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Antony F, Kinha D, Nowińska A, Rouse BT, Suryawanshi A. The immunobiology of corneal HSV-1 infection and herpetic stromal keratitis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024; 37:e0000624. [PMID: 39078136 PMCID: PMC11391706 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00006-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYHuman alphaherpesvirus 1 (HSV-1) is a highly successful neurotropic pathogen that primarily infects the epithelial cells lining the orofacial mucosa. After primary lytic replication in the oral, ocular, and nasal mucosal epithelial cells, HSV-1 establishes life-long latency in neurons within the trigeminal ganglion. Patients with compromised immune systems experience frequent reactivation of HSV-1 from latency, leading to virus entry in the sensory neurons, followed by anterograde transport and lytic replication at the innervated mucosal epithelial surface. Although recurrent infection of the corneal mucosal surface is rare, it can result in a chronic immuno-inflammatory condition called herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK). HSK leads to gradual vision loss and can cause permanent blindness in severe untreated cases. Currently, there is no cure or successful vaccine to prevent latent or recurrent HSV-1 infections, posing a significant clinical challenge to managing HSK and preventing vision loss. The conventional clinical management of HSK primarily relies on anti-virals to suppress HSV-1 replication, anti-inflammatory drugs (such as corticosteroids) to provide symptomatic relief from pain and inflammation, and surgical interventions in more severe cases to replace damaged cornea. However, each clinical treatment strategy has limitations, such as local and systemic drug toxicities and the emergence of anti-viral-resistant HSV-1 strains. In this review, we summarize the factors and immune cells involved in HSK pathogenesis and highlight alternate therapeutic strategies for successful clinical management of HSK. We also discuss the therapeutic potential of immunoregulatory cytokines and immunometabolism modulators as promising HSK therapies against emerging anti-viral-resistant HSV-1 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferrin Antony
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Divya Kinha
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anna Nowińska
- Clinical Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
- Ophthalmology Department, Railway Hospital in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Barry T Rouse
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Amol Suryawanshi
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Lapp T, Kammrath Betancor P, Schlunck G, Auw-Hädrich C, Maier P, Lange C, Reinhard T, Wolf J. Transcriptional profiling specifies the pathogen-specific human host response to infectious keratitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 13:1285676. [PMID: 38274739 PMCID: PMC10808294 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1285676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Corneal infections are a leading cause of visual impairment and blindness worldwide. Here we applied high-resolution transcriptomic profiling to assess the general and pathogen-specific molecular and cellular mechanisms during human corneal infection. Methods Clinical diagnoses of herpes simplex virus (HSV) (n=5) and bacterial/fungal (n=5) keratitis were confirmed by histology. Healthy corneas (n=7) and keratoconus (n=4) samples served as controls. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) human corneal specimens were analyzed using the 3' RNA sequencing method Massive Analysis of cDNA Ends (MACE RNA-seq). The cellular host response was investigated using comprehensive bioinformatic deconvolution (xCell and CYBERSORTx) analyses and by integration with published single cell RNA-seq data of the human cornea. Results Our analysis identified 216 and 561 genes, that were specifically overexpressed in viral or bacterial/fungal keratitis, respectively, and allowed to distinguish the two etiologies. The virus-specific host response was driven by adaptive immunity and associated molecular signaling pathways, whereas the bacterial/fungal-specific host response mainly involved innate immunity signaling pathways and cell types. We identified several genes and pathways involved in the host response to infectious keratitis, including CXCL9, CXCR3, and MMP9 for viral, and S100A8/A9, MMP9, and the IL17 pathway for bacterial/fungal keratitis. Conclusions High-resolution molecular profiling provides new insights into the human corneal host response to viral and bacterial/fungal infection. Pathogen-specific molecular profiles may provide the foundation for novel diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic approaches that target inflammation-induced damage to corneal host cells with the goal to improve the outcome of infectious keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thabo Lapp
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Ophtha-Lab, Department of Ophthalmology, St. Franziskus Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Paola Kammrath Betancor
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Günther Schlunck
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Claudia Auw-Hädrich
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Philip Maier
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Clemens Lange
- Ophtha-Lab, Department of Ophthalmology, St. Franziskus Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Reinhard
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Julian Wolf
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Omics Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
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3
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Newman JRB, Long SA, Speake C, Greenbaum CJ, Cerosaletti K, Rich SS, Onengut-Gumuscu S, McIntyre LM, Buckner JH, Concannon P. Shifts in isoform usage underlie transcriptional differences in regulatory T cells in type 1 diabetes. Commun Biol 2023; 6:988. [PMID: 37758901 PMCID: PMC10533491 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05327-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified numerous loci with allelic associations to Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) risk. Most disease-associated variants are enriched in regulatory sequences active in lymphoid cell types, suggesting that lymphocyte gene expression is altered in T1D. Here we assay gene expression between T1D cases and healthy controls in two autoimmunity-relevant lymphocyte cell types, memory CD4+/CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg) and memory CD4+/CD25- T cells, using a splicing event-based approach to characterize tissue-specific transcriptomes. Limited differences in isoform usage between T1D cases and controls are observed in memory CD4+/CD25- T-cells. In Tregs, 402 genes demonstrate differences in isoform usage between cases and controls, particularly RNA recognition and splicing factor genes. Many of these genes are regulated by the variable inclusion of exons that can trigger nonsense mediated decay. Our results suggest that dysregulation of gene expression, through shifts in alternative splicing in Tregs, contributes to T1D pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy R B Newman
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32601, USA
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32601, USA
| | - S Alice Long
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Cate Speake
- Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Carla J Greenbaum
- Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Karen Cerosaletti
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Suna Onengut-Gumuscu
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Lauren M McIntyre
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32601, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32601, USA
| | - Jane H Buckner
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Patrick Concannon
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32601, USA.
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32601, USA.
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4
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Cassano A, Chong AS, Alegre ML. Tregs in transplantation tolerance: role and therapeutic potential. FRONTIERS IN TRANSPLANTATION 2023; 2:1217065. [PMID: 38993904 PMCID: PMC11235334 DOI: 10.3389/frtra.2023.1217065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are indispensable for preventing autoimmunity, and they play a role in cancer and transplantation settings by restraining immune responses. In this review, we describe evidence for the importance of Tregs in the induction versus maintenance of transplantation tolerance, discussing insights into mechanisms of Treg control of the alloimmune response. Further, we address the therapeutic potential of Tregs as a clinical intervention after transplantation, highlighting engineered CAR-Tregs as well as expansion of donor and host Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Cassano
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Anita S. Chong
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Maria-Luisa Alegre
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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5
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Steiner R, Pilat N. The potential for Treg-enhancing therapies in transplantation. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 211:122-137. [PMID: 36562079 PMCID: PMC10019131 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of regulatory T cells (Tregs) as crucial regulators of immune tolerance against self-antigens, these cells have become a promising tool for the induction of donor-specific tolerance in transplantation medicine. The therapeutic potential of increasing in vivoTreg numbers for a favorable Treg to Teff cell ratio has already been demonstrated in several sophisticated pre-clinical models and clinical pilot trials. In addition to improving cell quantity, enhancing Treg function utilizing engineering techniques led to encouraging results in models of autoimmunity and transplantation. Here we aim to discuss the most promising approaches for Treg-enhancing therapies, starting with adoptive transfer approaches and ex vivoexpansion cultures (polyclonal vs. antigen specific), followed by selective in vivostimulation methods. Furthermore, we address next generation concepts for Treg function enhancement (CARs, TRUCKs, BARs) as well as the advantages and caveats inherit to each approach. Finally, this review will discuss the clinical experience with Treg therapy in ongoing and already published clinical trials; however, data on long-term results and efficacy are still very limited and many questions that might complicate clinical translation remain open. Here, we discuss the hurdles for clinical translation and elaborate on current Treg-based therapeutic options as well as their potencies for improving long-term graft survival in transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy Steiner
- Department of General Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nina Pilat
- Correspondence: Nina Pilat, PhD, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Alternative CAR Therapies: Recent Approaches in Engineering Chimeric Antigen Receptor Immune Cells to Combat Cancer. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071493. [PMID: 35884798 PMCID: PMC9313317 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
For nearly three decades, chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have captivated the interest of researchers seeking to find novel immunotherapies to treat cancer. CARs were first designed to work with T cells, and the first CAR T cell therapy was approved to treat B cell lymphoma in 2017. Recent advancements in CAR technology have led to the development of modified CARs, including multi-specific CARs and logic gated CARs. Other immune cell types, including natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages, have also been engineered to express CARs to treat cancer. Additionally, CAR technology has been adapted in novel approaches to treating autoimmune disease and other conditions and diseases. In this article, we review these recent advancements in alternative CAR therapies and design, as well as their mechanisms of action, challenges in application, and potential future directions.
