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Silva TF, Detoni MB, Concato-Lopes VM, Tomiotto-Pellissier F, Miranda-Sapla MM, Bortoleti BTDS, Gonçalves MD, Rodrigues ACJ, Sanfelice RA, Cruz EMS, Silva MSDS, Carloto ACM, Bidoia DL, Costa IN, Pavanelli WR, Conchon-Costa I. Leishmania amazonensis infection regulates oxidate stress in hyperglycemia and diabetes impairing macrophage's function and immune response. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167078. [PMID: 38364941 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a group of infectious diseases caused by protozoa of the Leishmania genus and its immunopathogenesis results from an unbalanced immune response during the infection. Diabetes is a chronic disease resulting from dysfunction of the body's production of insulin or the ability to use it properly, leading to hyperglycemia causing tissue damage and impairing the immune system. AIMS The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of hyperglycemia and diabetes during Leishmania amazonensis infection and how these conditions alter the immune response to the parasite. METHODS An in vitro hyperglycemic stimulus model using THP-1-derived macrophages and an in vivo experimental diabetes with streptozotocin (STZ) in C57BL/6 mice was employed to investigate the impact of diabetes and hyperglicemia in Leishmania amazonensis infection. RESULTS We observed that hyperglycemia impair the leishmanicidal capacity of macrophages derived from THP-1 cells and reverse the resistance profile that C57BL/6 mice have against infection by L. amazonensis, inducing more exacerbated lesions compared to non-diabetic animals. In addition, the hyperglycemic stimulus favored the increase of markers related to the phenotype of M2 macrophages. The induction of experimental diabetes in C57BL/6 mice resulted in a failure in the production of nitric oxide (NO) in the face of infection and macrophages from diabetic animals failed to process and present Leishmania antigens, being unable to activate and induce proliferation of antigen-specific lymphocytes. CONCLUSION Together, these data demonstrate that diabetes and hyperglycemia can impair the cellular immune response, mainly of macrophages, against infection by parasites of the genus Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylon Felipe Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer (LIDNC), State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
| | - Mariana Barbosa Detoni
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer (LIDNC), State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Virgínia Márcia Concato-Lopes
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer (LIDNC), State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Tomiotto-Pellissier
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer (LIDNC), State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil; Department of Medical Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Milena Menegazzo Miranda-Sapla
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer (LIDNC), State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, SC, Brazil
| | - Bruna Taciane da Silva Bortoleti
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer (LIDNC), State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, United States
| | - Manoela Daiele Gonçalves
- Biotransformation and Phytochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Jacob Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer (LIDNC), State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil; Biosciences and Biotechnology Graduate Program, Carlos Chagas Institute (ICC), Fiocruz, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Raquel Arruda Sanfelice
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer (LIDNC), State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Ellen Mayara Souza Cruz
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer (LIDNC), State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Maria Stacy Dos Santos Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer (LIDNC), State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Amanda Cristina Machado Carloto
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer (LIDNC), State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Danielle Lazarin Bidoia
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer (LIDNC), State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Idessania Nazareth Costa
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer (LIDNC), State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Wander Rogério Pavanelli
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer (LIDNC), State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Ivete Conchon-Costa
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer (LIDNC), State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
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Bhattacharya P, Gannavaram S, Ismail N, Saxena A, Dagur PK, Akue A, KuKuruga M, Nakhasi HL. Toll-like Receptor-9 (TLR-9) Signaling Is Crucial for Inducing Protective Immunity following Immunization with Genetically Modified Live Attenuated Leishmania Parasites. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040534. [PMID: 37111420 PMCID: PMC10143410 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
No human vaccine is available for visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Live attenuated centrin gene-deleted L. donovani (LdCen−/−) parasite vaccine has been shown to induce robust innate immunity and provide protection in animal models. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed in innate immune cells and are essential for the early stages of Leishmania infection. Among TLRs, TLR-9 signaling has been reported to induce host protection during Leishmania infection. Importantly, TLR-9 ligands have been used as immune enhancers for non-live vaccination strategies against leishmaniasis. However, the function of TLR-9 in the generation of a protective immune response in live attenuated Leishmania vaccines remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the function of TLR-9 during LdCen−/− infection and found that it increased the expression of TLR-9 on DCs and macrophages from ear-draining lymph nodes and spleen. The increase in TLR-9 expression resulted in changes in downstream signaling in DCs mediated through signaling protein myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), resulting in activation and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). This process resulted in an increase in the DC’s proinflammatory response, activation, and DC-mediated CD4+T cell proliferation. Further, LdCen−/− immunization in TLR-9−/− mice resulted in a significant loss of protective immunity. Thus, LdCen−/− vaccine naturally activates the TLR-9 signaling pathway to elicit protective immunity against virulent L. donovani challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parna Bhattacharya
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Disease, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
- Correspondence: (P.B.); (H.L.N.); Tel.: +1-240-402-8209 (H.L.N.)
| | - Sreenivas Gannavaram
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Disease, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Nevien Ismail
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Disease, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Ankit Saxena
- Immune Monitoring Shared Resource, Rutgers, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Pradeep K. Dagur
- Flow Cytometry Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Adovi Akue
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic, and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Mark KuKuruga
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic, and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Hira L. Nakhasi
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Disease, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
- Correspondence: (P.B.); (H.L.N.); Tel.: +1-240-402-8209 (H.L.N.)
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Leishmania major Strain-Dependent Macrophage Activation Contributes to Pathogenicity in the Absence of Lymphocytes. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0112622. [PMID: 36190414 PMCID: PMC9603372 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01126-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of C57BL/6 wild-type mice with Leishmania major 5-ASKH or Friedlin strains results in relatively similar pathogenicity with self-healing lesions within weeks. Parasite clearance depends on nitric oxide production by activated macrophages in response to cytokines produced mainly by CD4+ Th1 cells. In contrast, C57BL/6 Rag2 knockout mice, which lack T and B lymphocytes, show distinct pathologies during infection with these strains. Despite of the similar parasite number, the 5-ASKH infection induced severe inflammation rather than the Friedlin. To determine the immunological factors behind this phenomenon, we infected C57BL/6 Rag2 knockout mice with these two strains and compared immune cell kinetics and macrophage activation status. Compared with the Friedlin strain, the 5-ASKH strain elicited increased pathology associated with the accumulation of CD11bhigh, Ly6Ghigh neutrophils by week four and increased the expression of macrophage activation markers. We then analyzed the differentially expressed transcripts in infected bone marrow-derived macrophages by RNA sequencing. It showed upregulation of multiple inflammatory transcripts, including Toll-like receptor 1/2 (TLR1/2), CD69, and CARD14, upon 5-ASKH infection. Our findings suggest that different L. major strains can trigger distinct macrophage activation, contributing to the disease outcome observed in the absence of lymphocytes but not in the presence of lymphocytes. IMPORTANCE Disease manifestations of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) range from self-healing cutaneous lesions to chronic forms of the disease, depending on the infecting Leishmania sp. and host immune protection. Previous works on mouse models of CL show the distinct pathogenicity of Leishmania major strains in the absence of lymphocytes. However, the mechanisms of this pathology remain uncovered. In the trial to understand the immunological process involved in lymphocyte-independent pathology, we have found a specific induction of macrophages by different L. major strains that affect their ability to mount innate responses leading to neutrophilic pathology when lymphocytes are ablated.
