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Roser LA, Sakellariou C, Lindstedt M, Neuhaus V, Dehmel S, Sommer C, Raasch M, Flandre T, Roesener S, Hewitt P, Parnham MJ, Sewald K, Schiffmann S. IL-2-mediated hepatotoxicity: knowledge gap identification based on the irAOP concept. J Immunotoxicol 2024; 21:2332177. [PMID: 38578203 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2024.2332177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced hepatotoxicity constitutes a major reason for non-approval and post-marketing withdrawal of pharmaceuticals. In many cases, preclinical models lack predictive capacity for hepatic damage in humans. A vital concern is the integration of immune system effects in preclinical safety assessment. The immune-related Adverse Outcome Pathway (irAOP) approach, which is applied within the Immune Safety Avatar (imSAVAR) consortium, presents a novel method to understand and predict immune-mediated adverse events elicited by pharmaceuticals and thus targets this issue. It aims to dissect the molecular mechanisms involved and identify key players in drug-induced side effects. As irAOPs are still in their infancy, there is a need for a model irAOP to validate the suitability of this tool. For this purpose, we developed a hepatotoxicity-based model irAOP for recombinant human IL-2 (aldesleukin). Besides producing durable therapeutic responses against renal cell carcinoma and metastatic melanoma, the boosted immune activation upon IL-2 treatment elicits liver damage. The availability of extensive data regarding IL-2 allows both the generation of a comprehensive putative irAOP and to validate the predictability of the irAOP with clinical data. Moreover, IL-2, as one of the first cancer immunotherapeutics on the market, is a blueprint for various biological and novel treatment regimens that are under investigation today. This review provides a guideline for further irAOP-directed research in immune-mediated hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luise A Roser
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Malin Lindstedt
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Vanessa Neuhaus
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Preclinical Pharmacology and In-Vitro Toxicology, Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany
| | - Susann Dehmel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Preclinical Pharmacology and In-Vitro Toxicology, Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany
| | - Charline Sommer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Preclinical Pharmacology and In-Vitro Toxicology, Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Thierry Flandre
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes of Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sigrid Roesener
- Chemical and Preclinical Safety, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Philip Hewitt
- Chemical and Preclinical Safety, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michael J Parnham
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- EpiEndo Pharmaceuticals ehf, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Katherina Sewald
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Preclinical Pharmacology and In-Vitro Toxicology, Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany
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Roser LA, Luckhardt S, Ziegler N, Thomas D, Wagner PV, Damm G, Scheffschick A, Hewitt P, Parnham MJ, Schiffmann S. Immuno-inflammatory in vitro hepatotoxicity models to assess side effects of biologicals exemplified by aldesleukin. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1275368. [PMID: 38045689 PMCID: PMC10693457 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1275368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hepatotoxicity induced by immunotherapeutics is an appearing cause for immune-mediated drug-induced liver injury. Such immuno-toxic mechanisms are difficult to assess using current preclinical models and the incidence is too low to detect in clinical trials. As hepatotoxicity is a frequent reason for post-authorisation drug withdrawal, there is an urgent need for immuno-inflammatory in vitro models to assess the hepatotoxic potential of immuno-modulatory drug candidates. We developed several immuno-inflammatory hepatotoxicity test systems based on recombinant human interleukin-2 (aldesleukin). Methods Co-culture models of primary human CD8+ T cells or NK cells with the hepatocyte cell line HepaRG were established and validated with primary human hepatocytes (PHHs). Subsequently, the HepaRG model was refined by increasing complexity by inclusion of monocyte-derived macrophages (MdMs). The main readouts were cytotoxicity, inflammatory mediator release, surface marker expression and specific hepatocyte functions. Results We identified CD8+ T cells as possible mediators of aldesleukin-mediated hepatotoxicity, with MdMs being implicated in increased aldesleukin-induced inflammatory effects. In co-cultures of CD8+ T cells with MdMs and HepaRG cells, cytotoxicity was induced at intermediate/high aldesleukin concentrations and perforin was upregulated. A pro-inflammatory milieu was created measured by interleukin-6 (IL-6), c-reactive protein (CRP), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) increase. NK cells responded to aldesleukin, however, only minor aldesleukin-induced cytotoxic effects were measured in co-cultures. Results obtained with HepaRG cells and with PHHs were comparable, especially regarding cytotoxicity, but high inter-donor variations limited meaningfulness of the PHH model. Discussion The in vitro test systems developed contribute to the understanding of potential key mechanisms in aldesleukin-mediated hepatotoxicity. In addition, they may aid assessment of immune-mediated hepatotoxicity during the development of novel immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luise A. Roser
- Department of Preclinical Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sonja Luckhardt
- Department of Preclinical Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nicole Ziegler
- Department of Preclinical Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dominique Thomas
- Department of Preclinical Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Pia Viktoria Wagner
- Department of Preclinical Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrea Scheffschick
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Philip Hewitt
- Chemical and Preclinical Safety, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michael J. Parnham
- Department of Preclinical Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Susanne Schiffmann
- Department of Preclinical Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Tang Q, Leung J, Peng Y, Sanchez-Fueyo A, Lozano JJ, Lam A, Lee K, Greenland JR, Hellerstein M, Fitch M, Li KW, Esensten JH, Putnam AL, Lares A, Nguyen V, Liu W, Bridges ND, Odim J, Demetris AJ, Levitsky J, Taner T, Feng S. Selective decrease of donor-reactive T regs after liver transplantation limits T reg therapy for promoting allograft tolerance in humans. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabo2628. [PMID: 36322627 PMCID: PMC11016119 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abo2628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2024]
Abstract
Promoting immune tolerance to transplanted organs can minimize the amount of immunosuppressive drugs that patients need to take, reducing lifetime risks of mortality and morbidity. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential for immune tolerance, and preclinical studies have shown their therapeutic efficacy in inducing transplantation tolerance. Here, we report the results of a phase 1/2 trial (ARTEMIS, NCT02474199) of autologous donor alloantigen-reactive Treg (darTreg) therapy in individuals 2 to 6 years after receiving a living donor liver transplant. The primary efficacy endpoint was calcineurin inhibitor dose reduction by 75% with stable liver function tests for at least 12 weeks. Among 10 individuals who initiated immunosuppression withdrawal, 1 experienced rejection before planned darTreg infusion, 5 received darTregs, and 4 were not infused because of failure to manufacture the minimal infusible dose of 100 × 106 cells. darTreg infusion was not associated with adverse events. Two darTreg-infused participants reached the primary endpoint, but an insufficient number of recipients were treated for assessing the efficacy of darTregs. Mechanistic studies revealed generalized Treg activation, senescence, and selective reduction of donor reactivity after liver transplantation. Overall, the ARTEMIS trial features a design concept for evaluating the efficacy of Treg therapy in transplantation. The mechanistic insight gained from the study may help guide the design of future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhi Tang
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Joey Leung
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yani Peng
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Alberto Sanchez-Fueyo
- Institute of Liver Studies, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London University, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Juan-Jose Lozano
- Bioinformatic Platform, Biomedical Research Center in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alice Lam
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Karim Lee
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - John R. Greenland
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Medical Service, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Marc Hellerstein
- Nutrition Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Mark Fitch
- Nutrition Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kelvin W. Li
- Nutrition Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jonathan H. Esensten
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Lab Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Amy L. Putnam
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Angela Lares
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Vinh Nguyen
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Weihong Liu
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Nancy D. Bridges
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Jonah Odim
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Anthony J. Demetris
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Josh Levitsky
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Timucin Taner
- Departments of Surgery and Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Sandy Feng
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Pallett LJ, Maini MK. Liver-resident memory T cells: life in lockdown. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:813-825. [PMID: 35482059 PMCID: PMC9708784 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00932-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A subset of memory T cells has been identified in the liver with a tissue-resident profile and the capacity for long-term 'lockdown'. Here we review how they are retained in, and adapted to, the hepatic microenvironment, including its unique anatomical features and metabolic challenges. We describe potential interactions with other local cell types and the need for a better understanding of this complex bidirectional crosstalk. Pathogen or tumour antigen-specific tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) can provide rapid frontline immune surveillance; we review the evidence for this in hepatotropic infections of major worldwide importance like hepatitis B and malaria and in liver cancers like hepatocellular carcinoma. Conversely, TRM can be triggered by pro-inflammatory and metabolic signals to mediate bystander tissue damage, with an emerging role in a number of liver pathologies. We discuss the need for liver sampling to gain a window into these compartmentalised T cells, allowing more accurate disease monitoring and future locally targeted immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Pallett
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, Division of Infection & Immunity, UCL, Pears Building, Rowland Hill St, London, NW3 2PP, UK.
| | - Mala K Maini
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, Division of Infection & Immunity, UCL, Pears Building, Rowland Hill St, London, NW3 2PP, UK.
