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Myrda J, Bremm F, Schaft N, Dörrie J. The Role of the Large T Antigen in the Molecular Pathogenesis of Merkel Cell Carcinoma. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:1127. [PMID: 39336718 PMCID: PMC11431464 DOI: 10.3390/genes15091127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The large T antigen (LT) of the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is crucial for Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), a rare but very aggressive form of neuroendocrine skin cancer. The clonal integration of MCPyV DNA into the host genome is a signature event of this malignancy. The resulting expression of oncogenes, including the small T (sT) antigen and a truncated form of the LT (truncLT), directly contribute to carcinogenesis. The truncation of the C-terminus of LT prevents the virus from replicating due to the loss of the origin binding domain (OBD) and the helicase domain. This precludes cytopathic effects that would lead to DNA damage and ultimately cell death. At the same time, the LxCxE motif in the N-terminus is retained, allowing truncLT to bind the retinoblastoma protein (pRb), a cellular tumor suppressor. The continuously inactivated pRb promotes cell proliferation and tumor development. truncLT exerts several classical functions of an oncogene: altering the host cell cycle, suppressing innate immune responses to viral DNA, causing immune escape, and shifting metabolism in favor of cancer cells. Given its central role in MCC, the LT is a major target for therapeutic interventions with novel approaches, such as immune checkpoint inhibition, T cell-based immunotherapy, and cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Myrda
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Franziska Bremm
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Niels Schaft
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan Dörrie
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Al-alem U, Al-Saruri A, Bamahros H, Mahmoud AM, Sible E, Hasan UA. Understanding the Role of Toll-Like Receptors 9 in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2679. [PMID: 39123407 PMCID: PMC11311448 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16152679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a significant global issue, ranking as the second most common cancer among women worldwide and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Although the exact causes of this increase remain unclear, factors such as genetics, epigenetics, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, tobacco use, and vitamin D deficiency have been implicated. The Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is recognized for its role in inflammation and innate immunity; however, its specific involvement in breast cancer pathogenesis requires further investigation. This study aims to systematically review the existing literature on TLR9 expression in normal and cancerous breast tissue, providing current knowledge and identifying gaps. Relevant articles in English were from PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, with the inclusion criteria focusing on studies evaluating TLR9 mRNA and protein expression. The review found that TLR9 mRNA and protein exhibit variable expressions in both normal and cancerous breast tissue, highlighting the need for further research to clarify TLR9's role in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umaima Al-alem
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Alaa Al-Saruri
- Department Psychologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Hasan Bamahros
- College of Business Administration, University of Hail, Hail 55471, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abeer M. Mahmoud
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Emily Sible
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, CIRI, Inserm, U1111, 69007 Lyon, France; (E.S.); (U.A.H.)
| | - Uzma A. Hasan
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, CIRI, Inserm, U1111, 69007 Lyon, France; (E.S.); (U.A.H.)
- Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, CRCL, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, 69008 Lyon, France
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Effect of cigarette smoke on mucosal vaccine response with activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells: The outcomes of in vivo and in vitro experiments. Vaccine 2023; 41:1447-1456. [PMID: 36702691 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal vaccines offer several advantages over transdermal vaccines, including the ability to acquire systemic and mucosal immunities. Smoking is a huge public health threat and major risk factor for various diseases that exacerbate or prolong respiratory symptoms and conditions. However, its impact on the efficacy of mucosal vaccines remains partially explored. Thus, this study investigates the effects of smoking on mucosal vaccine reactivity by assessing the induction of Th1 immunity, a vital response in infection defense. Cigarette smoke condensate was prepared as a substitute for mainstream smoke. We intranasally administered diphtheria toxoid as an antigen and natural CpG oligonucleotide G9.1, which enhances the Th1-type antibody (Ab) response in a plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) dependent manner, as an adjuvant to mice to assess the effect of cigarette smoke condensate on Ab responses. The mechanism of its effect was evaluated using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and their pDC-rich fraction cultured with or without G9.1. In mice, cigarette smoke condensate tended to decrease diphtheria toxoid-specific Ab response, with a higher reduction in Th1-type IgG2 Ab response than in Th2-type IgG1 Ab response. In human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, cigarette smoke condensate significantly reduced the induction of IFN-α production by G9.1. Moreover, G9.1-induced increases in the CD83 expression in pDCs and the CD80 expression in DCs were suppressed via treatment with cigarette smoke condensate. Among the mechanisms suggested were decreased expression of toll-like receptor 9 mRNA, decreased expression of mRNA for IFN regulatory factor 7, and increased CpG methylation of its promoter region. The analysis of Tbet and GATA3 expressions revealed that cigarette smoke condensate exhibits Th1-directed immunostimulatory activity at a steady state but becomes more Th2-directed under G9.1 stimulation. In conclusion, smoking could reduce mucosal vaccine responses by decreasing pDC activation and, consequently, Th1-dominant immunity.
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Fernández A, Astorga J, Bordagaray MJ, Lira MJ, Gebicke-Haerter PJ, Hernández M. Effect of TLR9 methylation on its transcription in apical inflammation. Int Endod J 2022; 55:784-794. [PMID: 35416307 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM to explore the methylation pattern, its role on transcriptional regulation and potential modifiers of methylation of theTLR9 gene in chronic periapical inflammation. METHODOLOGY In this cross-sectional study, apical lesions of endodontic origin (ALEO, n=61) and healthy periodontal ligaments (HPL, n=15) were included. Products from bisulfited and PCR-amplified DNA were analyzed for their methylation profiles in the promoter region and at each CpG island. Additionally, TLR9 mRNA levels were quantified by qPCR and bivariate and multiple modelling were performed to better understand the influence of methylations on gene transcription. RESULTS TLR9 mRNA levels were upregulated in ALEO compared to HPL (p<0.001). TLR9 promoter CpG sites and CpG +2086 in the intragenic island 1 were demethylated in ALEO compared to HPL (p<0.05). Multivariate analysis, adjusted by smoking and gender, revealed that demethylation of TLR9 promoter sites enhanced transcriptional activity, specifically demethylated CpGs at positions -736 and -683, (p=0.02), which are close to CRE binding. Whereas ALEO reduced the global methylation of the gene-promoter and intragenic-island 2 (p<0.05) by -42.5 and -9.5 percentage points, respectively, age reduced the global methylation of intragenic-island 3 within the exon 2. CONCLUSIONS Demethylations of TLR9 promoter CpG sites, along with the intragenic DNA methylation status, were involved in higher transcription in ALEO. Hence, chronic periapical inflammation and aging modify the methylation status both in the gene promoter and in intragenic CpG islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Fernández
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jessica Astorga
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María José Bordagaray
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Jesús Lira
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Peter J Gebicke-Haerter
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marcela Hernández
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Shahryari A, Burtscher I, Nazari Z, Lickert H. Engineering Gene Therapy: Advances and Barriers. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Shahryari
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research Helmholtz Zentrum München 85764 Neuherberg Germany
- School of Medicine Department of Human Genetics Technical University of Munich Klinikum Rechts der Isar 81675 München Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research Helmholtz Zentrum München 85764 Neuherberg Germany
- Stem Cell Research Center Golestan University of Medical Sciences Gorgan 49341‐74515 Iran
| | - Ingo Burtscher
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research Helmholtz Zentrum München 85764 Neuherberg Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research Helmholtz Zentrum München 85764 Neuherberg Germany
| | - Zahra Nazari
- Department of Biology School of Basic Sciences Golestan University Gorgan 49361‐79142 Iran
| | - Heiko Lickert
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research Helmholtz Zentrum München 85764 Neuherberg Germany
- School of Medicine Department of Human Genetics Technical University of Munich Klinikum Rechts der Isar 81675 München Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research Helmholtz Zentrum München 85764 Neuherberg Germany