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Gupta AK, Das S, Kamran M, Ejazi SA, Ali N. The Pathogenicity and Virulence of Leishmania - interplay of virulence factors with host defenses. Virulence 2022; 13:903-935. [PMID: 35531875 PMCID: PMC9154802 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2074130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a group of disease caused by the intracellular protozoan parasite of the genus Leishmania. Infection by different species of Leishmania results in various host immune responses, which usually lead to parasite clearance and may also contribute to pathogenesis and, hence, increasing the complexity of the disease. Interestingly, the parasite tends to reside within the unfriendly environment of the macrophages and has evolved various survival strategies to evade or modulate host immune defense. This can be attributed to the array of virulence factors of the vicious parasite, which target important host functioning and machineries. This review encompasses a holistic overview of leishmanial virulence factors, their role in assisting parasite-mediated evasion of host defense weaponries, and modulating epigenetic landscapes of host immune regulatory genes. Furthermore, the review also discusses the diagnostic potential of various leishmanial virulence factors and the advent of immunomodulators as futuristic antileishmanial drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Kumar Gupta
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sonali Das
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Mohd Kamran
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sarfaraz Ahmad Ejazi
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Nahid Ali
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
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Bamigbola IE, Ali S. Paradoxical immune response in leishmaniasis: the role of toll-like receptors in disease progression. Parasite Immunol 2022; 44:e12910. [PMID: 35119120 PMCID: PMC9285711 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), members of pattern recognition receptors, are expressed on many cells of the innate immune system and their engagements with antigens regulates specific immune responses. TLRs signalling influences species-specific immune responses during Leishmania infection, thus, TLRs play a decisive role towards elimination or exacerbation of Leishmania infection. To date, there is no single therapeutic or prophylactic approach that fully effective against Leishmaniasis. An in-depth understanding of the mechanisms by which Leishmania species evade, or exploit host immune machinery could lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches for the prevention and management of leishmaniasis. In this review, the role of TLRs in the induction of a paradoxical immune response in leishmaniasis was discussed. This review focuses on highlighting the novel interplay of TLR2/TLR9 driven resistance or susceptibility to 5 clinically important Leishmania species in human. The activation of TLR2/TLR9 can induce a diverse anti-Leishmania activities depending on the species of infecting Leishmania parasite. Infection with L. infantum and L. mexicana initiate TLR2/9 activation leading to host protective immune response while infection with L. major, L. donovani, and L. amazonensis trigger either a TLR2/9 related protective or non-protective immune responses. These findings suggest that TLR2 and TLR9 are targets worth pursuing either for modulation or blockage to trigger host protective immune response towards leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeoluwa E Bamigbola
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Selman Ali
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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6
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Lopes ME, dos Santos LM, Sacks D, Vieira LQ, Carneiro MB. Resistance Against Leishmania major Infection Depends on Microbiota-Guided Macrophage Activation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:730437. [PMID: 34745100 PMCID: PMC8564857 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.730437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune cells present a dual role during leishmaniasis: they constitute the first line of host defense but are also the main host cells for the parasite. Response against the infection that results in the control of parasite growth and lesion healing depends on activation of macrophages into a classical activated phenotype. We report an essential role for the microbiota in driving macrophage and monocyte-derived macrophage activation towards a resistance phenotype against Leishmania major infection in mice. Both germ-free and dysbiotic mice showed a higher number of myeloid innate cells in lesions and increased number of infected cells, mainly dermal resident and inflammatory macrophages. Despite developing a Th1 immune response characterized by the same levels of IFN-γ production as the conventional mice, germ-free mice presented reduced numbers of iNOS+ macrophages at the peak of infection. Absence or disturbance of host microbiota impaired the capacity of bone marrow-derived macrophage to be activated for Leishmania killing in vitro, even when stimulated by Th1 cytokines. These cells presented reduced expression of inos mRNA, and diminished production of microbicidal molecules, such as ROS, while presenting a permissive activation status, characterized by increased expression of arginase I and il-10 mRNA and higher arginase activity. Colonization of germ-free mice with complete microbiota from conventional mice rescued their ability to control the infection. This study demonstrates the essential role of host microbiota on innate immune response against L. major infection, driving host macrophages to a resistance phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Eustáquio Lopes
- Laboratório de Gnotobiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Liliane Martins dos Santos
- Laboratório de Gnotobiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - David Sacks
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Leda Quercia Vieira
- Laboratório de Gnotobiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Matheus B. Carneiro
- Laboratório de Gnotobiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Lopez Kostka S, Kautz-Neu K, Yogev N, Lukas D, Holzmann B, Waisman A, Clausen BE, von Stebut E. Exclusive Expression of MyD88 on Dendritic Cells Is Lopez Kostka Sufficient to Induce Protection against Experimental Leishmaniasis. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:1230-1233. [PMID: 34570998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.07.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Lopez Kostka
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kordula Kautz-Neu
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nir Yogev
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dominika Lukas
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernhard Holzmann
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Mainz, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Björn E Clausen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Mainz, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Esther von Stebut
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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Wei R, Li X, Wang X, Zhang N, Wang Y, Zhang X, Gong P, Li J. Trypanosoma evansi evades host innate immunity by releasing extracellular vesicles to activate TLR2-AKT signaling pathway. Virulence 2021; 12:2017-2036. [PMID: 34348595 PMCID: PMC8344757 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1959495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Surra, one of the most important animal diseases with economic consequences in Asia and South America, is caused by Trypanosoma evansi. However, the mechanism of immune evasion by T. evansi has not been extensively studied. In the present study, T. evansi extracellular vesicles (TeEVs) were characterized and the role of TeEVs in T. evansi infection were examined. The results showed that T. evansi and TeEVs could activate TLR2-AKT pathway to inhibit the secretions of IL-12p40, IL-6, and TNF-α in mouse BMDMs. TLR2−/- mice and mice with a blocked AKT pathway were more resistant to T. evansi infection than wild type (WT) mice, with a significantly lower infection rate, longer survival time and less parasite load, as well as an increased secretion level of IL-12p40 and IFN-γ. Kinetoplastid membrane protein-11 (KMP-11) of TeEVs could activate AKT pathway and inhibit the productions of IL-12p40, TNF-α, and IL-6 in vitro. TeEVs and KMP-11 could inhibit the productions of IL-12p40 and IFN-γ, promote T. evansi proliferation and shorten the survival time of infected mice in vivo. In conclusion, T. evansi could escape host immune response through inhibiting the productions of inflammatory cytokines via secreting TeEVs to activate TLR2-AKT pathway. KMP-11 in TeEVs was involved in promoting T. evansi infection. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) activate the TLR2-AKT signaling pathway to inhibit the production of inflammatory cytokines, thereby escaping the host’s immune response. Kinetoplastid membrane protein-11 (KMP-11) in EVs is related to the promotion of T.evansi infection via AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wei
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaocen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuru Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xichen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Pengtao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Bichiou H, Bouabid C, Rabhi I, Guizani-Tabbane L. Transcription Factors Interplay Orchestrates the Immune-Metabolic Response of Leishmania Infected Macrophages. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:660415. [PMID: 33898331 PMCID: PMC8058464 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.660415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a group of heterogenous diseases considered as an important public health problem in several countries. This neglected disease is caused by over 20 parasite species of the protozoa belonging to the Leishmania genus and is spread by the bite of a female phlebotomine sandfly. Depending on the parasite specie and the immune status of the patient, leishmaniasis can present a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. As an obligate intracellular parasite, Leishmania colonize phagocytic cells, mainly the macrophages that orchestrate the host immune response and determine the fate of the infection. Once inside macrophages, Leishmania triggers different signaling pathways that regulate the immune and metabolic response of the host cells. Various transcription factors regulate such immune-metabolic responses and the associated leishmanicidal and inflammatory reaction against the invading parasite. In this review, we will highlight the most important transcription factors involved in these responses, their interactions and their impact on the establishment and the progression of the immune response along with their effect on the physiopathology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifa Bichiou
- Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology and Biomolecules (PMBB), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Cyrine Bouabid
- Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology and Biomolecules (PMBB), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Imen Rabhi
- Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology and Biomolecules (PMBB), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Biotechnology Department, Higher Institute of Biotechnology at Sidi-Thabet (ISBST), Biotechpole Sidi-Thabet- University of Manouba, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Lamia Guizani-Tabbane
- Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology and Biomolecules (PMBB), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
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Regli IB, Passelli K, Martínez-Salazar B, Amore J, Hurrell BP, Müller AJ, Tacchini-Cottier F. TLR7 Sensing by Neutrophils Is Critical for the Control of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107746. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Gosu V, Won K, Oh JD, Shin D. Conformational Changes Induced by S34Y and R98C Variants in the Death Domain of Myd88. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:27. [PMID: 32266286 PMCID: PMC7106778 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid differentiating factor 88 (Myd88) is a universal adaptor protein that plays a critical role in innate immunity by mediating TLR downstream signaling. Myd88 death domain (DD) forms an oligomeric complex by association with other DD-containing proteins such as IRAK4. Despite its universal role, polymorphisms in Myd88 can result in several diseases. Previous studies have suggested that, out of several non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs), the variants S34Y and R98C in the DD of Myd88 disrupt the formation of the Myddosome complex. Therefore, we performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on wild-type (Myd88WT) and mutant (Myd88S34Y, Myd88R98C) DDs to evaluate the subtle conformational changes induced by these mutations. Our results suggest that the S34Y variant induces large structural transitions compared to the R98C variant as evidenced by residual flexibility at the variable loop regions, particularly in the H1-H2 loop, and variations in the collective modes of motion observed for wild-type and mutant Myd88 DDs. The residue interaction network strongly suggests a distortion in the interaction pattern at the location of the mutated residue between the wild type and mutants. Moreover, betweenness centrality values indicate that variations in the distribution of functionally important residues may be reflected by distinct residue signal transductions in both wild-type and mutant Myd88 DDs, which may influence the interaction with other DDs in TLR downstream signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayakumar Gosu
