh
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Mohamed Oukka
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- University of Washington, Department of Immunology, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
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Bian C, Wang ZC, Yang JL, Lu N, Zhao ZQ, Zhang YQ. Up-regulation of interleukin-23 induces persistent allodynia via CX3CL1 and interleukin-18 signaling in the rat spinal cord after tetanic sciatic stimulation. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 37:220-30. [PMID: 24362237 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetanic stimulation of the sciatic nerve (TSS) induces sciatic nerve injury and long-lasting pain hypersensitivity in rats, and spinal glial activation and proinflammatory cytokines releases are involved. In the present study, we showed that spinal interleukin (IL)-23 and its receptor, IL-23R, are crucial for the development of mechanical allodynia after TSS. In the spinal dorsal horn, both IL-23 and IL-23R are expressed in astrocytes, and this expression is substantially increased after TSS. Inhibition of IL-23 signaling attenuated TSS-induced allodynia and decreased the induction of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, an astrocytic marker). Conversely, intrathecally delivered IL-23 induced a persistent allodynia. Similar to IL-23 signaling, an increase in IL-18 and its receptor, IL-18R, as well as CX3CL1 and its receptor, CX3CR1, was simultaneously observed in the spinal dorsal horn after TSS. Interestingly, IL-18 and CX3CR1 were exclusively expressed in microglia, while IL-18R was mainly localized in astrocytes. In contrast, CX3CL1 was predominately expressed in neurons and secondarily in astrocytes. The functional inhibition of CX3CL1 and IL-18 signaling attenuated TSS-induced allodynia and suppressed IL-23 and IL-23R upregulation. Activation of CX3CR1 and IL-18R induced similar behavioral and biochemical changes to those observed after TSS. These results indicate that the interaction among CX3CL1, IL-18 and IL-23 signaling in the spinal cord plays a critical role in the development of allodynia. Thus, interrupting this chemokine-cytokine network might provide a novel therapeutic strategy for neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Bian
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhe-Chen Wang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jia-Le Yang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ning Lu
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhi-Qi Zhao
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu-Qiu Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Shen X, Du J, Guan W, Zhao Y. The balance of intestinal Foxp3+regulatory T cells and Th17 cells and its biological significance. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 10:353-62. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2014.882232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Blauvelt A. New concepts in the pathogenesis and treatment of psoriasis: key roles for IL-23, IL-17A and TGF-β1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/17469872.2.1.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Levin AA, Gottlieb AB. Specific targeting of interleukin-23p19 as effective treatment for psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013; 70:555-61. [PMID: 24373779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2013.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-23 is a heterodimeric cytokine composed of a distinct p19 subunit and a p40 subunit, which it shares with IL-12. The dermatology and rheumatology communities have long surmised that anti-IL-12/23p40 antibodies suppress autoinflammatory disease owing to their effect on IL-12. The aim of this review is to bring to light new data from murine and human studies demonstrating that in fact IL-23 and its resulting Th17 pathway mediate the inflammatory cascade that induces psoriatic plaque formation. Evidence derives from lesional immunohistochemical analyses, genetic studies, and research in other autoimmune diseases. Although current IL-12/23p40 inhibitors have shown good efficacy and safety, data regarding the functional role of IL-12 in immune defense suggest that preserving this cytokine would be beneficial. To date, evidence from mouse models and preliminary data in human beings show that specifically targeting IL-23p19 may be a safer but equally efficacious treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriane A Levin
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Dermatology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Alice B Gottlieb
- Department of Dermatology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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Heat-killed VSL#3 ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced acute experimental colitis in rats. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 15:15-28. [PMID: 24451125 PMCID: PMC3907795 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the effects of heat-killed VSL#3 (B. breve, B. longum and B. infantis; L. plantarum, L. bulgaricus, L. casei and L. acidophilus; S. salivarius subsp. thermophilus) therapy in the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced acute experimental colitis in rats. Acute experimental colitis was induced in rats by 5% DSS and freely drink for seven days. Beginning on Day 8, rats underwent gavage once daily for seven days with heat-killed probiotic VSL#3 (0.6 g/kg/day), colonic damage was evaluated histologically and biochemically seven days after gavage. Expression of inflammatory related mediators (STAT3, P-STAT3) and cytokines (IL-6, IL-23, TGFβ) in colonic tissue were detected. The results revealed that heat-killed and live VSL#3 have identical anti-inflammatory properties by the assessed DAI (disease activity index), colon length, histological tissue and MPO activity. Heat-killed and live VSL#3 results in reduced IL-6, IL-23, TGFβ, STAT3 and P-STAT3 expression in colonic tissue. Heat-killed and live VSL#3 have showed the similar anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting IL-6/STAT3 pathway in the DSS-induced acute experimental colitis in rats.
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Pattern recognition receptors and cytokines in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection--the double-edged sword? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:179174. [PMID: 24350246 PMCID: PMC3844256 DOI: 10.1155/2013/179174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis, an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains a major cause of human death worldwide. Innate immunity provides host defense against Mtb. Phagocytosis, characterized by recognition of Mtb by macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), is the first step of the innate immune defense mechanism. The recognition of Mtb is mediated by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), expressed on innate immune cells, including toll-like receptors (TLRs), complement receptors, nucleotide oligomerization domain like receptors, dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN), mannose receptors, CD14 receptors, scavenger receptors, and FCγ receptors. Interaction of mycobacterial ligands with PRRs leads macrophages and DCs to secrete selected cytokines, which in turn induce interferon-γ- (IFNγ-) dominated immunity. IFNγ and other cytokines like tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) regulate mycobacterial growth, granuloma formation, and initiation of the adaptive immune response to Mtb and finally provide protection to the host. However, Mtb can evade destruction by antimicrobial defense mechanisms of the innate immune system as some components of the system may promote survival of the bacteria in these cells and facilitate pathogenesis. Thus, although innate immunity components generally play a protective role against Mtb, they may also facilitate Mtb survival. The involvement of selected PRRs and cytokines on these seemingly contradictory roles is discussed.
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