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Li XL, Zhang Z, Zhang H. Expression Level of TLR9, but not Hypomethylation, Is Correlated With SLE Disease Activity. Physiol Res 2019; 68:973-980. [PMID: 31647295 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the associations of hypomethylation and over expression of the TLR9 gene with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Fifteen SLE patients who were diagnosed and not treated, were selected as cases, and 32 healthy subjects were enrolled as controls. DNA and total RNA of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were extracted. The methylation status of the promoter region CpG motifs of the TLR9 gene was quantitatively measured using bisulfite sequencing PCR, and the mRNA expression of the TLR9 gene was determined using real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR. The methylation level of the 10 TLR9 CpG motifs of gene did not show difference between cases and controls (P>0.05). By contrast, we observed an abnormal increase of TLT9 mRNA expression in patients (P=9.379×10(-8)), which was significantly correlated with SLEDAI (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index) (P=9.018×10(-7)). The change of TLR9 gene expression may play an important role in the pathogenesis of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lan Li
- Department of Dermatology, The Second affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
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Yadav D, Nath Mishra B, Khan F. 3D-QSAR and docking studies on ursolic acid derivatives for anticancer activity based on bladder cell line T24 targeting NF-kB pathway inhibition. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 37:3822-3837. [PMID: 30261824 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1528888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the common reason for mortality worldwide, and its increasing rate announces as a significant area of research in drug designing. The side effects and toxicity of existing drugs and the consequence of gradual cancer cell resistance against the available therapy make the treatment poor. Globally, there is a continuous high demand to develop new, more potent, and easily affordable drugs against cancer. The current research article illustrates the application of developed three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) based on human bladder cancer cell line T24 in vitro anticancer activity. The derived QSAR model has been used for prediction of natural compounds and analogs with 80% similarity of the most active compound of the dataset. The developed model describes the structure-activity relationship for terpenes and their derivatives at the molecular level. The developed comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) model shows a satisfactory cross-validation correlation coefficient (q2) of 0.54 and a regression correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.86. In order to evaluate the compliance with electronic pharmacokinetic parameters, Lipinski's rule of five filter, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) and toxicity of predicted compounds have been calculated. Furthermore, molecular-docking study has been performed to prioritize these predicted compounds based on their docking score and binding pocket similarity through the identified potential anticancer targets. Finally, two compounds T9 and B42 have been identified as the best hit because these two fall within the standard limits of all filters and show a good binding affinity. Conclusively, all satisfactory results strongly suggest that the derived 3D-QSAR model and obtained candidate's binding structures are reasonable in the prediction of a new antagonist's activity. The strategy adopted in the present research is expected to be of immense importance and a great support in the identification and optimization of lead in the early and advance drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Yadav
- a Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology , CSIR - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants , Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh , India
- b Department of Biotechnology , Institute of Engineering and Technology (Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University) , Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Bhartendu Nath Mishra
- b Department of Biotechnology , Institute of Engineering and Technology (Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University) , Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Feroz Khan
- a Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology , CSIR - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants , Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh , India
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Lee WB, Choi WY, Lee DH, Shim H, Kim-Ha J, Kim YJ. OAS1 and OAS3 negatively regulate the expression of chemokines and interferon-responsive genes in human macrophages. BMB Rep 2019. [PMID: 30078389 PMCID: PMC6443328 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2019.52.2.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon viral infection, the 2′, 5′-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS)-ribonuclease L (RNaseL) system works to cleave viral RNA, thereby blocking viral replication. However, it is unclear whether OAS proteins have a role in regulating gene expression. Here, we show that OAS1 and OAS3 act as negative regulators of the expression of chemokines and interferon-responsive genes in human macrophages. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein-9 nuclease (Cas9) technology was used to engineer human myeloid cell lines in which the OAS1 or OAS3 gene was deleted. Neither OAS1 nor OAS3 was exclusively responsible for the degradation of rRNA in macrophages stimulated with poly(I:C), a synthetic surrogate for viral double-stranded (ds)RNA. An mRNA sequencing analysis revealed that genes related to type I interferon signaling and chemokine activity were increased in OAS1−/− and OAS3−/− macrophages treated with intracellular poly(I:C). Indeed, retinoic-acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I- and interferon-induced helicase C domain-containing protein (IFIH1 or MDA5)-mediated induction of chemokines and interferon-stimulated genes was regulated by OAS3, but Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)- and TLR4-mediated induction of those genes was modulated by OAS1 in macrophages. However, stimulation of these cells with type I interferons had no effect on OAS1- or OAS3-mediated chemokine secretion. These data suggest that OAS1 and OAS3 negatively regulate the expression of chemokines and interferon-responsive genes in human macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wook-Bin Lee
- Korean Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung 25451, Korea
| | - Won Young Choi
- Department of Integrated Omics for Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Lee
- Department of Integrated Omics for Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hyeran Shim
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 05006; Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jeongsil Kim-Ha
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
| | - Young-Joon Kim
- Department of Integrated Omics for Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722; Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea Korea
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Wu M, Guo L, Zhu KC, Guo HY, Liu BS, Zhang N, Jiang SG, Zhang DC. Molecular characterization of toll-like receptor 14 from golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus (Linnaeus, 1758) and its expression response to three types of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 232:1-10. [PMID: 30825647 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play crucial roles in the host immune system, including recognizing invading pathogenic microbes and triggering immune reactions. Toll-like receptor 14 (TLR14) has been identified in several fish species, but its function requires further study. In this study, TLR14 (designed as ToTLR14) from golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus), was characterized and investigated its expression responses to three types of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. The full-length ToTLR14 cDNA was 3191 bp, and the deduced protein consisted of 876 amino acids. The ToTLR14 protein included 5 leucine rich repeat (LRR) domains, a C-terminal LRR domain in the extracellular region, a transmembrane domain and a Toll/interleukin (IL)-1 receptor (TIR) domain in the cytoplasmic region, which fits with the typical TLR domain architecture. The genomic organization of ToTLR14 was also identified and consisted of four introns and five exons. The predicted promoter region of ToTLR14 contained several putative transcription factor binding sites. Phylogenetic analysis showed that ToTLR14 was clustered into the TLR1 subfamily clade. Quantitative real-time (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that ToTLR14 were ubiquitously expressed in all examined tissues, with higher mRNA levels observed in the skin, kidney and intestine, while the lowest level was detected in the stomach. After injection with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)], flagellin or lipopolysaccharides (LPS), the expression level of ToTLR14 mRNA were significantly upregulated in various tissues of golden pompano. These results indicate that ToTLR14 may play an important role in systemic as well as mucosal defence after viral and bacterial stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 510300 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, 200090 Shanghai, China; South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Liang Guo
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 510300 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ke-Cheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 510300 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hua-Yang Guo