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Neshat SY, Quiroz VM, Wang Y, Tamayo S, Doloff JC. Liver Disease: Induction, Progression, Immunological Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Interventions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136777. [PMID: 34202537 PMCID: PMC8267746 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is an organ with impressive regenerative potential and has been shown to heal sizable portions after their removal. However, certain diseases can overstimulate its potential to self-heal and cause excessive cellular matrix and collagen buildup. Decompensation of liver fibrosis leads to cirrhosis, a buildup of fibrotic ECM that impedes the liver’s ability to efficiently exchange fluid. This review summarizes the complex immunological activities in different liver diseases, and how failure to maintain liver homeostasis leads to progressive fibrotic tissue development. We also discuss a variety of pathologies that lead to liver cirrhosis, such as alcoholic liver disease and chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV). Mesenchymal stem cells are widely studied for their potential in tissue replacement and engineering. Herein, we discuss the potential of MSCs to regulate immune response and alter the disease state. Substantial efforts have been performed in preclinical animal testing, showing promising results following inhibition of host immunity. Finally, we outline the current state of clinical trials with mesenchymal stem cells and other cellular and non-cellular therapies as they relate to the detection and treatment of liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Y. Neshat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (S.Y.N.); (V.M.Q.); (Y.W.); (S.T.)
| | - Victor M. Quiroz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (S.Y.N.); (V.M.Q.); (Y.W.); (S.T.)
| | - Yuanjia Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (S.Y.N.); (V.M.Q.); (Y.W.); (S.T.)
| | - Sebastian Tamayo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (S.Y.N.); (V.M.Q.); (Y.W.); (S.T.)
| | - Joshua C. Doloff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (S.Y.N.); (V.M.Q.); (Y.W.); (S.T.)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Oncology-Cancer Immunology Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Correspondence:
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Bongiovanni A, Spina M, Papale M, Brambilla I, Licari A, Parisi GF, Leonardi S. Hypertransaminasemia in children is not always as simple as it seems. Minerva Pediatr (Torino) 2021; 73:281-283. [PMID: 34047150 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5276.19.05514-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annarita Bongiovanni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Massimo Spina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Papale
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Amelia Licari
- Foundation IRCCS Polyclinic San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe F Parisi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy -
| | - Salvatore Leonardi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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A synergistic effect of Ambroxol and Beta-Glucosylceramide in alleviating immune-mediated hepatitis: A novel immunomodulatory non-immunosuppressive formulation for treatment of immune-mediated disorders. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 132:110890. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Zeng Z, Li L, Chen Y, Wei H, Sun R, Tian Z. Interferon-γ facilitates hepatic antiviral T cell retention for the maintenance of liver-induced systemic tolerance. J Exp Med 2016; 213:1079-93. [PMID: 27139489 PMCID: PMC4886358 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
IFN-γ mediates hepatic T cell retention and the maintenance of systemic tolerance during hepatitis B virus persistence in the liver. Persistent exposure to liver pathogens leads to systemic antigen-specific tolerance, a major cause of chronicity during hepatotropic infection. The mechanism regarding how this systemic tolerance is maintained remains poorly elucidated. In a well established mouse model of hepatitis B virus (HBV) persistence–induced systemic tolerance, we observed that interferon-γ (IFN-γ) deficiency led to complete loss of tolerance, resulting in robust anti-HBV responses upon peripheral vaccination. The recovery of vaccine-induced anti-HBV responses was mainly caused by the retained antigen-specific CD4+ T cells rather than decreased functional inhibitory cells in the periphery. Mechanistically, HBV persistence induced sustained hepatic CD4+ T cell–derived IFN-γ production. IFN-γ was found to promote CXCL9 secretion from liver-resident macrophages. This T cell chemokine facilitated the retention of antiviral CD4+ T cells in the liver in a CXCR3-dependent manner. Hepatic sequestrated antiviral CD4+ T cells subsequently underwent local apoptotic elimination partially via cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated protein 4 ligation. These findings reveal an unexpected tolerogenic role for IFN-γ during viral persistence in the liver, providing new mechanistic insights regarding the maintenance of systemic antigen-specific tolerance during HBV persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhutian Zeng
- Institute of Immunology and the Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Chinese Academy of Science, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Lu Li
- Institute of Immunology and the Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Chinese Academy of Science, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yongyan Chen
- Institute of Immunology and the Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Chinese Academy of Science, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Haiming Wei
- Institute of Immunology and the Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Chinese Academy of Science, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Institute of Immunology and the Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Chinese Academy of Science, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunology and the Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Chinese Academy of Science, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Hefei 230027, China Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
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Transient hypertransaminasemia related to cow's milk protein antigen induced proctocolitis in infants. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2016; 44:280-1. [PMID: 27087564 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Abstract
The consumption of alcohol is associated with many health issues including alcoholic liver disease (ALD). The natural history of ALD involves the development of steatosis, inflammation (steatohepatitis), fibrosis and cirrhosis. During the stage of steatohepatitis, the combination of inflammation and cellular damage can progress to a severe condition termed alcoholic hepatitis (AH). Unfortunately, the pathogenesis of AH remains uncharacterized. Some modulations have been identified in host defense and liver immunity mechanisms during AH that highlight the role of intrahepatic lymphocyte accumulation and associated inflammatory cytokine responses. Also, it is hypothesized that alcohol-induced injury to liver cells may significantly contribute to the aberrant lymphocytic distribution that is seen in AH. In particular, the regulation of lymphocytes by hepatocytes may be disrupted in the alcoholic liver resulting in altered immunologic homeostasis and perpetuation of disease. In recent studies, it was demonstrated that the direct killing of activated T lymphocytes by hepatocytes is facilitated by the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR). The ASGPR is a well-characterized glycoprotein receptor that is exclusively expressed by hepatocytes. This hepatic receptor is known for its role in the clearance of desialylated glycoproteins or cells, yet neither its physiological function nor its role in disease states has been determined. Interestingly, alcohol markedly impairs ASGPR function; however, the effect alcohol has on ASGPR-mediated cytotoxicity of lymphocytes remains to be elucidated. This review discusses the contribution of hepatocytes in immunological regulation and, importantly, how pathological effects of ethanol disrupt hepatocellular-mediated defense mechanisms.
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11
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McVicker BL, Thiele GM, Casey CA, Osna NA, Tuma DJ. Susceptibility to T cell-mediated liver injury is enhanced in asialoglycoprotein receptor-deficient mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 16:17-26. [PMID: 23538026 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
T cell activation and associated pro-inflammatory cytokine production is a pathological feature of inflammatory liver disease. It is also known that liver injury is associated with marked impairments in the function of many hepatic proteins including a hepatocyte-specific binding protein, the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR). Recently, it has been suggested that hepatic ASGPRs may play an important role in the physiological regulation of T lymphocytes, leading to our hypothesis that ASGPR defects correlate with inflammatory-mediated events in liver diseases. Therefore, in this study we investigated whether changes in hepatocellular ASGPR expression were related to the dysregulation of intrahepatic T lymphocytes and correlate with the development of T-cell mediated hepatitis. Mice lacking functional ASGPRs (receptor-deficient, RD), and wild-type (WT) controls were intravenously injected with T-cell mitogens, Concanavalin A (Con A) or anti-CD3 antibody. As a result of T cell mitogen treatment, RD mice lacking hepatic ASGPRs displayed enhancements in liver pathology, transaminase activities, proinflammatory cytokine expression, and caspase activation compared to that observed in normal WT mice. Furthermore, FACS analysis demonstrated that T-cell mitogen administration resulted in a significant rise in the percentage of CD8+ lymphocytes present in the livers of RD animals versus WT mice. Since these two mouse strains differ only in whether they express the hepatic ASGPR, it can be concluded that proper ASGPR function exerts a protective effect against T cell mediated hepatitis and that impairments to this hepatic receptor could be related to the accumulation of cytotoxic T cells that are observed in inflammatory liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benita L McVicker
- Research Service (151), VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, United States.
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Wang Y, Hu Y, Chao C, Yuksel M, Colle I, Flavell RA, Ma Y, Yan H, Wen L. Role of IRAK-M in alcohol induced liver injury. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57085. [PMID: 23437317 PMCID: PMC3578822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that innate immunity plays an important role in alcohol-induced liver injury and most studies have focused on positive regulation of innate immunity. The main objective of this study was to investigate the negative regulator of innate immunity, IL-1/Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways and interleukin receptor-associated kinase-M (IRAK-M) in alcoholic liver injury. We established an alcohol-induced liver injury model using wild type and IRAK-M deficient B6 mice and investigated the possible mechanisms. We found that in the absence of IRAK-M, liver damage by alcohol was worse with higher alanine transaminase (ALT), more immune cell infiltration and increased numbers of IFNγ producing cells. We also found enhanced phagocytic activity in CD68+ cells. Moreover, our results revealed altered gut bacteria after alcohol consumption and this was more striking in the absence of IRAK-M. Our study provides evidence that IRAK-M plays an important role in alcohol-induced liver injury and IRAK-M negatively regulates the innate and possibly the adaptive immune response in the liver reacting to acute insult by alcohol. In the absence of IRAK-M, the hosts developed worse liver injury, enhanced gut permeability and altered gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Wang
- The Sections of Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Balam S, Romero JF, Bongfen SE, Guillaume P, Corradin G. CSP--a model for in vivo presentation of Plasmodium berghei sporozoite antigens by hepatocytes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51875. [PMID: 23272182 PMCID: PMC3525584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One target of protective immunity against the Plasmodium liver stage in BALB/c mice is represented by the circumsporozoite protein (CSP), and mainly involves its recognition by IFN-γ producing specific CD8+T-cells. In a previous in vitro study we showed that primary hepatocytes from BALB/c mice process Plasmodium berghei (Pb) CSP (PbCSP) and present CSP-derived peptides to specific H-2kd restricted CD8+T-cells with subsequent killing of the presenting cells. We now extend these observations to an in vivo infection model in which infected hepatocytes and antigen specific T-cell clones are transferred into recipient mice inducing protection from sporozoite (SPZ) challenge. In addition, using a similar protocol, we suggest the capacity of hepatocytes in priming of naïve T-cells to provide protection, as further confirmed by induction of protection after depletion of cross-presenting dendritic cells (DCs) by cytochrome c (cyt c) treatment or using traversal deficient parasites. Our results clearly show that hepatocytes present Plasmodium CSP to specific-primed CD8+T-cells, and could also prime naïve T-cells, leading to protection from infection. These results could contribute to a better understanding of liver stage immune response and design of malaria vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saidou Balam
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | - Silayuv E. Bongfen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Guillaume
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Giampietro Corradin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Piché C, Béland K, Lapierre P, Massie B, Alvarez F. Different sites of xenoantigen delivery lead to a virally induced late-onset hepatitis in mice through molecular mimicry. Liver Int 2011; 31:1306-14. [PMID: 22093453 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2011.02600.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological and laboratory evidences led to the hypothesis that molecular mimicry between viruses and self-proteins could be linked to the onset of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). Hepatotropic viruses could be good candidates, as a pro-inflammatory environment may facilitate the development of AIH. AIMS The aims of this study were to test a virus ability to induce an AIH through molecular mimicry and the influence of hepatic inflammation in this process. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were injected i.v. or i.m. with recombinant adenoviral vectors (RecAdV) encoding for human type 2 AIH antigens to target xenoantigens expression in the liver and to create a transient hepatitis (i.v.) or for 'peripheral' xenoantigens expression (i.m.). Liver injury and B-cell response were evaluated. RESULTS Late-onset hepatitis was observed 8 months after i.v. or i.m. RecAdV injections, despite presence or absence of an initial transient hepatitis. Intensity of B-cell response was similar for both type of injections, but the Ig isotypes produced were different. B-cell autoimmune response spread to several liver proteins. CONCLUSIONS Liver autoimmune response can be initiated using molecular mimicry over a long period of time, validating the hit-and-run hypothesis. Initial liver inflammatory injury is neither necessary, nor detrimental to the development of AIH. These results highlight the significance of initial events on the pathogenesis of autoimmune liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Piché
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Nutrition, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Spahn J, Pierce RH, Crispe IN. Ineffective CD8(+) T-cell immunity to adeno-associated virus can result in prolonged liver injury and fibrogenesis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:2370-81. [PMID: 21925469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chronic viral hepatitis depends on the inability of the T-cell immune response to eradicate antigen. This results in a sustained immune response accompanied by tissue injury and fibrogenesis. We have created a mouse model that reproduces these effects, based on the response of CD8(+) T cells to hepatocellular antigen delivered by an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector. Ten thousand antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells undergo slow expansion in the liver and can precipitate a subacute inflammatory hepatitis with stellate cell activation and fibrosis. Over time, antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells show signs of exhaustion, including high expression of PD-1, and eventually both inflammation and fibrosis resolve. This model allows the investigation of both chronic liver immunopathology and its resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Spahn
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA.