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Saghafi N, Rezaee SA, Momtazi-Borojeni AA, Tavasolian F, Sathyapalan T, Abdollahi E, Sahebkar A. The therapeutic potential of regulatory T cells in reducing cardiovascular complications in patients with severe COVID-19. Life Sci 2022; 294:120392. [PMID: 35149115 PMCID: PMC8824166 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) causes Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19), is an emerging viral infection. SARS CoV-2 infects target cells by attaching to Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE2). SARS CoV-2 could cause cardiac damage in patients with severe COVID-19, as ACE2 is expressed in cardiac cells, including cardiomyocytes, pericytes, and fibroblasts, and coronavirus could directly infect these cells. Cardiovascular disorders are the most frequent comorbidity found in COVID-19 patients. Immune cells such as monocytes, macrophages, and T cells may produce inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that contribute to COVID-19 pathogenesis if their functions are uncontrolled. This causes a cytokine storm in COVID-19 patients, which has been associated with cardiac damage. Tregs are a subset of immune cells that regulate immune and inflammatory responses. Tregs suppress inflammation and improve cardiovascular function through a variety of mechanisms. This is an exciting research area to explore the cellular, molecular, and immunological mechanisms related to reducing risks of cardiovascular complications in severe COVID-19. This review evaluated whether Tregs can affect COVID-19-related cardiovascular complications, as well as the mechanisms through which Tregs act.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Saghafi
- Department of Gynecology, Woman Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Research Center for HIV/AIDS, HTLV and Viral Hepatitis, Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Mashhad Branch, Mashhad, Iran; Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Abbas Momtazi-Borojeni
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Thozhukat Sathyapalan
- Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, UK
| | - Elham Abdollahi
- Department of Gynecology, Woman Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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8
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Xiao S, Yang Y, Miao W, Lyu C, Tao J, Yu Y. Activation of the STAT5 Signaling Pathway by Yiqi Jiedu Formula Induces Regulatory T Cell-Mediated Alleviation of Corneal Immunopathological Damage in Mice With Recurrent Herpes Simplex Keratitis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:790787. [PMID: 35126129 PMCID: PMC8814580 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.790787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of Yiqi Jiedu (YQJD) formula on the repair of corneal lesions in mice with recurrent herpes simplex virus keratitis (HSK). Sixty female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into three groups: a normal control group (Naive), a recurrence model group (Re), and a YQJD group. After inducing recurrence by ultraviolet irradiation, the ocular surfaces of different groups of mice were observed using a slit lamp and photographed, and ocular surface scores were calculated. The abundance of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells was determined by flow cytometry in peripheral blood and spleen cells. The CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs were assessed by immunofluorescence in the cornea. The levels of the cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β in serum and splenocyte culture supernatants were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Furthermore, the activation status of the STAT5 signaling pathway was examined by protein blotting, and the effect of YQJD on Treg cells through inhibition of the STAT5 pathway was observed in vitro. YQJD alleviated corneal inflammation by enhancing the STAT5 signaling pathway, thereby promoting the differentiation of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells, increasing the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β, and maintaining immune tolerance. YQJD increased the proportion of CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells; also, in the cornea, YQJD inhibited the aggregation of macrophages and CD4+ cells and reduced the proportion of Th17 cells and other pro-inflammatory cells. Moreover, YQJD promoted the secretion of IL-4 to protect the cornea, leading to the mitigation of corneal immunopathological damage. YQJD reduced corneal lesions in recurrent HSK mice by stimulating Treg cells, inducing immune tolerance, and inhibiting corneal immunopathological responses via modulation of the STAT5 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanhong Miao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunming Lyu
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinhua Tao
- Shanghai Eye Disease Control Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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9
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Phenotypic Changes of PD-1 and GITR in T Cells Are Associated With Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Seroclearance. J Clin Gastroenterol 2022; 56:e31-e37. [PMID: 33122602 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000001461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulatory T cells (Tregs) possess hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific immunoregulatory effects in chronic HBV infection. The role of Tregs in spontaneous seroclearance of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) remains to be determined. METHODS We recruited treatment-naive chronic HBV patients achieving spontaneous HBsAg seroclearance (experimental group) and matched HBsAg-positive controls. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated using the Ficoll-Paque density gradient centrifugation method. The frequency of Tregs and inhibitory phenotypes and immunoregulatory cytokines of Tregs were detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS Twenty-seven patients with HBsAg seroclearance (mean age: 52.40±6.00 y, 55.6% male) and 27 matched controls were recruited. Median HBsAg and HBV DNA levels in the control group were 2.80 (1.24 to 3.43) and 3.16 (1.68 to 3.85) log IU/mL, respectively. Mean frequencies of Tregs and expressions of FoxP3+ Tregs were comparable in both groups (both P>0.05). The mean expression of programmed death 1 (PD-1) and glucocorticoid-induced TNFR family-related gene (GITR) in total CD4+ T cells were significantly downregulated in the experimental group when compared with the control group (10.62% vs. 13.85%, P=0.003; 16.20% vs. 27.02%, P=0.002, respectively). When compared with the control group, PD-1+CD4+ Tregs expression in the experimental group was significantly downregulated (13.85% vs. 10.62%, P=0.003). A similar phenomenon was noted for GITR+CD8+ Tregs (20.16% vs. 14.08%, P=0.049). Intracellular cytokine productions showed no significant differences (all P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS The reduced expression of PD-1 and GITR might attenuate the immunosuppressive capability of Tregs. Decreased expression on CD4+ T cells might represent an enhanced antiviral function, playing a role in initiating the "functional cure" of chronic HBV infection.
