1
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Patel RP, Ghilardi G, Zhang Y, Chiang YH, Xie W, Guruprasad P, Kim KH, Chun I, Angelos MG, Pajarillo R, Hong SJ, Lee YG, Shestova O, Shaw C, Cohen I, Gupta A, Vu T, Qian D, Yang S, Nimmagadda A, Snook AE, Siciliano N, Rotolo A, Inamdar A, Harris J, Ugwuanyi O, Wang M, Carturan A, Paruzzo L, Chen L, Ballard HJ, Blanchard T, Xu C, Abdel-Mohsen M, Gabunia K, Wysocka M, Linette GP, Carreno B, Barrett DM, Teachey DT, Posey AD, Powell DJ, Sauter CT, Pileri S, Pillai V, Scholler J, Rook AH, Schuster SJ, Barta SK, Porazzi P, Ruella M. CD5 deletion enhances the antitumor activity of adoptive T cell therapies. Sci Immunol 2024; 9:eadn6509. [PMID: 39028827 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adn6509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Most patients treated with US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells eventually experience disease progression. Furthermore, CAR T cells have not been curative against solid cancers and several hematological malignancies such as T cell lymphomas, which have very poor prognoses. One of the main barriers to the clinical success of adoptive T cell immunotherapies is CAR T cell dysfunction and lack of expansion and/or persistence after infusion. In this study, we found that CD5 inhibits CAR T cell activation and that knockout (KO) of CD5 using CRISPR-Cas9 enhances the antitumor effect of CAR T cells in multiple hematological and solid cancer models. Mechanistically, CD5 KO drives increased T cell effector function with enhanced cytotoxicity, in vivo expansion, and persistence, without apparent toxicity in preclinical models. These findings indicate that CD5 is a critical inhibitor of T cell function and a potential clinical target for enhancing T cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi P Patel
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Guido Ghilardi
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yunlin Zhang
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yi-Hao Chiang
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei Xie
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Puneeth Guruprasad
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Inkook Chun
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mathew G Angelos
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Raymone Pajarillo
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Seok Jae Hong
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yong Gu Lee
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Olga Shestova
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carolyn Shaw
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ivan Cohen
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aasha Gupta
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Trang Vu
- viTToria Biotherapeutics, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dean Qian
- viTToria Biotherapeutics, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Steven Yang
- viTToria Biotherapeutics, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Antonia Rotolo
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Arati Inamdar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jaryse Harris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ositadimma Ugwuanyi
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Wang
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alberto Carturan
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Luca Paruzzo
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Linhui Chen
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hatcher J Ballard
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tatiana Blanchard
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chong Xu
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Khatuna Gabunia
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maria Wysocka
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gerald P Linette
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Beatriz Carreno
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David M Barrett
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David T Teachey
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Avery D Posey
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel J Powell
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - C Tor Sauter
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stefano Pileri
- Division of Haematopathology, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia IRCCS, Italy
| | - Vinodh Pillai
- Division of Hemato-pathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John Scholler
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alain H Rook
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephen J Schuster
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stefan K Barta
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Patrizia Porazzi
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marco Ruella
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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2
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Ma R, Woods M, Burkhardt P, Crooks N, van Leeuwen DG, Shmidt D, Couturier J, Chaumette A, Popat D, Hill LC, Rouce RH, Thakkar S, Orozco AF, Carisey AF, Brenner MK, Mamonkin M. Chimeric antigen receptor-induced antigen loss protects CD5.CART cells from fratricide without compromising on-target cytotoxicity. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101628. [PMID: 38986621 PMCID: PMC11293353 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CART) targeting lymphocyte antigens can induce T cell fratricide and require additional engineering to mitigate self-damage. We demonstrate that the expression of a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) targeting CD5, a prominent pan-T cell antigen, induces rapid internalization and complete loss of the CD5 protein on T cells, protecting them from self-targeting. Notably, exposure of healthy and malignant T cells to CD5.CART cells induces similar internalization of CD5 on target cells, transiently shielding them from cytotoxicity. However, this protection is short-lived, as sustained activity of CD5.CART cells in patients with T cell malignancies results in full ablation of CD5+ T cells while sparing healthy T cells naturally lacking CD5. These results indicate that continuous downmodulation of the target antigen in CD5.CART cells produces effective fratricide resistance without undermining their on-target cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Royce Ma
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mae Woods
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Phillip Burkhardt
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Noah Crooks
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dayenne G van Leeuwen
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Daniil Shmidt
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jacob Couturier
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alexandre Chaumette
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Divya Popat
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - LaQuisa C Hill
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rayne H Rouce
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sachin Thakkar
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Aaron F Orozco
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alexandre F Carisey
