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Zhang M, Xu W, Yang N, Li Z, Zhou S, Liu X, Wang J, Li H. PCV2 Induced Endothelial Derived IL-8 Affects MoDCs Maturation Mainly via NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Viruses 2024; 16:646. [PMID: 38675986 PMCID: PMC11053600 DOI: 10.3390/v16040646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection can cause immunosuppressive diseases in pigs. Vascular endothelial cells (VECs), as the target cells for PCV2, play an important role in the immune response and inflammatory regulation. Endothelial IL-8, which is produced by porcine hip artery endothelial cells (PIECs) infected with PCV2, can inhibit the maturation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs). Here, we established a co-culture system of MoDCs and different groups of PIECs to further investigate the PCV2-induced endothelial IL-8 signaling pathway that drives the inhibition of MoDC maturation. The differentially expressed genes related to MoDC maturation were mainly enriched in the NF-κB and JAK2-STAT3 signaling pathways. Both the NF-κB related factor RELA and JAK2-STAT3 signaling pathway related factors (IL2RA, JAK, STAT2, STAT5, IL23A, IL7, etc.) decreased significantly in the IL-8 up-regulated group, and increased significantly in the down-regulated group. The expression of NF-κB p65 in the IL-8 up-regulated group was reduced significantly, and the expression of IκBα was increased significantly. Nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 was inhibited, while the nuclear translocation of p-STAT3 was increased in MoDCs in the PCV2-induced endothelial IL-8 group. The results of treatment with NF-κB signaling pathway inhibitors showed that the maturation of MoDCs was inhibited and the expression of IL-12 and GM-CSF at mRNA level were lower. Inhibition of the JAK2-STAT3 signaling pathway had no significant effect on maturation, and the expression of IL-12 and GM-CSF at mRNA level produced no significant change. In summary, the NF-κB signaling pathway is the main signaling pathway of MoDC maturation, and is inhibited by the PCV2-induced up-regulation of endothelial-derived IL-8.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jianfang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No. 7 Beinong Road, Beijing 102206, China; (M.Z.); (W.X.); (N.Y.); (Z.L.); (S.Z.); (X.L.)
| | - Huanrong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No. 7 Beinong Road, Beijing 102206, China; (M.Z.); (W.X.); (N.Y.); (Z.L.); (S.Z.); (X.L.)
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2
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Jill N, Bhootra S, Kannanthodi S, Shanmugam G, Rakshit S, Rajak R, Thakkar V, Sarkar K. Interplay between signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) proteins and cancer: involvement, therapeutic and prognostic perspective. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:4323-4339. [PMID: 37775649 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Signal transducers and activators of transcription or STAT are proteins that consist of various transcription factors that are responsible for activating genes regarding cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. They commonly activate several cytokine, growth, or hormone factors via the JAK-STAT signaling pathway by tyrosine phosphorylation which are responsible for giving rise to numerous immune responses. Mutations within the Janus-Kinases (JAKs) or the STATs can set off the commencement of various malfunctions of the immune system of the body; carcinogenesis being an inevitable outcome. STATs are known to act as both oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes which makes it a hot topic of investigation. Various STATs related mechanisms are currently being investigated to analyze its potential of serving as a therapeutic base for numerous immune diseases and cancer; a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the signaling pathways can contribute to the same. This review will throw light upon each STAT member in causing cancer malignancies by affecting subsequent signaling pathways and its genetic and epigenetic associations as well as various inhibitors that could be used to target these pathways thereby devising new treatment options. The review will also focus upon the therapeutic advances made in cancers that most commonly affect people and discuss how STAT genes are identified as prognostic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandana Jill
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Sannidhi Bhootra
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Samiyah Kannanthodi
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Geetha Shanmugam
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Sudeshna Rakshit
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Rohit Rajak
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Vidhi Thakkar
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Koustav Sarkar
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
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3
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Zhu J, Yang T, Tang M, Yang Z, Pei H, Ye H, Tang Y, Cheng Z, Lin P, Chen L. Studies on the anti-psoriasis effects and its mechanism of a dual JAK2/FLT3 inhibitor flonoltinib maleate. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111373. [PMID: 33761599 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory autoimmune disease mediated by T cells, and characterized with abnormal proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes, and inflammatory infiltration. The Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway has been identified to play essential roles in mediating various of biological processes, and is closely related to autoimmune diseases. Dendritic cells (DCs) are important antigen presenting cells and play an important regulatory role in T cells. The proliferation, differentiation and function of DCs are regulated by JAK and FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) signal pathways. Flonoltinib maleate (FM), a high selectivity dual JAK2/FLT3 inhibitor with IC50 values of 0.8 nM and 15 nM for JAK2 and FLT3, respectively, was developed by our laboratory. Moreover, FM was a potent JAK2 inhibitor with 863-fold and 696-fold selectivity over JAK1 and JAK3, respectively. In this study, the anti-psoriasis activity of FM was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. FM effectively inhibited the proliferation of HaCaT, the inflammatory keratinocyte induced by M5 and markedly suppressed the generation and differentiation of DCs from bone marrow (BM), and inhibited the expression of FLT3 in DCs in vitro. FM effectively inhibited the ear thickening and improved the pathological changes of the ear in interleukin (IL)-23-induced psoriasis-like acanthosis mouse model. Further in keratin 14-vascular endothelial growth factor (K14-VEGF) transgenic homozygous mice model, FM could obviously improve the psoriatic symptom and pathological changes, significantly inhibit the generations of Th1 and Th17 cells in the spleen, and the accumulations of DCs in the ears. FM could also significantly reduce the expression of various inflammatory factors both in C57BL/6 and K14-VEGF mice ears, and the serum of K14-VEGF mice. Mechanism revealed that FM effectively suppressed the phosphorylation of JAK2, STAT3 and STAT5 in inflammatory keratinocytes and the mice ears of C57BL/6 and K14-VEGF, as well as the phosphorylation of FLT3 in K14-VEGF mice ears. In conclusion, FM plays an excellent anti-psoriasis activity, including inhibiting keratinocyte proliferation and regulating inflammatory response through inhibiting JAK2 and FLT3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Tao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Minghai Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Zhuang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Heying Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Haoyu Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Zhixuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ping Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Lijuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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4
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Wang Y, Lu C, Huang H, Yao S, Xu C, Ye Y, Gui S, Li G. A lipid-soluble extract of Pinellia pedatisecta Schott orchestrates intratumoral dendritic cell-driven immune activation through SOCS1 signaling in cervical cancer. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 267:112837. [PMID: 32276009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Pinellia pedatisecta Schott extract (PE) is generated from Pinellia pedatisecta Schott, a traditional Chinese medicinal plant. PE suppresses cervical tumor growth and exhibits effects on dendritic cells (DCs) that lead to modulation of antitumor CD4+ and CD8+ responses. AIMS To explore the underlying mechanisms by which PE modulates tumor-associated dendritic cell (TADC) activation and function. METHODS DCs and TADCs were generated from murine bone marrow and exposed to PE solutions at different doses, as well as to repeated doses separated at different time intervals. Quantitative PCR, Western blot analysis, flow cytometry, and gene silencing were used to analyze the modulatory effects of PE on the SOCS1/JAK2/STAT pathways. Furthermore, we separated human cervical tumor-infiltrated DCs (TIDCs) and conducted an ex-vivo stimulation model to observe the effect of PE. For phenotypic analysis of cultured DCs and ex vivo human specimens, we used flow cytometry to detect the molecular markers associated with cell function. RESULTS In cultured TADCs and human cervical TIDCs, maturation- and functional markers (MHCII, CD80, CD83, CD86, and IL-12) were downregulated, whereas SOCS1 was upregulated. PE enhanced the expression of CD80, CD86, and IL-12 in cervical TIDCs, which induced increased expression of CD107a, GZMB, and perforin in CTLs, and furthermore induced apoptosis in a larger number of tumor cells. In cultured TADCs, PE downregulated SOCS1 expression and activated the phosphorylation of JAK2, STAT1, STAT4, and STAT5 in both dose- and time-dependent manners. The effects of PE upregulating MHCII, CD80, CD86, IL-12 on TADCs were blocked after SOCS1 silencing. CONCLUSIONS In this study, PE restored the impaired function of cervical TIDCs, thereby eliciting further antitumor CTL responses. The effects of PE on TADCs were mediated through inhibition of SOCS1 and activation of downstream JAK2-STAT1/STAT4/STAT5 pathways. PE may be a potent and effective immunomodulatory drug for antitumor treatment via the blockade of SOCS1 signaling in DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Wang
- Department of Integration of Western and Traditional Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200090, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Chong Lu
- Department of Integration of Western and Traditional Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200090, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Haixia Huang
- Department of Integration of Western and Traditional Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200090, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Sheng Yao
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Congjian Xu
- Department of Integration of Western and Traditional Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200090, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yang Ye
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Suiqi Gui
- Department of Integration of Western and Traditional Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200090, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Guiling Li
- Department of Integration of Western and Traditional Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200090, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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5
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Blagosklonny MV. From causes of aging to death from COVID-19. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:10004-10021. [PMID: 32534452 PMCID: PMC7346074 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is not deadly early in life, but mortality increases exponentially with age, which is the strongest predictor of mortality. Mortality is higher in men than in women, because men age faster, and it is especially high in patients with age-related diseases, such as diabetes and hypertension, because these diseases are manifestations of aging and a measure of biological age. At its deepest level, aging (a program-like continuation of developmental growth) is driven by inappropriately high cellular functioning. The hyperfunction theory of quasi-programmed aging explains why COVID-19 vulnerability (lethality) is an age-dependent syndrome, linking it to other age-related diseases. It also explains inflammaging and immunosenescence, hyperinflammation, hyperthrombosis, and cytokine storms, all of which are associated with COVID-19 vulnerability. Anti-aging interventions, such as rapamycin, may slow aging and age-related diseases, potentially decreasing COVID-19 vulnerability.
