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Mixed cultures of allogeneic dendritic cells are phenotypically and functionally stable - a potential for primary cell-based "off the shelf" product generation. Cent Eur J Immunol 2021; 46:152-161. [PMID: 34764784 PMCID: PMC8568021 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2021.107555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination against tumors using antigen-pulsed dendritic cell (DC) vaccines has greatly evolved over the last decade, with hundreds of active human clinical trials well on the way. The use of an autologous source for DC-based vaccine therapeutics remains the obvious choice in the majority of clinical studies; however, novel evidence suggests that an allogeneic source of DCs can yield success if administered in the right context. One of the challenges facing successful DC vaccination protocols is the generation of large enough numbers of DCs intended for vaccination and standardization of these procedures. In addition, variations in the quality of DC vaccines due to donor-to-donor variation represent an important therapeutic factor. To this day it has not been shown whether DCs from different donors can readily co-exist within the same co-culture for the extended periods required for vaccine manufacture. We demonstrate that generation of allogeneic DC co-cultures, generated from multiple unrelated donors, allows the preservation of their phenotypical and functional properties in vitro for up to 72 hours. Therefore, in the case of an allogeneic vaccination approach, one could ensure large numbers of DCs generated from a primary cell source intended for multiple vaccinations. By generating large amounts of ex vivo manufactured DCs from multiple donors, this would represent the possibility to ensure sufficient amounts of equipotent “off the shelf” product that could e.g. be used for an entire cohort of patients within a study.
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2
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Varga Z, Rácz E, Mázló A, Korodi M, Szabó A, Molnár T, Szöőr Á, Veréb Z, Bácsi A, Koncz G. Cytotoxic activity of human dendritic cells induces RIPK1-dependent cell death. Immunobiology 2020; 226:152032. [PMID: 33316542 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.152032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs), as potent phagocytes engulf dead cells and present peptide fragments of tumor antigens or pathogens derived from infected cells to naïve CD8+ T-lymphocytes. Dendritic cells can also induce apoptosis in target cells, thus getting an opportunity to sample their microenvironment. Here, we present that the supernatants of LPS- or CL075-activated DCs induced cell death in different cell lines, but during the differentiation to mature DCs, they lost their cytotoxic potential. Dexamethasone-pre-treated tolerogenic DCs induced less intensive death indicating that the tissue microenvironment can downregulate DC-mediated killing. Exploring the signaling of DC-induced cell death, we observed that the supernatant of activated DCs induced TNF-dependent cell death, since TNF antagonist blocked the cytotoxic activity of DCs, contrary to inhibitors of Fas and TRAIL receptors. We identified that the DC-induced killing is at least partially a RIPK1-dependent process, as RIPK1 positive target cells were more susceptible to DC-induced cell death than their RIPK1 deficient counterparts. Moreover, both the elevated phosphorylation of RIPK1 and the increase in RIPK1-caspase-8 interaction in target cells suggest that RIPK1-mediated signals contribute to DC supernatant-induced cell death. We also proved that the cytotoxic activity of DC-derived supernatant induced apoptosis in the target cells and not necroptosis, as it was completely abrogated with the pan caspase inhibitor (Z-VAD), while the necroptosis inhibitor (Nec-1) had no effect. Our work revealed that the supernatant of activated DCs induces the apoptosis of target cells in a RIPK1-dependent manner. This phenomenon could be relevant for the initiation of cross-presentation and may broaden the plethora of cytotoxic mechanisms acting against tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia Varga
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; University of Debrecen, Doctoral School of Molecular Cellular and Immune Biology, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Evelin Rácz
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Anett Mázló
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; University of Debrecen, Doctoral School of Molecular Cellular and Immune Biology, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mónika Korodi
- University of Pécs, Doctoral School of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Anikó Szabó
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Molnár
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; University of Debrecen, Doctoral School of Molecular Cellular and Immune Biology, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Árpád Szöőr
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Veréb
- Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Pharmacology Laboratory (HECRIN), Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Bácsi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Koncz
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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3
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Cardoso Alves L, Corazza N, Micheau O, Krebs P. The multifaceted role of TRAIL signaling in cancer and immunity. FEBS J 2020; 288:5530-5554. [PMID: 33215853 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a member of the TNF superfamily that can lead to the induction of apoptosis in tumor or infected cells. However, activation of TRAIL signaling may also trigger nonapoptotic pathways in cancer and in nontransformed cells, that is, immune cells. Here, we review the current knowledge on noncanonical TRAIL signaling. The biological outcomes of TRAIL signaling in immune and malignant cells are presented and explained, with a focus on the role of TRAIL for natural killer (NK) cell function. Furthermore, we highlight the technical difficulties in dissecting the precise molecular mechanisms involved in the switch between apoptotic and nonapoptotic TRAIL signaling. Finally, we discuss the consequences thereof for a therapeutic manipulation of TRAIL in cancer and possible approaches to bypass these difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadia Corazza
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Micheau
- INSERM, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LNC UMR1231, Dijon, France
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4
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Sag D, Ayyildiz ZO, Gunalp S, Wingender G. The Role of TRAIL/DRs in the Modulation of Immune Cells and Responses. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101469. [PMID: 31574961 PMCID: PMC6826877 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis–inducing ligand) by immune cells can lead to the induction of apoptosis in tumor cells. However, it becomes increasingly clear that the interaction of TRAIL and its death receptors (DRs) can also directly impact immune cells and influence immune responses. Here, we review what is known about the role of TRAIL/DRs in immune cells and immune responses in general and in the tumor microenvironment in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Sag
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), 35340 Balcova/Izmir, Turkey.
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340 Balcova/Izmir, Turkey.
- Department of Genome Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology, Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340 Balcova/Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Zeynep Ozge Ayyildiz
- Department of Genome Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology, Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340 Balcova/Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Sinem Gunalp
- Department of Genome Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology, Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340 Balcova/Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Gerhard Wingender
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), 35340 Balcova/Izmir, Turkey.
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Technologies, Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340 Balcova/Izmir, Turkey.
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5
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Bagaev A, Pichugin A, Nelson EL, Agadjanyan MG, Ghochikyan A, Ataullakhanov RI. Anticancer Mechanisms in Two Murine Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cell Subsets Activated with TLR4 Agonists. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:2656-2669. [PMID: 29500244 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are well-known for their functions in orchestrating the innate and adaptive arms of immune defense. However, under certain conditions, DCs can exert tumoricidal activity. We have elucidated the mechanism of tumor suppression by TLR4-activated bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) isolated from BALB/c mice. We identified that two distinct subsets of BMDCs (CD11b+CD11c+I-A/Eint and CD11b+CD11c+I-A/Ehigh) have different cytotoxic mechanisms of action. The cytotoxicity of the former subset is mediated through NO and reactive oxygen species and type I IFN (IFN-β), whereas the latter subset acts only through IFN-β. TLR4 agonists, LPS or pharmaceutical-grade ImmunoMax, activate CD11c+ BMDCs, which, in turn, directly kill 4T1 mouse breast cancer cells or inhibit their proliferation in an MHC-independent manner. These data define two populations of BMDCs with different mechanisms of direct cytotoxicity, as well as suggest that the I-A/Eint subset could be less susceptible to counteracting mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment and support investigation of similar subsets in human DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bagaev
- The Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical-Biological Agency, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - Aleksey Pichugin
- The Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical-Biological Agency, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - Edward L Nelson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92868
| | - Michael G Agadjanyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92647; and.,The Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Anahit Ghochikyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92647; and
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6
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Dendritic cells in hematological malignancies. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 108:86-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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7
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Pandey VK, Amin PJ, Shankar BS. G1-4A, a polysaccharide from Tinospora cordifolia induces peroxynitrite dependent killer dendritic cell (KDC) activity against tumor cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 23:480-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Hanke NT, LaCasse CJ, Larmonier CB, Alizadeh D, Trad M, Janikashvili N, Bonnotte B, Katsanis E, Larmonier N. PIAS1 and STAT-3 impair the tumoricidal potential of IFN-γ-stimulated mouse dendritic cells generated with IL-15. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2489-2499. [PMID: 24777831 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Primarily defined by their antigen-presenting property, dendritic cells (DCs) are being implemented as cancer vaccines in immunotherapeutic interventions. DCs can also function as direct tumor cell killers. How DC cytotoxic activity can be efficiently harnessed and the mechanisms controlling this nonconventional property are not fully understood. We report here that the tumoricidal potential of mouse DCs generated from myeloid precursors with GM-CSF and IL-15 (IL-15 DCs) can be triggered with the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 ligand lipopolysaccharide to a similar extent compared with that of their counterparts, conventionally generated with IL-4 (IL-4 DCs). The mechanism of tumor cell killing depends on the induction of iNOS expression by DCs. In contrast, interferon (IFN)-γ induces the cytotoxic activity of IL-4 but not IL-15 DCs. Although the IFN-γ-STAT-1 signaling pathway is overall functional in IL-15 DCs, IFN-γ fails to induce iNOS expression in these cells. iNOS expression is negatively controlled in IFN-γ-stimulated IL-15 DCs by the cooperation between the E3 SUMO ligase PIAS1 and STAT-3, and can be partially restored with PIAS1 siRNA and STAT-3 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neale T Hanke
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America.,Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Collin J LaCasse
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America.,Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Claire B Larmonier
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Darya Alizadeh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America.,Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Malika Trad
- INSERM UMR 1098, Faculty of Medicine, Dijon, France
| | | | | | - Emmanuel Katsanis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America.,Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America.,Department of Immunobiology, BIO5 Institute and Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Larmonier
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America.,Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America.,Department of Immunobiology, BIO5 Institute and Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
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9
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Tel J, Anguille S, Waterborg CEJ, Smits EL, Figdor CG, de Vries IJM. Tumoricidal activity of human dendritic cells. Trends Immunol 2013; 35:38-46. [PMID: 24262387 PMCID: PMC7106406 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human DC subsets can exert tumoricidal activity. Killer DCs exploit several mechanisms for direct killing of target cells, including TRAIL and granzyme B. Antigen presentation and/or IFN production are important additional effector functions. Killer DCs are promising targets for immunotherapeutic strategies.