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10
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Lam AJ, Uday P, Gillies JK, Levings MK. Helios is a marker, not a driver, of human Treg stability. Eur J Immunol 2021; 52:75-84. [PMID: 34561855 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Treg therapy holds promise as a potentially curative approach to establish immune tolerance in transplantation and autoimmune disease. An outstanding question is whether therapeutic Tregs have the potential to transdifferentiate into effector T-cells and, thus, exacerbate rather than suppress immune responses. In mice, the transcription factor Helios is thought to promote Treg lineage stability in a range of inflammatory contexts. In humans, the role of Helios in Tregs is less clear, in part, due to the inability to enrich and study subsets of Helios-positive versus Helios-negative Tregs. Using an in vitro expansion system, we found that loss of high Helios expression and emergence of an intermediate Helios (Heliosmid )-expressing population correlated with Treg destabilization. We used CRISPR/Cas9 to genetically ablate Helios expression in human naive or memory Tregs and found that Helios-KO and unedited Tregs were equivalent in their suppressive function and stability in inflammation. Thus, high Helios expression is a marker, but not a driver, of human Treg stability in vitro. These data highlight the importance of monitoring Helios expression in therapeutic Treg manufacturing and provide new insight into the biological function of this transcription factor in human T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery J Lam
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Prakruti Uday
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jana K Gillies
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Megan K Levings
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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11
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Piotrowska M, Gliwiński M, Trzonkowski P, Iwaszkiewicz-Grzes D. Regulatory T Cells-Related Genes Are under DNA Methylation Influence. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7144. [PMID: 34281195 PMCID: PMC8267835 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) exert a highly suppressive function in the immune system. Disturbances in their function predispose an individual to autoimmune dysregulation, with a predominance of the pro-inflammatory environment. Besides Foxp3, which is a master regulator of these cells, other genes (e.g., Il2ra, Ctla4, Tnfrsf18, Ikzf2, and Ikzf4) are also involved in Tregs development and function. Multidimensional Tregs suppression is determined by factors that are believed to be crucial in the action of Tregs-related genes. Among them, epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation, tend to be widely studied over the past few years. DNA methylation acts as a repressive mark, leading to diminished gene expression. Given the role of increased CpG methylation upon Tregs imprinting and functional stability, alterations in the methylation pattern can cause an imbalance in the immune response. Due to the fact that epigenetic changes can be reversible, so-called epigenetic modifiers are broadly used in order to improve Tregs performance. In this review, we place emphasis on the role of DNA methylation of the genes that are key regulators of Tregs function. We also discuss disease settings that have an impact on the methylation status of Tregs and systematize the usefulness of epigenetic drugs as factors able to influence Tregs functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dorota Iwaszkiewicz-Grzes
- Department of Medical Immunology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.P.); (M.G.); (P.T.)
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12
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Jamali A, Hu K, Sendra VG, Blanco T, Lopez MJ, Ortiz G, Qazi Y, Zheng L, Turhan A, Harris DL, Hamrah P. Characterization of Resident Corneal Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells and Their Pivotal Role in Herpes Simplex Keratitis. Cell Rep 2021; 32:108099. [PMID: 32877681 PMCID: PMC7511260 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence and potential functions of resident plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) in peripheral tissues is unclear. We report that pDCs constitutively populate naïve corneas and are increased during sterile injuries or acute herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) keratitis. Their local depletion leads to severe clinical disease, nerve loss, viral dissemination to the trigeminal ganglion and draining lymph nodes, and mortality, while their local adoptive transfer limits disease. pDCs are the main source of HSV-1-induced IFN-α in the corneal stroma through TLR9, and they prevent re-programming of regulatory T cells (Tregs) to effector ex-Tregs. Clinical signs of infection are observed in pDC-depleted corneas, but not in pDC-sufficient corneas, following low-dose HSV-1 inoculation, suggesting their critical role in corneal antiviral immunity. Our findings demonstrate a vital role for corneal pDCs in the control of local viral infections. Jamali et al. show that the cornea, as an immune-privileged tissue, hosts resident pDCs, which mediate immunity against HSV-1 by secreting IFN-a via TLR9 and preserving Tregs. pDCs minimize the clinical severity of HSV-1 keratitis, infiltration of immune cells, nerve damage, and viral dissemination to TG and dLNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsia Jamali
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kai Hu
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Victor G Sendra
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tomas Blanco
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria J Lopez
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gustavo Ortiz
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yureeda Qazi
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lixin Zheng
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aslihan Turhan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deshea L Harris
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pedram Hamrah
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Immunology, School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Cornea Service, Tufts New England Eye Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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13
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DNAM-1 regulates Foxp3 expression in regulatory T cells by interfering with TIGIT under inflammatory conditions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2021309118. [PMID: 34011606 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021309118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells that express forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) are pivotal for immune tolerance. Although inflammatory mediators cause Foxp3 instability and Treg cell dysfunction, their regulatory mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Here, we show that the transfer of Treg cells deficient in the activating immunoreceptor DNAM-1 ameliorated the development of graft-versus-host disease better than did wild-type Treg cells. We found that DNAM-1 competes with T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT) in binding to their common ligand CD155 and therefore regulates TIGIT signaling to down-regulate Treg cell function without DNAM-1-mediated intracellular signaling. DNAM-1 deficiency augments TIGIT signaling; this subsequently inhibits activation of the protein kinase B-mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 pathway, resulting in the maintenance of Foxp3 expression and Treg cell function under inflammatory conditions. These findings demonstrate that DNAM-1 regulates Treg cell function via TIGIT signaling and thus, it is a potential molecular target for augmenting Treg function in inflammatory diseases.
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14
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Selck C, Dominguez-Villar M. Antigen-Specific Regulatory T Cell Therapy in Autoimmune Diseases and Transplantation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:661875. [PMID: 34054826 PMCID: PMC8160309 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.661875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are a heterogenous population of immunosuppressive T cells whose therapeutic potential for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and graft rejection is currently being explored. While clinical trial results thus far support the safety and efficacy of adoptive therapies using polyclonal Treg cells, some studies suggest that antigen-specific Treg cells are more potent in regulating and improving immune tolerance in a disease-specific manner. Hence, several approaches to generate and/or expand antigen-specific Treg cells in vitro or in vivo are currently under investigation. However, antigen-specific Treg cell therapies face additional challenges that require further consideration, including the identification of disease-relevant antigens as well as the in vivo stability and migratory behavior of Treg cells following transfer. In this review, we discuss these approaches and the potential limitations and describe prospective strategies to enhance the efficacy of antigen-specific Treg cell treatments in autoimmunity and transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Selck
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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15
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Yamashita-Kanemaru Y, Oh-Oka K, Abe F, Shibuya K, Shibuya A. Suppression of Th1 and Th17 Proinflammatory Cytokines and Upregulation of FOXP3 Expression by a Humanized Anti-DNAM-1 Monoclonal Antibody. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2021; 40:52-59. [PMID: 33900821 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2020.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNAM-1 is an activating immunoreceptor expressed on hematopoietic cells, including both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, natural killer cells, and platelets. Since DNAM-1 is involved in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases and cancers in humans as well as mouse models, it is a potential target for immunotherapy for these diseases. In this study, we generated a humanized neutralizing antihuman DNAM-1 monoclonal antibody (mAb), named TNAX101A, which contains an engineered Fc portion of human IgG1 to reduce Fc-mediated effector functions. We show that TNAX101A efficiently interfered the binding of DNAM-1 to its ligand CD155 and showed unique functions; it decreased production of the inflammatory cytokines such as interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17A, and IL-17F by anti-CD3 antibody-stimulated or alloantigen-stimulated T cells and increased FOXP3 expression in anti-CD3-stimulated regulatory T (Treg) cells. These dual functions of TNAX101A may be advantageous for the treatment of T cell-mediated inflammatory diseases through both downregulation of effector T cell function and upregulation of Treg cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Yamashita-Kanemaru
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,TNAX Biopharma Corporation, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kyoko Oh-Oka
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Fumie Abe
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,TNAX Biopharma Corporation, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kazuko Shibuya