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16
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Cross-presentation by dendritic cells from live cells induces protective immune responses in vivo. Blood 2010; 115:4412-20. [PMID: 20308597 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-11-255935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-presentation is an essential mechanism that allows dendritic cells (DCs) to efficiently present exogenous antigens to CD8(+) T cells. Among cellular antigen sources, apoptotic cells are commonly considered as the best for cross-presentation by DCs. However, the potential of live cells as a source of antigen has been overlooked. Here we explored whether DCs were able to capture and cross-present antigens from live cells. DCs internalized cytosolic and membrane material into vesicles from metabolically labeled live cells. Using time-lapse confocal microscopy in whole spleens, we showed that DCs internalized material from live cells in vivo. After ovalbumin uptake from live cells, DCs cross-primed ovalbumin-specific naive OT-I CD8(+) T cells in vitro. Injected into mice previously transferred with naive OT-I T cells, they also cross-primed in vivo, even in the absence of endogenous DCs able to present the epitope in the recipient mice. Interestingly, DCs induced stronger natural CD8(+) T-cell responses and protection against a lethal tumor challenge after capture of antigens from live melanoma cells than from apoptotic melanoma cells. The potential for cross-presentation from live cells uncovers a new type of cellular intercommunication and must be taken into account for induction of tolerance or immunity against self, tumors, grafts, or pathogens.
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Guy CS, Wang J, Michalak TI. Hepadnaviral infection augments hepatocyte cytotoxicity mediated by both CD95 ligand and perforin pathways. Liver Int 2010; 30:396-405. [PMID: 19912529 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2009.02168.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Recently, we documented that hepatocytes can eliminate contacted cells via the CD95 ligand (CD95L)-CD95 pathway and that they are also equipped in perforin and granzyme B and can eradicate other cells via the granule exocytosis mechanism. The aim of this study was to assess whether hepadnaviral infection modifies hepatocyte-mediated cell killing. METHODS Primary hepatocytes from woodchucks with progressing or resolved hepadnaviral hepatitis and hepatocyte lines transfected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) genes were examined for cytotoxic effector activity against cell targets susceptible to CD95L and/or perforin-dependent killing. Hepatocytes from healthy animals served as controls. RESULTS Actively progressing and resolved hepadnaviral hepatitis is associated with a significantly greater capacity of hepatocytes to kill contacted cells. Both hepatocyte CD95L- and perforin-dependent cytotoxicity were augmented. Hepatocytes transfected with WHV X gene, but not those with complete WHV genome or virus envelope or core gene, transcribed significantly more CD95L and perforin and killed cell targets more efficiently. Exposure to interferon-gamma profoundly enhanced hepatocyte cell killing. CONCLUSIONS Hepatocyte cytotoxic potential is significantly augmented during and following resolution of active hepadnaviral hepatitis. Hepatocyte cytotoxic activity may contribute to both liver physiological functions and the pathogenesis and progression of liver disease, including viral hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford S Guy
- Molecular Virology and Hepatology Research Group, Health Sciences Centre, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St John's, NF, Canada
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Reynoso ED, Turley SJ. Unconventional antigen-presenting cells in the induction of peripheral CD8(+) T cell tolerance. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 86:795-801. [PMID: 19652027 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0509362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived APCs are considered the predominant cell type involved in the induction and maintenance of T cell tolerance in vivo. In the periphery, cross-presentation of self-antigens by DCs, in particular, CD8alpha(+) DCs, has been the most discussed mechanism underlying the induction of CD8(+) T cell tolerance against self. However, nonhematopoietic APCs in the liver, skin, parenchymal tissues, and lymph nodes can also present self- and exogenous antigens to CD8(+) T cells under steady-state conditions. Although far surpassed by their DC counterparts in their ability to stimulate T cell responses, these unconventional APCs have been shown to play a role in the induction, maintenance, and regulation of peripheral CD8(+) T cell tolerance by a multitude of mechanisms. In this review, we will discuss the different nonhematopoietic cells that have been shown to present tissue-specific or exogenous antigens to naïve CD8(+) T cells, thereby contributing to the regulation of T cell responses in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika D Reynoso
- Division of Medical Sciences and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Giannandrea M, Pierce RH, Crispe IN. Indirect action of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in liver injury during the CD8+ T cell response to an adeno-associated virus vector in mice. Hepatology 2009; 49:2010-20. [PMID: 19291774 PMCID: PMC2871665 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED CD8+ T cells can cause hepatocellular injury by two distinct mechanisms. In addition to their direct cytotoxic effect, there is also collateral liver injury, which occurs when cells are killed in an antigen-independent manner. Whereas immune effector cytokines interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) have both been implicated in various forms of hepatitis, their respective roles in direct and/or collateral liver damage remains unclear. In order to investigate these elements of liver injury, we developed a new experimental model of CD8+ T-cell-mediated hepatitis based on an adeno-associated virus-based gene therapy vector. This vector is used to deliver antigen to hepatocytes, and CD8+ T cells specific for the vector-encoded transgene are adoptively transferred to produce liver immunopathology. In this experimental model, CD8+ T-cell IFNgamma acts on Kupffer cells, inducing TNFalpha secretion and liver injury. Both IFNgamma and TNFalpha are important in this injury process, but TNFalpha acts as an autocrine amplifier of Kupffer cell function, rather than as a direct effector of hepatocellular damage. CONCLUSIONS TNFalpha indirectly promotes liver damage and is not a direct hepatotoxic agent. IFNgamma also indirectly contributes to liver injury through Kupffer cell activation while, in parallel, directly promoting hepatitis through induction of hepatocyte major histocompatability complex class I. In principle, it may be possible to ameliorate this immunopathologic indirect mechanism by developing therapies that target Kupffer cells, without impairing CD8+ T-cell-mediated antiviral immunity. This would have great therapeutic potential in chronic viral hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Giannandrea
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester NY 14642-8609, USA.