Dendritic cells (DCs) are a family of professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that are able to initiate innate and adaptive immune responses against pathogens and tumor cells. The DC family is heterogeneous and is classically divided into two main subsets, each with its unique phenotypic and functional characteristics: myeloid DCs (mDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs). Recent results have provided intriguing evidence that both DC subsets can also function as direct cytotoxic effector cells; in particular, against cancer cells. In this review, we delve into this understudied function of human DCs and discuss why these so-called killer DCs might become important tools in future cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurjen Tel
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sébastien Anguille
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Claire E J Waterborg
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Evelien L Smits
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Carl G Figdor
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - I Jolanda M de Vries
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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10
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Mansfield AS, Nevala WK, Dronca RS, Leontovich AA, Shuster L, Markovic SN. Normal ageing is associated with an increase in Th2 cells, MCP-1 (CCL1) and RANTES (CCL5), with differences in sCD40L and PDGF-AA between sexes. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 170:186-93. [PMID: 23039889 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2012.04644.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We have observed T helper type 2 (Th2) polarization of systemic immunity in patients with metastatic malignant melanoma. We hypothesized that similar changes in systemic immunity occur with ageing and may be permissive for the development of melanoma. We analysed the peripheral blood of 389 healthy blood donors. All subjects were profiled for peripheral blood T cell and B cell subsets, and 58 of these subjects were profiled for antigen-specific cytotoxic T cell subsets [cytomegalovirus (CMV), influenza and melanoma antigen recognized by T cells 1 (MART-1)]. Ninety-five separate healthy subjects underwent profiling of 42 plasma cytokines. Ageing was associated positively with CD4(+) CD294(+) Th2 cells, and associated negatively with CD3(+) T cells, cytotoxic T cells and T helper cells. Ageing was also associated negatively with CMV-, influenza- and MART-1-specific naive and CD8(+) T cells. There were significant increases in plasma monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) (CCL1) and regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) (CCL5) with age. We observed differences in cytokine profiles between males and females; specifically, women had higher levels of sCD40L and PDGF-AA. In summary, we demonstrated in healthy blood donors that ageing was associated with an increase in cellular Th2 bias and a decline in total numbers of T cells. Additionally, there was an increase in MCP-1 and RANTES with ageing. Women had higher levels of sCD40L and PDGF-AA than men.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Mansfield
- Departments of Oncology Medicine, Division of Hematology Immunology Biomedical Statistics and Informatics Women's Health Clinic, Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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11
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Anguille S, Lion E, Tel J, de Vries IJM, Couderé K, Fromm PD, Van Tendeloo VF, Smits EL, Berneman ZN. Interleukin-15-induced CD56(+) myeloid dendritic cells combine potent tumor antigen presentation with direct tumoricidal potential. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51851. [PMID: 23284789 PMCID: PMC3532168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the quintessential antigen-presenting cells of the human immune system and play a prime role in coordinating innate and adaptive immune responses, explaining the strong and still growing interest in their application for cancer immunotherapy. Much current research in the field of DC-based immunotherapy focuses on optimizing the culture conditions for in vitro DC generation in order to assure that DCs with the best possible immunogenic qualities are being used for immunotherapy. In this context, monocyte-derived DCs that are alternatively induced by interleukin-15 (IL-15 DCs) have attracted recent attention due to their superior immunostimulatory characteristics. In this study, we show that IL-15 DCs, in addition to potent tumor antigen-presenting function, possess tumoricidal potential and thus qualify for the designation of killer DCs. Notwithstanding marked expression of the natural killer (NK) cell marker CD56 on a subset of IL-15 DCs, we found no evidence of a further phenotypic overlap between IL-15 DCs and NK cells. Allostimulation and antigen presentation assays confirmed that IL-15 DCs should be regarded as bona fide myeloid DCs not only from the phenotypic but also from the functional point of view. Concerning their cytotoxic activity, we demonstrate that IL-15 DCs are able to induce apoptotic cell death of the human K562 tumor cell line, while sparing tumor antigen-specific T cells. The cytotoxicity of IL-15 DCs is predominantly mediated by granzyme B and, to a small extent, by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) but is independent of perforin, Fas ligand and TNF-α. In conclusion, our data provide evidence of a previously unappreciated role for IL-15 in the differentiation of human monocytes towards killer DCs. The observation that IL-15 DCs have killer DC capacity lends further support to their implementation in DC-based immunotherapy protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Anguille
- University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Antwerp, Belgium.
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12
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A novel dendritic cell-based immunization approach for the induction of durable Th1-polarized anti-HER-2/neu responses in women with early breast cancer. J Immunother 2012; 35:54-65. [PMID: 22130160 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e318235f512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-seven patients with HER-2/neu overexpressing ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast were enrolled in a neoadjuvant immunization trial for safety and immunogenicity of DC1-polarized dendritic cells (DC1) pulsed with 6 HER-2/neu promiscuous major histocompatibility complex class II-binding peptides and 2 additional human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2.1 class I-binding peptides. DC1 were generated with interferon-γ and a special clinical-grade bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) and administered directly into groin lymph nodes 4 times at weekly intervals before scheduled surgical resection of ductal carcinoma in situ. Patients were monitored for the induction of new or enhanced antipeptide reactivity by interferon-γ ELISPOT and enzyme-linked immunosorbentassays performed on Th cells obtained from peripheral blood or excised sentinel lymph nodes. Responses by cytotoxic T lymphocyte against HLA-A2.1-binding peptides were measured using peptide-pulsed T2 target cells or HER-2/neu-expressing or nonexpressing tumor cell lines. DC1 showed surface phenotype indistinct from "gold standard" inflammatory cocktail-activated DC, but displayed a number of distinguishing functional characteristics including the secretion of soluble factors and enhanced "killer DC" capacity against tumor cells in vitro. Postimmunization, we observed sensitization of Th cells to at least 1 class II peptide in 22 of 25 (88%; 95% exact confidence interval, 68.8%-97.5%) evaluable patients, whereas 11 of 13 (84.6%; 95% exact confidence interval, 64%-99.8%) HLA-A2.1 patients were successfully sensitized to class I peptides. Perhaps most importantly, anti-HER-2/neu peptide responses were observed up to 52-month postimmunization. These data show that even in the presence of early breast cancer such DC1 are potent inducers of durable type I-polarized immunity, suggesting potential clinical value for development of cancer immunotherapy.