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,R&D Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Akira Shibuya
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,R&D Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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16
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Ji Q, Liu J, Dong Y, Wang L, Dong K, Setiz B, Szentmáry N, Qu B, Shi L. Exosomes derived from thymic stromal lymphopoietin-treated dendritic cells regulate T helper 17/regulatory T cell differentiation via miR-21/Smad7 axis. Exp Cell Res 2020; 398:112393. [PMID: 33253708 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is associated with fungal keratitis. This work aims to investigate whether TSLP can regulate T helper (Th) 17 and regulatory T cell (Treg) differentiation. We separated dendritic cells (DCs) from peripheral blood of healthy volunteers. DCs were treated with TSLP to activate DCs, and exosomes were obtained. CD+ T cells were incubated with exosomes from TSLP-treated DCs. We found that exosomes from TSLP-treated DCs notably promoted the proportions of Th17 cells and inhibited the proportions of Tregs in the CD4+ T cells. Moreover, exosomes from TSLP-treated DCs enhanced the expression of retinoid-related orphan receptor γt (RORγt) and interleukin 17 (IL-17), and repressed the expression of forkhead box protein P3 (Foxp3) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) in the CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, miR-21 was highly expressed in exosomes from TSLP-treated DCs. Exosomes from TSLP-treated miR-21-silenced DCs promoted Treg differentiation and suppressed Th17 differentiation. Smad7 up-regulation repressed Th17 differentiation and enhanced Treg differentiation, which was abolished by miR-21 overexpression. Smad7 overexpression rescued the effect of exosomes from TSLP-treated DCs on Th17/Treg differentiation. In conclusion, our article confirms that TSLP induces DCs to deliver miR-21 by secreting exosomes, and thus miR-21 regulates Th17/Treg differentiation by inhibiting Smad7. Thus, this work further reveals the biological role of miR-21 in fungal keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshan Ji
- Department of ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of life sciences and medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 17, Lujiang Road, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- Department of ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of life sciences and medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 17, Lujiang Road, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Yiran Dong
- Department of ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of life sciences and medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 17, Lujiang Road, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Lisong Wang
- Department of ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of life sciences and medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 17, Lujiang Road, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Kai Dong
- Department of ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of life sciences and medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 17, Lujiang Road, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Berthold Setiz
- Department of ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger Strasse 100 Geb. 22, 66421, Homburg, Saarland, Germany
| | - Nóra Szentmáry
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Center for Limbal Stem Cell and Congenital Aniridia Research, Saarland University, Kirrberger Strasse 100 Geb. 22, 66421, Homburg, Saarland, Germany
| | - Bin Qu
- Biophysics Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), Saarland University, Kirrberger Strasse 100 Geb. 48, 66421, Homburg, Saarland, Germany
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of life sciences and medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 17, Lujiang Road, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China; Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Center for Limbal Stem Cell and Congenital Aniridia Research, Saarland University, Kirrberger Strasse 100 Geb. 22, 66421, Homburg, Saarland, Germany.
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17
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Fiorino S, Gallo C, Zippi M, Sabbatani S, Manfredi R, Moretti R, Fogacci E, Maggioli C, Travasoni Loffredo F, Giampieri E, Corazza I, Dickmans C, Denitto C, Cammarosano M, Battilana M, Orlandi PE, Del Forno F, Miceli F, Visani M, Acquaviva G, De Leo A, Leandri P, Hong W, Brand T, Tallini G, Jovine E, Jovine R, de Biase D. Cytokine storm in aged people with CoV-2: possible role of vitamins as therapy or preventive strategy. Aging Clin Exp Res 2020; 32:2115-2131. [PMID: 32865757 PMCID: PMC7456763 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-020-01669-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In December 2019, a novel human-infecting coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, had emerged. The WHO has classified the epidemic as a "public health emergency of international concern". A dramatic situation has unfolded with thousands of deaths, occurring mainly in the aged and very ill people. Epidemiological studies suggest that immune system function is impaired in elderly individuals and these subjects often present a deficiency in fat-soluble and hydrosoluble vitamins. METHODS We searched for reviews describing the characteristics of autoimmune diseases and the available therapeutic protocols for their treatment. We set them as a paradigm with the purpose to uncover common pathogenetic mechanisms between these pathological conditions and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, we searched for studies describing the possible efficacy of vitamins A, D, E, and C in improving the immune system function. RESULTS SARS-CoV-2 infection induces strong immune system dysfunction characterized by the development of an intense proinflammatory response in the host, and the development of a life-threatening condition defined as cytokine release syndrome (CRS). This leads to acute respiratory syndrome (ARDS), mainly in aged people. High mortality and lethality rates have been observed in elderly subjects with CoV-2-related infection. CONCLUSIONS Vitamins may shift the proinflammatory Th17-mediated immune response arising in autoimmune diseases towards a T-cell regulatory phenotype. This review discusses the possible activity of vitamins A, D, E, and C in restoring normal antiviral immune system function and the potential therapeutic role of these micronutrients as part of a therapeutic strategy against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirio Fiorino
- UO of Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital of Budrio, Via Benni 44, 40065, Budrio, Bologna, Italy.
- Internal Medicine Unit, Maggiore Hospital of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Claudio Gallo
- Physician Specialist in Infectious Diseases, AUSL Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maddalena Zippi
- Unit of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Sandro Petrini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Renzo Moretti
- UO of Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital of Budrio, Via Benni 44, 40065, Budrio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Fogacci
- UO of Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital of Budrio, Via Benni 44, 40065, Budrio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Caterina Maggioli
- UO of Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital of Budrio, Via Benni 44, 40065, Budrio, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Enrico Giampieri
- Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine Department, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ivan Corazza
- Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine Department, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Christoph Dickmans
- UO of Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital of Budrio, Via Benni 44, 40065, Budrio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Denitto
- UO of Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital of Budrio, Via Benni 44, 40065, Budrio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Cammarosano
- UO of Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital of Budrio, Via Benni 44, 40065, Budrio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Battilana
- UO of Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital of Budrio, Via Benni 44, 40065, Budrio, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesco Miceli
- UO Farmacia Centralizzata OM, Farmacia Ospedale Di Budrio, Budrio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michela Visani
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FABIT), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medicine (Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale), Molecular Diagnostic Unit, University of Bologna, Azienda USL di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgia Acquaviva
- Department of Medicine (Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale), Molecular Diagnostic Unit, University of Bologna, Azienda USL di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio De Leo
- Department of Medicine (Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale), Molecular Diagnostic Unit, University of Bologna, Azienda USL di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Leandri
- Internal Medicine Unit, Maggiore Hospital of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Wandong Hong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, The People's Republic of China
| | - Thomas Brand
- Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Tallini
- Department of Medicine (Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale), Molecular Diagnostic Unit, University of Bologna, Azienda USL di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elio Jovine
- Surgery Unit, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Jovine
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Dario de Biase
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FABIT), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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18
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Functional CRISPR dissection of gene networks controlling human regulatory T cell identity. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:1456-1466. [PMID: 32989329 PMCID: PMC7577958 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0784-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human regulatory T (Treg) cells are essential for immune homeostasis. The transcription factor (TF) FOXP3 maintains Treg cell identity, yet the complete set of key TFs that control Treg cell gene expression remains unknown. Here, we used pooled and arrayed Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) screens to identify TFs that regulate critical proteins in primary human Treg cells under basal and pro-inflammatory conditions. We then generated 54,424 single-cell transcriptomes from Treg cells subjected to genetic perturbations and cytokine stimulation, which revealed distinct gene networks individually regulated by FOXP3 and PRDM1, in addition to a network co-regulated by FOXO1 and IRF4. We also discovered that HIVEP2, not previously implicated in Treg cell function, co-regulates another gene network with SATB1 and is important for Treg cell-mediated immunosuppression. By integrating CRISPR screens and scRNA-seq profiling, we have uncovered novel transcriptional regulators and downstream gene networks in human Treg cells that could be targeted for immunotherapies.