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 510300 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bao-Suo Liu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 510300 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 510300 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shi-Gui Jiang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 510300 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Dian-Chang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 510300 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
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Mussbacher M, Salzmann M, Brostjan C, Hoesel B, Schoergenhofer C, Datler H, Hohensinner P, Basílio J, Petzelbauer P, Assinger A, Schmid JA. Cell Type-Specific Roles of NF-κB Linking Inflammation and Thrombosis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:85. [PMID: 30778349 PMCID: PMC6369217 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor NF-κB is a central mediator of inflammation with multiple links to thrombotic processes. In this review, we focus on the role of NF-κB signaling in cell types within the vasculature and the circulation that are involved in thrombo-inflammatory processes. All these cells express NF-κB, which mediates important functions in cellular interactions, cell survival and differentiation, as well as expression of cytokines, chemokines, and coagulation factors. Even platelets, as anucleated cells, contain NF-κB family members and their corresponding signaling molecules, which are involved in platelet activation, as well as secondary feedback circuits. The response of endothelial cells to inflammation and NF-κB activation is characterized by the induction of adhesion molecules promoting binding and transmigration of leukocytes, while simultaneously increasing their thrombogenic potential. Paracrine signaling from endothelial cells activates NF-κB in vascular smooth muscle cells and causes a phenotypic switch to a “synthetic” state associated with a decrease in contractile proteins. Monocytes react to inflammatory situations with enforced expression of tissue factor and after differentiation to macrophages with altered polarization. Neutrophils respond with an extension of their life span—and upon full activation they can expel their DNA thereby forming so-called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which exert antibacterial functions, but also induce a strong coagulatory response. This may cause formation of microthrombi that are important for the immobilization of pathogens, a process designated as immunothrombosis. However, deregulation of the complex cellular links between inflammation and thrombosis by unrestrained NET formation or the loss of the endothelial layer due to mechanical rupture or erosion can result in rapid activation and aggregation of platelets and the manifestation of thrombo-inflammatory diseases. Sepsis is an important example of such a disorder caused by a dysregulated host response to infection finally leading to severe coagulopathies. NF-κB is critically involved in these pathophysiological processes as it induces both inflammatory and thrombotic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Mussbacher
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuel Salzmann
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Brostjan
- Department of Surgery, General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bastian Hoesel
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Hannes Datler
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Hohensinner
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - José Basílio
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Petzelbauer
- Skin and Endothelial Research Division, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alice Assinger
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes A Schmid
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Thomalla M, Schmid A, Neumann E, Pfefferle PI, Müller-Ladner U, Schäffler A, Karrasch T. Evidence of an anti-inflammatory toll-like receptor 9 (TLR 9) pathway in adipocytes. J Endocrinol 2019; 240:325-343. [PMID: 30508414 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adipocytes express various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and actively participate in anti-bacterial and anti-viral host defence. Obesity is associated with adipose tissue PRR expression. The potential role of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) in adipocytes has not yet been investigated. Here, we evaluated TLR9 expression during adipocyte differentiation (AD) of 3T3-L1 adipocytes, in primary murine adipocytes and in different murine and human adipose tissue depots by real-time PCR, immunocytochemistry and immunohistochemistry. TLR9 expression was inhibited using specific siRNA-mediated knockdown, and TLR9 signaling was induced using specific class A, B and C agonistic CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) treatment vs ODN controls in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and in primary murine adipocytes from Tlr9wt/wt vs Tlr9-/- mice. We found that TLR9 gene expression is induced during AD and that TLR9 protein is expressed in murine gonadal and human visceral adipocytes. AD depends on intact TLR9 expression. Tlr9-/- mice demonstrate significantly reduced adiponectin serum levels, while siRNA-mediated TLR9 knockdown led to reduced adiponectin mRNA expression in adipocytes. TLR9 ligands (CpG-ODNs) inhibit pro-inflammatory resistin secretion in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Tlr9-/- as compared to Tlr9wt/wt adipocytes exhibit increased resistin and MCP1 secretion and reduced adiponectin secretion into cell culture supernatants, while TLR9 ligands (ODNs) show differential effects in Tlr9-/- vs Tlr9wt/wt primary murine adipocytes. TLR9 expression is significantly increased in visceral compared to subcutaneous adipose tissue depots in non-diabetic obese patients and correlates with systemic resistin levels in a compartment-specific manner. Thus, adipocytic TLR9 is a putative, new protective factor during (obesity-associated) adipose tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Thomalla
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Giessen University Hospital, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Giessen University Hospital, Giessen, Germany
| | - Elena Neumann
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Giessen and Kerckhoff Clinic, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Petra Ina Pfefferle
- Comprehensive Biomaterial Bank Marburg (CBBMR), Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ulf Müller-Ladner
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Giessen and Kerckhoff Clinic, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Schäffler
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Giessen University Hospital, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Karrasch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Giessen University Hospital, Giessen, Germany
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12
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Humphries JE, Deneckere LE. Characterization of a Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway in Biomphalaria glabrata and its potential regulation by NF-kappaB. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 86:118-129. [PMID: 29746981 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
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13
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Han N, Zhang Z, Jv H, Hu J, Ruan M, Zhang C. Culture supernatants of oral cancer cells induce impaired IFN-α production of pDCs partly through the down-regulation of TLR-9 expression. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 93:141-148. [PMID: 29913322 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to investigate whether tumor-derived supernatants down-regulate the immune function of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) in oral cancer and the potential molecular mechanisms of this effect. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and flow cytometry were used to detect tumor-infiltrating and peripheral blood pDCs. MTS and flow cytometry were employed to evaluate the immune response of CD4+ T cells. Real-time PCR and ELISA assays were used to identify TLR-7 and TLR-9 expression, IFN-α production and tumor-secreted soluble cytokines. RESULTS The proportion of pDCs (0.121%±0.043%) was significantly higher in Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) samples than in normal tissue (0.023%±0.016%) (P = 0.021). TLR9 mRNA was significantly lower in tumor-infiltrating pDCs and positively correlated to low IFN-α production (r = 0.956; P<0.01). The supernatant of oral cancer cells negatively regulated TLR9 mRNA expression and the subsequent IFN-α production of pDCs, which inhibited the immune response of CD4+ T cells. The neutralizing antibodies blocking assay showed that the specific inhibitory effect of pDC functionality was associated with the soluble fraction of the oral cancer environment, which is mainly mediated by IL-10 and TGF-β cooperation. CONCLUSION Tumor-derived supernatants may impair the function of tumor-infiltrating pDCs, which subsequently decreases the immune response of CD4+ T cells in human oral cancer through TGF-β- and IL-10- dependent mechanisms. Careful manipulation of these impaired pDCs may help develop an important alternative immunotherapy for the treatment of oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Han
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Reaearch Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China; Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Shanghai Fengcheng Hospital, Fengxian District, Shanghai, 201400, China
| | - Zun Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Houyu Jv
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Reaearch Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Jingzhou Hu
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Reaearch Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Min Ruan
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Reaearch Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China; Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Shanghai Fengcheng Hospital, Fengxian District, Shanghai, 201400, China.