- William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Malcolm K Brenner
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Maksim Mamonkin
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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3
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Angelos MG, Patel RP, Ruella M, Barta SK. Progress and Pitfalls of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Immunotherapy against T Cell Malignancies. Transplant Cell Ther 2024; 30:171-186. [PMID: 37866783 PMCID: PMC10873040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2023.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of relapsed and refractory B cell-derived hematologic malignancies. Currently, there are 6 Food and Drug Administration-approved commercial CAR-T products that target antigens exclusively expressed on malignant B cells or plasma cells. However, concurrent advancement for patients with rarer and more aggressive T cell-derived hematologic malignancies have not yet been achieved. CAR-T immunotherapies are uniquely limited by challenges related to CAR-T product manufacturing and intrinsic tumor biology. In this review tailored for practicing clinician-scientists, we discuss the major barriers of CAR-T implementation against T cell-derived neoplasms and highlight specific scientific advancements poised to circumvent these obstacles. We summarize salient early-stage clinical trials implementing novel CAR-T immunotherapies specifically for patients with relapsed and/or refractory T cell neoplasms. Finally, we highlight novel manufacturing and treatment strategies that are poised to have a meaningful future clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew G Angelos
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ruchi P Patel
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Marco Ruella
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stefan K Barta
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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4
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Xia B, Lin K, Wang X, Chen F, Zhou M, Li Y, Lin Y, Qiao Y, Li R, Zhang W, He X, Zou F, Li L, Lu L, Chen C, Li W, Zhang H, Liu B. Nanobody-derived bispecific CAR-T cell therapy enhances the anti-tumor efficacy of T cell lymphoma treatment. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2023; 30:86-102. [PMID: 37593111 PMCID: PMC10427987 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell lymphoma (TCL) is a highly heterogeneous group of diseases with a poor prognosis and low 5-year overall survival rate. The current therapeutic regimens have relatively low efficacy rates. Clinical studies of single-target chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T cell) therapy in T lymphocytes require large and multiple infusions, increasing the risks and cost of treatment; therefore, optimizing targeted therapy is a way to improve overall prognosis. Despite significant advances in bispecific CAR-T cell therapy to avoid antigen escape in treatment of B cell lymphoma, applying this strategy to TCL requires further investigation. Here, we constructed an alpaca nanobody (Nb) phage library and generated high-affinity and -specificity Nbs targeting CD30 and CD5, respectively. Based on multiple rounds of screening, bispecific NbCD30-CD5-CAR T cells were constructed, and their superior anti-tumor effect against TCL was validated in vitro and in vivo. Our findings demonstrated that Nb-derived bispecific CAR-T cells significantly improved anti-tumor efficacy in TCL treatment compared with single-target CAR-T cells and bispecific single chain variable fragment (scFv)-derived CAR-T cells. Because Nbs are smaller and less immunogenic, the synergistic effect of Nb-based bispecific CAR-T cells may improve their safety and efficacy in future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baijin Xia
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Medical Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Keming Lin
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - FeiLi Chen
- Lymphoma Department, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Mo Zhou
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Yuzhuang Li
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Yingtong Lin
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Yidan Qiao
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Rong Li
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Wanying Zhang
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Xin He
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Fan Zou
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Medical Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Qianyang Biomedical Research Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510663, China
| | - Linghua Li
- Infectious Diseases Center, Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Lijuan Lu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Cancan Chen
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - WenYu Li
- Lymphoma Department, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Bingfeng Liu
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
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5
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Luo L, Zhou X, Zhou L, Liang Z, Yang J, Tu S, Li Y. Current state of CAR-T therapy for T-cell malignancies. Ther Adv Hematol 2022; 13:20406207221143025. [PMID: 36601636 PMCID: PMC9806442 DOI: 10.1177/20406207221143025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy has been approved for relapsed/refractory B-cell lymphomas and greatly improves disease outcomes. The impressive success has inspired the application of this approach to other types of tumors. The relapsed/refractory T-cell malignancies are characteristic of high heterogeneity and poor prognoses. The efficacy of current treatments for this group of diseases is limited. CAR-T therapy is a promising solution to ameliorate the current therapeutic situation. One of the major challenges is that normal T-cells typically share mutual antigens with malignant cells, which causes fratricide and serious T-cell aplasia. Moreover, T-cells collected for CAR transduction could be contaminated by malignant T-cells. The selection of suitable target antigens is of vital importance to mitigate fratricide and T-cell aplasia. Using nanobody-derived or naturally selected CAR-T is the latest method to overcome fratricide. Allogeneic CAR-T products and CAR-NK-cells are expected to avoid tumor contamination. Herein, we review the advances in promising target antigens, the current results of CAR-T therapy clinical trials in T-cell malignancies, the obstacles of CAR-T therapy in T-cell malignancies, and the solutions to these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lijuan Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital,
Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhao Liang
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital,
Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jilong Yang
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital,
Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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6