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13
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LaCasse CJ, Janikashvili N, Larmonier CB, Alizadeh D, Hanke N, Kartchner J, Situ E, Centuori S, Har-Noy M, Bonnotte B, Katsanis E, Larmonier N. Th-1 lymphocytes induce dendritic cell tumor killing activity by an IFN-γ-dependent mechanism. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2011; 187:6310-7. [PMID: 22075702 PMCID: PMC3297475 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) encompass a heterogeneous population of cells capable of orchestrating innate and adaptive immune responses. The ability of DCs to act as professional APCs has been the foundation for the development and use of these cells as vaccines in cancer immunotherapy. DCs are also endowed with the nonconventional property of directly killing tumor cells. The current study investigates the regulation of murine DC cytotoxic function by T lymphocytes. We provide evidence that CD4(+) Th-1, but not Th-2, Th-17 cells, or regulatory T cells, are capable of inducing DC cytotoxic function. IFN-γ was identified as the major factor responsible for Th-1-induced DC tumoricidal activity. Tumor cell killing mediated by Th-1-activated killer DCs was dependent on inducible NO synthase expression and NO production. Importantly, Th-1-activated killer DCs were capable of presenting the acquired Ags from the killed tumor cells to T lymphocytes in vitro or in vivo. These observations offer new possibilities for the application of killer DCs in cancer immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Antigen Presentation/immunology
- Bone Marrow Cells/cytology
- Bone Marrow Cells/immunology
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Female
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/physiology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, 129 Strain
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Interferon/deficiency
- Receptors, Interferon/genetics
- Receptors, Interferon/physiology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Interferon gamma Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin J. LaCasse
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724-5073
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724-5073
| | - Nona Janikashvili
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724-5073
| | | | - Darya Alizadeh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724-5073
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724-5073
| | - Neale Hanke
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724-5073
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724-5073
| | - Jessica Kartchner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724-5073
| | - Elaine Situ
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724-5073
| | - Sara Centuori
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724-5073
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724-5073
| | - Michael Har-Noy
- Immunovative Therapies Ltd, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Emmanuel Katsanis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724-5073
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724-5073
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724-5073
- BIO5 Institute and Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724-5073
| | - Nicolas Larmonier
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724-5073
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724-5073
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724-5073
- BIO5 Institute and Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724-5073
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Lakomy D, Janikashvili N, Fraszczak J, Trad M, Audia S, Samson M, Ciudad M, Vinit J, Vergely C, Caillot D, Foucher P, Lagrost L, Chouaib S, Katsanis E, Larmonier N, Bonnotte B. Cytotoxic dendritic cells generated from cancer patients. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:2775-82. [PMID: 21804019 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1004146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Known for years as professional APCs, dendritic cells (DCs) are also endowed with tumoricidal activity. This dual role of DC as killers and messengers may have important implications for tumor immunotherapy. However, the tumoricidal activity of DCs has mainly been investigated in animal models. Cancer cells inhibit antitumor immune responses using numerous mechanisms, including the induction of immunosuppressive/ tolerogenic DCs that have lost their ability to present Ags in an immunogenic manner. In this study, we evaluated the possibility of generating tumor killer DCs from patients with advanced-stage cancers. We demonstrate that human monocyte-derived DCs are endowed with significant cytotoxic activity against tumor cells following activation with LPS. The mechanism of DC-mediated tumor cell killing primarily involves peroxynitrites. This observed cytotoxic activity is restricted to immature DCs. Additionally, after killing, these cytotoxic DCs are able to activate tumor Ag-specific T cells. These observations may open important new perspectives for the use of autologous cytotoxic DCs in cancer immunotherapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Lakomy
- INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche 866, Institut de Recherche Fédératif 100, Faculté de Médecine, 21079 Dijon, France
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15
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Graham JP, Arcipowski KM, Bishop GA. Differential B-lymphocyte regulation by CD40 and its viral mimic, latent membrane protein 1. Immunol Rev 2010; 237:226-48. [PMID: 20727039 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2010.00932.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
CD40 plays a vital role in humoral immunity, via its potent and multifaceted function as an activating receptor of various immune cells, most notably B lymphocytes. The Epstein-Barr virus-encoded transforming protein latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) serves as a functional mimic of CD40 signals to B cells but lacks key regulatory controls that restrain CD40 signaling. This allows LMP1 to activate B cells in an abnormal manner that can contribute to the pathogenesis of human B-cell lymphoma and autoimmune disease. This review focuses upon a comparative analysis of CD40 versus LMP1 functions and mechanisms of action in B lymphocytes, discussing how this comparison can provide valuable information on both how CD40 signaling is normally regulated and how LMP1 disrupts the normal CD40 pathways, which can provide information of value to therapeutic design.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Graham
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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16
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Measles virus-induced immunosuppression: from effectors to mechanisms. Med Microbiol Immunol 2010; 199:227-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s00430-010-0152-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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17
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Fraszczak J, Trad M, Janikashvili N, Cathelin D, Lakomy D, Granci V, Morizot A, Audia S, Micheau O, Lagrost L, Katsanis E, Solary E, Larmonier N, Bonnotte B. Peroxynitrite-dependent killing of cancer cells and presentation of released tumor antigens by activated dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:1876-84. [PMID: 20089706 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs), essential for the initiation and regulation of adaptive immune responses, have been used as anticancer vaccines. DCs may also directly trigger tumor cell death. In the current study, we have investigated the tumoricidal and immunostimulatory activities of mouse bone marrow-derived DCs. Our results indicate that these cells acquire killing capabilities toward tumor cells only when activated with LPS or Pam3Cys-SK4. Using different transgenic mouse models including inducible NO synthase or GP91 knockout mice, we have further established that LPS- or Pam3Cys-SK4-activated DC killing activity involves peroxynitrites. Importantly, after killing of cancer cells, DCs are capable of engulfing dead tumor cell fragments and of presenting tumor Ags to specific T lymphocytes. Thus, upon specific stimulation, mouse bone marrow-derived DCs can directly kill tumor cells through a novel peroxynitrite-dependent mechanism and participate at virtually all levels of antitumor immune responses, which reinforces their interest in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Fraszczak
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 866, Institut de Recherche Fédératif 100, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
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18
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Larmonier N, Fraszczak J, Lakomy D, Bonnotte B, Katsanis E. Killer dendritic cells and their potential for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:1-11. [PMID: 19618185 PMCID: PMC11031008 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0736-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Known for years as the principal messengers of the immune system, dendritic cells (DC) represent a heterogeneous population of antigen presenting cells critically located at the nexus between innate and adaptive immunity. DC play a central role in the initiation of tumor-specific immune responses as they are endowed with the unique ability to take up, process and present tumor antigens to naïve CD4(+) or CD8(+) effector T lymphocytes. By virtue of the cytokines they produce, DC also regulate the type, strength and duration of T cell immune responses. In addition, they can participate in anti-tumoral NK and NKT cell activation and in the orchestration of humoral immunity. More recent studies have documented that besides their primary role in the induction and regulation of adaptive anti-tumoral immune responses, DC are also endowed with the capacity to directly kill cancer cells. This dual role of DC as killers and messengers may have important implications for tumor immunotherapy. First, the direct killing of malignant cells by DC may foster the release and thereby the immediate availability of specific tumor antigens for presentation to cytotoxic or helper T lymphocytes. Second, DC may participate in the effector phase of the immune response, potentially augmenting the diversity of the killing mechanisms leading to tumor elimination. This review focuses on this non-conventional cytotoxic function of DC as it relates to the promotion of cancer immunity and discusses the potential application of killer DC (KDC) in tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Larmonier
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children’s Research Center, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Ave., PO Box 245073, Tucson, AZ 85724-5073 USA
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724 USA
- BIO5 Institute and Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724 USA
| | | | - Daniela Lakomy
- Faculty of Medicine, INSERM UMR 866, IFR 100, Dijon, France
| | | | - Emmanuel Katsanis
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children’s Research Center, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Ave., PO Box 245073, Tucson, AZ 85724-5073 USA
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724 USA
- BIO5 Institute and Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724 USA
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Himoudi N, Yan M, Bouma G, Morgenstern D, Wallace R, Seddon B, Buddle J, Eddaoudi A, Howe SJ, Cooper N, Anderson J. Migratory and Antigen Presentation Functions of IFN-Producing Killer Dendritic Cells. Cancer Res 2009; 69:6598-606. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-0501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Schneider-Schaulies S, Schneider-Schaulies J. Measles virus-induced immunosuppression. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2008; 330:243-69. [PMID: 19203113 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-70617-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Immunosuppression is the major cause of infant death associated with acute measles and therefore of substantial clinical importance. Major hallmarks of this generalized modulation of immune functions are (1) lymphopenia, (2) a prolonged cytokine imbalance consistent with suppression of cellular immunity to secondary infections, and (3) silencing of peripheral blood lymphocytes, which cannot expand in response to ex vivo stimulation. Lymphopenia results from depletion, which can occur basically at any stage of lymphocyte development, and evidently, expression of the major MV receptor CD150 plays an important role in targeting these cells. Virus transfer to T cells is thought to be mediated by dendritic cells (DCs), which are considered central to the induction of T cell silencing and functional skewing. As a consequence of MV interaction, viability and functional differentiation of DCs and thereby their expression pattern of co-stimulatory molecules and soluble mediators are modulated. Moreover, MV proteins expressed by these cells actively silence T cells by interfering with signaling pathways essential for T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schneider-Schaulies
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 7, 97078 Würzburg, Germany.