| | - Chenping Zhang
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Reaearch Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China
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14
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Pacini L, Ceraolo MG, Venuti A, Melita G, Hasan UA, Accardi R, Tommasino M. UV Radiation Activates Toll-Like Receptor 9 Expression in Primary Human Keratinocytes, an Event Inhibited by Human Papillomavirus 38 E6 and E7 Oncoproteins. J Virol 2017; 91:e01123-17. [PMID: 28724760 PMCID: PMC5599736 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01123-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence indicate that cutaneous human papillomavirus (HPV) types belonging to the beta genus of the HPV phylogenetic tree synergize with UV radiation in the development of skin cancer. Accordingly, the E6 and E7 oncoproteins from some beta HPV types are able to deregulate pathways related to immune response and cellular transformation. Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), in addition to playing a role in innate immunity, has been shown to be involved in the cellular stress response. Using primary human keratinocytes as experimental models, we have shown that UV irradiation (and other cellular stresses) activates TLR9 expression. This event is closely linked to p53 activation. Silencing the expression of p53 or deleting its encoding gene affected the activation of TLR9 expression after UV irradiation. Using various strategies, we have also shown that the transcription factors p53 and c-Jun are recruited onto a specific region of the TLR9 promoter after UV irradiation. Importantly, the E6 and E7 oncoproteins from beta HPV38, by inducing the accumulation of the p53 antagonist ΔNp73α, prevent the UV-mediated recruitment of these transcription factors onto the TLR9 promoter, with subsequent impairment of TLR9 gene expression. This study provides new insight into the mechanism that mediates TLR9 upregulation in response to cellular stresses. In addition, we show that HPV38 E6 and E7 are able to interfere with this mechanism, providing another explanation for the possible cooperation of beta HPV types with UV radiation in skin carcinogenesis.IMPORTANCE Beta HPV types have been suggested to act as cofactors in UV-induced skin carcinogenesis by altering several cellular mechanisms activated by UV radiation. We show that the expression of TLR9, a sensor of damage-associated molecular patterns produced during cellular stress, is activated by UV radiation in primary human keratinocytes (PHKs). Two transcription factors known to be activated by UV radiation, p53 and c-Jun, play key roles in UV-activated TLR9 expression. The E6 and E7 oncoproteins from beta HPV38 strongly inhibit UV-activated TLR9 expression by preventing the recruitment of p53 and c-Jun to the TLR9 promoter. Our findings provide additional support for the role that beta HPV types play in skin carcinogenesis by preventing activation of specific pathways upon exposure of PHKs to UV radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pacini
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Maria Grazia Ceraolo
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Assunta Venuti
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases (DIBIT), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giusi Melita
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Uzma A Hasan
- International Center for Infectiology Research (CIRI), Lyon, France
- INSERM U1111, Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, France
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Lyon, France
| | - Rosita Accardi
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
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15
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Fischer J, Weber ANR, Böhm S, Dickhöfer S, El Maadidi S, Deichsel D, Knop V, Klinker H, Möller B, Rasenack J, Wang L, Sharma M, Hinrichsen H, Spengler U, Buggisch P, Sarrazin C, Pawlita M, Waterboer T, Wiese M, Probst-Müller E, Malinverni R, Bochud PY, Gardiner C, O'Farrelly C, Berg T. Sex-specific effects of TLR9 promoter variants on spontaneous clearance of HCV infection. Gut 2017; 66:1829-1837. [PMID: 27196570 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As pathogen sensors, Toll-like receptors (TLR) play a role in the first defence line during HCV infection. However, the impact of the DNA sensor TLR9 on the natural course of HCV infection is unknown. To address this, TLR9 promoter polymorphisms (single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)) rs187084 and rs5743836 were investigated for their effect on disease progression. DESIGN Therefore, the TLR9 SNPs and the interferon lambda 4 (IFNL4) rs12979860 were genotyped in chronically HCV type 1 infected (n=333), in patients who spontaneously cleared the infection (n=161), in the Swiss HCV cohort (n=1057) and the well-characterised German (n=305) and Irish (n=198) 'anti-D' cohorts. Functional analyses were done with promoter reporter constructs of human TLR9 in B cells and assessing TLR9 mRNA levels in whole blood of healthy volunteers. RESULTS The TLR9 rs187084 C allele was associated with spontaneous virus clearance in women of the study cohort (OR=2.15 (95% CI 1.18 to 3.90) p=0.012), of the Swiss HCV cohort (OR=2.06 (95% CI 1.02 to 4.18) p=0.044) and in both 'anti-D' cohorts (German: OR=2.01 (95% CI 1.14 to 3.55) p=0.016; Irish: OR=1.93 (95% CI 1.10 to 3.68) p=0.047). Multivariate analysis in the combined study and Swiss HCV cohorts supported the results (OR=1.99 (95% CI 1.30 to 3.05) p=0.002). Functional analyses revealed higher transcriptional activities for both TLR9 variants and an association of the C allele of rs5743836 with allele-specific TLR9 mRNA regulation by oestrogens in women. CONCLUSIONS TLR9 promoter SNPs are associated with the natural course of HCV infection and show higher transcriptional activities. Our results imply the DNA sensor TLR9 in natural immunity against the RNA virus, HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janett Fischer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Section of Hepatology, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander N R Weber
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Böhm
- Department of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Section of Hepatology, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sabine Dickhöfer
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Souhayla El Maadidi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Section of Hepatology, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Danilo Deichsel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Section of Hepatology, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Viola Knop
- Medical Department 1, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hartwig Klinker
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Möller
- Department of Medical Practice, Charlottenstraße 81, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Rasenack
- Medical Department, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Wang
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manu Sharma
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Holger Hinrichsen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gastroenterologische Schwerpunkt-Praxis, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ulrich Spengler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Buggisch
- Liver Unit, IFI Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine, Asklepios Klinik St. Georg Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Sarrazin
- Medical Department 1, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael Pawlita
- Department of Genome Modifications and Carcinogenesis (F020), Research Program Infection and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tim Waterboer
- Department of Genome Modifications and Carcinogenesis (F020), Research Program Infection and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manfred Wiese
- Department of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Section of Hepatology, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Pierre-Yves Bochud
- Infectious Diseases Service, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clair Gardiner
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cliona O'Farrelly
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Thomas Berg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Section of Hepatology, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
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16
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Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is the most common bacterial infection worldwide, and virtually all infected persons develop co-existing gastritis. H. pylori is able to send and receive signals from the gastric mucosa, which enables both host and microbe to engage in a dynamic equilibrium. In order to persist within the human host, H. pylori has adopted dichotomous strategies to both induce inflammation as a means of liberating nutrients while simultaneously tempering the immune response to augment its survival. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Nod proteins are innate immune receptors that are present in epithelial cells and represent the first line of defense against pathogens. To ensure persistence, H. pylori manipulates TLR-mediated defenses using strategies that include rendering its LPS and flagellin to be non-stimulatory to TLR4 and TLR5, respectively; translocating peptidoglycan into host cells to induce NOD1-mediated anti-inflammatory responses; and translocating DNA into host cells to induce TLR9 activation.