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6
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Kim S, Reddy P. Targeting Signal 3 Extracellularly and Intracellularly in Graft-Versus-Host Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:722. [PMID: 32411139 PMCID: PMC7198807 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HCT) holds curative potential for many hematological disorders. However, the pathophysiology of the desired graft-versus-tumor effect is linked to life-threatening complications of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Allogeneic donor T lymphocytes are essential for causing GVHD, and their activation relies on the coordination of TCR engagement and co-stimulation, also known as Signal 1 and Signal 2. In addition to these signals, a network of secreted cytokines by immune cells provides a third signal, Signal 3, that is critical for the initiation and maintenance of GVHD. Strategies to target Signal 3 in human diseases have shown therapeutic benefit for inflammatory disorders such as Rheumatoid Arthritis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. However, despite our growing understanding of their role in GVHD, the success of targeting individual cytokines has been modest with some notable exceptions. This review aims to describe current approaches toward targeting Signal 3 in clinical GVHD, and to highlight emerging studies in immune cell biology that may be harnessed for better clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Kim
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Pavan Reddy
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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7
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STAT Family Protein Expression and Phosphorylation State during moDC Development Is Altered by Platinum-Based Chemotherapeutics. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:7458238. [PMID: 31309123 PMCID: PMC6594321 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7458238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The STAT signaling pathway is important in dendritic cell (DC) development and function. Tumor cells can induce STAT signaling, thereby inhibiting DC maturation and immunostimulatory functions, leading to hampered efficacy of DC-based immunotherapies. Platinum-based chemotherapeutics can inhibit STAT signaling, thereby making them an interesting tool to improve DC development and function. In this study, we provide a comprehensive overview of STAT expression and phosphorylation during DC differentiation and maturation and investigate the effects of platinum drugs on STAT signaling during these processes. Monocytes were differentiated into monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) with IL-4 and GM-CSF and matured with cytokines or TLR ligands. STAT expression and phosphorylation were analyzed by western blotting, and moDC viability and phenotype were analyzed by flow cytometry. Platinum drugs were added at day 3 of differentiation or at the start of maturation to investigate regulation of the STAT signaling pathway. All STAT proteins were expressed during moDC differentiation and STAT1, STAT5, and STAT6 were phosphorylated. No significant changes occurred in the expression and phosphorylation state of the STAT proteins during differentiation. After maturation with TLR ligands, the expression of STAT1 increased, but other STAT proteins were not affected. Phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT3 increased during maturation, where TLR ligands induced significantly higher levels of phosphorylation than cytokines. Platinum drugs cisplatin and oxaliplatin significantly inhibited phosphorylation of STAT6 during differentiation and maturation. Treatment did not affect the phenotype or viability of the cells. As STAT6 is an important regulator of DC function, these findings suggest a role for platinum-based chemotherapeutics to enhance DC function via inhibition of STAT signaling, thereby potentially enhancing efficacy of DC-based immunotherapies.
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8
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Ferreli C, Lai C, August S, Buggy Y, Kumar P, Brownlow N, Parker P, Friedmann PS, Ardern-Jones M, Pickard C, Healy E. STAT4 expression and activation is increased during mitosis in vitro and in vivo in skin- and mucosa-derived cell types: implications in neoplastic and inflammatory skin diseases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017; 31:1663-1673. [PMID: 28516569 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The signal transducer and activator of transcription-4 (STAT4/Stat4) is a transcription factor known to convey signals from interleukin-12, interleukin-23, and interferon-alpha/beta to the nucleus, resulting in activation of dendritic cells, T-helper cell differentiation and production of interferon-gamma. OBJECTIVE To demonstrate a novel role for STAT4 in cell mitosis. RESULTS Phosphoserine STAT4 (pSerSTAT4) is increased in cells undergoing mitosis and is distributed throughout the cytoplasm during this stage of the cell cycle, whilst phosphotyrosine STAT4 (pTyrSTAT4) is confined to the chromosomal compartment. This distinct pattern of pSerSTAT4 during mitosis is seen in vitro in human keratinocytes and in other cell types. This is also present in vivo in cells undergoing mitosis in normal skin, psoriasis and squamous cell carcinoma. Inhibition of STAT4 phosphorylation by lisofylline and depletion of STAT4 by RNA interference results in a delay in progression of mitosis and leads to a reduction in cells completing cytokinesis. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that STAT4 plays a role in enabling the normal and timely division of cells undergoing mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ferreli
- Dermatopharmacology, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Public Health University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - C Lai
- Dermatopharmacology, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
- Dermatology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
| | - S August
- Dermatopharmacology, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
- Dermatology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
| | - Y Buggy
- Dermatopharmacology, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
| | - P Kumar
- Dermatopharmacology, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
| | - N Brownlow
- London Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, UK
| | - P Parker
- London Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, UK
| | - P S Friedmann
- Dermatopharmacology, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
- Dermatology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
| | - M Ardern-Jones
- Dermatopharmacology, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
- Dermatology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
| | - C Pickard
- Dermatopharmacology, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
| | - E Healy
- Dermatopharmacology, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
- Dermatology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
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9
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Penafuerte C, Feldhammer M, Mills JR, Vinette V, Pike KA, Hall A, Migon E, Karsenty G, Pelletier J, Zogopoulos G, Tremblay ML. Downregulation of PTP1B and TC-PTP phosphatases potentiate dendritic cell-based immunotherapy through IL-12/IFNγ signaling. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1321185. [PMID: 28680757 PMCID: PMC5486178 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1321185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PTP1B and TC-PTP are highly related protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) that regulate the JAK/STAT signaling cascade essential for cytokine-receptor activation in immune cells. Here, we describe a novel immunotherapy approach whereby monocyte-derived dendritic cell (moDC) function is enhanced by modulating the enzymatic activities of PTP1B and TC-PTP. To downregulate or delete the activity/expression of these PTPs, we generated mice with PTP-specific deletions in the dendritic cell compartment or used PTP1B and TC-PTP specific inhibitor. While total ablation of PTP1B or TC-PTP expression leads to tolerogenic DCs via STAT3 hyperactivation, downregulation of either phosphatase remarkably shifts the balance toward an immunogenic DC phenotype due to hyperactivation of STAT4, STAT1 and Src kinase. The resulting increase in IL-12 and IFNγ production subsequently amplifies the IL-12/STAT4/IFNγ/STAT1/IL-12 positive autocrine loop and enhances the therapeutic potential of mature moDCs in tumor-bearing mice. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of both PTPs improves the maturation of defective moDCs derived from pancreatic cancer (PaC) patients. Our study provides a new advance in the use of DC-based cancer immunotherapy that is complementary to current cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew Feldhammer
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - John R Mills
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Valerie Vinette
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Kelly A Pike
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anita Hall
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,McGill University Health Centre-Research Institute, MUHC-RI, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Eva Migon
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Jerry Pelletier
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - George Zogopoulos
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,McGill University Health Centre-Research Institute, MUHC-RI, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michel L Tremblay
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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10
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Carmi Y, Prestwood TR, Spitzer MH, Linde IL, Chabon J, Reticker-Flynn NE, Bhattacharya N, Zhang H, Zhang X, Basto PA, Burt BM, Alonso MN, Engleman EG. Akt and SHP-1 are DC-intrinsic checkpoints for tumor immunity. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e89020. [PMID: 27812544 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.89020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BM-derived DC (BMDC) are powerful antigen-presenting cells. When loaded with immune complexes (IC), consisting of tumor antigens bound to antitumor antibody, BMDC induce powerful antitumor immunity in mice. However, attempts to employ this strategy clinically with either tumor-associated DC (TADC) or monocyte-derived DC (MoDC) have been disappointing. To investigate the basis for this phenomenon, we compared the response of BMDC, TADC, and MoDC to tumor IgG-IC. Our findings revealed, in both mice and humans, that upon exposure to IgG-IC, BMDC internalized the IC, increased costimulatory molecule expression, and stimulated autologous T cells. In contrast, TADC and, surprisingly, MoDC remained inert upon contact with IC due to dysfunctional signaling following engagement of Fcγ receptors. Such dysfunction is associated with elevated levels of the Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) and phosphatases regulating Akt activation. Indeed, concomitant inhibition of both SHP-1 and phosphatases that regulate Akt activation conferred upon TADC and MoDC the capacity to take up and process IC and induce antitumor immunity in vivo. This work identifies the molecular checkpoints that govern activation of MoDC and TADC and their capacity to elicit T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Carmi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Pathology, The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Tyler R Prestwood
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Program in Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Matthew H Spitzer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ian L Linde
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jonathan Chabon
- Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Nupur Bhattacharya
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Xiangyue Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Pamela A Basto