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21
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Hill KS, Errington F, Steele LP, Merrick A, Morgan R, Selby PJ, Georgopoulos NT, O'Donnell DM, Melcher AA. OK432-Activated Human Dendritic Cells Kill Tumor Cells via CD40/CD40 Ligand Interactions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:3108-15. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.5.3108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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22
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Chauvin C, Josien R. Dendritic cells as killers: mechanistic aspects and potential roles. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:11-6. [PMID: 18566364 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are professional APC endowed with the unique capacity to activate naive T cells. DC also have important effector functions during the innate immune response, such as pathogen recognition and cytokine production. In fact, DC represent the crucial link between innate and adaptive immune responses. However, DC are quite heterogeneous and various subsets endowed with specific pathogen recognition mechanisms, locations, phenotypes, and functions have been described both in rodents and in humans. A series of studies indicated that rodent as well as human DC could also mediate another important innate function, i.e., cell-mediated cytotoxicity, mostly toward tumor cells. In this article, we will review the phenotypes of these so-called killer DC, their killing mechanism, and putative implication in the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Chauvin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité 643, Nantes, France
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23
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Le Poole IC, ElMasri WM, Denman CJ, Kroll TM, Bommiasamy H, Lyons Eiben G, Kast WM. Langerhans cells and dendritic cells are cytotoxic towards HPV16 E6 and E7 expressing target cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:789-97. [PMID: 18004565 PMCID: PMC11029882 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-007-0415-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) can be cytotoxic towards tumor cells by means of TNF family molecules expressed on the cell surface of activated DCs. Tumor cells expressing appropriate receptors are killed by DC, generating a source of antigen to be presented to the immune system. It has not been investigated whether Langerhans cells (LC) are selectively cytotoxic to tumor cells. This is of particular interest for epithelial tumor cells that physically interact with LC in vivo. Among epithelial tumors, the oncogenic process of cervical tumors is relatively well defined by their Human Papillomavirus (HPV) mediated etiology. To study whether HPV16 E6 and E7 expressions, otherwise observed in cervical tumor cells, can sensitize normal cervical epithelial cells to DC and LC mediated killing, the E6 and E7 genes were introduced by retroviral transfection, and cells were subsequently used as targets in cytotoxicity assays. Expression of cytotoxic molecules by effector cells was measured in response to the pro-inflammatory cytokine IFN-gamma; cytotoxicity was established and concomitant expression of receptor molecules was assessed on target cells. A correlation between the shrinkage of HPV16 E6 and E7+ tumors versus DC and LC infiltration was evaluated in a murine model of cervical cancer. DC and LC proved to be equally cytotoxic towards E6 and E7 expressing cervical epithelial cells. IFN-gamma induced TRAIL expression by DC and LC, and inhibition of TRAIL partially blocked cytotoxic effects. Expression of TRAIL decoy receptors was reduced following introduction of E6 and E7 into host cells. Shrinkage of HPV16 E6 and E7 expressing tumors correlated with infiltration by S100+ DC and LC, co-localizing with apoptotic mouse tumor cells. In conclusion, DC and LC mediated killing may be exploitable for anti-tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Caroline Le Poole
- Department of Pathology/Oncology Institute, Loyola University Medical Center, Bldg 112, Rm 203, 2160 South 1st Ave, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
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24
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Ciesek S, Liermann H, Hadem J, Greten T, Tillmann HL, Cornberg M, Aslan N, Manns MP, Wedemeyer H. Impaired TRAIL-dependent cytotoxicity of CD1c-positive dendritic cells in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. J Viral Hepat 2008; 15:200-11. [PMID: 18233993 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2007.00930.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a central role in antiviral immunity. Conflicting data on DC function have been reported for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. In addition to antigen presentation and cytokine secretion, a subset of human DCs displays direct cytotoxic activity. It has been suggested that measles virus and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may enhance cytotoxicity of DCs potentially leading to apoptosis of activated T cells and subsequent down-regulation of antiviral immune responses. We demonstrate that CD1c-positive myeloid DCs, but not BDCA-4-positive plasmacytoid DCs, are able to kill different target cells mainly via tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. The ability of CD1c+ DCs to lyze target cells was found to be completely impaired in patients with chronic hepatitis C (10 chronic HCV patients vs 10 healthy controls; P < 0.001) but not in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Successful antiviral therapy of chronic hepatitis C rescued the cytotoxicity of DCs. Myeloid DCs of HCV patients and healthy controls had a similar phenotype and endocytotic activity, however, the frequency of mDCs in the peripheral blood was lower (P = 0.004) and the allostimulatory function was weaker (P < 0.001) in chronic hepatitis C. Thus, in contrast to HIV and measles virus studies on monocyte-derived DCs, freshly isolated myeloid DCs of patients with hepatitis C do not show an increased but a completely abolished cytotoxic activity. The impaired DC cytotoxicity could represent a novel mechanism for the increased prevalence of autoimmunity in HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ciesek
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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25
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Gene transfer of CD40-ligand to dendritic cells stimulates interferon-gamma production to induce growth arrest and apoptosis of tumor cells. Gene Ther 2007; 15:203-13. [PMID: 17989706 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3303056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we present evidence that gene transfer of the CD40-ligand (CD154) into human immature dendritic cells (DC) imparts direct antitumor effects on tumor cells. DC infected with adenovirus directed to express human CD154 on the cell surface (CD154-DC) elicited significantly higher levels of immune accessory molecules commonly found on mature DC. We found that co-cultivation with a human squamous cell carcinoma cell line (OSC-70) with CD154-DC significantly inhibited cell growth. We further demonstrate that OSC-70 cells stimulated with CD154-DC were more susceptible to apoptosis via TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL). Importantly, tumor cells co-cultured with CD154-DC in transwell plates expressed upregulated cell surface TRAIL-R2. CD154-DC produced higher levels of interferon (IFN)-gamma, IL-12p70 and soluble CD154, but the ability of CD154-DC to inhibit tumor cell growth was significantly abrogated by a neutralizing antibody to IFN-gamma, indicating that this was mainly mediated by IFN-gamma. Furthermore, intratumoral injection of CD154-DC significantly suppressed OSC-70 tumor growth in a xenograft model. Overall, these results reveal that CD154-DC have potential as an anti-cancer therapy by producing IFN-gamma to arrest adjacent tumor cell growth and increase the susceptibility of apoptosis via TRAIL.