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Qu C, Zhang H, Cao H, Tang L, Mo H, Liu F, Zhang L, Yi Z, Long L, Yan L, Wang Z, Zhang N, Luo P, Zhang J, Liu Z, Ye W, Liu Z, Cheng Q. Tumor buster - where will the CAR-T cell therapy 'missile' go? Mol Cancer 2022; 21:201. [PMID: 36261831 PMCID: PMC9580202 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01669-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell (CAR-T cell) therapy based on gene editing technology represents a significant breakthrough in personalized immunotherapy for human cancer. This strategy uses genetic modification to enable T cells to target tumor-specific antigens, attack specific cancer cells, and bypass tumor cell apoptosis avoidance mechanisms to some extent. This method has been extensively used to treat hematologic diseases, but the therapeutic effect in solid tumors is not ideal. Tumor antigen escape, treatment-related toxicity, and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) limit their use of it. Target selection is the most critical aspect in determining the prognosis of patients receiving this treatment. This review provides a comprehensive summary of all therapeutic targets used in the clinic or shown promising potential. We summarize CAR-T cell therapies’ clinical trials, applications, research frontiers, and limitations in treating different cancers. We also explore coping strategies when encountering sub-optimal tumor-associated antigens (TAA) or TAA loss. Moreover, the importance of CAR-T cell therapy in cancer immunotherapy is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunrun Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,XiangYa School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Cao
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second People's Hospital of Hunan Province, The Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The School of Clinical Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lanhua Tang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Haoyang Mo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,XiangYa School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fangkun Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liyang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhenjie Yi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,XiangYa School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lifu Long
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,XiangYa School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Luzhe Yan
- XiangYa School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,One-third Lab, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zaoqu Liu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Weijie Ye
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhixiong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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7
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Cesaro E, Falanga AP, Catapano R, Greco F, Romano S, Borbone N, Pastore A, Marzano M, Chiurazzi F, D’Errico S, Piccialli G, Oliviero G, Costanzo P, Grosso M. Exploring a peptide nucleic acid-based antisense approach for CD5 targeting in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266090. [PMID: 35358273 PMCID: PMC8970396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We herein report an innovative antisense approach based on Peptide Nucleic Acids (PNAs) to down-modulate CD5 expression levels in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Using bioinformatics tools, we selected a 12-mer tract of the CD5 mRNA as the molecular target and synthesized the complementary and control PNA strands bearing a serine phosphate dipeptide tail to enhance their water solubility and bioavailability. The specific recognition of the 12-mer DNA strand, corresponding to the target mRNA sequence by the complementary PNA strand, was confirmed by non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, thermal difference spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD), and CD melting studies. Cytofluorimetric assays and real-time PCR analysis demonstrated the downregulation of CD5 expression due to incubation with the anti-CD5 PNA at RNA and protein levels in Jurkat cell line and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from B-CLL patients. Interestingly, we also observed that transfection with the anti-CD5 PNA increases apoptotic response induced by fludarabine in B-CLL cells. The herein reported results suggest that PNAs could represent a potential candidate for the development of antisense therapeutic agents in CLL.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/genetics
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology
- Peptide Nucleic Acids/chemistry
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cesaro
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Rosa Catapano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesca Greco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Simona Romano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Nicola Borbone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
- ISBE-IT, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Arianna Pastore
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Marzano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Federico Chiurazzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Stefano D’Errico
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Gennaro Piccialli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
- ISBE-IT, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giorgia Oliviero
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
- ISBE-IT, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Paola Costanzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Michela Grosso
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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8
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CD5 signalosome coordinates antagonist TCR signals to control the generation of Treg cells induced by foreign antigens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:12969-12979. [PMID: 32434911 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1917182117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD5 is characterized as an inhibitory coreceptor with an important regulatory role during T cell development. The molecular mechanism by which CD5 operates has been puzzling and its function in mature T cells suggests promoting rather than repressing effects on immune responses. Here, we combined quantitative mass spectrometry and genetic studies to analyze the components and the activity of the CD5 signaling machinery in primary T cells. We found that T cell receptor (TCR) engagement induces the selective phosphorylation of CD5 tyrosine 429, which serves as a docking site for proteins with adaptor functions (c-Cbl, CIN85, CRKL), connecting CD5 to positive (PI3K) and negative (UBASH3A, SHIP1) regulators of TCR signaling. c-CBL acts as a coordinator in this complex enabling CD5 to synchronize positive and negative feedbacks on TCR signaling through the other components. Disruption of CD5 signalosome in mutant mice reveals that it modulates TCR signal outputs to selectively repress the transactivation of Foxp3 and limit the inopportune induction of peripherally induced regulatory T cells during immune responses against foreign antigen. Our findings bring insights into the paradigm of coreceptor signaling, suggesting that, in addition to providing dualistic enhancing or dampening inputs, coreceptors can engage concomitant stimulatory and inhibitory signaling events, which act together to promote specific functional outcomes.