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, South Korea
| | - KyeongHye Won
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, South Korea
| | - Jae-Don Oh
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, South Korea
| | - Donghyun Shin
- The Animal Molecular Genetics and Breeding Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, South Korea
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Kuriakose S, Onyilagha C, Singh R, Olayinka-Adefemi F, Jia P, Uzonna JE. TLR-2 and MyD88-Dependent Activation of MAPK and STAT Proteins Regulates Proinflammatory Cytokine Response and Immunity to Experimental Trypanosoma congolense Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2673. [PMID: 31824484 PMCID: PMC6883972 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that Trypanosoma congolense infection in mice is associated with increased production of proinflammatory cytokines by macrophages and monocytes. However, the intracellular signaling pathways leading to the production of these cytokines still remain unknown. In this paper, we have investigated the innate receptors and intracellular signaling pathways that are associated with T. congolense-induced proinflammatory cytokine production in macrophages. We show that the production of IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-α by macrophages in vitro and in vivo following interaction with T. congolense is dependent on phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) including ERK, p38, JNK, and signal transducer and activation of transcription (STAT) proteins. Specific inhibition of MAPKs and STATs signaling pathways significantly inhibited T. congolense-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines in macrophages. We further show that T. congolense-induced proinflammatory cytokine production in macrophages is mediated via Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and involves the adaptor molecule, MyD88. Deficiency of MyD88 and TLR2 leads to impaired cytokine production by macrophages in vitro and acute death of T. congolense-infected relatively resistant mice. Collectively, our results provide insight into T. congolense-induced activation of the immune system that leads to the production of proinflammatory cytokines and resistance to the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiby Kuriakose
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Chukwunonso Onyilagha
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Rani Singh
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Folayemi Olayinka-Adefemi
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ping Jia
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jude E Uzonna
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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13
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Jafarzadeh A, Nemati M, Sharifi I, Nair A, Shukla D, Chauhan P, Khorramdelazad H, Sarkar A, Saha B. Leishmania species-dependent functional duality of toll-like receptor 2. IUBMB Life 2019; 71:1685-1700. [PMID: 31329370 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a subset of pattern recognition receptors (PRR) in innate immunity and act as a connecting link between innate and adaptive immune systems. During Leishmania infection, the activation of TLRs influences the pathogen-specific immune responses, which may play a decisive role in determining the outcome of infection, toward elimination or survival of the pathogen. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) of the innate immune system such as macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), neutrophils, natural killer (NK) cells, and NKT cells express TLR2, which plays a crucial role in the parasite recognition and elicitation of immune responses in Leishmania infection. Depending on the infecting Leishmania species, the TLR2 pathways may result in a host-protective or a disease-exacerbating response. While Leishmania major and Leishmania donovani infections trigger TLR2-related host-protective and non-protective immune responses, Leishmania mexicana and Leishmania infantum infections are reported to elicit TLR2-mediated host-protective responses and Leishmania amazonensis and Leishmania braziliensis infections are reported to evoke a disease-exacerbating response. These findings illustrate that TLR2-related effector functions are diverse and may be exerted in a species- or strain-dependent manner. TLR2 agonists or antagonists may have therapeutic potentials to trigger the desired immune response during leishmaniasis. In this review, we discuss the TLR2-related immune responses during leishmaniasis and highlight the novel insights into the possible role of TLR2-driven resistance or susceptibility to Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Maryam Nemati
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.,Department of Haematology and Laboratory Sciences, School of Para-Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Arathi Nair
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
| | | | | | - Hossain Khorramdelazad
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Arup Sarkar
- Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India.,Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
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14
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Barhoumi M, Koutsoni OS, Dotsika E, Guizani I. Leishmania infantum LeIF and its recombinant polypeptides induce the maturation of dendritic cells in vitro: An insight for dendritic cells based vaccine. Immunol Lett 2019; 210:20-28. [PMID: 30998957 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that recombinant Leishmania infantum eukaryotic initiation factor (LieIF) was able to induce the secretion of cytokines IL-12, IL-10 and TNF-α by human monocytes. In this study, we explored in vitro the potential of LieIF to induce phenotypic maturation and functional differentiation of murine bone-marrow derived dendritic cells (BM-DCs). Moreover, in order to identify potential immunnomodulatory regions of LieIF, eight recombinant overlapping protein fragments covering the whole amino acid sequence of protein, were constructed and assessed in vitro for their ability to induce maturation of BM-DCs. Our data showed that LieIF and some of its recombinant polypeptides were able to induce elevated expression of CD40, CD80 and CD86 co-stimulatory molecules with concurrent IL-12 production. Moreover, we used an in vivo experimental model of cutaneous leishmaniasis consisted of susceptible Leishmania major-infected BALB/c mice and we demonstrated that LieIF-pulsed-BM-DCs adoptively transferred in mice were capable to confer protection against a high dose parasite challenge. This study further describes the immunomodulatory properties of LieIF and its polypeptides bringing relevant information for their exploitation as candidate molecules for vaccine development against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mourad Barhoumi
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, 13 Place Pasteur, BP 74, 1002 Tunis-Belvedère, Tunisia.
| | - Olga S Koutsoni
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vass Sofias Av, Athens 11521, Greece.
| | - Eleni Dotsika
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vass Sofias Av, Athens 11521, Greece.
| | - Ikram Guizani
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, 13 Place Pasteur, BP 74, 1002 Tunis-Belvedère, Tunisia.
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15
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von Stebut E, Tenzer S. Cutaneous leishmaniasis: Distinct functions of dendritic cells and macrophages in the interaction of the host immune system with Leishmania major. Int J Med Microbiol 2017; 308:206-214. [PMID: 29129568 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is transmitted by sand flies leading to parasite inoculation into skin. In the mammalian host, the parasite primarily resides in skin macrophages (MΦ) and dendritic cells (DC). MΦ are silently invaded by the parasite eliciting a stress response, whereas DC become activated, release IL-12, and prime antigen-specific T cells. Here we review the basics of the immune response against this human pathogen and elucidate the role and function DC and MΦ for establishment of protective immunity against leishmaniasis. We focus on cell type-specific differences in parasite uptake, phagocyte activation and processing of parasite antigens to facilitate an understanding how their respective function may be modulated e.g. under therapeutic considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Tenzer
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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16
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Oliveira AC, Gomes-Neto JF, Barbosa CHD, Granato A, Reis BS, Santos BM, Fucs R, Canto FB, Nakaya HI, Nóbrega A, Bellio M. Crucial role for T cell-intrinsic IL-18R-MyD88 signaling in cognate immune response to intracellular parasite infection. eLife 2017; 6:30883. [PMID: 28895840 PMCID: PMC5629024 DOI: 10.7554/elife.30883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
MyD88 is the main adaptor molecule for TLR and IL-1R family members. Here, we demonstrated that T-cell intrinsic MyD88 signaling is required for proliferation, protection from apoptosis and expression of activation/memory genes during infection with the intracellular parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, as evidenced by transcriptome and cytometry analyses in mixed bone-marrow (BM) chimeras. The lack of direct IL-18R signaling in T cells, but not of IL-1R, phenocopied the absence of the MyD88 pathway, indicating that IL-18R is a critical MyD88-upstream pathway involved in the establishment of the Th1 response against an in vivo infection, a presently controvert subject. Accordingly, Il18r1−/− mice display lower levels of Th1 cells and are highly susceptible to infection, but can be rescued from mortality by the adoptive transfer of WT CD4+ T cells. Our findings establish the T-cell intrinsic IL-18R/MyD88 pathway as a crucial element for induction of cognate Th1 responses against an important human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Carolina Oliveira
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João Francisco Gomes-Neto
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Alessandra Granato
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Maia Santos
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rita Fucs
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Fábio B Canto
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Helder I Nakaya
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Vacinas, CNPq-MCT, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States
| | - Alberto Nóbrega
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Bellio
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Vacinas, CNPq-MCT, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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17
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Franco LH, Fleuri AKA, Pellison NC, Quirino GFS, Horta CV, de Carvalho RVH, Oliveira SC, Zamboni DS. Autophagy downstream of endosomal Toll-like receptor signaling in macrophages is a key mechanism for resistance to Leishmania major infection. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:13087-13096. [PMID: 28607148 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.780981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania In mammalians, these parasites survive and replicate in macrophages and parasite elimination by macrophages is critical for host resistance. Endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been shown to be crucial for resistance to Leishmania major in vivo For example, mice in the resistant C57BL/6 genetic background that are triple-deficient for TLR3, -7, and -9 (Tlr3/7/9-/-) are highly susceptible to L. major infection. Tlr3/7/9-/- mice are as susceptible as mice deficient in MyD88 or UNC93B1, a chaperone required for appropriate localization of endosomal TLRs, but the mechanisms are unknown. Here we found that macrophages infected with L. major undergo autophagy, which effectively accounted for restriction of parasite replication. Signaling via endosomal TLRs was required for autophagy because macrophages deficient for TLR3, -7, and 9, UNC93B1, or MyD88 failed to undergo L. major-induced autophagy. We also confirmed that Myd88-/-, Tlr3/7/9-/-, and Unc93b1-/- cells were highly permissive to L. major replication. Accordingly, shRNA-mediated suppression of Atg5, an E3 ubiquitin ligase essential for autophagosome elongation, in macrophages impaired the restriction of L. major replication in C57BL/6, but did not affect parasite replication in Myd88-/- or Unc93b1-/- macrophages. Rapamycin treatment reduced inflammatory lesions formed in the ears of Leishmania-infected C57BL/6 and Tlr3/7/9-/- mice, indicating that autophagy operates downstream of TLR signaling and is relevant for disease development in vivo Collectively, our results indicate that autophagy contributes to macrophage resistance to L. major replication, and mechanistically explain the previously described endosomal TLR-mediated resistance to L. major infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis H Franco