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) specialized in the stimulation of naïve T lymphocytes, which are key components of antiviral and antitumor immunity. DCs are 'sentinels' of the immune system endowed with the mission to (1) sense invading pathogens as well as any form of tissue distress and (2) alert the effectors of the immune response. They represent a very heterogeneous population including subsets characterized by their anatomical locations and specific missions. Beyond their unique APC features, DCs exhibit a large array of effector functions that play critical roles in the induction and regulation of the cell-mediated as well as humoral immune responses. In the course of the antitumor immune response, DCs are unique in engulfing tumor cells killed by natural killer (NK) cells and cross-presenting tumor-associated antigens to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). However, while DCs mediate antitumor immune responses by stimulating tumor-specific CTLs and NK cells, direct tumoricidal mechanisms have been recently evoked. This review addresses the other face of DCs to directly deliver apoptotic signals to stressed cells, their role in tumor cell death, and its implication in the design of DC-based cancer immunotherapies.
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27
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Killer dendritic cells: mechanisms of action and therapeutic implications for cancer. Cell Death Differ 2007; 15:51-7. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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28
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Herschke F, Plumet S, Duhen T, Azocar O, Druelle J, Laine D, Wild TF, Rabourdin-Combe C, Gerlier D, Valentin H. Cell-cell fusion induced by measles virus amplifies the type I interferon response. J Virol 2007; 81:12859-71. [PMID: 17898060 PMCID: PMC2169089 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00078-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MeV) infection is characterized by the formation of multinuclear giant cells (MGC). We report that beta interferon (IFN-beta) production is amplified in vitro by the formation of virus-induced MGC derived from human epithelial cells or mature conventional dendritic cells. Both fusion and IFN-beta response amplification were inhibited in a dose-dependent way by a fusion-inhibitory peptide after MeV infection of epithelial cells. This effect was observed at both low and high multiplicities of infection. While in the absence of virus replication, the cell-cell fusion mediated by MeV H/F glycoproteins did not activate any IFN-alpha/beta production, an amplified IFN-beta response was observed when H/F-induced MGC were infected with a nonfusogenic recombinant chimerical virus. Time lapse microscopy studies revealed that MeV-infected MGC from epithelial cells have a highly dynamic behavior and an unexpected long life span. Following cell-cell fusion, both of the RIG-I and IFN-beta gene deficiencies were trans complemented to induce IFN-beta production. Production of IFN-beta and IFN-alpha was also observed in MeV-infected immature dendritic cells (iDC) and mature dendritic cells (mDC). In contrast to iDC, MeV infection of mDC induced MGC, which produced enhanced amounts of IFN-alpha/beta. The amplification of IFN-beta production was associated with a sustained nuclear localization of IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) in MeV-induced MGC derived from both epithelial cells and mDC, while the IRF-7 up-regulation was poorly sensitive to the fusion process. Therefore, MeV-induced cell-cell fusion amplifies IFN-alpha/beta production in infected cells, and this indicates that MGC contribute to the antiviral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Herschke
- Interactions Virus Cellule-Hôte, CNRS, Université de Lyon 1, FRE3011, IFR 62 Laennec, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
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29
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Lundberg AM, Drexler SK, Monaco C, Williams LM, Sacre SM, Feldmann M, Foxwell BM. Key differences in TLR3/poly I:C signaling and cytokine induction by human primary cells: a phenomenon absent from murine cell systems. Blood 2007; 110:3245-52. [PMID: 17660379 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-02-072934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
TLR3 recognizes double-stranded RNA, a product associated with viral infections. Many details of TLR3-induced mechanisms have emerged from gene-targeted mice or inhibition studies in transformed cell lines. However, the pathways activated in human immune cells or cells from disease tissue are less well understood. We have investigated TLR3-induced mechanisms of human primary cells of the innate immune system, including dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages (MØs), endothelial cells (ECs), and synovial fibroblasts isolated from rheumatoid arthritis joint tissue (RA-SFs). Here, we report that while these cells all express TLR3, they differ substantially in their response to TLR3 stimulation. The key antiviral response chemokine IP-10 was produced by all cell types, while DCs and MØs failed to produce the proinflammatory cytokines TNFalpha and IL-6. Unexpectedly, TNFalpha was found secreted by TLR3-stimulated RA-SF. Furthermore, TLR3 stimulation did not activate NFkappaB, MAPKs, or IRF-3 in DCs and MØs, but was able to do so in ECs and RA-SF. These findings were specific for human cells, thereby revealing a complexity not previously expected. This is the first report of such cell type- and species-specific response for any TLR stimulation and helps to explain important difficulties in correlating murine models of inflammatory diseases and human inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Lundberg
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology, and Medicine, 1 Aspenlea Road, Hammersmith, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) act not only as sentinels for detection of, but also as target cells for viruses, and this can be important for viral transport and spread. All subsets of DCs are equipped with a battery of receptors recognizing virus‐associated molecular signatures, and recognition of those launches a maturation programme that results in substantial alterations of morphology, motility and the DCs' interactive properties with the extracellular matrix and scanning T cells. In addition to being sensed, viruses are internalized into DCs and, for the major proportion, processed into peptides that are subsequently presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Transmission of virus to T cells can occur after completion of their replication cycle if the intracellular milieu of the DC permits that. Alternatively, viruses can remain protected from degradation following entrapment by pattern recognition receptors in intracellular compartments, also referred to as virosomes, which translocate towards the DC/T cell interface. Most likely, transfer of virus to T cells occurs in these junctions, referred to as infectious synapses. In addition to promoting DC maturation, many viruses are able to downmodulate DC development and functions in order to evade immune recognition or to induce a generalized immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Pohl
- University of Wuerzburg, Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Versbacher Str. 7, D-97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
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31
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Wang Z, Xiang L, Shao J, Yuan Z. The 3' CCACCA sequence of tRNAAla(UGC) is the motif that is important in inducing Th1-like immune response, and this motif can be recognized by Toll-like receptor 3. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2006; 13:733-9. [PMID: 16829609 PMCID: PMC1489575 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00019-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In this article, the immunogenicity of tRNA and the recognition of tRNA by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are analyzed. Analyses of the effects of different tRNA(Ala)(UGC) fragments (tRNA(Ala)1-76 [corresponding to positions 1 through 76], tRNA(Ala)26-76, tRNA(Ala)40-76, tRNA(Ala)62-76, tRNA(Ala)1-70, tRNA(Ala)26-70, tRNA(Ala)40-70, and tRNA(Ala)62-70) on the immune responses of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were performed with BALB/c mice. Results show that tRNA(Ala)1-76, tRNA(Ala)26-76, tRNA(Ala)40-76, and tRNA(Ala)62-76 adjuvants not only induced stronger T helper (Th) 1 immune responses but also cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses relative to tRNA(Ala)1-70, tRNA(Ala)26-70, tRNA(Ala)40-70, and tRNA(Ala)62-70 adjuvants in HBsAg immunization. A deletion of the D loop (tRNA(Ala)26-76), anticodon loop (tRNA(Ala)40-76), or TpsiC (tRNA(Ala)62-76) loop of tRNA(Ala)(UGC) does not significantly decrease the adjuvant characteristic of tRNA(Ala)(UGC). However a deletion of the 3'-end CCACCA sequence (tRNA(Ala)1-70, tRNA(Ala)26-70, tRNA(Ala)40-70, and tRNA(Ala)62-70) of tRNA(Ala)(UGC) significantly decreased the adjuvant characteristic in Th1 and CTL immune responses. Moreover, the recognitions of different tRNA(Ala)(UGC) fragments by TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 were analyzed. Results show that a deletion of the 3' CCACCA sequence of tRNA(Ala)(UGC) significantly decreased the recognition by TLR3. We concluded that the 3' CCACCA sequence of tRNA(Ala)(UGC) is the important motif to induce Th1 and CTL responses and this motif can be effectively recognized by TLR3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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32