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17
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Bouillez A, Rajabi H, Jin C, Samur M, Tagde A, Alam M, Hiraki M, Maeda T, Hu X, Adeegbe D, Kharbanda S, Wong KK, Kufe D. MUC1-C integrates PD-L1 induction with repression of immune effectors in non-small-cell lung cancer. Oncogene 2017; 36:4037-4046. [PMID: 28288138 PMCID: PMC5509481 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapeutic approaches, particularly PD-1/PD-L1 blockade, have improved the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), supporting the premise that evasion of immune destruction is of importance for NSCLC progression. However, the signals responsible for upregulation of PD-L1 in NSCLC cells and whether they are integrated with the regulation of other immune-related genes are not known. Mucin 1 (MUC1) is aberrantly overexpressed in NSCLC, activates the NF-κB p65→ZEB1 pathway and confers a poor prognosis. The present studies demonstrate that MUC1-C activates PD-L1 expression in NSCLC cells. We show that MUC1-C increases NF-κB p65 occupancy on the CD274/PD-L1 promoter and thereby drives CD274 transcription. Moreover, we demonstrate that MUC1-C-induced activation of NF-κB→ZEB1 signaling represses the TLR9, IFNG, MCP-1 and GM-CSF genes, and that this signature is associated with decreases in overall survival. In concert with these results, targeting MUC1-C in NSCLC tumors suppresses PD-L1 and induces these effectors of innate and adaptive immunity. These findings support a previously unrecognized central role for MUC1-C in integrating PD-L1 activation with suppression of immune effectors and poor clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bouillez
- Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - H Rajabi
- Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Jin
- Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Samur
- Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Tagde
- Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Alam
- Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Hiraki
- Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - T Maeda
- Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - X Hu
- Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D Adeegbe
- Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Kharbanda
- Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - K-K Wong
- Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D Kufe
- Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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18
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Yamamoto S, Hagihara T, Horiuchi Y, Okui A, Wani S, Yoshida T, Inoue T, Tanaka A, Ito T, Hirose Y, Ohkuma Y. Mediator cyclin-dependent kinases upregulate transcription of inflammatory genes in cooperation with NF-κB and C/EBPβ on stimulation of Toll-like receptor 9. Genes Cells 2017; 22:265-276. [PMID: 28151579 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, the Mediator complex has important roles in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Mediator is a large complex with more than 20 subunits that form head, middle, tail and CDK/cyclin modules. Among them, CDK8 and/or CDK19 (CDK8/19), and their counterpart cyclin C, form the CDK/cyclin module together with Mediator subunits MED12 and MED13. Despite evidences of both activation and repression, the precise functional roles of CDK8/19 in transcription are still elusive. Our previous results indicate that CDK8/19 recruits epigenetic regulators to repress immunoresponse genes. Here, this study focused on Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which exert innate immune responses through recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns and examined the functional roles of CDK8/19. As a result, CDK8/19 regulated transcription of inflammatory genes on stimulation of TLR9 in myeloma-derived RPMI8226 cells, which led to expression of inflammation-associated genes such as IL8, IL10, PTX3 and CCL2. Mediator subunits CDK8/19 and MED1, inflammation-related transcriptional activator NF-κB and C/EBPβ, and general transcription factors TFIIE and TFIIB colocalized at the promoter regions of these genes under this condition. Our results show that CDK8/19 positively regulates inflammatory gene transcription in cooperation with NF-κB and C/EBPβ on stimulation of TLR9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.,Research and Development Center, Fuso Pharmaceutical Industries, LTD., 2-3-30 Morinomiya, Joto-ku, Osaka, 536-8523, Japan
| | - Tomoko Hagihara
- Research and Development Center, Fuso Pharmaceutical Industries, LTD., 2-3-30 Morinomiya, Joto-ku, Osaka, 536-8523, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Horiuchi
- Research and Development Center, Fuso Pharmaceutical Industries, LTD., 2-3-30 Morinomiya, Joto-ku, Osaka, 536-8523, Japan
| | - Akira Okui
- Research and Development Center, Fuso Pharmaceutical Industries, LTD., 2-3-30 Morinomiya, Joto-ku, Osaka, 536-8523, Japan
| | - Shotaro Wani
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Tokuyuki Yoshida
- Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 153-8501, Japan
| | - Takao Inoue
- Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 153-8501, Japan
| | - Aki Tanaka
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Takashi Ito
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Yutaka Hirose
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Ohkuma
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
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19
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Nhu QM, Cuesta N, Vogel SN. Transcriptional regulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression in murine macrophages: role of interferon regulatory factors 1 (IRF-1) and 2 (IRF-2). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519060120050401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Activation of TLRs is most closely associated with induction of pro-inflammatory gene expression; however, expression of many other genes, including the TLR genes themselves, has also been shown to be modulated following TLR engagement. A large family of nuclear transcription factors, the interferon regulatory factors (IRFs), have been implicated in TLR signaling leading to pro-inflammatory gene expression. Given that IRF-1 and IRF-2 counter-regulate the transcriptional activity of many genes, we hypothesized that IRF-1 and IRF-2 might also regulate TLR gene expression following LPS stimulation of murine macrophages. mRNA derived from medium- or LPS-treated primary peritoneal macrophages was analyzed for TLR gene expression using quantitative real-time PCR. In wild-type macrophages, LPS up-regulated expression of TLRs 1—3 and 6—9 steady-state mRNA, while TLR4 mRNA was modestly downregulated. IRF-2—/ — macrophages responded to LPS with dysregulated expression of TLR3, TLR4, and TLR5 mRNA, whereas IRF-1 deficiency dampened LPS-induced mRNA expression for TLR3, TLR6, and TLR9. Functional studies revealed aberrant TLR3 signaling in IRF-2—/ — macrophages. Collectively, these findings reveal an additional level of complexity associated with TLR transcriptional regulation and suggest that the trans-acting factors, IRF-1 and IRF-2, contribute to the innate immune response to infections by regulating TLR gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan M. Nhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore (UMB), School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Natalia Cuesta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore (UMB), School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stefanie N. Vogel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore (UMB), School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,
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20
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Lee CM, Hu TH, Lu SN, Wang JH, Hung CH, Chen CH, Yen YH. Peripheral blood toll-like receptor 4 correlates with rapid virological response to pegylated-interferon and ribavirin therapy in hepatitis C genotype 1 patients. BMC Gastroenterol 2016; 16:73. [PMID: 27457659 PMCID: PMC4960680 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-016-0492-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are effectors of the innate immune system that are able to recognize hepatitis C virus (HCV) and give rise to an immune response. Failure of interferon (IFN)-α-based treatment is related to host immunity. Therefore, we sought to study the clinical importance of TLRs in HCV genotype 1 patients who received pegylated IFN (PEG-IFN) plus ribavirin (RBV) therapy. METHODS We enrolled 79 treatment-naïve patients with HCV genotype 1. Patients completed a 24- to 48-week course of response-guided therapy. Peripheral blood monocyte (PBMC) expression of mRNA for TLRs 2, 3, 4, 7, and 9 was quantified by real-time PCR before therapy. TLR mRNA expression is shown as a log ratio relative to GAPDH mRNA (log 2 (-(∆Ct))). RESULTS Forty-five patients (57.0 %) showed a rapid virological response (RVR). Univariate analysis revealed that TLR 2, 3, 4, 7, and 9 were significantly lower in the RVR group than in the non-RVR group (P = 0.001, 0.014, < 0.001, 0.008, and 0.001, respectively). Multivariate analysis revealed that TLR 4 < -2 log (OR: 7.17, 95 % CI: 1.70-30.34, P = 0.007) was an independent predictor for RVR. In addition, levels of TLR 2, 3, 4, 7, and 9 were positively correlated with HCV viral load (P = 0.009, 0.013, < 0.001, 0.007, and 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS A low level of TLR 4 mRNA in PMBCs was correlated with RVR, which indicates that TLR4 may play a critical role in HCV recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLR expression levels were correlated with HCV viral load, indicating that TLR activation upon exposure to HCV may subsequently limit HCV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Mo Lee
- Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Ta Pei Road, Niao Sung Dist. 833, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hui Hu
- Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Ta Pei Road, Niao Sung Dist. 833, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Nan Lu
- Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Ta Pei Road, Niao Sung Dist. 833, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Houng Wang
- Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Ta Pei Road, Niao Sung Dist. 833, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Hung Hung
- Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Ta Pei Road, Niao Sung Dist. 833, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hung Chen
- Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Ta Pei Road, Niao Sung Dist. 833, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hao Yen
- Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Ta Pei Road, Niao Sung Dist. 833, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Lakshmi R, Jayavardhanan KK, Aravindakshan TV. Characterization of promoter sequence of toll-like receptor genes in Vechur cattle. Vet World 2016; 9:626-32. [PMID: 27397987 PMCID: PMC4937055 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.626-632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To analyze the promoter sequence of toll-like receptor (TLR) genes in Vechur cattle, an indigenous breed of Kerala with the sequence of Bos taurus and access the differences that could be attributed to innate immune responses against bovine mastitis. Materials and Methods: Blood samples were collected from Jugular vein of Vechur cattle, maintained at Vechur cattle conservation center of Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, using an acid-citrate-dextrose anticoagulant. The genomic DNA was extracted, and polymerase chain reaction was carried out to amplify the promoter region of TLRs. The amplified product of TLR2, 4, and 9 promoter regions was sequenced by Sanger enzymatic DNA sequencing technique. Results: The sequence of promoter region of TLR2 of Vechur cattle with the B. taurus sequence present in GenBank showed 98% similarity and revealed variants for four sequence motifs. The sequence of the promoter region of TLR4 of Vechur cattle revealed 99% similarity with that of B. taurus sequence but not reveals significant variant in motifregions. However, two heterozygous loci were observed from the chromatogram. Promoter sequence of TLR9 gene also showed 99% similarity to B. taurus sequence and revealed variants for four sequence motifs. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that significant variation in the promoter of TLR2 and 9 genes in Vechur cattle breed and may potentially link the influence the innate immunity response against mastitis diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lakshmi
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - K K Jayavardhanan
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - T V Aravindakshan
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Thrissur, Kerala, India
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22
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Pacini L, Savini C, Ghittoni R, Saidj D, Lamartine J, Hasan UA, Accardi R, Tommasino M. Downregulation of Toll-Like Receptor 9 Expression by Beta Human Papillomavirus 38 and Implications for Cell Cycle Control. J Virol 2015; 89:11396-405. [PMID: 26339055 PMCID: PMC4645680 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02151-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Innate immunity is the first line of host defense against infections. Many oncogenic viruses can deregulate several immune-related pathways to guarantee the persistence of the infection. Here, we show that the cutaneous human papillomavirus 38 (HPV38) E6 and E7 oncoproteins suppress the expression of the double-stranded DNA sensor Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) in human foreskin keratinocytes (HFK), a key mediator of the antiviral innate immune host response. In particular, HPV38 E7 induces TLR9 mRNA downregulation by promoting accumulation of ΔNp73α, an antagonist of p53 and p73. Inhibition of ΔNp73α expression by antisense oligonucleotide in HPV38 E6/E7 HFK strongly rescues mRNA levels of TLR9, highlighting a key role of ΔNp73α in this event. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments showed that ΔNp73α is part of a negative transcriptional regulatory complex with IκB kinase beta (IKKβ) that binds to a NF-κB responsive element within the TLR9 promoter. In addition, the Polycomb protein enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), responsible for gene expression silencing, is also recruited into the complex, leading to histone 3 trimethylation at lysine 27 (H3K27me3) in the same region of the TLR9 promoter. Ectopic expression of TLR9 in HPV38 E6/E7 cells resulted in an accumulation of the cell cycle inhibitors p21(WAF1) and p27(Kip1), decreased CDK2-associated kinase activity, and inhibition of cellular proliferation. In summary, our data show that HPV38, similarly to other viruses with well-known oncogenic activity, can downregulate TLR9 expression. In addition, they highlight a new role for TLR9 in cell cycle regulation. IMPORTANCE The mucosal high-risk HPV types have been clearly associated with human carcinogenesis. Emerging lines of evidence suggest the involvement of certain cutaneous HPV types in development of skin squamous cell carcinoma, although this association is still under debate. Oncogenic viruses have evolved different strategies to hijack the host immune system in order to guarantee the persistence of the infection. Their capability to evade the immune system is as important as their ability to promote cellular transformation. Therefore, understanding the viral mechanisms involved in viral persistence is a valid tool to evaluate their potential role in human carcinogenesis. Here, we show that E6 and E7 oncoproteins from the cutaneous HPV38 downregulate the expression of the double-stranded DNA sensor TLR9 of innate immunity. We also present evidence that the HPV38-mediated downregulation of TLR9 expression, in addition to its potential impact on the innate immune response, is linked to cell cycle deregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pacini
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Claudia Savini
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | - Djamel Saidj
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Jerome Lamartine
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaires, CNRS UMR5534 et Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Uzma A Hasan
- Oncoviruses and Innate Immunity, INSERM U851, INSERM-I2V, UMS34444/US8, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Rosita Accardi
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
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Tong C, Lin Y, Zhang C, Shi J, Qi H, Zhao K. Transcriptome-wide identification, molecular evolution and expression analysis of Toll-like receptor family in a Tibet fish, Gymnocypris przewalskii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 46:334-345. [PMID: 26102458 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) are key components of innate immunity that play significant roles in immune defense against pathogens invasion. Recent frequent outbreaks of the "white spot disease" caused by parasitic infection in farmed Tibetan fishes had resulted in great economic losses. However, to our knowledge, the roles of TLRs in mediating immune response to parasitic infection in Tibetan fishes remain to be determined. Here, we performed data-mining on a widely-farmed Tibetan fish (Gymnocypris przewalskii or Gp) transcriptome to determine the genetic variation and expression pattern of TLRs. We totally obtained 14 GpTLRs and identified 5 with a complete coding sequence. Phylogenetic analysis verified their identities and supported the classification of TLRs into six families as in other vertebrates. The TLR family motifs, such as leucine rich repeat (LRR) and Toll/interleukin (IL)-1 receptor (TIR) domain, are conserved in GpTLR1-5. Selective pressure test demonstrated that all known GpTLRs are under purifying selection, except GpTLR4 underwent positive selection. Further, site model analysis suggested that 11 positively selected sites are found in LRR domain of GpTLR4. Three positively selected sites are located on outside surface of TLR4 3D structure, indicating that function of GpTLR4 may be affected. Tissue specific expression analysis showed all GpTLRs are present in gill, head-kidney and spleen but the relative abundance varied among tissues. In response to parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infection, 5 GpTLR (GpTLR1, -2, -4, -9 and -20) expressions were induced. Intriguingly, GpTLR4 was significantly up-regulated in gills, while GpTLR19 and GpTLR21 unexpectedly showed no any change. In summary, these results revealed the first genomic resources of TLR family and several parasitic infection responsive TLRs in Tibetan fish. These findings provide key information for future studies aiming to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the immune response to pathogen invasion in Tibetan fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tong
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, China; Laboratory of Plateau Fish Evolutionary and Functional Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yaqiu Lin
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Cunfang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, China; Laboratory of Plateau Fish Evolutionary and Functional Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, China
| | - Jianquan Shi
- The Rescues Center of Qinghai-Lake Naked Carp, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Hongfang Qi
- The Rescues Center of Qinghai-Lake Naked Carp, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, China; Laboratory of Plateau Fish Evolutionary and Functional Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, China.