- From the Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900 and
| | - Anna K A Fleuri
- From the Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900 and
| | - Natália C Pellison
- From the Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900 and
| | - Gustavo F S Quirino
- From the Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900 and
| | - Catarina V Horta
- From the Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900 and
| | - Renan V H de Carvalho
- From the Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900 and
| | - Sérgio C Oliveira
- the Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Dario S Zamboni
- From the Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900 and
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18
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Dishon S, Cohen SJ, Cohen IR, Nussbaum G. Inhibition of Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 Reduces Human and Mouse T-Cell Interleukin-17 and IFNγ Production and Ameliorates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Induced in Mice. Front Immunol 2017; 8:615. [PMID: 28611775 PMCID: PMC5447018 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) recruits signaling proteins to the intracellular domain of receptors belonging to the toll-like/interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor superfamily. Mice lacking MyD88 are highly susceptible to infectious diseases, but tend to resist experimentally induced autoimmune diseases such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and manifest diminished allograft rejection. We reasoned that inhibition of MyD88 should influence the cytokine profile of responding T cells by blocking costimulatory molecule expression by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and by inhibiting T-cell responses to IL-18. We now report that inhibition of MyD88 in human APCs led to decreased IFNγ and IL-17 production and a shift to IL-4 production by responding T cells in a mixed lymphocyte reaction. Direct inhibition of Myd88 in mouse and human T cells also reduced their production of IFNγ in response to IL-12/IL-18 stimulation. Finally, systemic MyD88 antagonism significantly reduced the clinical manifestations of EAE in mice. Thus, MyD88 appears to be a key factor in determining T cell phenotype and represents a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Dishon
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shmuel J Cohen
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel.,Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Irun R Cohen
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gabriel Nussbaum
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
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19
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Sacramento LA, da Costa JL, de Lima MHF, Sampaio PA, Almeida RP, Cunha FQ, Silva JS, Carregaro V. Toll-Like Receptor 2 Is Required for Inflammatory Process Development during Leishmania infantum Infection. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:262. [PMID: 28280488 PMCID: PMC5322192 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a chronic and fatal disease caused by Leishmania infantum in Brazil. Leukocyte recruitment to infected tissue is a crucial event for the control of infections such as VL. Among inflammatory cells, neutrophils are recruited to the site of Leishmania infection, and these cells may control parasite replication through oxidative or non-oxidative mechanisms. The recruitment, activation and functions of the neutrophils are coordinated by pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines during recognition of the parasite by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Here, we demonstrated that the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) signaling pathway contributes to the development of the innate immune response during L. infantum infection. The protective mechanism is related to the appropriate recruitment of neutrophils to the inflammatory site. Neutrophil migration is coordinated by DCs that produce CXCL1 and provide a prototypal Th1 and Th17 environment when activated via TLR2. Furthermore, infected TLR2−/− mice failed to induce nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in neutrophils but not in macrophages. In vitro, infected TLR2−/− neutrophils presented deficient iNOS expression, nitric oxide (NO) and TNF-α production, decreased expression of CD11b and reduced L. infantum uptake capacity. The non-responsive state of neutrophils is associated with increased amounts of IL-10. Taken together, these data clarify new mechanisms by which TLR2 functions in promoting the development of the adaptive immune response and effector mechanisms of neutrophils during L. infantum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís A Sacramento
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Jéssica L da Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Mikhael H F de Lima
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Pedro A Sampaio
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Roque P Almeida
- Center for Biology and Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Fernando Q Cunha
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São PauloRibeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São PauloRibeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - João S Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Carregaro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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20
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Schatz V, Strüssmann Y, Mahnke A, Schley G, Waldner M, Ritter U, Wild J, Willam C, Dehne N, Brüne B, McNiff JM, Colegio OR, Bogdan C, Jantsch J. Myeloid Cell-Derived HIF-1α Promotes Control of Leishmania major. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:4034-4041. [PMID: 27798163 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), which accumulates in mammalian host organisms during infection, supports the defense against microbial pathogens. However, whether and to what extent HIF-1α expressed by myeloid cells contributes to the innate immune response against Leishmania major parasites is unknown. We observed that Leishmania-infected humans and L. major-infected C57BL/6 mice exhibited substantial amounts of HIF-1α in acute cutaneous lesions. In vitro, HIF-1α was required for leishmanicidal activity and high-level NO production by IFN-γ/LPS-activated macrophages. Mice deficient for HIF-1α in their myeloid cell compartment had a more severe clinical course of infection and increased parasite burden in the skin lesions compared with wild-type controls. These findings were paralleled by reduced expression of type 2 NO synthase by lesional CD11b+ cells. Together, these data illustrate that HIF-1α is required for optimal innate leishmanicidal immune responses and, thereby, contributes to the cure of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Schatz
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Regensburg, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Yannic Strüssmann
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Regensburg, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Mahnke
- Mikrobiologisches Institut, Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie, und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gunnar Schley
- Medizinische Klinik 4, Nephrologie und Hypertensiologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Waldner
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Gastroenterologie, Pneumologie und Endokrinologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Uwe Ritter
- Institute of Immunology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jens Wild
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Regensburg, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Willam
- Medizinische Klinik 4, Nephrologie und Hypertensiologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nathalie Dehne
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; and
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; and
| | - Jennifer M McNiff
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Oscar R Colegio
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Christian Bogdan
- Mikrobiologisches Institut, Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie, und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jonathan Jantsch
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Regensburg, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
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21
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Halliday A, Bates PA, Chance ML, Taylor MJ. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) plays a role in controlling cutaneous leishmaniasis in vivo, but does not require activation by parasite lipophosphoglycan. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:532. [PMID: 27716391 PMCID: PMC5053327 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1807-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Despite several studies reporting involvement of the innate immune receptor Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in the recognition of surface glycolipids from Leishmania parasites in vitro, the role of TLR2 and its co-receptors during cutaneous leishmaniasis infection in vivo is unknown. Methods To explore the role of TLR2 and its co-receptors in cutaneous leishmaniasis, mice deficient in either TLR2, 4, 1 or 6, or wild-type (WT) controls, were infected with either Leishmania major promastigotes, L. mexicana promastigotes, L. mexicana amastigotes, or LPG1−/−L. mexicana promastigotes. For each infection, lesion sizes were monitored and parasite burden was assessed at various time points. To assess immune responses, draining lymph node (DLN) cells were re-stimulated with parasite antigens and the production of cytokines and parasite-specific antibody isotypes in blood was determined by ELISA. Results Mice deficient in TLR2 and TLR4 presented with larger lesions and higher parasite burdens than WT controls. Mice lacking TLR2 co-receptors TLR1 or TLR6 did not show exacerbated infection, suggesting that TLR2 does not require either co-receptor in the recognition of Leishmania infection. Furthermore, it appears that lipophosphoglycan (LPG) is not the major mediator of TLR2 activation during infection with L. mexicana, as parasites lacking LPG (axenic amastigotes and LPG1−/− promastigotes) also resulted in exacerbated disease in TLR2−/− mice. Infected TLR2−/− mice show a skewed Th2 immune response to Leishmania parasites, as demonstrated by elevated IL-4, IL-13 and IL-10 production by DLN cells from L. mexicana infected mice in response to antigen. Furthermore, L. major infected TLR2−/− mice have elevated antigen-specific IgG1 antibodies. Conclusions TLR2 deficiency leads to exacerbation of disease and parasite burden through promotion of Th2 immunity. TLR2 activation in vivo occurs independently of parasite LPG, suggesting other parasite ligands are involved in TLR2 recognition of Leishmania. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1807-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Halliday
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Paul A Bates
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Furness Building, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Michael L Chance
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Mark J Taylor
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
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Soni B, Mandlik V, Bejugam PR, Singh S. Molecular clock calibrations and substitution rates as a theoretical framework for systems approaches in TLRs: A perspective for drug targeting in leishmaniasis. GENE REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gurung P, Kanneganti TD. Immune responses against protozoan parasites: a focus on the emerging role of Nod-like receptors. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3035-51. [PMID: 27032699 PMCID: PMC4956549 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2212-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nod-like receptors (NLRs) have gained attention in recent years because of the ability of some family members to assemble into a multimeric protein complex known as the inflammasome. The role of NLRs and the inflammasome in regulating innate immunity against bacterial pathogens has been well studied. However, recent studies show that NLRs and inflammasomes also play a role during infections caused by protozoan parasites, which pose a significant global health burden. Herein, we review the diseases caused by the most common protozoan parasites in the world and discuss the roles of NLRs and inflammasomes in host immunity against these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajwal Gurung
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105-2794, USA
| | - Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105-2794, USA.