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Fujita H, Asahina A, Tada Y, Fujiwara H, Tamaki K. Type I interferons inhibit maturation and activation of mouse Langerhans cells. J Invest Dermatol 2005; 125:126-33. [PMID: 15982312 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2005.23803.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN) have an essential role in antiviral defense, and they are produced upon viral infection in a variety of cells. IFN-alpha/beta treatment of immature dendritic cells (DC) is known to induce their phenotypic and functional maturation, but it remains unclear whether stimulation by this cytokine family influences the functions and maturation of Langerhans cells (LC). We used highly enriched (>95%) LC directly isolated from BALB/c mouse skin and addressed this issue, comparing LC with splenic CD11c(+) DC. Type I IFN-treated LC exhibited impaired ability to produce IL-12 and inflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and TNF-alpha, whereas IL-10 production was not augmented. In splenic DC, the production of inflammatory cytokines was rather enhanced by type I IFN treatment. With regard to chemokines, in both LC and splenic DC, type I IFN upregulated the production of inflammatory chemokines, such as CXCL10, CXCL11, CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5. Strikingly, IFN-beta treatment reduced the expression of CD40, CD54, CD80, and CD86 on LC, whereas IFN-beta-treated splenic DC showed enhanced expression of these molecules. Furthermore, IFN-beta-treated LC had impaired costimulatory activity for anti-CD3-induced proliferation of T cells. Finally, treatment with IFN-alpha/beta reduced the migratory capacity of LC to CCL21. These results indicate that type I IFN inhibit maturation and activation of LC in a direct manner. Our observations may provide a novel explanation for the reported inability of LC to act as potent antigen-presenting cells in cutaneous and mucosal viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Fujita
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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33
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Trinité B, Chauvin C, Pêche H, Voisine C, Heslan M, Josien R. Immature CD4−CD103+Rat Dendritic Cells Induce Rapid Caspase-Independent Apoptosis-Like Cell Death in Various Tumor and Nontumor Cells and Phagocytose Their Victims. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:2408-17. [PMID: 16081812 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.4.2408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported the characterization of a MHC class II(low) CD4- CD103+ (CD4-) subset of dendritic cells (DC) in rat spleen that exhibit a Ca2+-, Fas ligand-, TRAIL- and TNF-alpha-independent cytotoxic activity against specific targets in vitro. In this study, we demonstrate that this DC subset was also found in lymph nodes. Freshly extracted and, therefore, immature CD4- DC exhibited a potent cytotoxic activity against a large panel of tumor cell lines as well as primary endothelial cells. The cytotoxic activity of immature CD4- DC required cell-to-cell contact and de novo protein expression. CD4- DC-mediated cell death resembled apoptosis, as evidenced by outer membrane phosphatidylserine exposure and nuclear fragmentation in target cells, but was caspase as well as Fas-associated death domain and receptor-interacting protein independent. Bcl-2 overexpression in target cells did not protect them against DC-mediated cell death. Immature CD4- DC phagocytosed efficiently apoptotic cells in vitro and, therefore, rapidly and specifically engulfed their victims following death induction. Maturation induced a dramatic down-regulation of the killing and phagocytic activities of CD4- DC. In contrast, CD4+ DC were both unable to kill target cells and to phagocytose apoptotic cells in vitro. Taken together, these data indicate that rat immature CD4- CD103+ DC mediate an unusual cytotoxic activity and can use this function to efficiently acquire Ag from live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Trinité
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 643, Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Transplantation, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
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Shi J, Ikeda K, Fujii N, Kondo E, Shinagawa K, Ishimaru F, Kaneda K, Tanimoto M, Li X, Pu Q. Activated human umbilical cord blood dendritic cells kill tumor cells without damaging normal hematological progenitor cells. Cancer Sci 2005; 96:127-33. [PMID: 15723658 PMCID: PMC11160073 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2005.00017.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Apart from their role as antigen presenting cells, human peripheral blood monocyte and CD34+ cell-derived dendritic cells (DC), have been demonstrated to exert cytotoxicity against some tumor cells, and their tumoricidal activity can be enhanced by some stimili. However, there have been no reports concerning the tumoricidal activity of human cord blood dendritic cells (CBDC). In this article, we report that human cord blood monocyte-derived DC acquire the ability to kill hematological tumor cells, after activation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma), associated with the enhanced TNF-alpha-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) expression in CBDC cytoplasm. The CD14-positive cells collected from cord blood were induced to CBDC in vitro. After activation with IFN-gamma for 12 h, CBDC exhibited cytotoxicity against HL60 and Jurkat cells, while activation with LPS induced cytotoxicity against Daudi and Jurkat cells. However, both LPS- and IFN-gamma-stimulated CBDC showed no cytotoxic activity against normal CD14-negative cord blood mononuclear cells. The formation of umbilical cord hematopoietic progenitor colonies, identified as burst-forming unit-erythroid and colony-forming unit granulocyte-macrophage, was not inhibited by stimulated or unstimulated CBDC. IFN-gamma or LPS stimulation enhanced intracellular but not cellular surface TRAIL, and neither intracellular nor cellular surface tumor necrosing factor-alpha and Fas Ligand as analyzed by flow cytometry. Our results show that activated CBDC can serve as cytotoxic cells against hematological tumor cells without damaging the normal hematopoietic progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shi
- Hematology Department, Sixth Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200233, China
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35
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Klagge IM, Abt M, Fries B, Schneider-Schaulies S. Impact of measles virus dendritic-cell infection on Th-cell polarization in vitro. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:3239-3247. [PMID: 15483237 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80125-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Interference of measles virus (MV) with dendritic-cell (DC) functions and deregulation of T-cell differentiation have been proposed to be central to the profound suppression of immune responses to secondary infections up to several weeks after the acute disease. To address the impact of MV infection on the ability of DCs to promote Th-cell differentiation, an in vitro system was used where uninfected, tumour necrosis factor alpha/interleukin (IL) 1 beta-primed DCs were co-cultured with CD45RO(-) T cells in the presence of conditioned media from MV-infected DCs primed under neutral or DC-polarizing conditions. It was found that supernatants of DCs infected with an MV vaccine strain strongly promoted Th1 differentation, whereas those obtained from wild-type MV-infected DCs generated a mixed Th1/Th0 response, irrespective of the conditions used for DC priming. Th-cell commitment in this system did not correlate with the production of IL12 p70, IL18 or IL23. Thus, a combination of these or other, as yet undefined, soluble factors is produced upon MV infection of DCs that strongly promotes Th1/Th0 differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo M Klagge
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 7, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marion Abt
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 7, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bianca Fries
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 7, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sibylle Schneider-Schaulies
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 7, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany
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36
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Fujita H, Asahina A, Mitsui H, Tamaki K. Langerhans cells exhibit low responsiveness to double-stranded RNA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 319:832-9. [PMID: 15184058 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is a viral product recognized by Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), and it is a potent activator of dendritic cells (DC). We compared Langerhans cells (LC) and splenic CD11c(+) DC and investigated the responsiveness to dsRNA. We prepared highly purified LC (> 95%) using the panning method. TLR3 mRNA was expressed in LC, splenic DC, and keratinocytes (KC). The expression of IFN-beta mRNA was enhanced in LC and splenic DC by Poly(I:C) stimulation. However, cytokine/chemokine production in response to Poly(I:C) by LC was much lower than that by splenic DC. In addition, Poly(I:C) induced further maturation in splenic DC, but not in LC. Finally, we found that the mouse KC cell line, PAM212, produced a great amount of IL-1alpha by Poly(I:C) stimulation, and that IL-1alpha promoted the maturation of LC. These data altogether indicate that LC exhibit low responsiveness to dsRNA. It is possible that KC may primarily trigger anti-viral immune responses in the skin via cytokine production such as IL-1alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Fujita
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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37