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24
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Hao Y, Yuan JL, Abudula A, Hasimu A, Kadeer N, Guo X. TLR9 expression in uterine cervical lesions of Uyghur women correlate with cervical cancer progression and selective silencing of human papillomavirus 16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins in vitro. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:5867-72. [PMID: 25081715 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.14.5867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer is listed as one of high-incidence endemic diseases in Xinjiang. Our study aimed to evaluate the expression of TLR9 in uterine cervical tissues of Uyghur women and examine associations with clinicopathological variables. We further characterized the direct effects of TLR9 upon the selective silencing of human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and E7 oncoprotein expression in HPV 16-positive human cervical carcinoma cells treated with siRNA in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunohistochemistry was applied to evaluate TLR9 expression in 97 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded cervical samples from Uyghur women; 32 diagnosed with cervical squamous cell carcinomas (CSCC) , 14 with low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasias (CINI), 10 medium-grade (CINII), 24 high-grade (CINIII), and 17 chronic cervicitis. BLOCK-iTTM U6 RNAi Entry Vector pENTRTM/U6-E6 and E7 was constructed and transfected the entry clone directly into the mammalian cell line 293FT. Then the HPV 16-positive SiHa human cervical carcinoma cell line was infected with RNAi recombinant lentivirus. RT-PCR and Western blotting were used to determine the expression of TLR9 in both SiHa and HPV 16 E6 and E7 silenced SiHa cells. RESULTS Immunohistochemical staining showed that TLR9 expression was undetectable (88.2%) or weak (11.8%) in chronic cervicitis tissues. However, variable staining was observed in the basal layer of all normal endocervical glands. TLR9 expression, which was mainly observed as cytoplasmic staining, gradually increased in accordance with the histopathological grade in the following order: chronic cervicitis (2/17, 11.8%) <CINI (4/19, 28.6%) <CINII (3/10, 30.0%) <CINIII (12/24, 50.0%) <CSCC (17/32, 53.1%) (p<0.05), but not with tumor differentiation. RT-PCR and Western blotting showed that TLR9 expression was up-regulated in HPV16 E6 and E7 silenced SiHa cells at both mRNA and protein levels. CONCLUSIONS TLR9 expression increases according to the histopathological grade of cervical pathological process. HPV E6 and E7 oncoprotein have negative effects on the expression and function of TLR9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hao
- The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China E-mail :
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25
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Shirota H, Tross D, Klinman DM. CpG Oligonucleotides as Cancer Vaccine Adjuvants. Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 3:390-407. [PMID: 26343193 PMCID: PMC4494345 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3020390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants improve host responsiveness to co-delivered vaccines through a variety of mechanisms. Agents that trigger cells expressing Toll-like receptors (TLR) activate an innate immune response that enhances the induction of vaccine-specific immunity. When administered in combination with vaccines designed to prevent or slow tumor growth, TLR agonists have significantly improved the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Unfortunately, vaccines containing TLR agonists have rarely been able to eliminate large established tumors when administered systemically. To improve efficacy, attention has focused on delivering TLR agonists intra-tumorally with the intent of altering the tumor microenvironment. Agonists targeting TLRs 7/8 or 9 can reduce the frequency of Tregs while causing immunosuppressive MDSC in the tumor bed to differentiate into tumoricidal macrophages thereby enhancing tumor elimination. This work reviews pre-clinical and clinical studies concerning the utility of TLR 7/8/9 agonists as adjuvants for tumor vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Shirota
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
| | - Debra Tross
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Dennis M Klinman
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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26
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Dillingham BC, Knoblach SM, Many GM, Harmon BT, Mullen AM, Heier CR, Bello L, McCall JM, Hoffman EP, Connor EM, Nagaraju K, Reeves EKM, Damsker JM. VBP15, a novel anti-inflammatory, is effective at reducing the severity of murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 35:377-387. [PMID: 25392236 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-014-0133-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic disease of the central nervous system characterized by an autoimmune inflammatory reaction that leads to axonal demyelination and tissue damage. Glucocorticoids, such as prednisolone, are effective in the treatment of multiple sclerosis in large part due to their ability to inhibit pro-inflammatory pathways (e.g., NFκB). However, despite their effectiveness, long-term treatment is limited by adverse side effects. VBP15 is a recently described compound synthesized based on the lazeroid steroidal backbone that shows activity in acute and chronic inflammatory conditions, yet displays a much-reduced side effect profile compared to traditional glucocorticoids. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of VBP15 in inhibiting inflammation and disease progression in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a widely used mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Our data show that VBP15 is effective at reducing both disease onset and severity. In parallel studies, we observed that VBP15 was able to inhibit the production of NFκB-regulated pro-inflammatory transcripts in human macrophages. Furthermore, treatment with prednisolone-but not VBP15-increased expression of genes associated with bone loss and muscle atrophy, suggesting lack of side effects of VBP15. These findings suggest that VBP15 may represent a potentially safer alternative to traditional glucocorticoids in the treatment of multiple sclerosis and other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blythe C Dillingham
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Susan M Knoblach
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology, Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Gina M Many
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Brennan T Harmon
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Amanda M Mullen
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Christopher R Heier
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Luca Bello
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - John M McCall
- PharMac LLC, Boca Grande, FL, 33921, USA
- ReveraGen BioPharma, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Eric P Hoffman
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology, Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
- ReveraGen BioPharma, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | | | - Kanneboyina Nagaraju
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology, Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
- ReveraGen BioPharma, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
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27
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Zannetti C, Parroche P, Panaye M, Roblot G, Gruffat H, Manet E, Debaud AL, Plumas J, Vey N, Caux C, Bendriss-Vermare N, Hasan UA. TLR9 transcriptional regulation in response to double-stranded DNA viruses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3398-408. [PMID: 25194054 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The stimulation of TLRs by pathogen-derived molecules leads to the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Because uncontrolled inflammation can be life threatening, TLR regulation is important; however, few studies have identified the signaling pathways that contribute to the modulation of TLR expression. In this study, we examined the relationship between activation and the transcriptional regulation of TLR9. We demonstrate that infection of primary human epithelial cells, B cells, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells with dsDNA viruses induces a regulatory temporary negative-feedback loop that blocks TLR9 transcription and function. TLR9 transcriptional downregulation was dependent on TLR9 signaling and was not induced by TLR5 or other NF-κB activators, such as TNF-α. Engagement of the TLR9 receptor induced the recruitment of a suppressive complex, consisting of NF-κBp65 and HDAC3, to an NF-κB cis element on the TLR9 promoter. Knockdown of HDAC3 blocked the transient suppression in which TLR9 function was restored. These results provide a framework for understanding the complex pathways involved in transcriptional regulation of TLR9, immune induction, and inflammation against viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Zannetti
- International Center for Infectiology Research, University of Lyon, Lyon 69007, France; Inserm, U1111, Lyon 69007, France; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69100, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308, Lyon 69007, France; Oncovirus et l'immunité innée, Hospices Civils de Lyon Sud, Pierre Benite, 69495 France
| | - Peggy Parroche
- International Center for Infectiology Research, University of Lyon, Lyon 69007, France; Inserm, U1111, Lyon 69007, France; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69100, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308, Lyon 69007, France; Oncovirus et l'immunité innée, Hospices Civils de Lyon Sud, Pierre Benite, 69495 France
| | - Marine Panaye
- International Center for Infectiology Research, University of Lyon, Lyon 69007, France; Inserm, U1111, Lyon 69007, France; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69100, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308, Lyon 69007, France; Oncovirus et l'immunité innée, Hospices Civils de Lyon Sud, Pierre Benite, 69495 France
| | - Guillaume Roblot
- International Center for Infectiology Research, University of Lyon, Lyon 69007, France; Inserm, U1111, Lyon 69007, France; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69100, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308, Lyon 69007, France; Oncovirus et l'immunité innée, Hospices Civils de Lyon Sud, Pierre Benite, 69495 France
| | - Henri Gruffat
- International Center for Infectiology Research, University of Lyon, Lyon 69007, France; Inserm, U1111, Lyon 69007, France; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69100, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Evelyne Manet
- International Center for Infectiology Research, University of Lyon, Lyon 69007, France; Inserm, U1111, Lyon 69007, France; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69100, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Anne Laure Debaud
- International Center for Infectiology Research, University of Lyon, Lyon 69007, France; Inserm, U1111, Lyon 69007, France; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69100, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Joel Plumas
- Etablissement Français du Sang-Université Joseph Fourier-Inserm U823, Immunobiologie et Immunothérapie des cancers, Grenoble 38000, France; and
| | - Nelly Vey
- Centre de recherche en cancérologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Inserm 1052, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon 69008, France
| | - Christophe Caux
- Centre de recherche en cancérologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Inserm 1052, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon 69008, France
| | - Nathalie Bendriss-Vermare
- Centre de recherche en cancérologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Inserm 1052, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon 69008, France
| | - Uzma Ayesha Hasan
- International Center for Infectiology Research, University of Lyon, Lyon 69007, France; Inserm, U1111, Lyon 69007, France; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69100, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308, Lyon 69007, France; Oncovirus et l'immunité innée, Hospices Civils de Lyon Sud, Pierre Benite, 69495 France;
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The T antigen locus of Merkel cell polyomavirus downregulates human Toll-like receptor 9 expression. J Virol 2013; 87:13009-19. [PMID: 24067965 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01786-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Establishment of a chronic infection is a key event in virus-mediated carcinogenesis. Several cancer-associated, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses act via their oncoproteins to downregulate Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), a key receptor in the host innate immune response that senses viral or bacterial dsDNA. A novel oncogenic virus, Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), has been recently identified that causes up to 80% of Merkel cell carcinomas (MCCs). However, it is not yet known whether this oncogenic virus also disrupts immune-related pathways. We find that MCPyV large T antigen (LT) expression downregulates TLR9 expression in epithelial and MCC-derived cells. Accordingly, silencing of LT expression results in upregulation of mRNA TLR9 levels. In addition, small T antigen (sT) also appears to inhibit TLR9 expression, since inhibition of its expression also resulted in an increase of TLR9 mRNA levels. LT inhibits TLR9 expression by decreasing the mRNA levels of the C/EBPβ transactivator, a positive regulator of the TLR9 promoter. Chromatin immunoprecipitation reveals that C/EBPβ binding at a C/EBPβ response element (RE) in the TLR9 promoter is strongly inhibited by expression of MCPyV early genes and that mutation of the C/EBP RE prevents MCPyV downregulation of TLR9. A survey of BK polyomavirus (BKPyV), JC polyomavirus (JCPyV), KI polyomavirus (KIPyV), MCPyV, simian virus 40 (SV40), and WU polyomavirus (WUPyV) early genes revealed that only BKPyV and MCPyV are potent inhibitors of TLR9 gene expression. MCPyV LT targeting of C/EBP transactivators is likely to play an important role in viral persistence and potentially inhibit host cell immune responses during MCPyV tumorigenesis.