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19
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Immune Landscape in Tumor Microenvironment: Implications for Biomarker Development and Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155521. [PMID: 32752264 PMCID: PMC7432816 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Integration of the tumor microenvironment as a fundamental part of the tumorigenic process has undoubtedly revolutionized our understanding of cancer biology. Increasing evidence indicates that neoplastic cells establish a dependency relationship with normal resident cells in the affected tissue and, furthermore, develop the ability to recruit new accessory cells that aid tumor development. In addition to normal stromal and tumor cells, this tumor ecosystem includes an infiltrated immune component that establishes complex interactions that have a critical effect during the natural history of the tumor. The process by which immune cells modulate tumor progression is known as immunoediting, a dynamic process that creates a selective pressure that finally leads to the generation of immune-resistant cells and the inability of the immune system to eradicate the tumor. In this context, the cellular and functional characterization of the immune compartment within the tumor microenvironment will help to understand tumor progression and, ultimately, will serve to create novel prognostic tools and improve patient stratification for cancer treatment. Here we review the impact of the immune system on tumor development, focusing particularly on its clinical implications and the current technologies used to analyze immune cell diversity within the tumor.
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20
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Jamali A, Kenyon B, Ortiz G, Abou-Slaybi A, Sendra VG, Harris DL, Hamrah P. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells in the eye. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 80:100877. [PMID: 32717378 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are a unique subpopulation of immune cells, distinct from classical dendritic cells. pDCs are generated in the bone marrow and following development, they typically home to secondary lymphoid tissues. While peripheral tissues are generally devoid of pDCs during steady state, few tissues, including the lung, kidney, vagina, and in particular ocular tissues harbor resident pDCs. pDCs were originally appreciated for their potential to produce large quantities of type I interferons in viral immunity. Subsequent studies have now unraveled their pivotal role in mediating immune responses, in particular in the induction of tolerance. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge on pDCs in ocular tissues in both mice and humans, in particular in the cornea, limbus, conjunctiva, choroid, retina, and lacrimal gland. Further, we will review our current understanding on the significance of pDCs in ameliorating inflammatory responses during herpes simplex virus keratitis, sterile inflammation, and corneal transplantation. Moreover, we describe their novel and pivotal neuroprotective role, their key function in preserving corneal angiogenic privilege, as well as their potential application as a cell-based therapy for ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsia Jamali
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brendan Kenyon
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gustavo Ortiz
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abdo Abou-Slaybi
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Victor G Sendra
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deshea L Harris
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pedram Hamrah
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Cornea Service, Tufts New England Eye Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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21
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Talepoor AG, Fouladseresht H, Khosropanah S, Doroudchi M. Immune-Inflammation in Atherosclerosis: A New Twist in an Old Tale. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 20:525-545. [DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666191016095725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective:Atherosclerosis, a chronic and progressive inflammatory disease, is triggered by the activation of endothelial cells followed by infiltration of innate and adaptive immune cells including monocytes and T cells in arterial walls. Major populations of T cells found in human atherosclerotic lesions are antigen-specific activated CD4+ effectors and/or memory T cells from Th1, Th17, Th2 and Treg subsets. In this review, we will discuss the significance of T cell orchestrated immune inflammation in the development and progression of atherosclerosis.Discussion:Pathogen/oxidative stress/lipid induced primary endothelial wound cannot develop to a full-blown atherosclerotic lesion in the absence of chronically induced inflammation. While the primary inflammatory response might be viewed as a lone innate response, the persistence of such a profound response over time must be (and is) associated with diverse local and systemic T cell responses. The interplay between T cells and innate cells contributes to a phenomenon called immuneinflammation and has an impact on the progression and outcome of the lesion. In recent years immuneinflammation, an old term, has had a comeback in connecting the puzzle pieces of chronic inflammatory diseases.Conclusion:Taking one-step back and looking from afar at the players of immune-inflammation may help us provide a broader perspective of these complicated interactions. This may lead to the identification of new drug targets and the development of new therapies as well as preventative measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefe Ghamar Talepoor
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hamed Fouladseresht
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shahdad Khosropanah
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehrnoosh Doroudchi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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22
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Wang L, Wang R, Xu C, Zhou H. Pathogenesis of Herpes Stromal Keratitis: Immune Inflammatory Response Mediated by Inflammatory Regulators. Front Immunol 2020; 11:766. [PMID: 32477330 PMCID: PMC7237736 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes stromal keratitis (HSK) is one of the primary diseases that cause vision loss or even blindness after herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 infection. HSK-associated vision impairment is predominantly due to corneal scarring and neovascularization caused by inflammation. In the infected cornea, HSV can activate innate and adaptive immune responses of host cells, which triggers a cascade of reactions that leads to the release of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, microRNA, and other regulatory factors that have stimulating or inhibitory effects on tissue. Physiologically, host cells show homeostasis. In this review, we summarize the factors involved in HSK pathogenesis from the perspective of immunity, molecules, and pathological angiogenesis. We also describe in detail the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory lesions of the corneal stroma in response to HSV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Jilin City Central Hospital, Jilin, China
| | - Runbiao Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jilin City Central Hospital, Jilin, China
| | - Chuyang Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyan Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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23
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Zhang C, Hu Z, Wang K, Yang L, Li Y, Schlüter H, Yang P, Hong J, Yu H. Lipidomic profiling of virus infection identifies mediators that resolve herpes simplex virus-induced corneal inflammatory lesions. Analyst 2020; 145:3967-3976. [PMID: 32319474 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00263a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lipid mediators (LMs) play a pivotal role in the induction and resolution of inflammation. To identify and elucidate their involvement during virus infection, multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) based liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry lipidomic profiling of 62 lipid species was performed in this study. Results show that RAW264.7 macrophages differentially produce specific LMs signals depending on difference in virus pathogenicity. Integration of large-scale lipidomics with targeted gene expression data revealed mediators, such as RVD3, 18-HEPE, 11(12)-EET etc. correlated with the pathogenic phase of the infection. The herpes simplex virus (HSV)-induced keratitis model demonstrates that 11(12)-EET treatment represents a novel alternative for treating viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Zhang
- Minhang Hospital & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences & Department of Systems Biology for Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China.
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Wei T, Zhong W, Li Q. Role of heterogeneous regulatory T cells in the tumor microenvironment. Pharmacol Res 2020; 153:104659. [PMID: 31982490 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) modulate ongoing immune responses to prevent autoimmunity in healthy bodies and inhibit effective anti-tumor immunity responses in tumor patients, leading to tumor progression. The function of Tregs in tumor immunity suggests that elimination of Tregs in the host may enhance the anti-tumor immune response. Despite the success of strategies for depleting Tregs in tumor-bearing patients, the overall clinical efficacy is limited and accompanied by undesirable side effects. The present review describes the diverse anti-tumor roles and differentiation mechanisms of heterogeneous Tregs and proposes methods for modulating them in the tumor microenvironment. This information is critical for improving clinical outcomes and preventing adverse effects in cancer patients receiving immunotherapy targeting Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wei
- Department of Hematology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Weijie Zhong
- Department of Geriatrics, Hematology & Oncology Ward, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180 Guangdong, China.