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Ehrlich S, Infante-Duarte C, Seeger B, Zipp F. Regulation of soluble and surface-bound TRAIL in human T cells, B cells, and monocytes. Cytokine 2004; 24:244-53. [PMID: 14609566 DOI: 10.1016/s1043-4666(03)00094-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a member of the TNF/nerve growth factor superfamily that, apart from inducing cell death in susceptible cells, displays immunoregulatory functions influencing, for instance, T cell proliferation. It can be found in two forms: membrane-bound and soluble protein. The regulation of these is still not fully understood. In this study, we have analyzed the regulation of TRAIL surface expression and secretion in human T cells, B cells, and monocytes in response to specific stimuli. T cells, B cells, and monocytes were cultured in the presence of phytohemagglutinin (PHA)+interleukin (IL-2), anti-CD40+IL-4, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), respectively. In particular, not only PHA+IL-2 but also LPS were able to induce secretion of soluble TRAIL, but did not enhance the expression of surface-bound TRAIL. Simultaneously, we investigated the effect of the pleiotropic stimulus interferon (IFN)-beta, known to target all leukocyte subsets, on TRAIL. Predominantly, monocytes were affected by IFN-beta, causing both release of soluble TRAIL and upregulation of the surface-bound form. IFN-beta, however, did not cause any upregulation of TRAIL in T cells. Our data serve as a basis to better understand the complex regulation of TRAIL in human peripheral immune cells and might help to clarify the role of the TRAIL system in immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Ehrlich
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Center, Charitè University Hospital, 10098 Berlin, Germany
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38
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Speziani C, Laine D, Servet-Delprat C, Valentin H, Rabourdin-Combe C. Virus de la rougeole et immunosuppression. Med Mal Infect 2004; 34 Suppl 1:S2-6. [PMID: 15676237 DOI: 10.1016/s0399-077x(04)90001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Speziani
- IFR 128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland-U503, Lyon, France
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39
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Kaiser WJ, Kaufman JL, Offermann MK. IFN-alpha sensitizes human umbilical vein endothelial cells to apoptosis induced by double-stranded RNA. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:1699-710. [PMID: 14734752 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.3.1699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The ability of endothelial cells to mount an efficient antiviral response is important in restricting viral dissemination and eliminating viral infection from the endothelium and surrounding tissues. We demonstrate that dsRNA, a molecular signature of viral infection, induced apoptosis in HUVEC, and priming with IFN-alpha shortened the time between when dsRNA was encountered and when apoptosis was initiated. IFN-alpha priming induced higher levels of mRNA for dsRNA-activated protein kinase, 2'5'-oligoadenylate synthetase, and Toll-like receptor 3, transcripts that encode dsRNA-responsive proteins. dsRNA induced activation of dsRNA-activated protein kinase and nuclear translocation of transcription factors RelA and IFN regulatory factor-3 in IFN-alpha-primed HUVECs before the activation of intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. These changes did not occur in the absence of dsRNA, and apoptosis resulting from incubation with dsRNA occurred much later when cells were not primed with IFN-alpha. The entire population of IFN-alpha-primed HUVECs underwent nuclear translocation of RelA and IFN regulatory factor-3 in response to dsRNA, whereas less than one-half of the population responded with apoptosis. When IFN-alpha-primed HUVECs were coincubated with dsRNA and proteasome inhibitors, all HUVECs were rendered susceptible to dsRNA-induced apoptosis. These studies provide evidence that many endothelial cells that are alerted to the risk of infection by IFN-alpha would undergo apoptosis sooner in response to dsRNA than non-IFN-alpha-primed cells, and this would enhance the likelihood of eliminating infected cells prior to the production of progeny virions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Kaiser
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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40
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Santini SM, Di Pucchio T, Lapenta C, Parlato S, Logozzi M, Belardelli F. A new type I IFN-mediated pathway for the rapid differentiation of monocytes into highly active dendritic cells. Stem Cells 2004; 21:357-62. [PMID: 12743330 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.21-3-357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are a unique leukocyte type consisting of different subsets of professional antigen-presenting cells. Since DCs initiate and govern the immune response, they represent an ideal target for intervention aimed at modulating and potentiating immune responses against cancer and infectious diseases. We recently described and characterized, at a functional level, a novel DC subset, interferon (IFN)-DCs, derived from blood monocytes after a short exposure to type I IFN and GM-CSF. Here, we review our recent studies on IFN-DCs and discuss their possible use in clinical immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Santini
- Laboratory of Virology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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41
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Lichtner M, Marañón C, Vidalain PO, Azocar O, Hanau D, Lebon P, Burgard M, Rouzioux C, Vullo V, Yagita H, Rabourdin-Combe C, Servet C, Hosmalin A. HIV type 1-infected dendritic cells induce apoptotic death in infected and uninfected primary CD4 T lymphocytes. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2004; 20:175-82. [PMID: 15018705 DOI: 10.1089/088922204773004897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to their essential role in adaptive immunity, dendritic cells (DCs) participate in innate immunity. In the context of measles virus (MV) or cytomegalovirus infections, they develop cytotoxic functions that may contribute in vivo to the elimination of virus-infected cells, but that also kill infected and noninfected T lymphocytes. Because the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) induces T cell depletion through mechanisms that are still obscure, we investigated its ability to trigger DC cytotoxicity. When incubated with HIV, monocyte-derived DCs induced apoptosis in MDA-231 cells, which are sensitive to MV-induced DC cytotoxicity, and in uninfected as well as HIV-infected H9 CD4+ T cell lines. This apoptosis was inhibited by a mixture of FasL, TRAIL, TNF-alpha, and TWEAK inhibitors. Indeed, HIV infection induced or enhanced sensitivity to TRAIL, TNF-alpha, and TWEAK in H9 cells. Moreover, dendritic cells incubated with HIV-1 BAL or a wildtype HIV-1 isolate induced apoptosis in autologous primary CD4+ T lymphocytes, infected or not with a wild-type HIV-1 isolate. Therefore, induction of DC cytotoxicity by HIV may be relevant to in vivo HIV infection. Induction of cytotoxicity in DCs by HIV might contribute to HIV-associated T cell depletion through induction of apoptosis, especially in the early stages of infection. It may also contribute to elimination of infected cells in vivo, thereby enhancing cross-presentation of HIV by DCs. Therefore this new cytotoxic function of DCs may play an important role in innate and adaptive immunity during HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Lichtner
- Antigen Presentation by Dendritic Cell Group, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Cochin, INSERM U567, UMR CNRS 8104, IFR 116 Paris V University, Paris, France
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42
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Homann D, von Herrath MG. Interfacing dendritic and natural killer cells: a tool for targeted tolerance induction? Transplantation 2003; 76:1657-61. [PMID: 14688511 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000106804.22930.cb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Homann
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, USA
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43
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Greil R, Anether G, Johrer K, Tinhofer I. Tracking death dealing by Fas and TRAIL in lymphatic neoplastic disorders: pathways, targets, and therapeutic tools. J Leukoc Biol 2003; 74:311-30. [PMID: 12949235 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0802416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, it was concluded from a number of investigations that death domain-containing members of the tumor necrosis factor-receptor (TNF-R) family and their ligands such as Fas/FasL and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-R/TRAIL are essential for maintaining an intact immune system for surveillance against infection and cancer development and that nondeath domain-containing members such as CD30 or CD40 are involved in the fine tuning of this system during the selection process of the lymphatic system. In line with this conclusion are the observations that alterations in structure, function, and regulation of these molecules contribute to autoimmunity and cancer development of the lymphoid system. Besides controlling size and function of the lymphoid cell pool, Fas/FasL and TRAIL-R/TRAIL regulate myelopoiesis and the dendritic cell functions, and severe alterations of these lineages during the outgrowth and expansion of the lymphoid tumors have been reported. It is the aim of this review to summarize what is currently known about the complex role of these two death receptor/ligand systems in normal, disturbed, and neoplastic hemato-/lymphopoiesis and to point out how such knowledge can be used in developing novel, therapeutic options and the problems that will have to be faced along the way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Greil
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Innsbruck Medical School, Austria.