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9
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Scarfò I, Frigault MJ, Maus MV. CAR-Based Approaches to Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma. Front Oncol 2019; 9:259. [PMID: 31058076 PMCID: PMC6477509 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous T cell lymphomas (CTCL) are a heterogeneous group of malignancies characterized by the expansion of a malignant T cell clone. Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has shown impressive results for the treatment of B-cell tumors, but several challenges have prevented this approach in the context of T cell lymphoma. These challenges include the possibilities of fratricide due to shared T-cell antigens, T cell immunodeficiency, and CAR transduction of malignant cells if CAR T are manufactured in the autologous setting. In this review, we discuss these and other challenges in detail and summarize the approaches currently in development to overcome these challenges and offer cellular targeting of T cell lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Scarfò
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Matthew J Frigault
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Marcela V Maus
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States
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10
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CAR T-cells for T-cell malignancies: challenges in distinguishing between therapeutic, normal, and neoplastic T-cells. Leukemia 2018; 32:2307-2315. [PMID: 30315238 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-018-0285-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells targeting CD19 demonstrated remarkable efficacy for the treatment of B-cell malignancies. The development of CAR T-cells against T-cell malignancies appears more challenging due to the similarities between the therapeutic, normal and malignant T-cells. The obstacles include CAR T-cell fratricide, T-cell aplasia, and contamination of CAR T-cell products with malignant T-cells. Here, we review these challenges and propose solutions to overcome these limitations.
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11
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Mamonkin M, Mukherjee M, Srinivasan M, Sharma S, Gomes-Silva D, Mo F, Krenciute G, Orange JS, Brenner MK. Reversible Transgene Expression Reduces Fratricide and Permits 4-1BB Costimulation of CAR T Cells Directed to T-cell Malignancies. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 6:47-58. [PMID: 29079655 PMCID: PMC5963729 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
T cells expressing second-generation chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) specific for CD5, a T-cell surface marker present on normal and malignant T cells, can selectively kill tumor cells. We aimed to improve this killing by substituting the CD28 costimulatory endodomain (28.z) with 4-1BB (BB.z), as 28.z CD5 CAR T cells rapidly differentiated into short-lived effector cells. In contrast, 4-1BB costimulation is known to promote development of the central memory subpopulation. Here, we found BB.z CD5 CAR T cells had impaired growth compared with 28.z CD5.CAR T cells, due to increased T-cell-T-cell fratricide. We demonstrate that TRAF signaling from the 4-1BB endodomain upregulated the intercellular adhesion molecule 1, which stabilized the fratricidal immunologic synapse between CD5 CAR T cells. As the surviving BB.z CD5 CAR T cells retained the desired central memory phenotype, we aimed to circumvent the 4-1BB-mediated toxicity using a regulated expression system that reversibly inhibits CAR expression. This system minimized CAR signaling and T-cell fratricide during in vitro expansion in the presence of a small-molecule inhibitor, and restored CAR expression and antitumor function of transduced T cells in vivo These studies reveal a mechanism by which 4-1BB costimulation impairs expansion of CD5 CAR T cells and offer a solution to mitigate this toxicity. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(1); 47-58. ©2017 AACR.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Apoptosis/immunology
- CD5 Antigens/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Genetic Vectors
- Immunological Synapses/immunology
- Immunological Synapses/metabolism
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/adverse effects
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 2/metabolism
- Transgenes
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9/metabolism
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Mamonkin
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas.