| | - Qingshan Li
- Department of Hematology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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25
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Iamsawat S, Tian L, Daenthanasanmak A, Wu Y, Nguyen HD, Bastian D, Yu XZ. Vitamin C stabilizes CD8+ iTregs and enhances their therapeutic potential in controlling murine GVHD and leukemia relapse. Blood Adv 2019; 3:4187-4201. [PMID: 31856270 PMCID: PMC6929397 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of induced regulatory T cells (iTregs) can ameliorate graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT). CD4+ iTregs can effectively prevent GVHD but impair the graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect, whereas CD8+ iTregs preserve the GVL effect but have limited efficacy in GVHD control because of their instability under inflammatory conditions. Thus, we aimed to stabilize CD8+ iTregs via treatment with vitamin C (Vit C) to improve their efficacy in controlling GVHD. We found that addition of Vit C significantly improved the stability of forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) expression in CD8+ iTregs. Moreover, Vit C-treated CD8+ iTregs exhibited high efficacy in attenuating acute and chronic GVHD. The mechanistic study revealed that addition of Vit C to CD8+ iTreg culture markedly increased DNA demethylation in the conserved noncoding sequence 2 region and, hence, maintained higher Foxp3 expression levels compared with untreated controls. In acute GVHD, Vit C-treated CD8+ iTregs were able to inhibit pathogenic T-cell expansion and differentiation while reducing thymus damage and B-cell activation in cGVHD. Importantly, in contrast to CD4+ iTregs, Vit C-treated CD8+ iTregs retained the ability to control tumor relapse. These results provide a strong rationale to use Vit C in the clinic to stabilize CD8+ iTregs for the control of GVHD and preservation of GVL after allo-HCT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Linlu Tian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and
| | | | - Yongxia Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and
| | | | | | - Xue-Zhong Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
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26
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Horwitz DA, Fahmy TM, Piccirillo CA, La Cava A. Rebalancing Immune Homeostasis to Treat Autoimmune Diseases. Trends Immunol 2019; 40:888-908. [PMID: 31601519 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During homeostasis, interactions between tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs), self-reactive T cells, and T regulatory cells (Tregs) contribute to maintaining mammalian immune tolerance. In response to infection, immunogenic DCs promote the generation of proinflammatory effector T cell subsets. When complex homeostatic mechanisms maintaining the balance between regulatory and effector functions become impaired, autoimmune diseases can develop. We discuss some of the newest advances on the mechanisms of physiopathologic homeostasis that can be employed to develop strategies to restore a dysregulated immune equilibrium. Some of these designs are based on selectively activating regulators of immunity and inflammation instead of broadly suppressing these processes. Promising approaches include the use of nanoparticles (NPs) to restore Treg control over self-reactive cells, aiming to achieve long-term disease remission, and potentially to prevent autoimmunity in susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Horwitz
- General Nanotherapeutics, LLC, Santa Monica, CA, USA; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Tarek M Fahmy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ciriaco A Piccirillo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Program in Infectious Disease and Immunity in Global Health, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada; Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Antonio La Cava
- Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Zhang Z, Zhou X. Foxp3 Instability Helps tTregs Distinguish Self and Non-self. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2226. [PMID: 31608056 PMCID: PMC6769115 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are small subsets of CD4 T cells that play a central role in the controlling of immune tolerance. Tregs are either generated in the thymus (tTregs) or the periphery (pTregs), and both express the master transcription factor Foxp3. Stable expression of Foxp3 is important for the maintenance of Tregs identity and their suppressive function. Similar to conventional T cells, Tregs can recognize both self- and non-self-antigens, and TCR engagement leads to Treg activation and the generation of effector Tregs. Emerging shreds of evidence suggest Tregs are not always stable, even fully committed mature tTregs, and can lose foxp3 expression and programming to effector-like T cells. In this review, we summarize recent findings in Treg instability and the intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms in controlling the Foxp3 expression. Finally, we propose a new hypothesis that Foxp3 instability might help tTregs distinguish between self and non-self-antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongmei Zhang
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Xuyu Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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28
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Advanced Glycated End Products Alter Neutrophil Effect on Regulation of CD 4+ T Cell Differentiation Through Induction of Myeloperoxidase and Neutrophil Elastase Activities. Inflammation 2019; 42:559-571. [PMID: 30343390 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-0913-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ T cell subset imbalance plays an important role in the development of diabetic complications. Neutrophils have recently been known as the regulator of CD4+ T cell differentiation. However, whether neutrophils affect CD4+ T cell population in diabetes is still elusive. In this study, we investigated the effect of neutrophils stimulated with advanced glycated end products (AGEs), the marker of diabetes, on CD4+ T cell differentiation and its underlying mechanism. Our data showed that the cultural medium of healthy adult neutrophils treated with AGEs increased expressions of both Th1 (IFN-γ) and Th17 (IL-17) phenotypes and the transcription factors of Th1 (Tbet) and Th17 (RORγt) in naive CD4+T cells and CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ (Treg) T cells in vitro. Next, we found that AGEs induced the generations of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and neutrophil elastase (NE) in neutrophils; inhibition of MPO or NE attenuated the effect of AGE-stimulated neutrophils on CD4+ T cell bias. Furthermore, receptor for AGEs (RAGE) inhibitor interrupted AGE-induced MPO and NE expressions, but MPO and NE inhibitions did not change AGE-increased RAGE gene expression. These results suggested that AGEs drive the effect of neutrophils on CD4+ T cell differentiation into pro-inflammatory program through inducing MPO and NE productions in neutrophils, which is mediated by AGE-RAGE interaction.
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29
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Kim HS, Sohn H, Jang SW, Lee GR. The transcription factor NFIL3 controls regulatory T-cell function and stability. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-15. [PMID: 31311918 PMCID: PMC6802641 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0280-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are a CD4 T-cell subset with an important role in immune tolerance; however, the mechanisms underlying Treg cell differentiation and function are incompletely understood. Here, we show that NFIL3/E4BP4, a transcription factor, plays a key role in Treg cell differentiation and function. Microarray analysis showed that Treg cells had lower Nfil3 expression than all other CD4 T-cell subsets. Overexpression of Nfil3 in Treg cells led to diminished expression of Foxp3 and other signature Treg genes, including Il2ra, Icos, Tnfrsf18, and Ctla4. Furthermore, Nfil3-overexpressing Treg cells exhibited impaired immunosuppressive activity in vitro and in vivo. We discovered that NFIL3 directly binds to and negatively regulates the expression of Foxp3. In addition, bisulfite sequencing revealed that NFIL3 induces methylation at Foxp3 locus regulatory CpG sites, which contributes to the control of Treg cell stability. Together, these data indicate that NFIL3 impairs Treg cell function through the downregulation of Foxp3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Su Kim
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul, 04107, Korea
| | - Hyogon Sohn
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul, 04107, Korea
| | - Sung Woong Jang
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul, 04107, Korea
| | - Gap Ryol Lee
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul, 04107, Korea.