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Okuda K, Tong M, Dempsey B, Moore KJ, Gazzinelli RT, Silverman N. Leishmania amazonensis Engages CD36 to Drive Parasitophorous Vacuole Maturation. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005669. [PMID: 27280707 PMCID: PMC4900624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania amastigotes manipulate the activity of macrophages to favor their own success. However, very little is known about the role of innate recognition and signaling triggered by amastigotes in this host-parasite interaction. In this work we developed a new infection model in adult Drosophila to take advantage of its superior genetic resources to identify novel host factors limiting Leishmania amazonensis infection. The model is based on the capacity of macrophage-like cells, plasmatocytes, to phagocytose and control the proliferation of parasites injected into adult flies. Using this model, we screened a collection of RNAi-expressing flies for anti-Leishmania defense factors. Notably, we found three CD36-like scavenger receptors that were important for defending against Leishmania infection. Mechanistic studies in mouse macrophages showed that CD36 accumulates specifically at sites where the parasite contacts the parasitophorous vacuole membrane. Furthermore, CD36-deficient macrophages were defective in the formation of the large parasitophorous vacuole typical of L. amazonensis infection, a phenotype caused by inefficient fusion with late endosomes and/or lysosomes. These data identify an unprecedented role for CD36 in the biogenesis of the parasitophorous vacuole and further highlight the utility of Drosophila as a model system for dissecting innate immune responses to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendi Okuda
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KO); (NS)
| | - Mei Tong
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Brian Dempsey
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kathryn J. Moore
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ricardo T. Gazzinelli
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Neal Silverman
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KO); (NS)
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Ejghal R, Hida M, Bennani ML, Meziane M, Aurag R, Lemrani M. The TLR2 and TLR4 gene polymorphisms in Moroccan visceral leishmaniasis patients. Acta Trop 2016; 158:77-82. [PMID: 26943993 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is endemic in the Mediterranean basin and leads to the most severe form of Leishmania infection, lethal if left untreated. However, most infections are sub-clinical or asymptomatic, reflecting the influence of host genetic background on disease outcome. This study aimed to investigate possible association of TLR4 Asp299Gly, TLR4 Thr399Ile and TLR2 Arg753Gln polymorphisms with VL in Moroccan children. We enrolled 119 children with VL caused by Leishmania infantum as well as 138 unrelated children, 95 asymptomatic subjects and 43 healthy individuals who had no evidence of present or past infection. Polymorphisms were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and amplification refractory mutation system assay (ARMS-PCR). Results showed significant differences in genotype Thr399Ile and recessive model frequencies between VL and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH+) groups (p=0.018, OR=0.414CI 0.195-0.880; p=0.029, OR=0.448CI 0.214-0.938], respectively) by having the amino-acid threonine polymorphism as a reference in the VL group. Concerning the Asp299Gly there were a significant associations when comparing VL vs DTH+ (Asp299Gly genotype p=0.002, OR=0.326CI 0.158-0.671, allele frequencies p=0.033, OR=0.396CI 0.164-0.959, recessive model p=0.002, OR=0.343CI 0.172-0.681) and DTH+ vs DTH- groups (Asp299Gly genotype p=2.160E-4, OR=3.065CI 1.672-5.618, Gly299Gly genotype p=0.047, OR=0.368CI 0.299-0.452, allele frequencies p=1.406E-7, OR=29.571CI 3.907-223.8, recessive model p=4.370E-14, OR=36.965CI 8.629-158.3), by having the aspartic acid polymorphism as a reference these results suggest that the allele A (savage) confer protection against the clinical manifestations but not against the infection. Furthermore, there was a significant association regarding the Arg753Gln genotype (p=0.002, OR=0.326CI 0.158-0.671), allele frequencies (p=0.033, OR=0.396CI 0.164-0.959) and when applying a recessive model (p=0.002, OR=0.343CI 0.172-0.681) in the VL vs DTH+ groups. The same results was observed when comparing DTH+ vs DTH- groups (p=4.136E-6, OR=0.211CI 0.104-0.428), allele frequencies (p=0.008, OR=0.327CI 0.137-0.779) and recessive model (p=1.748E-5, OR=0.244CI 0.124-0.480). The results provide evidence that allele C in Thr399Ile and allele G in Arg753Gln polymorphisms may lead to protection against the clinical disease. Our data provide insights into the possible role of TLR2 and TLR4 variations in VL susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajaâ Ejghal
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco; Laboratory of Genetic, Neuroendocrinology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University Ibn Tofaïl, B.P 133, 14 000 Kénitra, Morocco
| | - Moustapha Hida
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Route de Sefrou, Fes, Morocco
| | | | | | - Rabia Aurag
- Hospital Ibn Al Khatib, Pediatric Department, Fes, Morocco
| | - Meryem Lemrani
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco.
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Kuriakose SM, Singh R, Uzonna JE. Host Intracellular Signaling Events and Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Production in African Trypanosomiasis. Front Immunol 2016; 7:181. [PMID: 27242788 PMCID: PMC4872169 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites, possess specific molecules or proteins that are recognized by several host innate immune receptors, leading to the activation of several intracellular signaling molecules and pathways. The magnitude and quality of these events significantly affect the outcome of infection. African trypanosomes, including Trypanosoma congolense, are capable of manipulating the host immune response, including the activity of macrophages, which are the key immune cells that contribute to the immunopathogenesis of African trypanosomiasis. Although it is known that immune hyperactivation and excessive pro-inflammatory cytokine production are the hallmarks of African trypanosomiasis, the mechanisms through which these events are triggered are poorly defined. However, it is known that macrophages may play a significant role in these processes, because phagocytosis of trypanosomes by macrophages initiates intracellular signal transduction cascades that lead to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and alteration in cell function. This review highlights recent progress in our understanding of the innate immune receptors, signaling pathways, and transcription factors involved in T. congolense-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production in macrophages. It will reveal the existence of complex signaling events through which the parasite modulates the host immune response, thus identifying novel targets that could aid in designing strategies to effectively control the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiby M Kuriakose
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, MB , Canada
| | - Rani Singh
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, MB , Canada
| | - Jude E Uzonna
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, MB , Canada
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Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is caused by the parasite Leishmania infantum and is a systemic disease, which can present with variable clinical signs, and clinicopathological abnormalities. Clinical manifestations can range from subclinical infection to very severe systemic disease. Leishmaniosis is categorized as a neglected tropical disease and the complex immune responses associated with Leishmania species makes therapeutic treatments and vaccine development challenging for both dogs and humans. In this review, we summarize innate and adaptive immune responses associated with L. infantum infection in dogs, and we discuss the problems associated with the disease as well as potential solutions and the future direction of required research to help control the parasite.