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44
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Servet-Delprat C, Vidalain PO, Valentin H, Rabourdin-Combe C. Measles virus and dendritic cell functions: how specific response cohabits with immunosuppression. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2003; 276:103-23. [PMID: 12797445 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-06508-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Measles virus (MV) infection induces both an efficient MV-specific immune response and a transient but profound immunosuppression characterised by a panlymphopenia that occasionally results in opportunistic infections responsible for a high rate of mortality in children. On the basis of in vitro studies, the putative roles of dendritic cells (DCs) in MV infection are discussed. (1) DCs could participate in anti-MV innate immunity because MV turns on TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-mediated DC cytotoxicity. (2) Cross-priming by non-infected DCs might be the route of MV adaptive immune response. (3) After CD40-ligand activation in secondary lymphoid organs, MV-infected DCs could initiate the formation of Warthin-Finkeldey multinucleated giant cells, replicating MV and responsible for in vivo spreading of MV. (4) We review how integrated viral attack of the host immune system also targets DCs: Progress in understanding the immunobiology of MV-infected DCs that could account for MV-induced immunosuppression observed in vivo is presented and their potential role in lymphopenia is underlined. In conclusion, future research directions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Servet-Delprat
- Immunobiologie Fondamentale et Clinique, CERVI-INSERM U503, 21 avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
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45
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Abstract
The outcome of a viral infection is the result of an endless fight between the organism whose task is to mount an antiviral response and the virus that adapts strategies to circumvent the host response. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a latent herpesvirus, can be considered as a spearhead in exploiting co-existence with the host to develop numerous immuno-evasion mechanisms. The ability of the organism to initiate a primary immune response against viruses such as HCMV is highly dependent on the capacity of professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), namely dendritic cells (DCs), to prime and activate specific effector T cells. Recent findings emerging from the murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) animal model demonstrated that infection of murine DCs with MCMV impaired their capacity to prime an effective T cell response. Even though data on interference of HCMV with DC functions are still limited, immunosuppressive effects identical to those reported for MCMV can be suspected and we may then ask how a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response is generated in these unfavourable conditions. In response to this question, cross-presentation of HCMV antigens by uninfected DCs to CD8+ T cells could be considered a key process in initiating an immune response. In this chapter we discuss the mechanisms through which DCs could acquire HCMV antigens and how cross-presentation could be modulated throughout infection. Moreover, further knowledge of DC functions is key for the development of DC-based immunotherapy against HCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Arrode
- INSERM U 395, CHU Purpan, BP 3028, 31024 Toulouse Cédex, France
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46
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Schneider-Schaulies S, Klagge IM, ter Meulen V. Dendritic cells and measles virus infection. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2003; 276:77-101. [PMID: 12797444 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-06508-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Measles is a major cause of childhood mortality in developing countries which is mainly attributed to the ability of measles virus (MV) to suppress general immune responses. Paradoxically, virus-specific immunity is efficiently induced, which leads to viral clearance from the host and confers long-lasting protection against reinfection. As sensitisers of pathogen encounter and instructors of the adaptive immune response, dendritic cells (DCs) may play a decisive role in the induction and quality of the MV-specific immune activation. The ability of MV wild-type strains in particular to infect DCs in vitro is dearly established, and the receptor binding haemagglutinin protein of these viruses essentially determines this particular tropism. DC maturation as induced early after MV infection is likely to be of crucial importance for the induction of MV-specific immunity. DCs may, however, be instrumental in MV-induced immunosuppression. (1) T cell depletion could be brought about by DC-T cell fusion or TRAIL-mediated induction of apoptosis. (2) Inhibition of stimulated IL-12 production from MV-infected DCs might affect T cell responses in qualitative terms in favouring Th2 and suppressing Th1 responses. (3) The viral glycoprotein complex expressed at high levels on infected DCs late in infection is able to directly inhibit T cell proliferation by surface contact-dependent negative signalling. This most likely accounts for the failure of infected DC cultures to stimulate allogeneic and inhibit mitogen-stimulated T cell proliferation in vitro and the pronounced proliferative unresponsiveness of T cell ex vivo to polyclonal and antigen-specific stimulation which is a central finding of MV-induced immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schneider-Schaulies
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 7, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
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47
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Schneider-Schaulies S, ter Meulen V. Triggering of and interference with immune activation: interactions of measles virus with monocytes and dendritic cells. Viral Immunol 2003; 15:417-28. [PMID: 12479392 DOI: 10.1089/088282402760312304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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48
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Joo HG, Fleming TP, Tanaka Y, Dunn TJ, Linehan DC, Goedegebuure PS, Eberlein TJ. Human dendritic cells induce tumor-specific apoptosis by soluble factors. Int J Cancer 2002; 102:20-8. [PMID: 12353229 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen producing cells (APCs) for initiation of immune responses including anti-tumor immune responses. In previous reports, it has been shown that DCs efficiently take up and process apoptotic or necrotic bodies of tumor cells. It has also been shown that DCs pulsed with tumor cell apoptotic bodies, lysates or peptides generate potent anti-tumor immune responses. Direct interactions between DCs and viable tumor cells, however, have not been clearly elucidated. We report that monocyte-derived, CD1a+ immature DCs (iDCs) significantly inhibit the growth of breast tumor cells in coculture and transwell experiments in the presence of soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L), LPS or both. The growth inhibition effects correlated with cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of breast tumor cells. The effects were associated with morphological changes of tumor cells from a round shape to a flat, spindle shape. In contrast, no inhibition of proliferation or morphological changes was observed on normal PBMC, K562 or breast fibroblasts. Interestingly, iDCs undergoing maturation induced by sCD40L+LPS induced a much stronger growth inhibitory effect than iDCs alone or mature DCs treated with sCD40L+LPS. Fractionation of supernatants showed the anti-tumor effects were mediated by a TNF-alpha-dependent and -independent mechanism. Soluble FasL and TRAIL were not involved. Our findings suggest that maturing DCs have the intrinsic ability to induce cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis of breast tumor cells through soluble factors, but not normal cells, in addition to their Ag presentation function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Gu Joo
- Department of Surgery and the Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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49
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Voisine C, Hubert FX, Trinité B, Heslan M, Josien R. Two phenotypically distinct subsets of spleen dendritic cells in rats exhibit different cytokine production and T cell stimulatory activity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:2284-91. [PMID: 12193693 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.5.2284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that splenic dendritic cells (DC) in rats can be separated into CD4(+) and CD4(-) subsets and that the CD4(-) subset exhibited a natural cytotoxic activity in vitro against tumor cells. Moreover, a recent report suggests that CD4(-) DC could have tolerogenic properties in vivo. In this study, we have analyzed the phenotype and in vitro T cell stimulatory activity of freshly isolated splenic DC subsets. Unlike the CD4(-) subset, CD4(+) splenic DC expressed CD5, CD90, and signal regulatory protein alpha molecules. Both fresh CD4(-) and CD4(+) DC displayed an immature phenotype, although CD4(+) cells constitutively expressed moderate levels of CD80. The half-life of the CD4(-), but not CD4(+) DC in vitro was extremely short but cells could be rescued from death by CD40 ligand, IL-3, or GM-CSF. The CD4(-) DC produced large amounts of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-12 and TNF-alpha and induced Th1 responses in allogeneic CD4(+) T cells, whereas the CD4(+) DC produced low amounts of IL-12 and no TNF-alpha, but induced Th1 and Th2 responses. As compared with the CD4(+) DC that strongly stimulated the proliferation of purified CD8(+) T cells, the CD4(-) DC exhibited a poor CD8(+) T cell stimulatory capacity that was substantially increased by CD40 stimulation. Therefore, as previously shown in mice and humans, we have identified the existence of a high IL-12-producing DC subset in the rat that induces Th1 responses. The fact that both the CD4(+) and CD4(-) DC subsets produced low amounts of IFN-alpha upon viral infection suggests that they are not related to plasmacytoid DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Voisine
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 437, Nantes, France
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Homann D, Jahreis A, Wolfe T, Hughes A, Coon B, van Stipdonk MJB, Prilliman KR, Schoenberger SP, von Herrath MG. CD40L blockade prevents autoimmune diabetes by induction of bitypic NK/DC regulatory cells. Immunity 2002; 16:403-15. [PMID: 11911825 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(02)00290-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Systemic treatment with antibody to CD40 ligand (aCD40L) can prevent autoimmunity and transplant rejection in several animal models and is currently under evaluation in clinical trials. While it is known that aCD40L administration inhibits expansion and effector functions of aggressive T cells, it is still unclear whether additional regulatory mechanisms are operative. Here we demonstrate that a single episode of CD40L blockade during development of the autoaggressive immune response completely prevented autoimmune disease in the RIP-LCMV mouse model for virally induced type 1 diabetes. Interestingly, protection could be transferred by a highly potent, bitypic cell population sharing phenotypic and functional properties of both natural killer (NK) and dendritic cells (DC). Furthermore, protection of prediabetic recipients was autoantigen specific and did not result in generalized immunosuppression. The origin, function, and therapeutic potential of these bitypic NK/DC regulatory cells is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Homann
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Division of Virology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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