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Malini Mukherjee
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Madhuwanti Srinivasan
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Sandhya Sharma
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Diogo Gomes-Silva
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
- Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Feiyan Mo
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Giedre Krenciute
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Malcolm K Brenner
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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12
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Carrasco E, Escoda-Ferran C, Climent N, Miró-Julià C, Simões IT, Martínez-Florensa M, Sarukhan A, Carreras E, Lozano F. Human CD6 Down-Modulation following T-Cell Activation Compromises Lymphocyte Survival and Proliferative Responses. Front Immunol 2017; 8:769. [PMID: 28713387 PMCID: PMC5492662 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Available evidence indicates that the CD6 lymphocyte surface receptor is involved in T-cell developmental and activation processes, by facilitating cell-to-cell adhesive contacts with antigen-presenting cells and likely modulating T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Here, we show that in vitro activation of human T cells under different TCR-ligation conditions leads to surface downregulation of CD6 expression. This phenomenon was (i) concomitant to increased levels of soluble CD6 (sCD6) in culture supernatants, (ii) partially reverted by protease inhibitors, (iii) not associated to CD6 mRNA down-regulation, and (iv) reversible by stimulus removal. CD6 down-modulation inversely correlated with the upregulation of CD25 in both FoxP3− (Tact) and FoxP3+ (Treg) T-cell subsets. Furthermore, ex vivo analysis of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with activated (CD25+) or effector memory (effector memory T cell, CD45RA−CCR7−) phenotype present lower CD6 levels than their naïve or central memory (central memory T cell, CD45RA−CCR7+) counterparts. CD6lo/− T cells resulting from in vitro T-cell activation show higher apoptosis and lower proliferation levels than CD6hi T cells, supporting the relevance of CD6 in the induction of proper T-cell proliferative responses and resistance to apoptosis. Accordingly, CD6 transfectants also showed higher viability when exposed to TCR-independent apoptosis-inducing conditions in comparison with untransfected cells. Taken together, these results provide insight into the origin of sCD6 and the previously reported circulating CD6-negative T-cell subset in humans, as well as into the functional consequences of CD6 down-modulation on ongoing T-cell responses, which includes sensitization to apoptotic events and attenuation of T-cell proliferative responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Carrasco
- Grup d'Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Escoda-Ferran
- Grup d'Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Climent
- IDIBAPS-AIDS Research Group, HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Miró-Julià
- Grup d'Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inês T Simões
- Grup d'Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Martínez-Florensa
- Grup d'Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adelaida Sarukhan
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France
| | - Esther Carreras
- Grup d'Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Lozano
- Grup d'Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Servei d'Immunologia, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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13
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A T-cell-directed chimeric antigen receptor for the selective treatment of T-cell malignancies. Blood 2015; 126:983-92. [PMID: 26056165 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-02-629527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Options for targeted therapy of T-cell malignancies remain scarce. Recent clinical trials demonstrated that chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) can effectively redirect T lymphocytes to eradicate lymphoid malignancies of B-cell origin. However, T-lineage neoplasms remain a more challenging task for CAR T cells due to shared expression of most targetable surface antigens between normal and malignant T cells, potentially leading to fratricide of CAR T cells or profound immunodeficiency. Here, we report that T cells transduced with a CAR targeting CD5, a common surface marker of normal and neoplastic T cells, undergo only limited fratricide and can be expanded long-term ex vivo. These CD5 CAR T cells effectively eliminate malignant T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and T-cell lymphoma lines in vitro and significantly inhibit disease progression in xenograft mouse models of T-ALL. These data support the therapeutic potential of CD5 CAR in patients with T-cell neoplasms.
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14
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Purdy AK, Alvarez Arias DA, Oshinsky J, James AM, Serebriiskii I, Campbell KS. The ap-2 clathrin adaptor mediates endocytosis of an inhibitory killer cell Ig-like receptor in human NK cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:4675-83. [PMID: 25238755 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Stable surface expression of human inhibitory killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIRs) is critical for controlling NK cell function and maintaining NK cell tolerance toward normal MHC class I(+) cells. Our recent experiments, however, have found that Ab-bound KIR3DL1 (3DL1) readily leaves the cell surface and undergoes endocytosis to early/recycling endosomes and subsequently to late endosomes. We found that 3DL1 internalization is at least partially mediated by an interaction between the μ2 subunit of the AP-2 clathrin adaptor complex and ITIM tyrosine residues in the cytoplasmic domain of 3DL1. Disruption of the 3DL1/μ2 interaction, either by mutation of the ITIM tyrosines in 3DL1 or mutation of μ2, significantly diminished endocytosis and increased surface expression of 3DL1 in human primary NK cells and cell lines. Furthermore, we found that the 3DL1/AP-2 interaction is diminished upon Ab engagement with the receptor, as compared with untreated cells. Thus, we have identified AP-2-mediated endocytosis as a mechanism regulating the surface levels of inhibitory KIRs through their ITIM domains. Based on our results, we propose a model in which nonengaged KIRs are internalized by this mechanism, whereas engagement with MHC class I ligand would diminish AP-2 binding, thereby prolonging stable receptor surface expression and promoting inhibitory function. Furthermore, this ITIM-mediated mechanism may similarly regulate the surface expression of other inhibitory immune receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Purdy