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Higa LH, Arnal L, Vermeulen M, Perez AP, Schilrreff P, Mundiña-Weilenmann C, Yantorno O, Vela ME, Morilla MJ, Romero EL. Ultradeformable Archaeosomes for Needle Free Nanovaccination with Leishmania braziliensis Antigens. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150185. [PMID: 26934726 PMCID: PMC4774928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Total antigens from Leishmania braziliensis promastigotes, solubilized with sodium cholate (dsLp), were formulated within ultradeformable nanovesicles (dsLp-ultradeformable archaeosomes, (dsLp-UDA), and dsLp-ultradeformable liposomes (dsLp-UDL)) and topically administered to Balb/c mice. Ultradeformable nanovesicles can penetrate the intact stratum corneum up to the viable epidermis, with no aid of classical permeation enhancers that can damage the barrier function of the skin. Briefly, 100 nm unilamellar dsLp-UDA (soybean phosphatidylcholine: Halorubrum tebenquichense total polar lipids (TPL): sodium cholate, 3:3:1 w:w) of -31.45 mV Z potential, containing 4.84 ± 0.53% w/w protein/lipid dsLp, 235 KPa Young modulus were prepared. In vitro, dsLp-UDA was extensively taken up by J774A1 and bone marrow derive cells, and the only that induced an immediate secretion of IL-6, IL-12p40 and TNF-α, followed by IL-1β, by J774A1 cells. Such extensive uptake is a key feature of UDA ascribed to the highly negatively charged archaeolipids of the TPL, which are recognized by a receptor specialized in uptake and not involved in downstream signaling. Despite dsLp alone was also immunostimulatory on J774A1 cells, applied twice a week on consecutive days along 7 weeks on Balb/c mice, it raised no measurable response unless associated to UDL or UDA. The highest systemic response, IgGa2 mediated, 1 log lower than im dsLp Al2O3, was elicited by dsLp-UDA. Such findings suggest that in vivo, UDL and UDA acted as penetration enhancers for dsLp, but only dsLp-UDA, owed to its pronounced uptake by APC, succeeded as topical adjuvants. The actual TPL composition, fully made of sn2,3 ether linked saturated archaeolipids, gives the UDA bilayer resistance against chemical, physical and enzymatic attacks that destroy ordinary phospholipids bilayers. Together, these properties make UDA a promising platform for topical drug targeted delivery and vaccination, that may be of help for countries with a deficient healthcare system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia H. Higa
- Nanomedicine Research Program, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal, Argentina B1876BXD
| | - Laura Arnal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata-CONICET, Sucursal 4 Casilla de Correo 16, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Mónica Vermeulen
- Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), CONICET-UBA, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Junin 956, 4° piso, 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Paula Perez
- Nanomedicine Research Program, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal, Argentina B1876BXD
| | - Priscila Schilrreff
- Nanomedicine Research Program, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal, Argentina B1876BXD
| | | | - Osvaldo Yantorno
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo de Fermentaciones Industriales (CINDEFI), UNLP. 50 No. 227, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - María Elena Vela
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata-CONICET, Sucursal 4 Casilla de Correo 16, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - María José Morilla
- Nanomedicine Research Program, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal, Argentina B1876BXD
| | - Eder Lilia Romero
- Nanomedicine Research Program, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal, Argentina B1876BXD
- * E-mail:
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MyD88 Polymorphisms and Association with Susceptibility to Salmonella Pullorum. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:692973. [PMID: 26881204 PMCID: PMC4735975 DOI: 10.1155/2015/692973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MYD88), a universal adapter protein, plays an important role in activating the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and regulating the expression of proinflammatory genes like tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1 (IL-1), which were highly involved in Salmonella Pullorum infection. To detect the relationship between polymorphisms of the MyD88 gene and Salmonella Pullorum disease, we screened the coding region (CDS) of the MYD88 gene by DNA pool construction and sequencing based on case-control study. Eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the sequenced fragment (5 exons), 7 known loci and one novel mutation named G4810372T (SNP8), were found in the fifth exon. In addition, we found 7 nonsynonymous substitutions. The allele frequency of only one SNP, g.4810191C > T (SNP1), was significantly different (P < 0.05) between case and control groups. The genotype frequencies of SNP1 (g.4810191C > T) and SNP3 (g.4810257G > T) were of significant difference between the case and the control groups (P < 0.05). Collectively, SNPs of the MyD88 gene were significantly associated with susceptibility to Salmonella Pullorum infection, which can be used as a disease-resistant marker in chicken. These results provided a theoretical basis for future research on chicken breeding by marker-assisted selection.
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Induction, Propagation, and Activity of Host Nitric Oxide: Lessons from Leishmania Infection. Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:653-664. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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31
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IFN-γ Priming Effects on the Maintenance of Effector Memory CD4(+) T Cells and on Phagocyte Function: Evidences from Infectious Diseases. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:202816. [PMID: 26509177 PMCID: PMC4609814 DOI: 10.1155/2015/202816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it has been established that effector memory CD4+ T cells play an important role in the protective immunity against chronic infections, little is known about the exact mechanisms responsible for their functioning and maintenance, as well as their effects on innate immune cells. Here we review recent data on the role of IFN-γ priming as a mechanism affecting both innate immune cells and effector memory CD4+ T cells. Suboptimal concentrations of IFN-γ are seemingly crucial for the optimization of innate immune cell functions (including phagocytosis and destruction of reminiscent pathogens), as well as for the survival and functioning of effector memory CD4+ T cells. Thus, IFN-γ priming can thus be considered an important bridge between innate and adaptive immunity.
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Toll-like receptor 9 signaling in dendritic cells regulates neutrophil recruitment to inflammatory foci following Leishmania infantum infection. Infect Immun 2015; 83:4604-16. [PMID: 26371124 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00975-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania infantum is a protozoan parasite that causes visceral leishmaniasis (VL). This infection triggers dendritic cell (DC) activation through the recognition of microbial products by Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Among the TLRs, TLR9 is required for DC activation by different Leishmania species. We demonstrated that TLR9 is upregulated in vitro and in vivo during infection. We show that C57BL/6 mice deficient in TLR9 expression (TLR9(-/-) mice) are more susceptible to infection and display higher parasite numbers in the spleen and liver. The increased susceptibility of TLR9(-/-) mice was due to the impaired recruitment of neutrophils to the infection foci associated with reduced levels of neutrophil chemoattractants released by DCs in the target organs. Moreover, both Th1 and Th17 cells were also committed in TLR9(-/-) mice. TLR9-dependent neutrophil recruitment is mediated via the MyD88 signaling pathway but is TIR domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon beta (TRIF) independent. Furthermore, L. infantum failed to activate both plasmacytoid and myeloid DCs from TLR9(-/-) mice, which presented reduced surface costimulatory molecule expression and chemokine release. Interestingly, neutrophil chemotaxis was affected both in vitro and in vivo when DCs were derived from TLR9(-/-) mice. Our results suggest that TLR9 plays a critical role in neutrophil recruitment during the protective response against L. infantum infection that could be associated with DC activation.
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33
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Mukherjee B, Paul J, Mukherjee S, Mukhopadhyay R, Das S, Naskar K, Sundar S, Dujardin JC, Saha B, Roy S. Antimony-Resistant Leishmania donovani Exploits miR-466i To Deactivate Host MyD88 for Regulating IL-10/IL-12 Levels during Early Hours of Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:2731-42. [PMID: 26283478 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Infection with antimony-resistant Leishmania donovani (Sb(R)LD) induces aggressive pathology in the mammalian hosts as compared with ones with antimony-sensitive L. donovani (Sb(S)LD) infection. Sb(R)LD, but not Sb(S)LD, interacts with TLR2/TLR6 to induce IL-10 by exploiting p50/c-Rel subunits of NF-κB in infected macrophages (Mϕs). Most of the TLRs exploit the universal adaptor protein MyD88 to activate NF-κB. We now show that infection of Mϕs from MyD88(-/-) mice with Sb(R)LD gave rise to significantly higher intracellular parasite number coupled with elevated IL-10/IL-12 ratio in the culture supernatant as compared with infection in wild type (WT) Mϕs. Τhese attributes were not seen with Sb(S)LD in similar experiments. Further, Sb(R)LD infection upregulated miR-466i, which binds with 3'-untranslated region, leading to the downregulation of MyD88. Infection of MyD88(-/-) Mϕ or IL-12(-/-) Mϕ with Sb(R)LD induced IL-10 surge at 4 h, whereas the same in WT Mϕ started from 12 h. Thus, absence of IL-12 in MyD88(-/-) mice favored early binding of NF-κB subunits to the IL-10 promoter, resulting in IL-10 surge. Infection of MyD88(-/-) mice with Sb(R)LD showed significantly higher organ parasites coupled with ill-defined and immature hepatic granulomas, whereas in WT mice there were less organ parasites and the granulomas were well defined. From the survival kinetics it was observed that Sb(R)LD-infected MyD88(-/-) mice died by 60 d postinfection, whereas the WT mice continued to survive. Our results demonstrate that Sb(R)LD has evolved a unique strategy to evade host antileishmanial immune repertoire by manipulating host MyD88 to its advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Budhaditya Mukherjee
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Joydeep Paul
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sandip Mukherjee
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Rupkatha Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Shantanabha Das
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Kshudiram Naskar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Benaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Jean-Claude Dujardin
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp 2000, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2000, Belgium; and
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune 411007, India
| | - Syamal Roy
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India;
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Gurung P, Kanneganti TD. Innate immunity against Leishmania infections. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:1286-94. [PMID: 26249747 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a major health problem that affects more than 300 million people throughout the world. The morbidity associated with the disease causes serious economic burden in Leishmania endemic regions. Despite the morbidity and economic burden associated with Leishmaniasis, this disease rarely gets noticed and is still categorized under neglected tropical diseases. The lack of research combined with the ability of Leishmania to evade immune recognition has rendered our efforts to design therapeutic treatments or vaccines challenging. Herein, we review the literature on Leishmania from innate immune perspective and discuss potential problems as well as solutions and future directions that could aid in identifying novel therapeutic targets to eliminate this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajwal Gurung
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
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35
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Zamboni DS, Lima-Junior DS. Inflammasomes in host response to protozoan parasites. Immunol Rev 2015; 265:156-71. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dario S. Zamboni