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30
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Xu Y, Cheng Y, Baylink DJ, Wasnik S, Goel G, Huang M, Cao H, Qin X, Lau KHW, Chan C, Koch A, Pham LH, Zhang J, Li CH, Wang X, Berumen EC, Smith J, Tang X. In Vivo Generation of Gut-Homing Regulatory T Cells for the Suppression of Colitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:3447-3457. [PMID: 31053627 PMCID: PMC10234421 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Current therapies for gut inflammation have not reached the desired specificity and are attended by unintended immune suppression. This study aimed to provide evidence for supporting a hypothesis that direct in vivo augmentation of the induction of gut-homing regulatory T (Treg) cells is a strategy of expected specificity for the treatment of chronic intestinal inflammation (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease). We showed that dendritic cells (DCs), engineered to de novo produce high concentrations of both 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, the active vitamin D metabolite, and retinoic acid, an active vitamin A metabolite, augmented the induction of T cells that express both the regulatory molecule Foxp3 and the gut-homing receptor CCR9 in vitro and in vivo. In vivo, the newly generated Ag-specific Foxp3+ T cells homed to intestines. Additionally, transfer of such engineered DCs robustly suppressed ongoing experimental colitis. Moreover, CD4+ T cells from spleens of the mice transferred with the engineered DCs suppressed experimental colitis in syngeneic hosts. The data suggest that the engineered DCs enhance regulatory function in CD4+ T cell population in peripheral lymphoid tissues. Finally, we showed that colitis suppression following in vivo transfer of the engineered DCs was significantly reduced when Foxp3+ Treg cells were depleted. The data indicate that maximal colitis suppression mediated by the engineered DCs requires Treg cells. Collectively, our data support that DCs de novo overproducing both 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and retinoic acid are a promising novel therapy for chronic intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Loma Linda University Cancer Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354
| | - Yanmei Cheng
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354.,Gastroenterology Department, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - David J Baylink
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354
| | - Samiksha Wasnik
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354
| | - Gati Goel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354
| | - Mei Huang
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354.,College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Huynh Cao
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Loma Linda University Cancer Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354
| | - Xuezhong Qin
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354.,Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92357
| | - Kin-Hing William Lau
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354.,Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92357
| | - Christian Chan
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354
| | - Adam Koch
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354
| | - Linh H Pham
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354
| | - Jintao Zhang
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354.,Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan 450052, China
| | - Chih-Huang Li
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354.,Jinan Infectious Disease Hospital, Shandong University, Shandong 250014, China; and
| | - Edmundo Carreon Berumen
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354
| | - James Smith
- X Cell Laboratories Inc., Redlands, CA 92373
| | - Xiaolei Tang
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354;
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31
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Vaccine-induced antibodies target sequestered viral antigens to prevent ocular HSV-1 pathogenesis, preserve vision, and preempt productive neuronal infection. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:827-839. [PMID: 30670763 PMCID: PMC6462227 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0131-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The cornea is essential for vision yet highly sensitive to immune-mediated damage following infection. Generating vaccines that provide sterile immunity against ocular surface pathogens without evoking vision loss is therefore clinically challenging. Here, we tested a prophylactic live-attenuated vaccine against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), a widespread human pathogen that can cause corneal blindness. Parenteral vaccination of mice resulted in sterile immunity to subsequent HSV-1 challenge in the cornea and suppressed productive infection of the nervous system. This protection was unmatched by a relevant glycoprotein subunit vaccine. Efficacy of the live-attenuated vaccine involved a T-dependent humoral immune response and complement C3 but not Fcγ-receptor 3 or interferon-α/β signaling. Proteomic analysis of viral proteins recognized by antiserum revealed an unexpected repertoire dominated by sequestered antigens rather than surface-exposed envelope glycoproteins. Ocular HSV-1 challenge in naive and subunit-vaccinated mice triggered vision loss and severe ocular pathologies including corneal opacification, scar formation, neovascularization, and sensation loss. However, corneal pathology was absent in mice receiving the live-attenuated vaccine concomitant with complete preservation of visual acuity. Collectively, this is the first comprehensive report of a prophylactic vaccine candidate that elicits resistance to ocular HSV-1 infection while fully preserving the cornea and visual acuity.
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32
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Rajasagi NK, Rouse BT. The Role of T Cells in Herpes Stromal Keratitis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:512. [PMID: 30941142 PMCID: PMC6433787 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The blinding inflammatory lesion stromal keratitis (SK), which occurs in some patients in response to ocular herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection, represents mainly an immune cell mediated inflammatory response to the virus infection. The principal orchestrators of the immunopathological lesions are T cells although additional events participate that include the extent of recruitment of non-lymphoid cells, the extent of neoangiogenesis, and the extent of damage to nerve function. This review focuses on evidence that the balance of the functional subsets of T cells has a major impact on lesion severity and duration. Accordingly, if proinflammatory Th1 and Th17 CD4 T cells, and perhaps in some cases CD8 T cells, predominate lesions occur earlier and are more severe. Lesions are diminished when cells with regulatory function predominate. Moreover, when regulatory cells acquire the property to produce Amphiregulin this may facilitate lesion resolution. An objective to controlling lesions is to learn how to manipulate the balance of T cells to favor the representation and function of regulatory T cells and their products over proinflammatory cells. In this review we emphasize how exploiting the differential metabolic requirements of immune cells could be a valuable approach to control SK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen K Rajasagi
- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Barry T Rouse
- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
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33
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Mancini M, Caignard G, Charbonneau B, Dumaine A, Wu N, Leiva-Torres GA, Gerondakis S, Pearson A, Qureshi ST, Sladek R, Vidal SM. Rel-Dependent Immune and Central Nervous System Mechanisms Control Viral Replication and Inflammation during Mouse Herpes Simplex Encephalitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:1479-1493. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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34
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Elfiky A, Bonifacius A, Pezoldt J, Pasztoi M, Chaoprasid P, Sadana P, El-Sherbeeny N, Hagras M, Scrima A, Dersch P, Huehn J. Yersinia Pseudotuberculosis Modulates Regulatory T Cell Stability via Injection of Yersinia Outer Proteins in a Type III Secretion System-Dependent Manner. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2018; 8:101-106. [PMID: 30719325 PMCID: PMC6348704 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2018.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptive immunity is essentially required to control acute infection with enteropathogenic Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (Yptb). We have recently demonstrated that Yptb can directly modulate naïve CD4+ T cell differentiation. However, whether fully differentiated forkhead box protein P3 (Foxp3+) regulatory T cells (Tregs), fundamental key players to maintain immune homeostasis, are targeted by Yptb remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that within the CD4+ T cell compartment Yptb preferentially targets Tregs and injects Yersinia outer proteins (Yops) in a process that depends on the type III secretion system and invasins. Remarkably, Yop-translocation into ex vivo isolated Foxp3+ Tregs resulted in a substantial downregulation of Foxp3 expression and a decreased capacity to express the immunosuppressive cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10). Together, these findings highlight that invasins are critically required to mediate Yptb attachment to Foxp3+ Tregs, which allows efficient Yop-translocation and finally enables the modulation of the Foxp3+ Tregs' suppressive phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elfiky
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Agnes Bonifacius
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Joern Pezoldt
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maria Pasztoi
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Paweena Chaoprasid
- Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Pooja Sadana
- Structural Biology of Autophagy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Nagla El-Sherbeeny
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Magda Hagras
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Andrea Scrima
- Structural Biology of Autophagy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Petra Dersch
- Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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35
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Mitochondrial Neuroglobin Is Necessary for Protection Induced by Conditioned Medium from Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Astrocytic Cells Subjected to Scratch and Metabolic Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:5167-5187. [PMID: 30536184 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1442-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are specialized cells capable of regulating inflammatory responses in neurodegenerative diseases or traumatic brain injury. In addition to playing an important role in neuroinflammation, these cells regulate essential functions for the preservation of brain tissue. Therefore, the search for therapeutic alternatives to preserve these cells and maintain their functions contributes in some way to counteract the progress of the injury and maintain neuronal survival in various brain pathologies. Among these strategies, the conditioned medium from human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (CM-hMSCA) has been reported with a potential beneficial effect against several neuropathologies. In this study, we evaluated the potential effect of CM-hMSCA in a model of human astrocytes (T98G cells) subjected to scratch injury. Our findings demonstrated that CM-hMSCA regulates the cytokines IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, GM-CSF, and TNF-α, downregulates calcium at the cytoplasmic level, and regulates mitochondrial dynamics and the respiratory chain. These actions are accompanied by modulation of the expression of different proteins involved in signaling pathways such as AKT/pAKT and ERK1/2/pERK, and may mediate the localization of neuroglobin (Ngb) at the cellular level. We also confirmed that Ngb mediated the protective effects of CM-hMSCA through regulation of proteins involved in survival pathways and oxidative stress. In conclusion, regulation of brain inflammation combined with the recovery of fundamental cellular aspects in the face of injury makes CM-hMSCA a promising candidate for the protection of astrocytes in brain pathologies.