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - Diana A Alvarez Arias
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - Jennifer Oshinsky
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - Ashley M James
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - Ilya Serebriiskii
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111; and Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Kerry S Campbell
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111;
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15
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Mankai A, Bordron A, Renaudineau Y, Berthou C, Ghedira I, Youinou P. CD5 links humoral autoimmunity with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 3:333-41. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.3.3.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Liubchenko GA, Appleberry HC, Holers VM, Banda NK, Willis VC, Lyubchenko T. Potentially autoreactive naturally occurring transitional T3 B lymphocytes exhibit a unique signaling profile. J Autoimmun 2012; 38:293-303. [PMID: 22365785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
B lymphocytes exhibit phenotypic differences that correlate with their developmental or functional stages and affect humoral immune responses. One recently described subset of naturally occurring immature transitional type 3 (T3) B lymphocytes is believed to consist of potentially autoimmune cells whose signaling properties have not been studied in detail. This study characterizes intracellular signaling in T3 B cells in wildtype C57BL/6 mice. Protein phosphorylation and Ca(2+) responses upon B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) engagement were measured by multicolor flow cytometry. We observed high baseline signaling activity and reduced BCR-mediated responses in T3 cells, which confirmed their anergy - a functional state in which lymphocytes recognize chronically present self-antigens but cannot produce immune response due to intrinsic signaling inhibition. Our results also revealed a previously unknown T3-specific phosphorylation pattern of 24 key signaling molecules involved in BCR signal transduction. These characteristics reflect the balance between stimulatory and inhibitory BCR signaling pathways in anergy. Results obtained in the collagen-induced arthritis model demonstrate the loss of anergy in T3 B cells during the onset of the disease. Our findings provide rationale for further investigating alterations in B-cell signaling patterns as earliest functional biomarkers of changes in the immune tolerance of autoreactive B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganna A Liubchenko
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Mail Stop B115, 1775 Aurora Ct., Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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17
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Moeller JB, Nielsen MJ, Reichhardt MP, Schlosser A, Sorensen GL, Nielsen O, Tornøe I, Grønlund J, Nielsen ME, Jørgensen JS, Jensen ON, Mollenhauer J, Moestrup SK, Holmskov U. CD163-L1 is an endocytic macrophage protein strongly regulated by mediators in the inflammatory response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:2399-409. [PMID: 22279103 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD163-L1 belongs to the group B scavenger receptor cysteine-rich family of proteins, where the CD163-L1 gene arose by duplication of the gene encoding the hemoglobin scavenger receptor CD163 in late evolution. The current data demonstrate that CD163-L1 is highly expressed and colocalizes with CD163 on large subsets of macrophages, but in contrast to CD163 the expression is low or absent in monocytes and in alveolar macrophages, glia, and Kupffer cells. The expression of CD163-L1 increases when cultured monocytes are M-CSF stimulated to macrophages, and the expression is further increased by the acute-phase mediator IL-6 and the anti-inflammatory mediator IL-10 but is suppressed by the proinflammatory mediators IL-4, IL-13, TNF-α, and LPS/IFN-γ. Furthermore, we show that CD163-L1 is an endocytic receptor, which internalizes independently of cross-linking through a clathrin-mediated pathway. Two cytoplasmic splice variants of CD163-L1 are differentially expressed and have different subcellular distribution patterns. Despite its many similarities to CD163, CD163-L1 does not possess measurable affinity for CD163 ligands such as the haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex or various bacteria. In conclusion, CD163-L1 exhibits similarity to CD163 in terms of structure and regulated expression in cultured monocytes but shows clear differences compared with the known CD163 ligand preferences and expression pattern in the pool of tissue macrophages. We postulate that CD163-L1 functions as a scavenger receptor for one or several ligands that might have a role in resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper B Moeller
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
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18
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Abstract
Purpose The objective of this article is to develop internalizing positron emission tomography (PET) reporter genes for tracking genetically modified T cells in vivo. Procedures The transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of the human transferrin receptor (TfR) and CD5 were each fused to the carcinoembryonic (CEA) minigene N-A3 and expressed in Jurkat T cells. Internalization was evaluated by confocal microscopy or by intracellular uptake of 125I-labeled anti-CEA scFv-Fc. Reporter gene-transfected Jurkat xenografts in mice were analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and imaged by PET using 124I- or 64Cu-scFv-Fc as tracers. Results Surface expression of TR(1–99)-NA3 was lower than that of NA3-CD5. Both reporter genes were internalized following binding of the anti-CEA antibody fragment. IHC of tumors showed strong staining of NA3-CD5, whereas TR(1–99)-NA3 stained weakly. Specific targeting of TR(1–99)-NA3 or NA3-CD5 was shown by PET in xenografted mice. Conclusions The in vivo imaging studies suggest a potential application of the internalizing form of CEA (N-A3) as a PET reporter gene.