| | - Robert H. Pierce
- Schering-Plough Biopharma, 901 California Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | - Ian Nicholas Crispe
- The Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 North Westlake Avenue, Seattle, WA 98019
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von Oppen N, Schurich A, Hegenbarth S, Stabenow D, Tolba R, Weiskirchen R, Geerts A, Kolanus W, Knolle P, Diehl L. Systemic antigen cross-presented by liver sinusoidal endothelial cells induces liver-specific CD8 T-cell retention and tolerization. Hepatology 2009; 49:1664-72. [PMID: 19205034 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Peripheral CD8 T-cell tolerance can be generated outside lymphatic tissue in the liver, but the course of events leading to tolerogenic interaction of hepatic cell populations with circulating T-cells remain largely undefined. Here we demonstrate that preferential uptake of systemically circulating antigen by murine liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), and not by other antigen-presenting cells in the liver or spleen, leads to cross-presentation on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I molecules, which causes rapid antigen-specific naïve CD8 T-cell retention in the liver but not in other organs. Using bone-marrow chimeras and a novel transgenic mouse model (Tie2-H-2K(b) mice) with endothelial cell-specific MHC I expression, we provide evidence that cross-presentation by organ-resident and radiation-resistant LSECs in vivo was both essential and sufficient to cause antigen-specific retention of naïve CD8 T-cells under noninflammatory conditions. This was followed by sustained CD8 T-cell proliferation and expansion in vivo, but ultimately led to the development of T-cell tolerance. CONCLUSION Our results show that cross-presentation of circulating antigens by LSECs caused antigen-specific retention of naïve CD8 T-cells and identify antigen-specific T-cell adhesion as the first step in the induction of T-cell tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanette von Oppen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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21
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Guy CS, Mulrooney-Cousins PM, Churchill ND, Michalak TI. Intrahepatic expression of genes affiliated with innate and adaptive immune responses immediately after invasion and during acute infection with woodchuck hepadnavirus. J Virol 2008; 82:8579-91. [PMID: 18596101 PMCID: PMC2519695 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01022-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of effective immune responses in recovery from acute hepadnaviral hepatitis has been demonstrated. However, there is no conclusive delineation of virological and immunological events occurring in the liver immediately after hepadnavirus invasion and during the preacute phase of infection. These very early events might be of primary importance in determining the recovery or progression to chronic hepatitis and the intrinsic hepadnaviral propensity to persist. In this study, applying the woodchuck model of acute hepatitis B, the hepatic kinetics of hepadnavirus replication and activation of genes encoding cytokines, cytotoxicity effectors, and immune cell markers were quantified in sequential liver biopsies collected from 1 h postinoculation onward by sensitive real-time cDNA amplification assays. The results revealed that hepadnavirus replication is established in the liver as early as 1 hour after infection. In 3 to 6 h, significantly augmented intrahepatic transcription of gamma interferon and interleukin-12 were evident, suggesting activation of antigen-presenting cells. In 48 to 72 h, NK and NKT cells were activated and virus replication was transiently but significantly reduced, implying that this early innate response is at least partially successful in limiting virus propagation. Nonetheless, T cells were activated 4 to 5 weeks later when hepatitis became histologically evident. Collectively, our data demonstrate that virus replication is initiated and the innate response activated in the liver soon after exposure to a liver-pathogenic dose of hepadnavirus. Nevertheless, this response is unable to prompt a timely adaptive T-cell response, in contrast to infections caused by other viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford S Guy
- Division of BioMedical Science, Molecular Virology and Hepatology Research Group, Discipline of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health Science Centre, Memorial University, St John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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You Q, Cheng L, Kedl RM, Ju C. Mechanism of T cell tolerance induction by murine hepatic Kupffer cells. Hepatology 2008; 48:978-90. [PMID: 18712788 PMCID: PMC2600585 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The liver is known to favor the induction of immunological tolerance rather than immunity. Although Kupffer cells (KC) have been indicated to play a role in liver tolerance to allografts and soluble antigens, the mechanisms involved remain unclear. We hypothesized that KCs could promote immune tolerance by acting as incompetent antigen-presenting cells (APC), as well as actively suppressing T cell activation induced by other potent APCs. The expression of antigen presentation-related molecules by KCs was phenotyped by flow cytometry. The abilities of KCs to act as APCs and to suppress T cell activation induced by splenic dendritic cells (DC) were examined by in vitro proliferation assays using CD4(+) OVA-TCR (ovalbumin T cell receptor) transgenic T cells. We found that, compared with DCs, KCs expressed significantly lower levels of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II, B7-1, B7-2, and CD40. This result is consistent with our observation that KCs were not as potent as DCs in eliciting OVA-specific T cell proliferation. However, KCs isolated from polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid-treated mice expressed significantly higher levels of MHC II and costimulatory molecules than did naïve KCs and could stimulate stronger T cell responses. More importantly, we found that KCs could inhibit DC-induced OVA-specific T cell activation. Further investigation of the underlying mechanism revealed that prostaglandins produced by KCs played an important role. The results ruled out the possible involvement of interleukin-10, nitric oxide, 2,3-dioxygenase, and transforming growth factor beta in KC-mediated T cell suppression. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that KCs are a tolerogenic APC population within the liver. These findings suggest that KCs may play a critical role in regulating immune reactions within the liver and contributing to liver-mediated systemic immune tolerance. (HEPATOLOGY 2008.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang You
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO
| | - Linling Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO
| | - Ross M. Kedl
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO
| | - Cynthia Ju
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO
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Hepatitis C virus-specific T-cell gamma interferon and proliferative responses are more common in perihepatic lymph nodes than in peripheral blood or liver. J Virol 2008; 82:11742-8. [PMID: 18715927 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01130-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation state, differentiation state, and functions of liver lymphocytes and perihepatic lymph nodes during chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are not well understood. Here, we performed phenotypic and functional analyses of freshly prepared lymphocytes isolated from the livers, perihepatic lymph nodes, and peripheral blood compartments of chronic HCV-infected and disease control subjects with end-stage liver disease undergoing liver transplantation. We measured lymphocyte subset frequency and memory T-cell gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and proliferative responses to HCV peptide and control viral antigens in direct ex vivo assays. We found higher frequencies of CD4 cells in the lymph node compartment than in the other compartments for both HCV-infected and disease control subjects. Lymph node CD4 and CD8 cells less commonly expressed the terminal differentiation marker CD57, a finding consistent with an earlier differentiation state. In HCV-infected subjects, HCV-specific IFN-gamma-producing and proliferative responses were commonly observed in the lymph node fraction, while they were uncommonly observed in the peripheral blood or liver fractions. In contrast, control viral CD4 protein antigen and CD8 peptide antigen-specific IFN-gamma responses were commonly observed in the periphery and uncommonly observed in the lymph nodes of these same subjects. These findings are consistent with a selective defect in HCV-specific T-cell effector function or distribution in patients with advanced chronic HCV infection. The high frequency of HCV-reactive T cells in perihepatic lymph nodes indicates that a failure to generate or sustain T-lymphocyte HCV reactivity is not responsible for the paucity of functional cells even in end-stage liver disease.
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Hepatitis C virus core protein impairs in vitro priming of specific T cell responses by dendritic cells and hepatocytes. J Hepatol 2008; 48:51-60. [PMID: 17998148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2007.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Revised: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 08/28/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Hepatitis C virus leads to chronic hepatitis in the majority of infected individuals. The mechanism of viral persistence is not completely understood. Hepatitis C virus core protein is produced within hepatocytes and is secreted during HCV infection. Our study characterizes the effects of core protein on T cell priming in mice. METHODS We used a system of antigen-specific in vitro priming of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells by myeloid dendritic cells, hepatoma cells or primary hepatocytes. Core protein was either added to the cultures or expressed by antigen-presenting cells. RESULTS Antigen-presenting cells treated with core protein showed reduced surface expression of major histocompatibility molecules. Myeloid dendritic cells showed also reduced expression of costimulatory molecules. CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells primed by these cells showed defects in activation, proliferation, and cytokine production. Importantly, CD4(+) and also CD8(+) T cells primed in the presence of core protein showed an increase in interleukin-10 production resembling the phenotype of regulatory T cells. CONCLUSIONS Hepatitis C virus core protein inhibits priming of antigen-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses by downregulation of major histocompatibility molecules and costimulatory molecules on antigen-presenting cells and induces development of IL-10-producing T cells.
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25
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Derkow K, Loddenkemper C, Mintern J, Kruse N, Klugewitz K, Berg T, Wiedenmann B, Ploegh HL, Schott E. Differential priming of CD8 and CD4 T-cells in animal models of autoimmune hepatitis and cholangitis. Hepatology 2007; 46:1155-65. [PMID: 17657820 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The pathogenesis of autoimmune liver diseases is poorly understood. Animal models are necessary to investigate antigen presentation and priming of T-cells in the context of autoimmunity in the liver. Transgenic mouse models were generated in which the model antigen ovalbumin is expressed in hepatocytes (TF-OVA) or cholangiocytes (ASBT-OVA). Transgenic OT-I (CD8) or OT-II (CD4) T-cells specific for ovalbumin were adoptively transferred into TF-OVA and ASBT-OVA mice to induce in vivo priming of antigen-specific T-cells. T-cell migration and activation, as well as induction of liver inflammation, were studied. OT-I T-cells preferentially located to the liver of both mouse strains whereas no migration of OT-II T-cells to the liver was observed. OT-I T-cells proliferated in the liver of TF-OVA mice and the liver and liver draining lymph nodes of ASBT-OVA mice. OT-II CD4 T-cells were activated in spleen and liver draining lymph node of TF-OVA mice but not in ASBT-OVA mice. Transfer of OT-I T-cells led to histologically distinct inflammatory conditions in the liver of ASBT-OVA and TF-OVA mice and caused liver injury as determined by the elevation of serum alanine aminotransferase. CONCLUSION An antigen expressed in hepatocytes is presented to CD8 and CD4 T-cells, whereas the same antigen expressed in cholangiocytes is presented to CD8 but not CD4 T-cells. In both models, activation of CD8 T-cells occurs within the liver and causes liver inflammation. The models presented here are valuable to investigate the priming of T-cells in the liver and their role in the development of autoimmune disease of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Derkow
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CVK, Berlin, Germany