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36
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Hwang SM, Sharma G, Verma R, Byun S, Rudra D, Im SH. Inflammation-induced Id2 promotes plasticity in regulatory T cells. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4736. [PMID: 30413714 PMCID: PMC6226514 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07254-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
TH17 cells originating from regulatory T (Treg) cells upon loss of the Treg-specific transcription factor Foxp3 accumulate in sites of inflammation and aggravate autoimmune diseases. Whether an active mechanism drives the generation of these pathogenic 'ex-Foxp3 TH17' cells, remains unclear. Here we show that pro-inflammatory cytokines enhance the expression of transcription regulator Id2, which mediates cellular plasticity of Treg into ex-Foxp3 TH17 cells. Expression of Id2 in in vitro differentiated iTreg cells reduces the expression of Foxp3 by sequestration of the transcription activator E2A, leading to the induction of TH17-related cytokines. Treg-specific ectopic expression of Id2 in mice significantly reduces the Treg compartment and causes immune dysregulation. Cellular fate-mapping experiments reveal enhanced Treg plasticity compared to wild-type, resulting in exacerbated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis pathogenesis or enhanced anti-tumor immunity. Our findings suggest that controlling Id2 expression may provide a novel approach for effective Treg cell immunotherapies for both autoimmunity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Min Hwang
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology (AIM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Garima Sharma
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology (AIM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Ravi Verma
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology (AIM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seohyun Byun
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology (AIM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Dipayan Rudra
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology (AIM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sin-Hyeog Im
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology (AIM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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Varanasi SK, Rajasagi N, Jaggi U, Rouse B. Role of IL-18 induced Amphiregulin expression on virus induced ocular lesions. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:1705-1715. [PMID: 30087443 PMCID: PMC6279570 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This report deals with the possible mechanism by which IL-18 can contribute to the control and resolution of inflammatory lesions in the cornea caused by herpes simplex virus infection. Our results demonstrate that the expression of the IL-18R by both regulatory T cells (Treg) and effector T cells was a pivotal event that influenced lesion pathogenesis. The engagement of IL-18R on Treg with its cytokine ligand resulted in Amphiregulin expression a molecule associated with tissue repair. In support of this scheme of events, lesion severity became more severe in animals unable to express the IL-18R because of gene knockout and was reduced in severity when IL-18 was overexpressed in the cornea. These changes in lesion severity correlated with the frequency and number of both Treg and Teff that expressed Amphiregulin. Additional experiments indicated that IL-12 and IL-18 acted synergistically to enhance Amphiregulin expression in Treg, an event partly dependent on P38 MAPK activity. Finally, sub-conjunctival administration of Amphiregulin resulted in resolution of both developing and developed lesions. Thus, overall our results imply that IL-18 may participate in controlling the severity of SK and contribute to tissue repair by converting both Treg and effector T cells into those that produce Amphiregulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Karthik Varanasi
- Department of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Naveen Rajasagi
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Ujjaldeep Jaggi
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Barry Rouse
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee,Corresponding author. Barry T. Rouse:
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Jaggi U, Varanasi SK, Bhela S, Rouse BT. On the role of retinoic acid in virus induced inflammatory response in cornea. Microbes Infect 2018; 20:337-345. [PMID: 29842984 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ocular infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV) can result in a chronic immune inflammatory lesion that is a significant cause of human blindness. A key to controlling stromal keratitis (SK) lesion severity is to identify cellular and molecular events responsible for tissue damage and to counteract them. One potentially useful approach to achieve such therapy is Retinoic Acid (RA). Here we show that RA therapy reduces the severity of SK by having inhibitory effects on the T effector subtypes responsible for orchestrating SK. RA also served to stabilize the function of regulatory T cell (Treg) which counteract inflammatory cell activity. The Treg stabilizing effect was demonstrated by in vitro studies where RA was shown to retain Foxp3 expression when exposed to proinflammatory conditions such as IL-12 and IL-6+TGF-β. in vivo studies revealed that RA exerted its stabilizing effects by downregulating IL-6R expression on Treg after HSV-1 infection and this helped to control the progression of SK. Since the therapy was effective when used both early and after the initiation of lesions, it may represent a valuable means of therapy when used alone or along with additional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjaldeep Jaggi
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Siva Karthik Varanasi
- Department of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Siddheshvar Bhela
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Barry T Rouse
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
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Hua J, Inomata T, Chen Y, Foulsham W, Stevenson W, Shiang T, Bluestone JA, Dana R. Pathological conversion of regulatory T cells is associated with loss of allotolerance. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7059. [PMID: 29728574 PMCID: PMC5935752 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25384-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a critical role in immune tolerance. The plasticity and functional adaptability of Tregs in an inflammatory microenvironment has been demonstrated in autoimmunity. Here, using a double transgenic mouse model that permits Foxp3 lineage tracing, we investigated the phenotypic plasticity of Foxp3+ Tregs in a well-characterized murine model of corneal transplantation. In order to subvert the normal immune privilege of the cornea and foster an inflammatory milieu, host mice were exposed to desiccating stress prior to transplantation. Treg frequencies and function were decreased following desiccating stress, and this corresponded to decreased graft survival. A fraction of Tregs converted to IL-17+ or IFNγ+ 'exFoxp3' T cells that were phenotypically indistinguishable from effector Th17 or Th1 cells, respectively. We investigated how Foxp3 expression is modulated in different Treg subsets, demonstrating that neuropilin-1- peripherally-derived Tregs are particularly susceptible to conversion to IL-17+/IFNγ+ exFoxp3 cells in response to cues from their microenvironment. Finally, we show that IL-6 and IL-23 are implicated in the conversion of Tregs to exFoxp3 cells. This report demonstrates that the pathological conversion of Tregs contributes to the loss of corneal immune privilege.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hua
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Takenori Inomata
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yihe Chen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William Foulsham
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William Stevenson
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tina Shiang
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Bluestone
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Reza Dana
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Rajasagi NK, Rouse BT. Application of our understanding of pathogenesis of herpetic stromal keratitis for novel therapy. Microbes Infect 2018; 20:526-530. [PMID: 29329934 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
HSV-1 ocular infection can cause herpes stromal keratitis (SK), an immunopathological lesion. Frequent recurrences can lead to progressive corneal scaring which can result in vision impairment if left untreated. Currently, the acute and epithelial forms of SK are usually controlled using anti-viral drugs. However, chronic forms of SK which are inflammatory in nature, require the addition of a topical corticosteroid to the anti-viral treatment regimen. In this review, we highlight the essential events involved in SK pathogenesis which can be targeted for improved therapy. We also examine some approaches which can be combined with the current treatments to effectively control SK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen K Rajasagi
- Biomedical & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0845, United States
| | - Barry T Rouse
- Biomedical & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0845, United States.
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The molecular basis of immune regulation in autoimmunity. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:43-67. [PMID: 29305419 DOI: 10.1042/cs20171154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases can be triggered and modulated by various molecular and cellular characteristics. The mechanisms of autoimmunity and the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases have been investigated for several decades. It is well accepted that autoimmunity is caused by dysregulated/dysfunctional immune susceptible genes and environmental factors. There are multiple physiological mechanisms that regulate and control self-reactivity, but which can also lead to tolerance breakdown when in defect. The majority of autoreactive T or B cells are eliminated during the development of central tolerance by negative selection. Regulatory cells such as Tregs (regulatory T) and MSCs (mesenchymal stem cells), and molecules such as CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated antigen 4) and IL (interleukin) 10 (IL-10), help to eliminate autoreactive cells that escaped to the periphery in order to prevent development of autoimmunity. Knowledge of the molecular basis of immune regulation is needed to further our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of loss of tolerance in autoimmune diseases and pave the way for the development of more effective, specific, and safer therapeutic interventions.
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