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Bryan M Burt
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael N Alonso
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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Dendritic Cells and Their Role in Cardiovascular Diseases: A View on Human Studies. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:5946807. [PMID: 27088098 PMCID: PMC4818818 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5946807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DCs) are key to the immunological response, with different functions ascribed ranging from cellular immune activation to induction of tolerance. Such immunological responses are involved in the pathophysiological mechanisms of cardiovascular diseases, with DCs shown to play a role in atherosclerosis, hypertension, and heart failure and most notably following heart transplantation. A better understanding of the interplay between the immune system and cardiovascular diseases will therefore be critical for developing novel therapeutic treatments as well as innovative monitoring tools for disease progression. As such, the present review will provide an overview of DCs involvement in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases and how targeting these cells may have beneficial effects for the prognosis of patients.
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Wei WC, Liu CP, Yang WC, Shyur LF, Sheu JH, Chen SS, Yang NS. Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) regulates LPS-induced expression of IL-12 and IL-23 in human dendritic cells. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 97:1071-80. [PMID: 25877925 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2a0414-206rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-12 p40, a common subunit for both IL-12 p70 and IL-23, plays a critical role in the development of Th1 and Th17 cells and autoimmune diseases. Regulation of IL-12 p40 expression is thus considered to be a strategy for developing therapies for Th1- and Th17-mediated autoimmune diseases. The mTOR protein is a subunit mTORC1 and mTORC2. Although mTORC1 has been shown to mediate IL-12 p40 expression in DCs and relevant signaling, the role of mTORC2 in IL-12 p40 expression remains largely unclear. In the present study, we demonstrate that blocking mTORC2 activity using the phytochemical cytopiloyne can specifically inhibit LPS-induced expression of IL-12 p70, IL-23, and IL-12 p40 in human DCs. This regulation by mTORC2 involving Akt activation and the persistent phase of NF-κB activation is further confirmed by siRNA knockdown of Rictor and Sin1 gene expression and the use of alternative inhibition approaches. In terms of IL-12 p40 expression, our findings reveal a new role for the mTORC2 pathway that is antagonistic to that of mTORC1. Our study provides new insight into mTOR regulation of IL-12 p40-mediated Th1 (IFN-γ) and Th17 (IL-17) responses and suggests that the phytochemical cytopiloyne might have useful applications in therapies for Th1 and Th17 cell-mediated inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chi Wei
- *Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, Department of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Duarte, California, USA; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Allergy and Immunology, IgE Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, California, USA; and Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA; Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; and Department of Life Science, National Central University, Taoyuan County, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih-Pin Liu
- *Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, Department of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Duarte, California, USA; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Allergy and Immunology, IgE Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, California, USA; and Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA; Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; and Department of Life Science, National Central University, Taoyuan County, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wen-Chin Yang
- *Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, Department of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Duarte, California, USA; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Allergy and Immunology, IgE Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, California, USA; and Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA; Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; and Department of Life Science, National Central University, Taoyuan County, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Lie-Fen Shyur
- *Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, Department of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Duarte, California, USA; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Allergy and Immunology, IgE Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, California, USA; and Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA; Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; and Department of Life Science, National Central University, Taoyuan County, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jyh-Horng Sheu
- *Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, Department of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Duarte, California, USA; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Allergy and Immunology, IgE Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, California, USA; and Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA; Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; and Department of Life Science, National Central University, Taoyuan County, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Swey-Shen Chen
- *Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, Department of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Duarte, California, USA; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Allergy and Immunology, IgE Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, California, USA; and Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA; Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; and Department of Life Science, National Central University, Taoyuan County, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ning-Sun Yang
- *Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, Department of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Duarte, California, USA; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Allergy and Immunology, IgE Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, California, USA; and Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA; Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; and Department of Life Science, National Central University, Taoyuan County, Taiwan, ROC
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION STAT4, which acts as the major signaling transducing STATs in response to IL-12, is a central mediator in generating inflammation during protective immune responses and immune-mediated diseases. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes that STAT4 is essential for the differentiation and function of a wide variety of immune cells, including natural killer cells, mast cells, dendritic cells and T helper cells. In addition, STAT4-mediated signaling promoted the production of autoimmune-associated components, which are implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis and psoriasis. EXPERT OPINION Due to its crucial roles in inflammation and autoimmunity, STAT4 may have promise as an effective therapeutic target for autoimmune diseases. Understanding the molecular mechanisms driving STAT4, together with knowledge on the ability of current immunosuppressive treatment to target this process, may open an avenue to novel therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- Anhui Medical University, School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , Anhui, PR China
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Chew GS, Myers S, Shu-Chien AC, Muhammad TST. Interleukin-6 inhibition of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha expression is mediated by JAK2- and PI3K-induced STAT1/3 in HepG2 hepatocyte cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 388:25-37. [PMID: 24242046 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1896-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is the major activator of the acute phase response (APR). One important regulator of IL-6-activated APR is peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). Currently, there is a growing interest in determining the role of PPARα in regulating APR; however, studies on the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways implicated in mediating the effects of IL-6 on the expression of PPARα are limited. We previously revealed that IL-6 inhibits PPARα gene expression through CAAT/enhancer-binding protein transcription factors in hepatocytes. In this study, we determined that STAT1/3 was the direct downstream molecules that mediated the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways in IL-6-induced repression of PPARα. Treatment of cells with pharmacological inhibitors of JAK2, PI3K, AKT, and mTOR attenuated the inhibitory effect of IL-6 on PPARα protein in a dose-dependent manner. These inhibitors also decreased the IL-6-induced repression of PPARα mRNA expression and promoter activity. Overexpression of STAT1 and STAT3 in HepG2 cells cotransfected with a reporter vector containing this PPARα promoter region revealed that both the expression plasmids inhibited the IL-6-induced repression of PPARα promoter activity. In the presence of inhibitors of JAK2 and mTOR (AG490 and rapamycin, respectively), IL-6-regulated protein expression and DNA binding of STAT1 and STAT3 were either completely or partially inhibited simultaneously, and the IL-6-induced repression of PPARα protein and mRNA was also inhibited. This study has unraveled novel pathways by which IL-6 inhibits PPARα gene transcription, involving the modulation of JAK2/STAT1-3 and PI3K/AKT/mTOR by inducing the binding of STAT1 and STAT3 to STAT-binding sites on the PPARα promoter. Together, these findings represent a new model of IL-6-induced suppression of PPARα expression by inducing STAT1 and STAT3 phosphorylation and subsequent down-regulation of PPARα mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guat-Siew Chew
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia,
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15
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Abstract
Oxidative stress is increased in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and it contributes to immune system dysregulation, abnormal activation and processing of cell-death signals, autoantibody production and fatal comorbidities. Mitochondrial dysfunction in T cells promotes the release of highly diffusible inflammatory lipid hydroperoxides, which spread oxidative stress to other intracellular organelles and through the bloodstream. Oxidative modification of self antigens triggers autoimmunity, and the degree of such modification of serum proteins shows striking correlation with disease activity and organ damage in SLE. In T cells from patients with SLE and animal models of the disease, glutathione, the main intracellular antioxidant, is depleted and serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR undergoes redox-dependent activation. In turn, reversal of glutathione depletion by application of its amino acid precursor, N-acetylcysteine, improves disease activity in lupus-prone mice; pilot studies in patients with SLE have yielded positive results that warrant further research. Blocking mTOR activation in T cells could conceivably provide a well-tolerated and inexpensive alternative approach to B-cell blockade and traditional immunosuppressive treatments. Nevertheless, compartmentalized oxidative stress in self-reactive T cells, B cells and phagocytic cells might serve to limit autoimmunity and its inhibition could be detrimental. Antioxidant therapy might also be useful in ameliorating damage caused by other treatments. This Review thus seeks to critically evaluate the complexity of oxidative stress and its relevance to the pathogenesis and treatment of SLE.