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Chakravarty S, Cockburn IA, Kuk S, Overstreet MG, Sacci JB, Zavala F. CD8+ T lymphocytes protective against malaria liver stages are primed in skin-draining lymph nodes. Nat Med 2007; 13:1035-41. [PMID: 17704784 DOI: 10.1038/nm1628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The success of immunization with irradiated sporozoites is unparalleled among the current vaccination approaches against malaria, but its mechanistic underpinnings have yet to be fully elucidated. Using a model mimicking natural infection by Plasmodium yoelii, we delineated early events governing the development of protective CD8(+) T-cell responses to the circumsporozoite protein. We demonstrate that dendritic cells in cutaneous lymph nodes prime the first cohort of CD8(+) T cells after an infectious mosquito bite. Ablation of these lymphoid sites greatly impairs subsequent development of protective immunity. Activated CD8(+) T cells then travel to systemic sites, including the liver, in a sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)-dependent fashion. These effector cells, however, no longer require bone marrow-derived antigen-presenting cells for protection; instead, they recognize antigen on parenchymal cells-presumably parasitized hepatocytes. Therefore, we report an unexpected dichotomy in the tissue restriction of host responses during the development and execution of protective immunity to Plasmodium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumana Chakravarty
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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27
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Safadi R, Zigmond E, Pappo O, Shalev Z, Ilan Y. Amelioration of hepatic fibrosis via beta-glucosylceramide-mediated immune modulation is associated with altered CD8 and NKT lymphocyte distribution. Int Immunol 2007; 19:1021-9. [PMID: 17698563 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxm069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While CD8 lymphocytes possess pro-fibrogenic properties and NK (non-T) cells are anti-fibrogenic, the role of NKT lymphocytes in liver fibrosis is still unclear. Beta-glucosylceramide (GC), a naturally occurring glycolipid, exerts modulatory effects on these cells. AIM To explore the role of NKT cells in hepatic fibrosis via GC. METHODS Hepatic fibrosis was induced by biweekly intra-peritoneal (IP) carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) administrations for 7 weeks in 5 groups (A-E) of male C57Bl/6 mice. Mice were treated with daily IP GC injections in groups A and C, or daily oral doses in groups B and D. GC was administered either for the duration of the study period (in groups A and B), or for the last 3 weeks of CCl(4) induction (groups C and D). GC-treated mice were compared with non-treated fibrotic controls (group E) and naive rodents (group F). Liver fibrosis, injury parameters and FACS analysis of lymphocytes were assessed. RESULTS Marked amelioration (P < 0.0001) of hepatic fibrosis observed in all GC-treated mice without altering reactive oxygen species production. As determined by Sirius red-stained liver tissue sections and measured by Bioquant morphometry; all CCl(4)-administered groups significantly (P < 0.0001) increased the relative fibrosis area compared with naive animals. The increases were 14.4 +/- 1.03-fold in group A, 7.9 +/- 0.37-fold in group B, 5.2 +/- 0.2-fold in group C, 10.3 +/- 0.4-fold in group D and 23.8 +/- 1.9-fold in group E. Western blot analysis for alpha smooth muscle actin from liver extracts followed a similar pattern, increasing in groups A-E. A significant decrease in liver damage was observed in all GC-treated groups, as noted by a decrease in transaminase serum levels (P < 0.005). The beneficial effect of GC was associated with a significant decrease in the intra-hepatic NKT and CD8 lymphocytes as well as their attenuation of both T(h)1 and T(h)2 cytokines. CONCLUSIONS Administration of GC had a significant anti-fibrotic effect following CCl(4) administration. This effect was associated with an altered NKT and CD8 lymphocyte distribution and a cytokine shift. Immune modulation using GC may have a role in the treatment of fibrosis and other immune-mediated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rifaat Safadi
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, Haassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Klein I, Cornejo JC, Polakos NK, John B, Wuensch SA, Topham DJ, Pierce RH, Crispe IN. Kupffer cell heterogeneity: functional properties of bone marrow derived and sessile hepatic macrophages. Blood 2007; 110:4077-85. [PMID: 17690256 PMCID: PMC2190614 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-02-073841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Kupffer cells form a large intravascular macrophage bed in the liver sinusoids. The differentiation history and diversity of Kupffer cells is disputed; some studies argue that they are derived from blood monocytes, whereas others support a local origin from intrahepatic precursor cells. In the present study, we used both flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry to distinguish 2 subsets of Kupffer cells that were revealed in the context both of bone marrow transplantation and of orthotopic liver transplantation. One subset was radiosensitive and rapidly replaced from hematogenous precursors, whereas the other was relatively radioresistant and long-lived. Both were phagocytic but only the former population was recruited into inflammatory foci in response to CD8(+) T-cell activation. We propose the name "sessile" for the radioresistant Kupffer cells that do not participate in immunoinflammatory reactions. However, we found no evidence that these sessile Kupffer cells arise from immature intrahepatic precursors. Our conclusions resolve a long-standing controversy and explain how different experimental approaches may reveal one or both of these subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Klein
- David H Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY, USA.
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29
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Robinson RT, Gorham JD. TGF-beta 1 regulates antigen-specific CD4+ T cell responses in the periphery. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:71-9. [PMID: 17579023 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.1.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
T cell expansion typically is due to cognate interactions with specific Ag, although T cells can be experimentally activated through bystander mechanisms not involving specific Ag. TGF-beta1 knockout mice exhibit a striking expansion of CD4+ T cells in the liver by 11 days of age, accompanied by CD4+T cell-dependent necroinflammatory liver disease. To examine whether hepatic CD4+T cell expansion in TGF-beta1(-/-) mice is due to cognate TCR-peptide interactions, we used spectratype analysis to examine the diversity in TCR Vbeta repertoires in peripheral CD4+T cells. We reasoned that Ag-nonspecific T cell responses would yield spectratype profiles similar to those derived from control polyclonal T cell populations, whereas Ag-specific T cell responses would yield perturbed spectratype profiles. Spleen and liver CD4+T cells from 11-day-old TGF-beta1(-/-) mice characteristically exhibited highly perturbed nonpolyclonal distributions of TCR Vbeta CDR3 lengths, indicative of Ag-driven T cell responses. We quantitatively assessed spectratype perturbation to derive a spectratype complexity score. Spectratype complexity scores were considerably higher for TGF-beta1(-/-) CD4+ T cells than for TGF-beta1(+/-) CD4+T cells. TCR repertoire perturbations were apparent as early as postnatal day 3 and preceded both hepatic T cell expansion and liver damage. By contrast, TGF-beta1(-/-) CD4+ single-positive thymocytes from 11-day-old mice exhibited normal unbiased spectratype profiles. These results indicate that CD4+ T cells in TGF-beta1(-/-) mice are activated by and respond to self-Ags present in the periphery, and define a key role for TGF-beta1 in the peripheral regulation of Ag-specific CD4+ T cell responses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/metabolism
- Autoimmune Diseases/prevention & control
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Homeostasis/genetics
- Homeostasis/immunology
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Liver Diseases/genetics
- Liver Diseases/immunology
- Liver Diseases/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/immunology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Robinson
- Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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30
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Polakos NK, Klein I, Richter MV, Zaiss DM, Giannandrea M, Crispe IN, Topham DJ. Early intrahepatic accumulation of CD8+ T cells provides a source of effectors for nonhepatic immune responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:201-10. [PMID: 17579039 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.1.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between the liver and CD8+ T cells can lead to tolerance, due in part to CD8+ T cell death. To test whether this was the case in an extrahepatic infection, we investigated the fate and effector capacity of intrahepatic CD8+ T cells during lung-restricted influenza infection in mice. Virus-specific T cells accumulated in livers without detectable intrahepatic presentation of viral Ags, and this accumulation was not restricted to the contraction phase, but was apparent as early as day 5. Intrahepatic influenza-specific cells were functionally similar to those recovered from the bronchioalveolar lavage, based on ex vivo cytokine production and specific target lysis. Both adoptive transfer of liver lymphocytes and orthotopic liver transplant of organs containing accumulated effector T cells revealed that activated CD8s from the liver were viable, expanded during reinfection, and generated a memory population that trafficked to lymphoid organs. Thus, intrahepatic CD8+ T cells re-enter circulation and generate functional memory, indicating that the liver does not uniformly incapacitate activated CD8+ T cells. Instead, it constitutes a substantial reservoir of usable Ag-specific effector CD8+ T cells involved in both acute and recall immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle K Polakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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31
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Nakanishi J, Wada Y, Matsumoto K, Azuma M, Kikuchi K, Ueda S. Overexpression of B7-H1 (PD-L1) significantly associates with tumor grade and postoperative prognosis in human urothelial cancers. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:1173-82. [PMID: 17186290 PMCID: PMC11029839 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0266-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Accepted: 11/16/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The programmed death-1 (PD-1)/B7-H1 (also called PD-L1) pathway negatively regulates T cell activation and has been suggested to play an important role in regulating antitumor host immunity. To investigate the clinical significance of B7-H1 expression to the tumor grade and postoperative prognosis of patients with urothelial cancer, we analyzed the relationship between B7-H1 expression and various clinicopathological features and postoperative prognosis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Sixty-five urothelial cancer cases were examined. B7-H1 expression in tumors and the numbers and phenotypes of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. RESULTS A substantial expression of B7-H1 was observed in all urothelial cancers investigated. Tumor specimens from patients with higher WHO grade or primary tumor classifications showed significantly higher percentages of tumor-associated B7-H1. Tumor-associated B7-H1 expression was significantly associated with a high frequency of postoperative recurrence and poor survival rate. Furthermore, multivariate analysis indicated that tumor-associated B7-H1 was more significant prognostic factor than WHO grade. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that the aberrant expression of B7-H1 in urothelial cancer is associated with aggressive tumors, suggesting a regulatory role of tumor-associated B7-H1 in antitumor immunity. Therefore, the manipulation of tumor-associated B7-H1 may become a beneficial target for immunotherapy in human urothelial cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- B7-H1 Antigen
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/mortality
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/surgery
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Kidney Neoplasms/chemistry
- Kidney Neoplasms/mortality
- Kidney Neoplasms/pathology
- Kidney Neoplasms/surgery
- Kidney Pelvis/chemistry
- Kidney Pelvis/pathology
- Kidney Pelvis/surgery
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology
- Male
- Neoplasm Proteins/analysis
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local
- Prognosis
- Proportional Hazards Models
- Survival Analysis
- Ureteral Neoplasms/chemistry
- Ureteral Neoplasms/mortality
- Ureteral Neoplasms/pathology
- Ureteral Neoplasms/surgery
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/chemistry
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/mortality
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/surgery
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Affiliation(s)
- Juro Nakanishi
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1, Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-8556 Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Wada
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1, Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-8556 Japan
| | - Koichiro Matsumoto
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Miyuki Azuma
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Kikuchi
- Medical Information Technology and Administration Planning, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shoichi Ueda
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1, Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-8556 Japan
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32