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Increased antigen responsiveness of naive CD8 T cells exposed to IL‐7 and IL‐21 is associated with decreased CD5 expression. Immunol Cell Biol 2010; 88:451-60. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2009.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Renaudineau Y, Garaud S, Le Dantec C, Alonso-Ramirez R, Daridon C, Youinou P. Autoreactive B Cells and Epigenetics. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2009; 39:85-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-009-8174-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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21
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Garaud S, Le Dantec C, Jousse-Joulin S, Hanrotel-Saliou C, Saraux A, Mageed RA, Youinou P, Renaudineau Y. IL-6 modulates CD5 expression in B cells from patients with lupus by regulating DNA methylation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:5623-32. [PMID: 19380809 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0802412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
B lymphocytes from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are characterized by reduced expression levels of membrane CD5. Recent studies from our laboratory have revealed that the level of membrane CD5 is determined by the relative level of two alternative CD5 isoforms; CD5-E1A, which is expressed on the membrane, and CD5-E1B, which is retained in the cytoplasm. Using bisulfite sequencing and methylation-sensitive endonuclease assays we show that the promoter for the alternative CD5-E1B isoform is demethylated in B cells from patients with SLE but not in healthy controls. We go on to show that differential methylation is more pronounced following BCR engagement. As a result of this demethylation, CD5-E1B mRNA is transcribed at the expense of CD5-E1A mRNA transcription. We provide further evidence that production of high IL-6 levels by SLE B cells abrogates the ability of SLE B cells to induce DNA methyl transferase (DNMT1) and then to methylate DNA, an effect that is reversed in the presence of a blocking Ab to the IL-6 receptor. The pattern of demethylation of CpG islands in the CD5-E1B promoter in SLE B cells is similar to those in B cells from healthy controls stimulated in the presence of IL-6, or treated with the methylation inhibitor PD98059. The study reveals that engagement of the BCR with constitutive IL-6 down-regulates the level of membrane CD5, which negatively regulates BCR signaling, in SLE B cells. This altered signaling could, in turn, promote the activation and expansion of autoreactive B cells in SLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soizic Garaud
- Research Unit EA2216 Immunology and Pathology, IFR148 ScInBioS, Université de Brest, Brest, France
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Garaud S, Le Dantec C, Berthou C, Lydyard PM, Youinou P, Renaudineau Y. Selection of the alternative exon 1 from the cd5 gene down-regulates membrane level of the protein in B lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:2010-8. [PMID: 18641338 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.3.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The human cd5 gene has two alternative exons 1: exon 1A (E1A) which encodes the full-length (FL) CD5 protein and exon 1B (E1B) which encodes a truncated (TR) isoform. The FL variant of CD5 protein is translocated to the plasma membrane, while its TR variant is retained in the cytoplasm. Because there is an inverse relationship between the levels of FL-CD5 and TR-CD5 in B cells, we have addressed the issue of how the selection of exon 1 is determined. In leukemic B cells, DNA methyltransferase (DNMT)1-induced methylation of E1B prevents its transcription. Furthermore, the level of mRNA for DNMT1 correlates inversely with that of mRNA for CD5-E1B. However, suppression of E1B transcription is incomplete, and some molecules of TR-CD5 continue to be synthesized. Bortezomid-induced inhibition of the proteasome establishes that these TR-CD5 molecules are cleared through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Transfection of CD5 mutants into COS-1 cells locates the ubiquitin-binding site at the second destruction box of the extracellular region of CD5. Activation of the B cells by anti-IgM, Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I (SAC), or PMA up-regulates DNMT1, and thereby CD5-E1A mRNA at the expense of CD5-E1B mRNA. Aberrant synthesis of TR-CD5 is thus offset by balanced degradation of excessive protein. Dysregulation of these mechanisms reduces the expression level of membrane CD5, and thereby diminishes the threshold of the response by cells expressing CD5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soizic Garaud
- Laboratory of Immunology, Brest University Medical School, Brest, France