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Levitsky J, Mathew JM, Abecassis M, Tambur A, Leventhal J, Chandrasekaran D, Herrera N, Al-Saden P, Gallon L, Abdul-Nabi A, Yang GY, Kurian SM, Salomon DR, Miller J. Systemic immunoregulatory and proteogenomic effects of tacrolimus to sirolimus conversion in liver transplant recipients. Hepatology 2013; 57:239-48. [PMID: 22234876 PMCID: PMC3334454 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Immunosuppression (IS) withdrawal from calcineurin inhibitors is only possible in ≈ 20% of liver transplant recipients. However, mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors (e.g., sirolimus; SRL) appear to be more immunoregulatory and might promote a tolerant state for withdrawal. Our aim was to determine whether systemic (i.e., blood, marrow, and allograft) signatures of immunoregulation are promoted by conversion from tacrolimus (TAC) to SRL. We therefore performed the following serial assays before and after SRL conversion in liver transplant recipients to test for enhanced markers of immunoregulation: (1) flow-cytometry immunophenotyping of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and bone marrow aspirates for regulatory T cells (Tregs) (e.g., CD4(+) CD25(+++) FOXP3(+) ) and regulatory dendritic cells (DCregs) (immunoglobulin-like transcript 3(+) /4(+) ); (2) liver biopsy immunohistochemical staining (e.g., FOXP3:CD3 and CD4:CD8 ratios) and immunophenotyping of biopsy-derived Tregs after growth in culture; (3) effects of pre- versus postconversion sera on Treg generation in mixed lymphocyte reactions; (4) peripheral blood nonspecific CD4 responses; and (5) peripheral blood gene transcripts and proteomic profiles. We successfully converted 20 nonimmune, nonviremic recipients (age, 57.2 ± 8.0; 3.5 ± 2.1 years post-liver transplantation) from TAC to SRL for renal dysfunction. Our results demonstrated significant increases in Tregs in PBMCs and marrow and DCregs in PBMCs (P < 0.01) after conversion. In biopsy staining, FOXP3:CD3 and CD4:CD8 ratios were significantly higher after conversion and a number of biopsy cultures developed new or higher FOXP3(+) cell growth. Nonspecific CD4 responses did not change. Both pre- and postconversion sera inhibited mixed lymphocyte reactions, although only TAC sera suppressed Treg generation. Finally, 289 novel genes and 22 proteins, several important in immunoregulatory pathways, were expressed after conversion. CONCLUSIONS TAC to SRL conversion increases systemic Tregs, DCregs, and immunoregulatory proteogenomic signatures in liver transplant recipients and may therefore facilitate IS minimization or withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Levitsky
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - James M. Mathew
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Michael Abecassis
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Anat Tambur
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joseph Leventhal
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dhivya Chandrasekaran
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nancy Herrera
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Patrice Al-Saden
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lorenzo Gallon
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Anmaar Abdul-Nabi
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Guang-Yu Yang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sunil M. Kurian
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, La Jolla, CA
| | - Daniel R. Salomon
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, La Jolla, CA
| | - Joshua Miller
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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Wang GY, Zhang Q, Yang Y, Chen WJ, Liu W, Jiang N, Chen GH. Rapamycin combined with allogenic immature dendritic cells selectively expands CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in rats. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2012; 11:203-8. [PMID: 22484590 DOI: 10.1016/s1499-3872(12)60149-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cells (DCs) can initiate the expansion of regulatory T cells (Tregs), which play an indispensable role in inducing transplantation tolerance. Some studies have investigated the effect of the immunosuppressant rapamycin (Rapa) on Tregs in vitro. However, the in vivo effect of Rapa combined with immature DCs (iDCs) on Tregs is unknown. This study was undertaken to determine whether allogenic iDCs combined with a short course of Rapa have the ability to selectively expand the CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs in a rat model. METHODS Brown Norway rats were injected intravenously with 2X10(6) Lewis iDCs followed by 1 mg/kg per day Rapa intraperitoneally for 7 consecutive days. On day 8, the levels of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells in peripheral blood and spleen cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. IL-2, IL-4, TGF-beta1, and IFN-gamma levels in serum were assessed by ELISA. The experimental animals were divided into four groups: control, Rapa-treated, iDC-treated, and combination-treated. RESULTS CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs comprised 7%-8% of CD4+ T cells in control rats. Rapa combined with iDCs enhanced this percentage in the peripheral blood and spleen. However, the levels of Tregs did not significantly change after treatment with Rapa or iDCs alone. The levels of CD4+CD25-Foxp3+ T cells and CD4+CD25+Foxp3- T cells in CD4+ T cells did not significantly change in the combined group. The TGF-beta1 level in serum from the combined group increased significantly compared with the other groups. CONCLUSIONS A significantly higher percentage of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Tregs was found in rats treated with allogenic iDCs and a short course of Rapa, along with an increase in the TGF-beta1 level in serum. This improved protocol may be a promising therapeutic strategy to increase Tregs, which are beneficial to the induction of peritransplant tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Ying Wang
- Liver Transplantation Center, Third Affiliated Hospital, Transplantation Research Institute, Sun Yat-Sen University, Organ Transplantation Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510630, China
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18