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Morimoto J, Tan X, Teague RM, Ohlén C, Greenberg PD. Induction of tolerance in CD8+ T cells to a transgenic autoantigen expressed in the liver does not require cross-presentation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:6849-60. [PMID: 17513733 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.11.6849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cross-presentation of normal self and candidate tumor Ags by bone marrow (BM)-derived APCs that have not been activated has been demonstrated as a major mechanism contributing to acquisition of tolerance by mature T cells that first encounter an Ag in the periphery (cross-tolerance). Following adoptive transfer of naive TCR-transgenic CD8(+) T cells into a host expressing a transgenic Ag that is a potentially targetable tumor Ag in normal hepatocytes as a self-Ag, we found that the majority of Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells were deleted, with the remaining cells rendered anergic. Studies in BM chimeric mice and with purified cell populations demonstrated that these events were not dependent on cross-presentation by BM-derived APCs including Kupffer cells or liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, and apparently can occur entirely as a consequence of direct recognition of Ag endogenously processed and presented by hepatocytes. Direct recognition of Ag-expressing hepatocytes in vivo induced a proliferative response and up-regulation of activation markers in responding CD8(+) T cells, but proliferating cells did not accumulate, with most cells rapidly eliminated, and the persisting T cells lost the capacity to proliferate in response to repeated Ag stimulation. The results suggest that parenchymal tissues may retain the capacity to directly regulate in vivo responses to self-Ags processed and presented in the context of class I MHC molecules.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoantigens/biosynthesis
- Autoantigens/genetics
- Autoantigens/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cells, Cultured
- Cross-Priming/genetics
- Cross-Priming/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Friend murine leukemia virus/immunology
- Gene Products, gag/biosynthesis
- Gene Products, gag/genetics
- Gene Products, gag/immunology
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Resting Phase, Cell Cycle/genetics
- Resting Phase, Cell Cycle/immunology
- Self Tolerance/genetics
- Self Tolerance/immunology
- Serum Albumin/genetics
- Serum Albumin/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Morimoto
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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33
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Totsugawa T, Yong C, Rivas-Carrillo JD, Soto-Gutierrez A, Navarro-Alvarez N, Noguchi H, Okitsu T, Westerman KA, Kohara M, Reth M, Tanaka N, Leboulch P, Kobayashi N. Survival of liver failure pigs by transplantation of reversibly immortalized human hepatocytes with Tamoxifen-mediated self-recombination. J Hepatol 2007; 47:74-82. [PMID: 17434229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2007.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Revised: 02/11/2007] [Accepted: 02/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Hepatocyte transplantation and bioartificial liver treatment are attractive alternatives to liver transplantation. The availability of well-characterized human hepatocyte lines facilitates such cell therapies. METHODS Human hepatocytes were immortalized with a retroviral vector SSR#197 expressing catalytic subunit of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) cDNAs flanked by a pair of loxP recombination targets. Then, Tamoxifen-dependent Cre recombinase was expressed in SSR#197-immortalized hepatocytes. Cre/LoxP recombination was performed in the established cells by simple exposure to 500 nM Tamoxifen for a week. Then, the reverted population of the cells was recovered by EGFP-negative cell sorting and characterized in vitro and in vivo using a pig model of acute liver failure (ALF) induced by d-galactosamine (0.5 g/kg) injection. RESULTS A human hepatocyte cell line 16T-3 was established. Reverted 16-T3 cells showed the increased expression of hepatic markers in association with enhanced levels of transcriptional factors. Compared to normal human hepatocytes, albumin production and lidocaine-metabolizing activities of reverted 16-T3 cells were 0.32 and 0.50-fold, respectively. Transplantation of reverted 16T-3 cells significantly prolonged the survival of ALF pigs. CONCLUSIONS Here we demonstrate the usefulness of Cre/LoxP -mediated reversible immortalization of human hepatocytes with Tamoxifen-mediated self-recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinori Totsugawa
- Department of Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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34
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Abstract
Influenza A virus infection of C57BL/6 mice is a well-characterized model for studying CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity. Analysis of primary and secondary responses showed that the liver is highly enriched for CD8+ T cells specific for the immunodominant H2D(b)NP(366-374) (D(b)NP(366)) epitope. Functional analysis established that these liver-derived virus-specific CD8+ T cells are fully competent cytotoxic effectors and IFN-gamma secretors. In addition, flow cytometric analysis of early apoptotic cells showed that these influenza-specific CD8+ T cells from liver are as viable as those in the spleen, bronchoalveolar lavage, mediastinal lymph nodes, or lung. Moreover, cytokine profiles of the influenza-specific CD8+ T cells recovered from different sites were consistent with the bronchoalveolar lavage, rather than liver population, being the most susceptible to activation-induced cell death. Importantly, adoptively transferred influenza virus-specific CD8+ T cells from the liver survived and were readily recalled after virus challenge. Together, these results show clearly that the liver is not a "graveyard" for influenza virus-specific CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Bertolino
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, A W Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Sydney, Australia
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35
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Keating R, Yue W, Rutigliano JA, So J, Olivas E, Thomas PG, Doherty PC. Virus-specific CD8+ T cells in the liver: armed and ready to kill. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:2737-45. [PMID: 17312116 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.5.2737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A virus infection of C57BL/6 mice is a well-characterized model for studying CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity. Analysis of primary and secondary responses showed that the liver is highly enriched for CD8+ T cells specific for the immunodominant H2D(b)NP(366-374) (D(b)NP(366)) epitope. Functional analysis established that these liver-derived virus-specific CD8+ T cells are fully competent cytotoxic effectors and IFN-gamma secretors. In addition, flow cytometric analysis of early apoptotic cells showed that these influenza-specific CD8+ T cells from liver are as viable as those in the spleen, bronchoalveolar lavage, mediastinal lymph nodes, or lung. Moreover, cytokine profiles of the influenza-specific CD8+ T cells recovered from different sites were consistent with the bronchoalveolar lavage, rather than liver population, being the most susceptible to activation-induced cell death. Importantly, adoptively transferred influenza virus-specific CD8+ T cells from the liver survived and were readily recalled after virus challenge. Together, these results show clearly that the liver is not a "graveyard" for influenza virus-specific CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Keating
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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36
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Horani A, Muhanna N, Pappo O, Melhem A, Alvarez CE, Doron S, Wehbi W, Dimitrios K, Friedman SL, Safadi R. Beneficial effect of glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) on immune modulation of experimental hepatic fibrosis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2007; 292:G628-38. [PMID: 17038628 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00137.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
While CD8 subsets activate hepatic fibrosis, natural killer (NK) cells exhibit antifibrotic activity. Glatiramer acetate (GA) is an immune modulator for multiple sclerosis. We assessed the potential impact of GA on mouse hepatic fibrogenesis. Hepatic fibrosis was induced in C57BL/6 mice by intraperitoneal administration of carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) for 6 wk. During the last 2 wk, animals were also treated with either GA (200 mu/day ip) or medium and compared with naive and fibrotic mice (8 animals/group). GA markedly attenuated fibrosis without altering reactive oxygen species production. By morphometric measurement of Sirius red-stained tissue sections, the relative fibrosis area decreased from 5.28 +/- 0.32% (mean +/- SE) in the untreated CCl(4) group to 2.01 +/- 0.28% in CCl(4)+GA-treated animals, compared with 0.38 +/- 0.07% in naive mice. alpha-Smooth muscle actin immunoblotting and mRNA expression revealed a similar pattern. Serum aminotransferase and Ishak-Knodell necroinflammatory score were markedly elevated, to the same extent, in both CCl(4)-treated groups. Fibrosis induction was associated with significant increase in CD8 subsets and decrease in CD4 T cells. After GA treatment, however, NK content, CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) cells, hepatic expression of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), and apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells were all increased. Serum interleukin (IL)-10 levels markedly rose, whereas IL-4 fell. In vitro activation of human hepatic stellate cells cocultured with hepatitis C virus-derived peripheral blood lymphocytes decreased when lymphocytes were preincubated with GA before coculture. In an animal model of hepatic fibrosis, GA has an antifibrotic effect associated with decreased CD8 cells and reduced serum IL-4 levels and increased NK cells, CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) cells, TRAIL, and elevated serum IL-10 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Horani
- Liver and Gastroenterology Units, Div of Medicine, Hadassah University Hospital, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
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37
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Berg M, Wingender G, Djandji D, Hegenbarth S, Momburg F, Hämmerling G, Limmer A, Knolle P. Cross-presentation of antigens from apoptotic tumor cells by liver sinusoidal endothelial cells leads to tumor-specific CD8+ T cell tolerance. Eur J Immunol 2007; 36:2960-70. [PMID: 17039564 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Development of tumor-specific T cell tolerance contributes to the failure of the immune system to eliminate tumor cells. Here we report that hematogenous dissemination of tumor cells followed by their elimination and local removal of apoptotic tumor cells in the liver leads to subsequent development of T cell tolerance towards antigens associated with apoptotic tumor cells. We provide evidence that liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) remove apoptotic cell fragments generated by induction of tumor cell apoptosis through hepatic NK1.1+ cells. Antigen associated with apoptotic cell material is processed and cross-presented by LSEC to CD8+ T cells, leading to induction of CD8+ T cell tolerance. Adoptive transfer of LSEC isolated from mice challenged previously with tumor cells promotes development of CD8+ T cell tolerance towards tumor-associated antigen in vivo. Our results indicate that hematogenous dissemination of tumor cells, followed by hepatic tumor cell elimination and local cross-presentation of apoptotic tumor cells by LSEC and subsequent CD8+ T cell tolerance induction, represents a novel mechanism operative in tumor immune escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Berg
- Institut für Molekulare Medizin und Experimentelle Immunologie Bonn, Germany
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38
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Klein I, Gassel HJ, Thiede A, Crispe IN, Steger U. A microsurgical approach to hepatic and extrahepatic antigen presentation and its effects on the migration pattern of activated CD8+ T cells. Microsurgery 2007; 27:289-94. [PMID: 17477402 DOI: 10.1002/micr.20358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
CD8+T lymphocytes activated in peripheral lymphoid organs are believed to preferentially localize to the hepatic sinusoids, but the role of antigen in the process has been difficult to define. To create experimental mice in which the liver was unique in lacking the ability to present antigen, we adopted a novel microsurgical approach, in which the site of antigen presentation was restricted by orthotopic mouse liver transplantation of MHC Class I-disparate livers. We used two related mouse strains, of which the wild-type strain could present an injectable model antigen, while a mutant strain could not. By transplanting mutant-strain livers into wild type recipients, we were able to evaluate the absence of intrahepatic parenchymal antigen presentation on CD8+ T cell activation, differentiation, and migration. This illustrates that orthotopic liver transplantation is a powerful technique for addressing issues of antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Klein
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology/Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA.