- Department of Cell Biology; School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto Brazil
| | - Djalma S. Lima-Junior
- Department of Cell Biology; School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto Brazil
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36
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Kumar R, Singh OP, Gautam S, Nylen S, Sundar S. Enhanced expression of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4, but not 9, in spleen tissue from patients with visceral leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 2015; 36:721-5. [PMID: 25244363 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling is involved in first-line defence against Leishmania parasites by triggering NF-κB activation and downstream production of proinflammatory cytokines. Experimental models of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) support a protective role for TLRs 2, 4 and 9 in host immune responses to Leishmania infection. There are limited data available on expression of these TLRs in human VL, particularly in sites of infection, such as the spleen. This study aimed to determine whether the expression of mRNA encoding the expression of TLRs 2, 4 and 9 was altered in VL and compare expression patterns in splenic biopsies and peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Immunology and Infection Lab, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
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37
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Turchetti AP, da Costa LF, Romão EDL, Fujiwara RT, da Paixão TA, Santos RL. Transcription of innate immunity genes and cytokine secretion by canine macrophages resistant or susceptible to intracellular survival of Leishmania infantum. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 163:67-76. [PMID: 25466388 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Revised: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study we assessed the basal transcription of genes associated with innate immunity (i.e. Nramp1, NOD1, NOD2, TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, TLR7, and TLR9) in canine monocyte-derived macrophages from Leishmania-free dogs. Additionally, secretion of cytokines (IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α and IFN-γ) and nitric oxide in culture supernatants of macrophages with higher or lower resistance to intracellular survival of Leishmania infantum was also measured. Constitutive transcription of TLR9 and NOD2 were negligible; NOD1, TLR1, and TLR7 had low levels of transcription, whereas Nramp1 and TLR2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 had higher levels of constitutive transcription in canine monocyte-derived macrophages. There were no significant differences in transcription between macrophages with higher or lower resistance to intracellular survival of L. infantum. Secretion of TNF-α was higher in more resistant macrophages (designated as resistant) at 24h after infection when compared to less resistant macrophages (designated as susceptible), as well as the secretion of IFN-γ at 72 h post infection. Secretion of IL-10 was lower in resistant macrophages at 24h after infection. No detectable production of nitric oxide was observed. Interestingly, there was a negative correlation between NOD2 transcript levels and intracellular survival of L. infantum in resistant macrophages. This study demonstrated that decreased intracellular survival of L. infantum in canine macrophages was associated with increased production of TNF-α and IFN-γ and decreased production of IL-10; and that constitutive transcription of Nramp1, TLR and NLR does not interfere in intracellular survival of L. infantum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréia Pereira Turchetti
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luciana Fachini da Costa
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Everton de Lima Romão
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Alves da Paixão
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Renato Lima Santos
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Sani MRM, Moghaddam MM, Aghamollaei H, Hassanpour K, Taheri RA, Farnoosh G. Investigation of caspase-1 activity and interleukin-1β production in murine macrophage cell lines infected with Leishmania major. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2014; 7S1:S70-3. [PMID: 25312194 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60205-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the caspase-1 dependent inflammatory pathway activity and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) secretion in murine macrophage cell lines J774G8 infected with Leishmania major (L. major) using caspase-1 activity assay and ELISA. METHODS Novy-MacNeal-Nicolle biphasic medium was applied to produce promastigote form of L. major. Metacyclic promastigotes in the stationary phase were applied to infect macrophage. Caspase-1 activity and IL-1β secretion were assessed by the CPP32/caspase-1 fluorometric protease assay and ELISA IL-1β kits, respectively, with time intervals of 6, 18 and 30 h. RESULTS Our study showed an increase in caspase-1 activity and IL-1β secretion in infected samples compared to non-infected macrophages. The highest increase in IL-1β production was observed after 6 h of infection. CONCLUSIONS These results arise that the activation of inflammasome pathway could be one of the innate immunity pathways against L. major.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hossein Aghamollaei
- Young Researchers and Elites Club, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Hassanpour
- Medical School, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Ramezan Ali Taheri
- Nanobiotechnology Research Centre, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Farnoosh
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Protective role of 5-lipoxigenase during Leishmania infantum infection is associated with Th17 subset. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:264270. [PMID: 25309905 PMCID: PMC4189762 DOI: 10.1155/2014/264270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a chronic and fatal disease caused by Leishmania infantum in Brazil. Leukocyte recruitment to infected tissue is a crucial event for the control of infections such as VL. Leucotriens are lipid mediators synthesized by 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) and they display a protective role against protozoan parasites by inducing several functions in leucocytes. We determined the role of 5-LO activity in parasite control, focusing on the inflammatory immune response against Leishmania infantum infection. LTB4 is released during in vitro infection. The genetic ablation of 5-LO promoted susceptibility in highly resistant mice strains, harboring more parasites into target organs. The susceptibility was related to the failure of neutrophil migration to the infectious foci. Investigating the neutrophil failure, there was a reduction of proinflammatory cytokines involved in the related Th17 axis released into the organs. Genetic ablation of 5-LO reduced the CD4(+)T cells producing IL-17, without interfering in Th1 subset. L. infantum failed to activate DC from 5-LO(-/-), showing reduced surface costimulatory molecule expression and proinflammatory cytokines involved in Th17 differentiation. BLT1 blockage with selective antagonist interferes with DC maturation and proinflammatory cytokines release. Thus, 5-LO activation coordinates the inflammatory immune response involved in the control of VL.
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Redpath SA, Fonseca NM, Perona-Wright G. Protection and pathology during parasite infection: IL-10 strikes the balance. Parasite Immunol 2014; 36:233-52. [PMID: 24666543 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The host response to infection requires an immune response to be strong enough to control the pathogen but also restrained, to minimize immune-mediated pathology. The conflicting pressures of immune activation and immune suppression are particularly apparent in parasite infections, where co-evolution of host and pathogen has selected many different compromises between protection and pathology. Cytokine signals are critical determinants of both protective immunity and immunopathology, and, in this review, we focus on the regulatory cytokine IL-10 and its role in protozoan and helminth infections. We discuss the sources and targets of IL-10 during parasite infection, the signals that initiate and reinforce its action, and its impact on the invading parasite, on the host tissue, and on coincident immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Redpath
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Hartley MA, Drexler S, Ronet C, Beverley SM, Fasel N. The immunological, environmental, and phylogenetic perpetrators of metastatic leishmaniasis. Trends Parasitol 2014; 30:412-22. [PMID: 24954794 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniases have persisted for centuries as chronically disfiguring parasitic infections affecting millions of people across the subtropics. Symptoms range from the more prevalent single, self-healing cutaneous lesion to a persistent, metastatic disease, where ulcerations and granulomatous nodules can affect multiple secondary sites of the skin and delicate facial mucosa, even sometimes diffusing throughout the cutaneous system as a papular rash. The basis for such diverse pathologies is multifactorial, ranging from parasite phylogeny to host immunocompetence and various environmental factors. Although complex, these pathologies often prey on weaknesses in the innate immune system and its pattern recognition receptors. This review explores the observed and potential associations among the multifactorial perpetrators of infectious metastasis and components of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Anne Hartley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Drexler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Ronet
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Stephen M Beverley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nicolas Fasel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
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Zhao F, Li YW, Pan HJ, Shi CB, Luo XC, Li AX, Wu SQ. TAK1-binding proteins (TAB1 and TAB2) in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella): identification, characterization, and expression analysis after infection with Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 38:389-399. [PMID: 24747054 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β activated kinase-1 (TAK1) is a key regulatory molecule in toll-like receptor (TLR), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathways. The activation of TAK1 is specifically regulated by two TAK1-binding proteins, TAB1 and TAB2. However, the roles of TAB1 and TAB2 in fish have not been reported to date. In the present study, TAB1 (CiTAB1) and TAB2 (CiTAB2) in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) were identified and characterized, and their expression profiles were analyzed after fish were infected with the pathogenic ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. The full-length CiTAB1 cDNA is 1949 bp long with an open reading frame (ORF) of 1497 bp that encodes a putative protein of 498 amino acids containing a typical PP2Cc domain. The full-length CiTAB2 cDNA is 2967 bp long and contains an ORF of 2178 bp encoding a putative protein of 725 amino acids. Protein structure analysis revealed that CiTAB2 consists of three main structural domains: an N-terminal CUE domain, a coiled-coil domain, and a C-terminal ZnF domain. Multiple sequence alignment showed that CiTAB1 and CiTAB2 share high sequence identity with other known TAB1 and TAB2 proteins, and several conserved phosphorylation sites and an O-GlcNAc site were deduced in CiTAB1. Phylogenetic tree analysis demonstrated that CiTAB1 and CiTAB2 have the closest evolutionary relationship with TAB1 and TAB2 of Danio rerio, respectively. CiTAB1 and CiTAB2 were both widely expressed in all examined tissues with the highest levels in the heart and liver, respectively. After infection with I. multifiliis, the expressions of CiTAB1 and CiTAB2 were both significantly up-regulated in all tested tissues at most time points, which indicates that these proteins may be involved in the host immune response against I. multifiliis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Yan-Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China.
| | - Hou-Jun Pan
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, PR China
| | - Cun-Bin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, PR China
| | - Xiao-Chun Luo
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - An-Xing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Shu-Qin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, PR China.