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Wang GY, Yang Y, Li H, Zhang J, Li MR, Zhang Q, Chen GH. Rapamycin combined with donor immature dendritic cells promotes liver allograft survival in association with CD4(+) CD25(+) Foxp3(+) regulatory T cell expansion. Hepatol Res 2012; 42:192-202. [PMID: 22103959 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2011.00909.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine whether donor immature dendritic cells (imDCs) combined with a short postoperative course of rapamycin (Rapa) has the ability to expand the CD4(+) CD25(+) Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells and prolong liver allograft survival. METHODS Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) was performed from Lewis rats to Brown Norway recipients. Three days before transplantation, animals were injected intravenously with 2 × 10(6) donor bone marrow-derived imDCs. Recipient rats (the combined treated group) also received Rapa for 7 d after liver transplantation. Additional groups received either imDCs alone, Rapa alone, or saline alone. Every six recipients from each group were killed at 14 days, 28 days after OLT. The changes of CD4(+) CD25(+) Foxp3(+) Treg cells in peripheral blood and spleen, histological changes of liver grafts, and serum cytokine levels were investigated. The other six recipients were left in each group to observe the animal survival. RESULTS Donor imDCs followed by a short postoperative course of Rapa induced long-term allograft survival. The percentage of CD4(+) CD25(+) Foxp3(+) Treg cells in CD4(+) T cells in the combination treatment group were significantly higher compared with the acute rejection group. Moreover, within the CD4(+) CD25(+) T cell population the combination treatment recipients maintained a higher incidence of Foxp3(+) T cells compared with the other groups. Despite the lower serum levels of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-12, and interferon-γ in the combined treated group, the cytokine levels in the combined treated group at 7 days after OLT was nearly twice that at 3 days after OLT but decreased significantly compared with the other groups at 28 days after OLT. Serum IL-10 level in the combined treated group was higher than the other groups. CONCLUSIONS A single imDC infusion followed by a short postoperative course of Rapa prolongs liver allograft survival and enhances the expansion of Treg cells. This optimal protocol may be a promising administration protocol for the peritransplant tolerance induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Ying Wang
- Liver Transplantation Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou, China
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Rapamycin Inhibits Activator Protein-1 But Not Nuclear Factor-κB Activity of Mature Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells. Transplant Proc 2010; 42:1881-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2010.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Loss of Jak2 selectively suppresses DC-mediated innate immune response and protects mice from lethal dose of LPS-induced septic shock. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9593. [PMID: 20231889 PMCID: PMC2834745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the importance of Jak2 in cell signaling, a critical role for Jak2 in immune cells especially dendritic cells (DCs) has long been proposed. The exact function for Jak2 in DCs, however, remained poorly understood as Jak2 deficiency leads to embryonic lethality. Here we established Jak2 deficiency in adult Cre(+/+)Jak2(fl/fl) mice by tamoxifen induction. Loss of Jak2 significantly impaired DC development as manifested by reduced BMDC yield, smaller spleen size and reduced percentage of DCs in total splenocytes. Jak2 was also crucial for the capacity of DCs to mediate innate immune response. Jak2(-/-) DCs were less potent in response to inflammatory stimuli and showed reduced capacity to secrete proinflammatory cytokines such as TNFalpha and IL-12. As a result, Jak2(-/-) mice were defective for the early clearance of Listeria after infection. However, their potency to mediate adaptive immune response was not affected. Unlike DCs, Jak2(-/-) macrophages showed similar capacity secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, suggesting that Jak2 selectively modulates innate immune response in a DC-dependent manner. Consistent with these results, Jak2(-/-) mice were remarkably resistant to lethal dose of LPS-induced septic shock, a deadly sepsis characterized by the excessive innate immune response, and adoptive transfer of normal DCs restored their susceptibility to LPS-induced septic shock. Mechanistic studies revealed that Jak2/SATA5 signaling is pivotal for DC development and maturation, while the capacity for DCs secretion of proinflammatory cytokines is regulated by both Jak2/STAT5 and Jak2/STAT6 signaling.
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21
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Therapeutic role of sirolimus in non-transplant kidney disease. Pharmacol Ther 2009; 123:187-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Wang GY, Chen GH, Li H, Huang Y, Wang GS, Jiang N, Fu BS. Rapamycin-treated mature dendritic cells have a unique cytokine secretion profile and impaired allostimulatory capacity. Transpl Int 2009; 22:1005-16. [PMID: 19497065 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2009.00901.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rapamycin (RAPA, sirolimus) is a recently introduced immunosuppressive agent. Its effect on the differentiation and antigen uptake of immature dendritic cells (iDCs) has been studied. However, whether it can also modulate the function of mature DCs (mDCs) is unknown. We investigated the effects of RAPA on rat bone marrow-derived DCs at different stages of maturation. RAPA affected maturation, increased apoptosis and reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced IL-12 and IL-10 production in iDCs. However, mDCs were resistant to RAPA-induced apoptosis. RAPA-mDCs produced significantly less IL-10 and TNF-alpha when compared with mature DCs but similar amounts of IL-12. RAPA did not affect constitutive NF-kappaB activity, but inhibited allostimulatory activity in mature DCs. In conclusion, mDCs treated with RAPA are reprogrammed to produce a unique cytokine secretion profile and exhibit low allostimulatory capacity, which may play an important role in rapamycin-based immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Ying Wang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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23
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Rapamycin modulates the maturation of rat bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. JOURNAL OF HUAZHONG UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. MEDICAL SCIENCES = HUA ZHONG KE JI DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE YING DE WEN BAN = HUAZHONG KEJI DAXUE XUEBAO. YIXUE YINGDEWEN BAN 2008; 28:391-5. [PMID: 18704298 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-008-0405-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to observe the effect of rapamycin (RAPA) on the differentiation and maturation of rat bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) in vitro. BMDCs from Wistar rats were cultured with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor plus interleukin-4 in the presence or absence of RAPA (20 ng/mL), and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 h before cells and supernatants were collected. Surface phenotype of BMDCs was flow-cytometrically detected to determine the expression of maturation markers, MHC class II and CD86. Supernatants were analyzed for the production of IL-12 and IFN-gamma cytokines by using ELISA. BMDCs were co-cultured with T cells from Lewis rats and mixed lymphocyte reaction was assessed by MTT method. The morphology of BMDCs stimulated with LPS remained immature after RAPA pretreatment. RAPA significantly decreased the CD86 expression, impaired the IL-12 and IFN-gamma production of BMDCs stimulated with LPS, and inhibited the proliferation of allogeneic T cells. In conclusion, RAPA can inhibit the maturation of BMDCs stimulated with LPS in terms of the morphology, surface phenotype, cytokine production, and ability of BMDCs to stimulate the proliferation of allogeneic T cells in vitro.