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39
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Crispe IN, Giannandrea M, Klein I, John B, Sampson B, Wuensch S. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of liver tolerance. Immunol Rev 2006; 213:101-18. [PMID: 16972899 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2006.00435.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The liver exhibits a distinctive form of immune privilege, termed liver tolerance, in which orthotopic liver transplantation results in systemic donor-specific T-cell tolerance, while antigens introduced either into hepatocytes or via the portal vein also cause tolerance. Here we argue that the fundamental mechanism driving liver tolerance is likely to be the continuous exposure of diverse liver cell types to endotoxin, derived from the intestinal bacteria. This exposure promotes the expression of a set of cytokines, antigen-presenting molecules, and costimulatory signals that impose T-cell inactivation, partly via effects on liver antigen-presenting cells. The evidence favors clonal deletion mechanisms and is consistent with a role for regulatory T cells but does not support either anergy or immune deviation as important factors in liver tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian N Crispe
- The Liver Immunobiology Program, David H Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, The University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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40
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Buxbaum J, Qian P, Khuu C, Shneider BL, Daikh DI, Gershwin ME, Allen PM, Peters MG. Novel model of antigen-specific induction of bile duct injury. Gastroenterology 2006; 131:1899-906. [PMID: 17087941 PMCID: PMC4113411 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Biliary-directed inflammation is an important cause of acute and chronic liver disease. We developed and characterized a transgenic mouse model of immune-mediated hepatobiliary injury. METHODS Ovalbumin (OVA)-BIL mice were developed using 3.0 kilobase of the rat apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter promoter to drive aberrant expression of a membrane form of ovalbumin (OVA) on biliary epithelium. Liver inflammation resulted from adoptive transfer of OVA-specific T cells. Liver immune cells were characterized to determine the mechanism of the response by assessing activation, proliferation, and intracellular cytokine expression. RESULTS OVA-BIL transgenic mice were tolerant to OVA, without evidence of liver disease. Adoptive transfer of OVA-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells into naïve OVA-BIL mice led to biliary-centered necroinflammatory damage in a dose-dependent manner. This inflammation absolutely required CD8+ T cells and was augmented by CD4+ T cells. Adoptively transferred OVA CD8+ cells homed to and proliferated in the liver but not the spleen. These activated, adoptively transferred cytotoxic T lymphocytes produced elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma. CONCLUSIONS T-cell recognition of antigen aberrantly expressed on bile duct epithelium induced an acute necroinflammatory response specific to the liver, with activation, proliferation, and cytokine production predominantly by the OVA-specific cytotoxic T cells. Thus, OVA BIL represents an antigen-specific animal model of inflammatory bile duct injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Buxbaum
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0538, USA
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41
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Robinson RT, French MA, Kitzmiller TJ, Gorham JD. Restriction of the CD4+ T-cell receptor repertoire prevents immune pathology in TGF-beta1 knockout mice. J Transl Med 2006; 86:815-28. [PMID: 16751781 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice with a targeted deletion in TGF-beta1 spontaneously develop CD4+ T-cell-dependent multifocal inflammatory disease and autoimmune pathology. T cells from TGF-beta1-/- mice are strongly activated, but the mechanisms that lead to T-cell activation and organ pathology are not well understood. Recent work shows that TGF-beta1 raises the threshold for signaling through the TCR, suppressing the response of T cells to mitogenic stimuli. This suggests the possibility that CD4+ T cells in TGF-beta1-/- mice become aberrantly activated and cause damage in response to physiologic inputs that ordinarily are not sufficient for cell activation, such as homeostatic MHC-TCR interactions, cytokines, or adhesion molecules. This model predicts that pathology is largely antigen-independent, and that CD4+ T cells, regardless of antigen specificity, will become activated in TGF-beta1-/- mice, with subsequent organ pathology. To test this model, we crossed BALB/c-TGF-beta1-/- mice with the DO11.10 TCR transgenic mouse. To obviate the possible development of nonclonotypic TCRs, we also bred in a deficiency in RAG-1. Cohorts of highly inbred BALB/c background TGF-beta1-/- mice with an increasingly restricted CD4+ T-cell repertoire (TGF-beta1-/- mice; DO11.10-TGF-beta1-/- mice; DO11.10-RAG-1-/-TGF-beta1-/- mice) were then analyzed for inflammatory organ pathology and T-cell activation. The data show that progressively restricting the CD4+ T-cell repertoire improved survival, ameliorated target organ pathology, and reduced T-cell activation to control levels. Therefore, these results find no support for the involvement of atypical T-cell activation pathways in disease in TGF-beta1-/- mice. Rather, T-cell activation and pathology in TGF-beta1-/- mice appear to be functions of typical TCR activation pathways. This supports the hypothesis that immune pathology in TGF-beta1-/- mice is self-antigen triggered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Robinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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42
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Melhem A, Muhanna N, Bishara A, Alvarez CE, Ilan Y, Bishara T, Horani A, Nassar M, Friedman SL, Safadi R. Anti-fibrotic activity of NK cells in experimental liver injury through killing of activated HSC. J Hepatol 2006; 45:60-71. [PMID: 16515819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2005.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2005] [Revised: 11/30/2005] [Accepted: 12/15/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS We have investigated the role of natural killer (NK) cells in hepatic fibrogenesis. Mouse NK cells express both inhibitory/activating-killing-immunoglobulin-related-receptors (iKIR/aKIR) specific for Class-I-molecules. METHODS Hepatic fibrosis induced by carbon-tetrachloride (CCl4) was compared between wild-type (WT) male-BALBc; combined-immunodeficiency (SCID, lacking B/T-cells); and SCID-BEIGE-mice (lacking B/T/NK cells), and naive mice. RESULTS Hepatic fibrosis significantly increased in all CCl4-treated groups. SCID-BEIGE mice had more fibrosis than SCID-mice (P<0.0001) as assessed by morphometry of sirius-red stained tissue sections. Following fibrosis, hepatic NK cells significantly decreased, the aKIR:iKIR-ratio significantly increased while Class-I expression on HSC decreased (P<0.001). Both freshly isolated and in situ HSC displayed a significant increase in cellular apoptosis following fibrosis induction. Confocal microscopy demonstrated the direct adhesion of NK cells to HSC in mouse liver sections and in vitro human NK/HSC co-culture. In human HSC there was decreased Class-I expression and increased apoptosis as well, which was further increased following blocking of either HSC-related Class-I or NK-related killer inhibitory receptors. Apoptosis was inhibited by pre-incubation of NK cells with the granzyme inhibitor 3,4-dichloroisocoumarin. CONCLUSIONS During liver injury, NK cells have an anti-fibrotic activity at least in part through stimulation of HSC killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Melhem
- Division of Medicine, Liver and Gastroenterology Units, Hadassah University Hospital, Pob 12000, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
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43
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Isayama F, Hines IN, Kremer M, Milton RJ, Byrd CL, Perry AW, McKim SE, Parsons C, Rippe RA, Wheeler MD. LPS signaling enhances hepatic fibrogenesis caused by experimental cholestasis in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006; 290:G1318-28. [PMID: 16439470 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00405.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Although it is clear that bile acid accumulation is the major initiator of fibrosis caused by cholestatic liver disease, endotoxemia is a common side effect. However, the depletion of hepatic macrophages with gadolinium chloride blunts hepatic fibrosis. Because endotoxin is a key activator of hepatic macrophages, this study was designed to test the hypothesis that LPS signaling through CD14 contributes to hepatic fibrosis caused by experimental cholestasis. Wild-type mice and CD14 knockout mice (CD14(-/-)) underwent sham operation or bile duct ligation and were killed 3 wk later. Measures of liver injury, such as focal necrosis, biliary cell proliferation, and inflammatory cell influx, were not significantly different among the strains 3 wk after bile duct ligation. Markers of liver fibrosis such as Sirius red staining, liver hydroxyproline, and alpha-smooth muscle actin expression were blunted in CD14(-/-) mice compared with wild-type mice after bile duct ligation. Despite no difference in lymphocyte infiltration, the macrophage/monocyte activation marker OX42 (CD11b) and the oxidative stress/lipid peroxidation marker 4-hydroxynonenal were significantly upregulated in wild-type mice after bile duct ligation but not in CD14(-/-) mice. Increased profibrogenic cytokine mRNA expression in the liver after bile duct ligation was significantly blunted in CD14(-/-) mice compared with the wild type. The hypothesis that LPS was involved in experimental cholestatic liver fibrosis was tested using mice deficient in LPS-binding protein (LBP(-/-)). LBP(-/-) mice had less liver injury and fibrosis (Siruis red staining and hydroxyproline content) compared with wild-type mice after bile duct ligation. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that endotoxin in a CD14-dependent manner exacerbates hepatic fibrogenesis and macrophage activation to produce oxidants and cytokines after bile duct ligation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyumi Isayama
- Laboratory of Hepatobiology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA
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Guy CS, Wang J, Michalak TI. Hepatocytes as cytotoxic effector cells can induce cell death by CD95 ligand-mediated pathway. Hepatology 2006; 43:1231-40. [PMID: 16729304 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The liver plays an increasingly recognized role in the host's immune responses. The direct contribution of hepatocytes as effector cells to local immunity, pathogen containment, and liver disease is not determined. This in vitro study examined whether hepatocytes can eliminate other cells via a CD95 ligand (CD95L or FasL)/CD95 (Fas)-mediated mechanism and whether this cytotoxic activity can be modulated by cytokines such as interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). We have found that normal woodchuck and human hepatocytes, both cultured and primary freshly isolated, as well as human HepG2 cells, intrinsically transcribe not only CD95 but also CD95L when examined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays. The functional competence of CD95L, which was detectable in hepatocytes and HepG2 cells by Western blotting, was confirmed in bioassays by induction of apoptosis of CD95-bearing P815 and LS102.9 cell targets and validated by inhibition of the cell killing with CD95 antagonistic antibody or with a general caspase inhibitor. Furthermore, exposure of cultured hepatocytes to IFN-gamma or their stable transfection with IFN-gamma cDNA or TNF-alpha cDNA increased hepatocyte CD95L/CD95-mediated cell killing. In conclusion, hepatocytes express both CD95L and CD95 and they can induce death of other cells by a CD95L-dependent mechanism. IFN-gamma and, to a lesser extent, TNF-alpha can enhance hepatocyte CD95L-mediated cytotoxicity. This suggests that the local cytokine environment may modulate the hepatocyte contribution to liver immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford S Guy
- Molecular Virology and Hepatology Research, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3V6, Canada
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45
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Polakos NK, Cornejo JC, Murray DA, Wright KO, Treanor JJ, Crispe IN, Topham DJ, Pierce RH. Kupffer cell-dependent hepatitis occurs during influenza infection. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 168:1169-78; quiz 1404-5. [PMID: 16565492 PMCID: PMC1606556 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.050875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory infections, including influenza in humans, are often accompanied by a hepatitis that is usually mild and self-limiting. The mechanism of this kind of liver damage is not well understood. In the present study, we show that influenza-associated hepatitis occurs due to the formation of inflammatory foci that include apoptotic hepatocytes, antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells, and Kupffer cells. Serum aminotransaminase levels were elevated, and both the histological and serum enzyme markers of hepatitis were increased in secondary influenza infection, consistent with a primary role for antigen-specific T cells in the pathogenesis. No virus could be detected in the liver, making this a pure example of "collateral damage" of the liver. Notably, removal of the Kupffer cells prevented the hepatitis. Such hepatic collateral damage may be a general consequence of expanding CD8(+) T-cell populations during many extrahepatic viral infections, yielding important implications for liver pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle K Polakos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave., Box 626, Rochester, NY 14642-8609, USA
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46
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Polakos NK, Cornejo JC, Murray DA, Wright KO, Treanor JJ, Crispe IN, Topham DJ, Pierce RH. Kupffer cell-dependent hepatitis occurs during influenza infection. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006. [PMID: 16565492 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.050875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory infections, including influenza in humans, are often accompanied by a hepatitis that is usually mild and self-limiting. The mechanism of this kind of liver damage is not well understood. In the present study, we show that influenza-associated hepatitis occurs due to the formation of inflammatory foci that include apoptotic hepatocytes, antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells, and Kupffer cells. Serum aminotransaminase levels were elevated, and both the histological and serum enzyme markers of hepatitis were increased in secondary influenza infection, consistent with a primary role for antigen-specific T cells in the pathogenesis. No virus could be detected in the liver, making this a pure example of "collateral damage" of the liver. Notably, removal of the Kupffer cells prevented the hepatitis. Such hepatic collateral damage may be a general consequence of expanding CD8(+) T-cell populations during many extrahepatic viral infections, yielding important implications for liver pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle K Polakos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave., Box 626, Rochester, NY 14642-8609, USA
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47
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Klein I, Crispe IN. Complete differentiation of CD8+ T cells activated locally within the transplanted liver. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 203:437-47. [PMID: 16476766 PMCID: PMC2118211 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20051775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The transplanted liver elicits systemic tolerance, and the underlying mechanism may also account for the persistence of liver infections, such as malaria and viral hepatitis. These phenomena have led to the hypothesis that antigen presentation within the liver is abortive, leading to T cell tolerance or apoptosis. Here we test this hypothesis in an optimized orthotopic liver transplantation model. In direct contradiction to this model, the liver itself induces full CD8+ T cell activation and differentiation. The effects of microchimerism were neutralized by bone marrow transplantation in the liver donor, and the lack of liver-derived antigen-presenting cells was documented by eight-color flow cytometry and by sensitive functional assays. We conclude that local antigen presentation cannot explain liver tolerance. On the contrary, the liver may be an excellent priming site for naive CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Klein
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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48
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Wingender G, Schumak B, Schurich A, Gessner JE, Endl E, Limmer A, Knolle PA. Rapid and preferential distribution of blood-borne alphaCD3epsilonAb to the liver is followed by local stimulation of T cells and natural killer T cells. Immunology 2006; 117:117-26. [PMID: 16423047 PMCID: PMC1782198 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02272.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dissemination of soluble molecules or antigens via the blood stream is considered to lead to a uniform distribution in the various organs of the body, but organ-specific microarchitecture and vascularization may influence this. Following intravenous injection of alphaCD3epsilon antibody (alphaCD3epsilonAb) we observed clear differences in antibody binding to Fcgamma receptor (FcgammaR)(+) antigen-presenting cells (APCs) or T lymphocytes in different organs. Significant binding of blood-borne alphaCD3epsilonAb was only detected in the spleen and liver and not in the thymus or lymph node. In the spleen, only 10% of dendritic cells/macrophages and 40% of T-cell receptor (TCR)-beta(+) cells were positive for alphaCD3epsilonAb, and, dependent on FcgammaR-mediated cross-linking of alphaCD3epsilonAb, a similar percentage of splenic TCR-beta(+) cells were stimulated and became CD69(+). Stimulation of TCR-beta(+) cells in the liver was at least as efficient as in the spleen, but almost all T cells and all scavenger liver sinusoidal endothelial cells bound alphaCD3epsilonAb. In contrast to CD69 up-regulation, only CD4(+) natural killer T (NKT) cells and CD11a(high) CD8(+) T cells were activated by alphaCD3epsilonAb and expressed interferon (IFN)-gamma. Again, IFN-gamma release from NKT/T cells was at least as efficient in the liver as in the spleen. Taken together, our results support the notion that the combination of extensive hepatic vascularization and very high scavenger activity allows the liver to fulfill its metabolic tasks and to promote stimulation of the large but widely distributed hepatic population of NKT/T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Wingender
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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49
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Jin YH, Crispe IN, Park S. Expression of hepatitis C virus core protein in hepatocytes does not modulate proliferation or apoptosis of CD8+ T cells. Yonsei Med J 2005; 46:827-34. [PMID: 16385660 PMCID: PMC2810598 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2005.46.6.827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes are the primary targets of the hepatitis C virus (HCV). While immunosuppressive roles of HCV core protein have been found in several studies, it remains uncertain whether core protein expressed in hepatocytes rather than in immune cells affects the CD8+ T cell response. In order to transduce genes selectively into hepatocytes, we developed a baculoviral vector system that enabled primary hepatocytes to express a target epitope for CD8+ T cells, derived from ovalbumin (OVA), with or without HCV core protein. Culture of OVA-specific CD8+ T cells with hepatocytes infected with these baculoviral vectors revealed that core protein has no effect on proliferation or apoptosis of CD8+ T cells. Our results suggest that HCV core protein does not exert its suppressive role on the CD8+ T cell immune response through expression in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Hee Jin
- The David H Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | - I. Nicholas Crispe
- The David H Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | - Sun Park
- The David H Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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50
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Sun J, Tumurbaatar B, Jia J, Diao H, Bodola F, Lemon SM, Tang W, Bowen DG, McCaughan GW, Bertolino P, Chan TS. Parenchymal expression of CD86/B7.2 contributes to hepatitis C virus-related liver injury. J Virol 2005; 79:10730-9. [PMID: 16051865 PMCID: PMC1182684 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.16.10730-10739.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major global health problem. Hepatic expression of immune costimulatory signaling molecules (e.g., B7) is known to be associated with ongoing liver injury in hepatitis C patients. However, due to the general lack of viral culture systems and adequate animal models, the function of these molecules in disease pathogenesis is poorly understood. To investigate the role of CD86 in HCV-related liver injury, we developed two transgenic mouse lineages with inducible expression of HCV structural proteins and constitutive expression of the costimulatory molecule CD86/B7.2 in the liver. Using a hydrodynamic-based, nonviral delivery protocol, we induced HCV transgene expression in the livers of HCV and CD86 single- and double-transgenic mice. We found that hepatic CD86 expression resulted in increased activation of and cytokine production (e.g., interleukin-2 and gamma interferon) by CD4+ T cells and that the retention of these cells was associated with more pronounced necroinflammatory lesions in the liver. Taken together, these data suggest that augmented, parenchymal antigen presentation conferred by hepatocyte CD86 expression alters homeostasis and effector functions of CD4+ T cells and contributes to liver injury. This study provides an additional rationale for exploring immunomodulation-based therapies that could reduce disease progression in individuals with chronic HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaren Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-1019, USA.
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