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Ives A, Masina S, Castiglioni P, Prével F, Revaz-Breton M, Hartley MA, Launois P, Fasel N, Ronet C. MyD88 and TLR9 dependent immune responses mediate resistance to Leishmania guyanensis infections, irrespective of Leishmania RNA virus burden. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96766. [PMID: 24801628 PMCID: PMC4011865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with Leishmania parasites of the Leishmania Viannia subgenus give rise to both localized cutaneous (CL), and metastatic leishmaniasis. Metastasizing disease forms including disseminated (DCL) and mutocutaneous (MCL) leishmaniasis result from parasitic dissemination and lesion formation at sites distal to infection and have increased inflammatory responses. The presence of Leishmania RNA virus (LRV) in L. guyanensis parasites contributes to the exacerbation of disease and impacts inflammatory responses via activation of TLR3 by the viral dsRNA. In this study we investigated other innate immune response adaptor protein modulators and demonstrated that both MyD88 and TLR9 played a crucial role in the development of Th1-dependent healing responses against L. guyanensis parasites regardless of their LRV status. The absence of MyD88- or TLR9-dependent signaling pathways resulted in increased Th2 associated cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13), which was correlated with low transcript levels of IL-12p40. The reliance of IL-12 was further confirmed in IL12AB−/− mice, which were completely susceptible to infection. Protection to L. guyanensis infection driven by MyD88- and TLR9-dependent immune responses arises independently to those induced due to high LRV burden within the parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Ives
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Slavica Masina
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Castiglioni
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Florence Prével
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Mélanie Revaz-Breton
- Department of Biochemistry, World Health Organization Immunology Research and Training center (WHO-IRTC), Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Mary-Anne Hartley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Launois
- Department of Biochemistry, World Health Organization Immunology Research and Training center (WHO-IRTC), Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Fasel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Ronet
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Department of Biochemistry, World Health Organization Immunology Research and Training center (WHO-IRTC), Epalinges, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Ghosh D, Stumhofer JS. Do you see what I see: Recognition of protozoan parasites by Toll-like receptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 9:129-140. [PMID: 25383072 DOI: 10.2174/1573395509666131203225929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important for recognizing a variety of pathogens, including protozoan parasites, and initiating innate immune responses against them. TLRs are localized on the cell surface as well as in the endosome, and are implicated in innate sensing of these parasites. In this review, we will discuss recent findings on the identification of parasite-derived pathogen associated molecular patterns and the TLRs that bind them. The role of these TLRs in initiating the immune response against protozoan parasitic infections in vivo will be presented in the context of murine models of infection utilizing TLR-deficient mice. Additionally, we will explore evidence that TLRs and genetic variants of TLRs may impact the outcome of these parasitic infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debopam Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Jason S Stumhofer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
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45
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Akbari M, Honma K, Kimura D, Miyakoda M, Kimura K, Matsuyama T, Yui K. IRF4 in Dendritic Cells Inhibits IL-12 Production and Controls Th1 Immune Responses against Leishmania major. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:2271-9. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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46
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Gupta P, Giri J, Srivastav S, Chande AG, Mukhopadhyaya R, Das PK, Ukil A. Leishmania donovani
targets tumor necrosis factor receptor‐associated factor (TRAF) 3 for impairing TLR4‐mediated host response. FASEB J 2014; 28:1756-68. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-238428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Purnima Gupta
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CalcuttaKolkataIndia
| | - Jayeeta Giri
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CalcuttaKolkataIndia
| | - Supriya Srivastav
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)Indian Institute of Chemical BiologyKolkataIndia
| | - Ajit G. Chande
- Virology LaboratoryAdvanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC)Tata Memorial Centre, KhargharNavi MumbaiIndia
| | - Robin Mukhopadhyaya
- Virology LaboratoryAdvanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC)Tata Memorial Centre, KhargharNavi MumbaiIndia
| | - Pijush K. Das
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)Indian Institute of Chemical BiologyKolkataIndia
| | - Anindita Ukil
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CalcuttaKolkataIndia
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Bello-Irizarry SN, Wang J, Johnston CJ, Gigliotti F, Wright TW. MyD88 signaling regulates both host defense and immunopathogenesis during pneumocystis infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 192:282-92. [PMID: 24293628 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The immune response protects against Pneumocystis infection but is also a key component of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PcP)-related immunopathogenesis. Signaling through myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) is critical for activation of immune pathways downstream of TLRs and IL-1R. To determine whether MyD88 regulates normal host defense against Pneumocystis, nonimmunosuppressed wild-type (WT) and MyD88-deficient mice were infected. MyD88(-/-) mice had higher early Pneumocystis burdens than did WT mice but mounted an effective adaptive immune response and cleared Pneumocystis similarly to WT. However, MyD88(-/-) mice displayed a more intense and prolonged pulmonary immune response than did WT mice. To determine the role of MyD88 in the development of PcP-related immunopathogenesis, WT and MyD88(-/-) mice were rendered susceptible to PcP by depletion of CD4(+) T cells. At 4 wk postinfection, CD4-depleted WT and MyD88(-/-) mice harbored similar organism burdens, but MyD88(-/-) mice were protected from the PcP-related respiratory impairment observed in WT mice. Improved pulmonary physiology in MyD88(-/-) mice correlated with lower lung CCL2 levels and reduced cell recruitment. However, by 5 wk postinfection, the overall health of MyD88(-/-) mice began to deteriorate rapidly relative to WT, with accelerated weight loss, impaired lung function, and exacerbated alveolar inflammation. This physiological decline of MyD88(-/-) mice was associated with increased TNF-α and IFN-γ in the lung, and by the inability to control Pneumocystis burden. Thus, MyD88 is not required for resistance to Pneumocystis infection, but limits the adaptive immune response in immunocompetent mice. In the setting of active PcP, MyD88 signaling contributes to both immunopathogenesis and control of fungal burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila N Bello-Irizarry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642
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48
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Lima-Junior DS, Costa DL, Carregaro V, Cunha LD, Silva ALN, Mineo TWP, Gutierrez FRS, Bellio M, Bortoluci KR, Flavell RA, Bozza MT, Silva JS, Zamboni DS. Inflammasome-derived IL-1β production induces nitric oxide–mediated resistance to Leishmania. Nat Med 2013; 19:909-15. [DOI: 10.1038/nm.3221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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49
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Zhao F, Li YW, Pan HJ, Wu SQ, Shi CB, Luo XC, Li AX. Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) TRAF6 and TAK1: molecular cloning and expression analysis after Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 34:1514-1523. [PMID: 23542602 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, a pathogenic ciliate parasite, infects almost all freshwater fish species and causes significant economic losses. Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) are two important signaling molecules involved in toll-like receptor (TLR) signal transduction. To date, the roles of TRAF6 and TAK1 in host defense against fish parasites are still poorly understood. In the present study, TRAF6 (CiTRAF6) and TAK1 (CiTAK1) were identified from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). The full-length cDNA sequence of CiTRAF6 (2250 bp) includes an open reading frame (ORF) of 1629 bp, which shows a high similarity to that of Cyprinus carpio TRAF6 and encodes a putative protein of 542 amino acids containing one RING domain, two zinc fingers, one coiled-coil region, and one MATH domain. The full-length CiTAK1 cDNA sequence is 2768 bp and includes an ORF of 1626 bp that encodes a putative protein of 541 amino acids containing a conserved serine/threonine protein kinase catalytic domain and a coiled-coil region. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CiTRAF6 and CiTAK1 were clustered with TRAF6 and TAK1 of other teleosts, respectively. CiTRAF6 and CiTAK1 were both constitutively expressed in all examined tissues but with varied expression levels. The highest expressions of CiTRAF6 and CiTAK1 were in the head kidney and spleen, respectively. The expression profiles of CiTRAF6 and CiTAK1 were detected in grass carp after I. multifiliis infection. Expressions of both genes were significantly up-regulated in the skin, gill, head kidney, and spleen at most time points after infection, indicating that CiTRAF6 and CiTAK1 may play essential roles in grass carp defense against I. multifiliis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510275, PR China
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50
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Role of Toll-like receptor 9 signaling in experimental Leishmania braziliensis infection. Infect Immun 2013; 81:1575-84. [PMID: 23439309 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01401-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Leishmania braziliensis causes cutaneous or mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in humans. Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) expression has been found in granulomas of lesions in L. braziliensis-infected individuals. L. braziliensis inoculation in mice induces very small lesions that are self-healing, whereas deficiency in the TLR adaptor molecule, MyD88, renders mice susceptible to infection. The TLR involved has not been identified, prompting us to investigate if TLR9 triggering by the parasite contributes to the strong resistance to infection observed in L. braziliensis-inoculated mice. The parasites activated wild-type (WT) dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro but not DCs derived from TLR9(-/-) mice. TLR9(-/-) mice inoculated with L. braziliensis exhibited a transient susceptibility characterized by increased lesion size and parasite burden compared to those of WT mice. Surprisingly, elevated levels of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) were measured at the site of infection and in draining lymph node T cells of TLR9(-/-) mice at the peak of susceptibility, suggesting that unlike observations in vitro, the parasite could induce DC activation leading to the development of Th1 cells in the absence of TLR9 expression. Taken together, these data show that TLR9 signaling is important for the early control of lesion development and parasite burden but is dispensable for the differentiation of Th1 cells secreting IFN-γ, and the high levels of this cytokine are not sufficient to control early parasite replication following L. braziliensis infection.
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