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Turnquist HR, Sumpter TL, Tsung A, Zahorchak AF, Nakao A, Nau GJ, Liew FY, Geller DA, Thomson AW. IL-1beta-driven ST2L expression promotes maturation resistance in rapamycin-conditioned dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:62-72. [PMID: 18566370 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.1.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Maturation resistance and tolerogenic properties can be conferred on human and murine dendritic cells (DC), crucial regulators of T cell responses, by exposure to rapamycin (RAPA), a "tolerance-sparing" immunosuppressive agent. Mechanisms underlying this acquired unresponsiveness, typified by diminished functional responses to TLR or CD40 ligation, have not been identified. We report that in vitro and in vivo conditioning of murine myeloid DC with RAPA elicits the de novo production of IL-1beta by otherwise phenotypically immature DC. Interestingly, IL-1beta production promotes overexpression of the transmembrane form of the IL-1R family member, IL-1R-like 1, also know as ST2 on RAPA-conditioned DC (RAPA-DC). ST2 is the recently identified receptor for IL-33, a cytokine favoring Th2 responses. In addition, transmembrane ST2, or ST2L, has been implicated as a potent negative regulator of TLR signaling. RAPA-DC generated from ST2-/- mice exhibited higher levels of costimulatory molecules (CD86) than wild-type RAPA-DC. Consistent with its regulatory function, IL-1beta-induced ST2L expression suppressed the responsiveness of RAPA-DC to TLR or CD40 ligation. Thus, as a result of their de novo production of IL-1beta, RAPA-DC up-regulate ST2L and become refractory to proinflammatory, maturation-inducing stimuli. This work identifies a novel mechanism through which a clinically important immunosuppressant impedes the capacity of DC to mature and consequently stimulate effector/adaptive T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heth R Turnquist
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Haddadi A, Elamanchili P, Lavasanifar A, Das S, Shapiro J, Samuel J. Delivery of rapamycin by PLGA nanoparticles enhances its suppressive activity on dendritic cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008; 84:885-98. [PMID: 17647224 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of rapamycin delivery by poly (D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles on the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs). DCs were generated from mouse bone marrow and exposed to particulate and soluble rapamycin without any additional treatment, or with pre- or posttreatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Annexin V-FITC/PI staining was performed on DC cultures to assess the viability of DCs during study. Surface phenotype of DCs was characterized for the expression of maturation markers, that is, MHC class II, CD86, and CD40 by flow cytometry. Cell culture supernatants were analyzed for the production of TGF-beta, IL-12, and IL-10 cytokines using sandwich ELISA method. DCs from Balb/C mice were cocultured with T cells from C57BL/6 mice and allogenic mixed lymphocyte reaction was assessed by [3H]-Thymidine incorporation. Unlike free rapamycin that has shown little if any effect on the expression of maturation markers in immature DCs, PLGA encapsulated rapamycin decreased the expression of all maturation markers under the study, that is, MHC class II, CD86, and CD40, significantly. LPS pre- or posttreated DCs demonstrated decreased expression of MHC class II, CD86, and CD40 in the presence of soluble or encapsulated rapamycin. The cytokine secretion profiles revealed high levels of TGF-beta and very low levels of IL-10 and IL-12 production. Rapamycin in soluble or encapsulated form significantly inhibited mixed lymphocyte reaction in DCs. The inhibitory effect of rapamycin on the maturation of DCs with respect to DC phenotype, cytokine production, and functional effects on the proliferation of T cells was significantly increased by PLGA delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azita Haddadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Das S, Haddadi A, Veniamin S, Samuel J. Delivery of rapamycin-loaded nanoparticle down regulates ICAM-1 expression and maintains an immunosuppressive profile in human CD34+ progenitor-derived dendritic cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008; 85:983-92. [PMID: 17907241 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Immune responses of dendritic cells (DCs) can be modulated by delivery of adjuvants to alter their maturation profile. The purpose of this study was to generate DCs from CD34(+) cells of human cord blood and characterize the effects of poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-nanoparticle encapsulated rapamycin in generating an immunosuppressive DC. Expression of ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule), a key molecule in DC-T cell interaction was increased in mature DCs in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). When rapamycin was encapsulated in the nanoparticle to maintain DCs in the immature state, ICAM-1 expression was down regulated. When delivered in the free form, rapamycin did not alter the expression of ICAM-1. Cytokine arrays exhibited an immunosuppressive profile of various cytokines in response to the nanoparticulate delivery of rapamycin. In addition, RT-PCR data demonstrated the presence of toll like receptor (TLR) 9 transcripts, although our DCs are myeloid in nature. In summary, our study demonstrates that DCs may be rendered immunosuppressive upon delivery of rapamycin-containing nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saswati Das
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2N8.
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Kanda N, Watanabe S. IL-12, IL-23, and IL-27 enhance human β-defensin-2 production in human keratinocytes. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:1287-96. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200738051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Sanchez-Guajardo V, Tanchot C, O'Malley JT, Kaplan MH, Garcia S, Freitas AA. Agonist-driven development of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells requires a second signal mediated by Stat6. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:7550-6. [PMID: 17548589 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.12.7550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The factors that induce Foxp3 expression and regulatory T (Treg) cell development remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of STAT4 and STAT6 in agonist-driven generation of Ag-specific Foxp3-expressing Treg cells. Our findings indicate that fully efficient induction of Foxp3 expression and development of Ag-specific Treg cells requires the synergistic action of two signals: a TCR-mediated signal and a second signal mediated by STAT6. Indeed, by comparing the development of wild-type and STAT4- and STAT6-deficient hemagglutinin-specific T cells in the presence of hemagglutinin Ag, we found that the absence of STAT6 impaired the generation of Ag-specific CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ cells. Moreover, in transgenic mice expressing a constitutively active form of STAT6, we found that the fraction of CD4+Foxp3+ cells exceeds that of control wild-type littermates. Overall these findings support a role for the STAT6 pathway in Treg cell development and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Sanchez-Guajardo
- Unité de Biologie des Populations Lymphocytaires, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
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Libetta C, Sepe V, Zucchi M, Portalupi V, Meloni F, Rampino T, Dal Canton A. The effect of sirolimus- or cyclosporine-based immunosuppression effects on T-cell subsets in vivo. Kidney Int 2007; 72:114-20. [PMID: 17410097 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5002255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
While sirolimus (SRL) is thought to be a non-nephrotoxic agent, cyclosporine A (CsA) toxicity is a serious problem in kidney transplantation. We compared the effects of the two drugs on T-helper (Th) subsets in kidney transplant patients. We examined 24 first cadaver kidney recipients equally randomized to receive SRL/mycophenolate mofetil (MMF)/methylprednisolone (MP), or cyclosporine with either MMF or MP. The Th1 and Th2 subsets in peripheral blood were separated based on their production of interferon-gamma (INFgamma) or interleukin (IL)-4/IL-5. The lymphocytes were stimulated with phytohemoagglutinin or with allogenic CD3-depeted and irradiated antigen-presenting cells. Furthermore, the conversion potential of Th0 to Th1 was determined by measuring IL-12 and IL-18 levels after lipopolysaccharide challenge. When peripheral blood lymphocytes taken from SRL-treated patients were stimulated by phytohemoagglutinin, there were significantly lower INFgamma-producing cells compared with the lymphocytes taken from patients treated with CsA. The number of IL-4/IL-5-producing cells did not differ among the patient groups. Release of IL-12 but not IL-18 from peripheral lymphocytes following treatment with lipopolysaccharide was significantly lower in the SRL-treated patients. These results show that compared with CsA, SRL caused a significant decrease in the Th1 lymphocyte subset associated with a significant reduction of IL-12 release.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Libetta
- Unit of Nephrology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, and University of Pavia, Italy.
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Jung U, Foley JE, Erdmann AA, Toda Y, Borenstein T, Mariotti J, Fowler DH. Ex vivo rapamycin generates Th1/Tc1 or Th2/Tc2 Effector T cells with enhanced in vivo function and differential sensitivity to post-transplant rapamycin therapy. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2006; 12:905-18. [PMID: 16920556 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2006.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2005] [Accepted: 05/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rapamycin prevention of murine graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is associated with a shift toward Th2- and Tc2-type cytokines. Recently, we found that use of rapamycin during ex vivo donor Th2 cell generation enhances the ability of adoptively transferred Th2 cells to prevent murine GVHD. In this study, using a method, without antigen-presenting cells, of T-cell expansion based on CD3,CD28 costimulation, we evaluated whether (1) rapamycin preferentially promotes the generation of Th2/Tc2 cells relative to Th1/Tc1 cells, (2) rapamycin-generated T-cell subsets induce cytokine skewing after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT), and (3) such in vivo cytokine skewing is sensitive to post-BMT rapamycin therapy. Contrary to our hypothesis, rapamycin did not preferentially promote Th2/Tc2 cell polarity, because rapamycin-generated Th1/Tc1 cells secreted type I cytokines (interleukin [IL]-2 and interferon-gamma) did not secrete type II cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, or IL-13) and mediated fasL-based cytolysis. Rapamycin influenced T-cell differentiation, because each of the Th1, Th2, Tc1, and Tc2 subsets generated in rapamycin had increased expression of the central-memory T-cell marker, L-selectin (CD62L). Rapamycin-generated Th1/Tc1 and Th2/Tc2 cells were not anergic but instead had increased expansion after costimulation in vitro, increased expansion in vivo after BMT, and maintained full capacity to skew toward type I or II cytokines after BMT, respectively; further, rapamycin-generated Th1/Tc1 cells mediated increased lethal GVHD relative to control Th1/Tc1 cells. Rapamycin therapy after BMT in recipients of rapamycin-generated Th1/Tc1 cells greatly reduced Th1/Tc1 cell number, greatly reduced type I cytokines, and reduced lethal GVHD; in marked contrast, rapamycin therapy in recipients of rapamycin-generated Th2/Tc2 cells nominally influenced the number of Th2/Tc2 cells in vivo and did not abrogate post-BMT type II cytokine skewing. In conclusion, ex vivo and in vivo usage of rapamycin may be used to modulate the post-BMT balance of Th1/Tc1 and Th2/Tc2 cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unsu Jung
- Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Wu X, Hou W, Sun S, Bi E, Wang Y, Shi M, Zang J, Dong C, Sun B. Novel function of IFN-gamma: negative regulation of dendritic cell migration and T cell priming. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:934-43. [PMID: 16818748 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.2.934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IFN-gamma is considered to be a Th1 cytokine with immunomodulatory effects on a variety of immune cells. In this study, we determined whether dendritic cell (DC) function was aberrant in IFN-gamma knockout (GKO) mice. The results demonstrated that IFN-gamma deficiency did not interfere with bone marrow-derived DC development and maturation in vitro. However, functional analysis showed that bone marrow-derived DC from GKO mice had altered cytokine secretion, allostimulatory and Ag presentation capacity, chemokine receptor expression, and in vitro chemotaxis. LPS induced the recruitment of DC from different organs into the spleen; epicutaneously sensitized DC with hapten (FITC) accumulated in the draining lymph nodes and CD11c(+) DC levels in the draining lymph nodes from autoantigen (interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein) immunized mice were enhanced in GKO mice as compared with wild-type mice. After treatment of GKO mice with i.p. IFN-gamma injection restored IFN-gamma levels in vivo, DC migration decreased in response to LPS or FITC. IFN-gamma altered the adaptive immune responses in vivo, since T cell priming and IL-2 production were increased in interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein-immunized GKO mice. Furthermore, in IFN-gamma-treated GKO mice, experimental autoimmune uveitis score enhancement and T cell activation were eliminated. Taken together, IFN-gamma appears to play a negative regulatory role on in vivo DC function, resulting in suppression of Ag-specific T cell priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
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Affects of immunosuppression on circulating dendritic cells: an adjunct to therapeutic drug monitoring after heart transplantation. Int Immunopharmacol 2006; 6:2011-7. [PMID: 17161355 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2006.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 07/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent evidence emerges dendritic cells (DCs) as pharmacological targets of immunosuppressive drugs. Therefore, in this study we monitored DCs in peripheral blood to compare the effects of calcineurin inhibitors (CNI: cyclosporine, tacrolimus) and mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors (sirolimus, SRL, everolimus, ERL) basis-immunosuppressive therapies in human heart transplanted (HTx) recipients. METHODS We compared HTx recipients which were converted from either CNI to ERL (severe renal dysfunction, n=8), or from SRL to ERL (approval of ERL for HTx, n=8) with 20 healthy human controls. Twenty four after the last CNI or SRL dose recipients were treated with ERL/BID on days 1-3. Peripheral blood was collected at trough in the morning before and on day 4 after conversion. Percentages of positive myeloid and plasmacytoid DC (m and pDC) subsets in peripheral blood were analysed by flow cytometry. The status of maturation was further characterised by flow cytometry analysis of % expression of CD83 and % expression of various intracellular cytokines (IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-8, IL-12), respectively. RESULTS HTx recipients had higher % positive mDCs regardless the immunosuppressive therapy compared to controls (p<0.05). Whereas, % positive pDCs were only significantly lower in recipients converted from CNI to ERL compared to controls (p<0.05). The data consolidate the finding that the subset ratio pDCs/mDCs was lower in recipients compared to controls. But after conversion from CNI or SRL to ERL the ratio increased towards pDCs. Percentages of expression of CD83 on mDCs were not different among the recipient groups and controls. Recipients with CNI and SRL had higher % expression of IL-12 and lower % expression of IL-1beta compared to controls (p<0.05). However, after conversion to ERL % expression of both IL-12 and IL-1beta returned to control values in both groups. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that analysis of immunosuppression of circulating DCs in peripheral blood may be an adjunct to therapeutic drug monitoring to optimize immunosuppressive therapy after HTx.
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease of the arterial wall where both innate and adaptive immunoinflammatory mechanisms are involved. Inflammation is central at all stages of atherosclerosis. It is implicated in the formation of early fatty streaks, when the endothelium is activated and expresses chemokines and adhesion molecules leading to monocyte/lymphocyte recruitment and infiltration into the subendothelium. It also acts at the onset of adverse clinical vascular events, when activated cells within the plaque secrete matrix proteases that degrade extracellular matrix proteins and weaken the fibrous cap, leading to rupture and thrombus formation. Cells involved in the atherosclerotic process secrete and are activated by soluble factors, known as cytokines. Important recent advances in the comprehension of the mechanisms of atherosclerosis provided evidence that the immunoinflammatory response in atherosclerosis is modulated by regulatory pathways, in which the two anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-β play a critical role. The purpose of this review is to bring together the current information concerning the role of cytokines in the development, progression, and complications of atherosclerosis. Specific emphasis is placed on the contribution of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines to pathogenic (innate and adaptive) and regulatory immunity in the context of atherosclerosis. Based on our current knowledge of the role of cytokines in atherosclerosis, we propose some novel therapeutic strategies to combat this disease. In addition, we discuss the potential of circulating cytokine levels as biomarkers of coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Tedgui
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U. 689, Cardiovascular Research Center Lariboisiere, and University Paris 7, Paris, France.
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Furukawa Y, Tamura T, Toma M, Abe M, Saito N, Ehara N, Taniguchi R, Nakagawa Y, Kita T, Kimura T. Sirolimus-eluting stent for in-stent restenosis of left main coronary artery in takayasu arteritis. Circ J 2005; 69:752-5. [PMID: 15914957 DOI: 10.1253/circj.69.752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A 53-year-old woman with Takayasu arteritis was admitted to hospital because of worsening exertional angina. Coronary angiography revealed 90% ostial stenosis in the left main coronary artery (LMCA), which also involved the bifurcation of the relatively short LMCA. Because the patient refused coronary bypass surgery, she underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and the stenosis was successfully dilated. However, the exertional angina recurred a few months later and again after the second PCI. Finally, a sirolimus-eluting stent was deployed in the in-stent restenotic lesion. The patient has been free from angina pectoris for 6 months after the last PCI and follow-up coronary angiography indicated no restenosis in the LMCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Furukawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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Bäumer W, Sülzle B, Weigt H, De Vries VC, Hecht M, Tschernig T, Kietzmann M. Cilomilast, tacrolimus and rapamycin modulate dendritic cell function in the elicitation phase of allergic contact dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2005; 153:136-44. [PMID: 16029339 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06745.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cilomilast and tacrolimus as well as rapamycin are potential drugs for the treatment of allergic skin diseases like atopic dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis. OBJECTIVES To compare the in vitro and in vivo immunomodulatory effects of the phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor cilomilast with those of tacrolimus and rapamycin. METHODS The in vitro action of cilomilast, tacrolimus and rapamycin were tested in a mixed leucocyte reaction (MLR). In vivo, the inhibitory action of the immunomodulatory drugs was compared in the toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI)-induced allergic inflammatory response with particular focus on dendritic cell (DC) function. RESULTS Cilomilast, tacrolimus and rapamycin were all able to inhibit DC-mediated T-cell activation in a MLR. But it was demonstrated for cilomilast that the target cells are T cells rather than DC. In vivo, a combination of systemic and topical administration of each of these three substances significantly inhibited swelling in the murine ear 16 h after TDI challenge. There was also a reduction in the weight of the draining auricular lymph node, in lymphocyte cell count, and in the number of emigrated DC. The density of Langerhans cells in the epidermis was correspondingly higher in mice treated with cilomilast, tacrolimus and rapamycin than in those treated with vehicle. All three substances were found to inhibit DC migration ex vivo in a skin DC migration assay performed on ear tissue after TDI challenge. CONCLUSIONS DC migration into the draining lymph node also takes place in the elicitation phase of allergic contact dermatitis and this migration can be influenced by tacrolimus and rapamycin, and, to a lesser extent, by cilomilast.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Bäumer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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Chen X, Murakami T, Oppenheim JJ, Howard OMZ. Triptolide, a constituent of immunosuppressive Chinese herbal medicine, is a potent suppressor of dendritic-cell maturation and trafficking. Blood 2005; 106:2409-16. [PMID: 15956285 PMCID: PMC1569904 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-03-0854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Triptolide (TPT) is a chemically defined, potent immunosuppressive compound isolated from an anti-inflammatory Chinese herbal medicine. TPT has been reported to inhibit autoimmunity, allograft rejection, and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and its efficacy was previously attributed to the suppression of T cells. Since dendritic cells (DCs) play a major role in the initiation of T-cell-mediated immunity, we studied the effects of TPT on the phenotype, function, and migration of human monocyte-derived DCs. TPT treatment, over a pharmacologic concentration range, inhibited the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced phenotypic changes, characteristic of mature DCs and the production of interleukin-12p70 (IL-12p70). Consequently, the allostimulatory functions of DCs were impaired by TPT treatment. Furthermore, the calcium mobilization and chemotactic responses of LPS-stimulated DCs to secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine (SLC)/CC chemokine ligand 21 (CCL21) were significantly lower in TPT-treated than untreated DCs, in association with lower chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) and higher CCR5 expression. Egress of Langerhans cells (LCs) from explanted mouse skin in response to macrophage inflammatory protein-3beta (MIP-3beta)/CCL19 was arrested by TPT. In vivo administration of TPT markedly inhibited hapten (fluorescein isothiocyanate [FITC])-stimulated migration of mouse skin LCs to the draining lymph nodes. These data provide new insight into the mechanism of action of TPT and indicate that the inhibition of maturation and trafficking of DCs by TPT contributes to its immunosuppressive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Basic Research Program, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA.