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Pospisil R, Alexander CB, Obiakor H, Sinha RK, Mage RG. CD5+ B cells are preferentially expanded in rabbit appendix: the role of CD5 in B cell development and selection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 30:711-22. [PMID: 16375969 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2005.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2005] [Accepted: 10/04/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Although only a small proportion of mouse and human B cells are CD5(+), most adult rabbit B cells express CD5. However, CD5 was not detectable on the majority of B cells in neonatal appendix 1 and 3days after birth. Cell trafficking studies demonstrated that CD5(+) and CD5(-) CD62L(+) B cells from bone marrow migrated into appendix. There, CD5(+) B cells were preferentially expanded and predominated by approximately 2weeks of age. In mutant ali/ali rabbits, VHa2(+) B cells develop through gene conversion-like alteration of rearranged VH genes upstream of deleted VH1a2. Correlated appearance of individual CD5(+) germinal centers and VHa2(+) B-cells in mutant appendix suggests that CD5 binding positively selects cells with a2(+) framework regions that bind CD5. Following negative and positive selection, cells with diversified rearranged heavy- and light-chain sequences exit appendix, migrate to peripheral tissues and constitute the preimmune repertoire of CD5(+) B cells that encounter foreign antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Pospisil
- Laboratory of Immunology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1892, USA
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Renaudineau Y, Hillion S, Saraux A, Mageed RA, Youinou P. An alternative exon 1 of the CD5 gene regulates CD5 expression in human B lymphocytes. Blood 2005; 106:2781-9. [PMID: 15998834 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-02-0597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes and a subpopulation of B lymphocytes express the CD5 coreceptor. Its functional importance is evident from the multiple levels and developmental stages of the regulation of its expression. We here report the discovery of a novel regulatory exon upstream of the noncoding region of the CD5 gene in humans. This alternate exon 1 is designated E1B (with the conventional exon 1 renamed E1A) and was shown to regulate the expression of CD5. E1B-containing transcripts existed exclusively in B lymphocytes and encoded a protein that was truncated and retained intracellularly. As a consequence, the amount of E1A-containing transcripts was down-regulated and the membrane CD5 expression was diminished in the presence of E1B-containing transcripts. High levels of E1A transcripts were found in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and there were no E1A transcripts in 697 pre-B cells, which have no membrane CD5. Introduction of E1B into Jurkat cells reduced their membrane expression of CD5, and sequence analysis revealed that the E1B motif is a defective human endogenous retrovirus. A balance between the 2 alternative exons 1 might be central to the regulation of membrane CD5 in human B cells, and, through CD5-associated SH2-containing phosphatase 1, to the modulation of B-cell antigen receptor-transduced signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Renaudineau
- Laboratory of Immunology, Brest University Medical School, BP824, F29609 Brest Cedex, France
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Campbell KS, Yusa SI, Kikuchi-Maki A, Catina TL. NKp44 triggers NK cell activation through DAP12 association that is not influenced by a putative cytoplasmic inhibitory sequence. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:899-906. [PMID: 14707061 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.2.899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
NKp44 (NCR2) is a member of the natural cytotoxicity receptor (NCR) family that is expressed on activated human NK cells. We dissected structural attributes of NKp44 to determine their contributions to receptor function. Our results demonstrate that surface expression and NK cell activation by NKp44 is mediated through noncovalent association with the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif-containing protein, DAP12. Physical linkage to DAP12 requires lysine-183 in the NKp44 transmembrane domain. Intriguingly, the cytoplasmic domain of NKp44 also contains a sequence that matches the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) consensus. By expressing a chimeric receptor in an NK-like cell line, we found that this ITIM-like motif from NKp44 lacks inhibitory capacity in a redirected cytotoxicity assay. The NKp44 cytoplasmic tyrosine was efficiently phosphorylated in the chimeric receptor upon treating the cells with pervanadate, but it was unable to recruit ITIM-binding negative effector phosphatases. We also generated NK-like cell lines expressing epitope-tagged wild-type or tyrosine to phenylalanine mutant (Y238F) versions of NKp44 and compared their capacities to induce activation marker expression, promote IFN-gamma production, or stimulate target cell cytotoxicity. We did not detect any tyrosine-dependent reduction or enhancement of NK cell activation through wild-type vs. Y238F mutant NKp44. Finally, the cytoplasmic tyrosine-based sequence did not provide a docking site for the AP-2 clathrin adaptor, nor did it potentiate receptor internalization. In summary, all activating properties and surface expression of NKp44 are mediated through its association with DAP12, and the putative ITIM in the NKp44 cytoplasmic domain does not appear to attenuate activating function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry S Campbell
- Division of Basic Science, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-2497, USA.
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