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Watford WT, Hissong BD, Bream JH, Kanno Y, Muul L, O'Shea JJ. Signaling by IL-12 and IL-23 and the immunoregulatory roles of STAT4. Immunol Rev 2005; 202:139-56. [PMID: 15546391 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00211.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Produced in response to a variety of pathogenic organisms, interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23 are key immunoregulatory cytokines that coordinate innate and adaptive immune responses. These dimeric cytokines share a subunit, designated p40, and bind to a common receptor chain, IL-12R beta 1. The receptor for IL-12 is composed of IL-12R beta 1 and IL-12R beta 2, whereas IL-23 binds to a receptor composed of IL-12R beta 1 and IL-23R. Both cytokines activate the Janus kinases Tyk2 and Jak2, the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4), as well as other STATs. A major action of IL-12 is to promote the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells into T-helper (Th) 1 cells, which produce interferon (IFN)-gamma, and deficiency of IL-12, IL-12R subunits or STAT4 is similar in many respects. In contrast, IL-23 promotes end-stage inflammation. Targeting IL-12, IL-23, and their downstream signaling elements would therefore be logical strategies for the treatment of immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy T Watford
- Molecular Immunology & Inflammation Branch, NIAMS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1820, USA
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Game DS, Hernandez-Fuentes MP, Lechler RI. Everolimus and basiliximab permit suppression by human CD4+CD25+ cells in vitro. Am J Transplant 2005; 5:454-64. [PMID: 15707399 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.00758.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Immunosuppressive drugs are essential for the prevention of acute transplant rejection but some may not promote long-term tolerance. Tolerance is dependent on the presence and regulatory function of CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells in a number of animal models. The direct effects of immunosuppressive drugs on CD4(+)CD25(+) cells, particularly those that interfere with IL-2 signaling are uncertain. We studied the effects of the rapamycin derivative everolimus and the anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody basiliximab on the regulatory capacity of human CD4(+)CD25(+) cells in vitro. Both drugs permitted the suppression of proliferation and IFN-gamma secretion by CD4(+)CD25(-) cells responding to allogeneic and other polyclonal stimuli; CTLA-4 expression was abolished on CD4(+)CD25(+) cells without compromising their suppressive ability. Everolimus reduced IFN-gamma secretion by CD4(+)CD25(-) cells before the anti-proliferative effect: this is a novel finding. Exogenous IL-2 and IL-15 could prevent the suppression of proliferation by CD4(+)CD25(+) cells and the drugs could not restore suppression. By contrast, suppression of IFN-gamma secretion was only slightly impeded with the exogenous cytokines. Finally, CD4(+)CD25(+) cells were more resistant than CD4(+)CD25(-) cells to the pro-apoptotic action of the drugs. Together these data suggest that CD4(+)CD25(+) cells may still exert their effects in transplant patients taking immunosuppression that interferes with IL-2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Game
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, UK
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Taner T, Hackstein H, Wang Z, Morelli AE, Thomson AW. Rapamycin-treated, alloantigen-pulsed host dendritic cells induce ag-specific T cell regulation and prolong graft survival. Am J Transplant 2005; 5:228-36. [PMID: 15643982 DOI: 10.1046/j.1600-6143.2004.00673.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Tolerogenic properties of dendritic cells (DC), particularly those in the immature state, and their therapeutic potential are increasingly being recognized. Among several distinct approaches to generate stably immature DC, pharmacologic manipulation stands out as a promising and clinically applicable option. We have shown recently that the immunophilin ligand rapamycin (Rapa) can inhibit DC maturation and their effector functions. Here, we examined the impact of Rapa exposure on subsequent alloantigen (Ag) presentation by myeloid DC via the indirect pathway. Rapa-treated, allogeneic lysate-pulsed host DC (Rapa-DC) were inferior stimulators of syngeneic T cells, compared to lysate-pulsed control DC. Rapa exposure did not block alloAg uptake by DC nor impair their in vivo homing to splenic T cell areas after adoptive transfer. T cells primed by Rapa-treated, alloAg-pulsed DC showed decreased capacity to produce IL-2 and IFNgamma, and were hyporesponsive to subsequent challenge via both the direct and indirect pathways, in an Ag-specific manner. When infused 1 week before transplantation, these Rapa-DC significantly prolonged alloAg-specific heart graft survival. This effect was reversed by systemic IL-2 administration but enhanced by either repeated infusion of the cells or a short post-transplant course of FK506. These therapeutic effects, achieved by targeting both major pathways of allorecognition, provide the basis for a clinically applicable strategy to suppress graft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timuçin Taner
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Saudemont A, Corm S, Wickham T, Hetuin D, Quesnel B. Induction of leukemia-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cells with autologous myeloid leukemic cells maturated with a fiber-modified adenovirus encoding TNF-alpha. Mol Ther 2005; 11:950-9. [PMID: 15922966 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2004.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2004] [Revised: 12/19/2004] [Accepted: 12/27/2004] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells can be differentiated into dendritic cells (DCs) using appropriate combinations of cytokines but generation of autologous antileukemic cytotoxic T cells using leukemic DCs remains difficult. Transduction by adenoviral vectors has been reported to induce efficient maturation of monocyte-derived DCs but AML cells are generally resistant to adenoviral gene transfer. In this study we tested the effects of adenoviral TNF-alpha gene transfer on maturation of AML cells using the fiber-modified AdTNF.F(pK7) adenovirus. All samples expressed high and sustained levels of TNF-alpha following transduction. AdTNF.F(pK7) induced significantly greater maturation of AML cells into antigen-presenting cells (APC) than did recombinant TNF-alpha or control adenoviral vector. Maturation of leukemic cells into APCs was mediated at least partially via a PI3K/mTOR pathway, as the inhibitors LY294002, wortmannin, and rapamycin inhibited the maturation effect induced by the AdTNF.F(pK7) adenovirus. In addition, CD8+ T cells expanded with AdTNF.F(pK7)-transduced AML cells showed greater expansion and specific CD8+ CTL activity against autologous AML cells than T cells expanded by other means. Thus, fiber-modified adenoviral vectors encoding TNF-alpha are able to maturate AML cells into APCs with high efficacy and reproducibility, providing a useful tool to generate efficiently specific CD8+ CTLs against leukemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Saudemont
- Unité INSERM 524, Institut de Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille, 59037 Lille, France
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O'Shea JJ, Pesu M, Borie DC, Changelian PS. A new modality for immunosuppression: targeting the JAK/STAT pathway. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2004; 3:555-64. [PMID: 15232577 DOI: 10.1038/nrd1441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John J O'Shea
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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van Kooten C, Woltman AM. Dendritic cells as a target of immunosuppressive drugs. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2004.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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