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Hasan UA, Zannetti C, Parroche P, Goutagny N, Malfroy M, Roblot G, Carreira C, Hussain I, Müller M, Taylor-Papadimitriou J, Picard D, Sylla BS, Trinchieri G, Medzhitov R, Tommasino M. The human papillomavirus type 16 E7 oncoprotein induces a transcriptional repressor complex on the Toll-like receptor 9 promoter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:1369-87. [PMID: 23752229 PMCID: PMC3698525 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20122394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
HPV16-positive cervical cancer lesions contain NFκB–ERα nuclear complexes to repress the TLR9 promoter. Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) and other oncogenic viruses have been reported to deregulate immunity by suppressing the function of the double-stranded DNA innate sensor TLR9. However, the mechanisms leading to these events remain to be elucidated. We show that infection of human epithelial cells with HPV16 promotes the formation of an inhibitory transcriptional complex containing NF-κBp50–p65 and ERα induced by the E7 oncoprotein. The E7-mediated transcriptional complex also recruited the histone demethylase JARID1B and histone deacetylase HDAC1. The entire complex bound to a specific region on the TLR9 promoter, which resulted in decreased methylation and acetylation of histones upstream of the TLR9 transcriptional start site. The involvement of NF-κB and ERα in the TLR9 down-regulation by HPV16 E7 was fully confirmed in cervical tissues from human patients. Importantly, we present evidence that the HPV16-induced TLR9 down-regulation affects the interferon response which negatively regulates viral infection. Our studies highlight a novel HPV16-mediated mechanism that combines epigenetic and transcriptional events to suppress a key innate immune sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzma A Hasan
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon 69008, France.
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Kawashima A, Yamazaki K, Hara T, Akama T, Yoshihara A, Sue M, Tanigawa K, Wu H, Ishido Y, Takeshita F, Ishii N, Sato K, Suzuki K. Demonstration of innate immune responses in the thyroid gland: potential to sense danger and a possible trigger for autoimmune reactions. Thyroid 2013; 23:477-87. [PMID: 23234343 PMCID: PMC3610444 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2011.0480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune thyroid disease is an archetypal organ-specific autoimmune disorder that is characterized by the production of thyroid autoantibodies and lymphocytic infiltration into the thyroid. However, the underlying mechanisms by which specific thyroid antibodies are produced are largely unknown. Recent studies have shown that innate immune responses affect both the phenotype and the severity of autoimmune reactions. Moreover, it appears that even non-immune cells, including thyroid cells, have an ability to launch such responses. The aim of this study was to conduct a more detailed analysis of innate immune responses of the thyroid upon stimulation with various "non-self" and "self" factors that might contribute to the initiation of autoimmune reactions. METHODS We used rat thyroid FRTL-5 cells, human thyroid cells, and mice to investigate the effects of various pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and iodide on gene expression and function that were related to innate immune responses. RESULTS RT-PCR analysis showed that both rat and human thyroid cells expressed mRNAs for Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that sensed PAMPs. Stimulation of thyrocytes with TLR ligands resulted in activation of the interferon-beta (IFN-β) promoter and the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB)-dependent promoter. As a result, pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and type I interferons were produced. Similar activation was observed when thyroid cells were stimulated with double-stranded DNA, one of the typical DAMPs. In addition to these PAMPs and DAMPs, treatment of thyroid cells with high concentrations of iodide increased mRNA expression of various cytokines. CONCLUSION We show that thyroid cells express functional sensors for exogenous and endogenous dangers, and that they are capable of launching innate immune responses without the assistance of immune cells. Such responses may relate to the development of thyroiditis, which in turn may trigger autoimmune reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Kawashima
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Takeshi Hara
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Akama
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aya Yoshihara
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Sue
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunari Tanigawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Huhehasi Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Ishido
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Takeshita
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, Department of Fundamental Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norihisa Ishii
- Director, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanji Sato
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Endocrinology, Tokyo Women's University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Suzuki
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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Yang HY, Lu KC, Lee HS, Huang SM, Lin YF, Wu CC, Salter DM, Su SL. Role of the functional Toll-Like receptor-9 promoter polymorphism (-1237T/C) in increased risk of end-stage renal disease: a case-control study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58444. [PMID: 23472199 PMCID: PMC3589433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation induced by infectious and noninfectious triggers in the kidney may lead to end stage renal disease (ESRD). Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR-9) a receptor for CpG DNA is involved in activation of immune cells in renal disease and may contribute to chronic inflammatory disease progression through an interleukin-6 (IL-6) dependent pathway. Previous studies indicate that -1237T/C confers regulatory effects on TLR-9 transcription. To date the effect of TLR-9 polymorphisms on ESRD remains unknown. We performed a case-control study and genotyped 630 ESRD patients and 415 controls for -1237T/C, -1486T/C and 1635G/A by real-time PCR assays and assessed plasma concentration of IL-6 by ELISA. Haplotype association analysis was performed using the Haploview package. A luciferase reporter assay and real-time PCR were used to test the function of the -1237T/C promoter polymorphism. A significant association between -1237T/C in TLR-9 and ESRD was identified. The TCA, TTA and CCA haplotype of TLR-9 were associated with ESRD. ESRD patients carrying -1237TC had a higher mean plasma IL-6 level when compared with -1237TT. The TLR-9 transcriptional activity of the variant -1237CC allele is higher than the -1237TT allele. The results indicate that in a Han Chinese population the presence of the C allele of -1237T/C in the TLR-9 gene increases susceptibility towards development of ESRD. In vitro studies demonstrate that -1237T/C may be involved in the development of ESRD through transcriptional modulation of TLR-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yi Yang
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kuo-Cheng Lu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Cardinal Tien Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Herng-Sheng Lee
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shih-Ming Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yuh-Feng Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Chao Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Donald M. Salter
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sui-Lung Su
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are innate sentinels required for clearance of bacterial and fungal infections of the cornea, but their role in viral immunity is currently unknown. We report that TLR signaling is expendable in herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 containment as depicted by plaque assays of knockout mice (MyD88(-/-), Trif(-/-) and MyD88(-/-) Trif(-/-) double knockout) resembling wild-type controls. To identify the key sentinel in viral recognition of the cornea, in vivo knockdown of the DNA sensor IFI-16/p204 in the corneal epithelium was performed and resulted in a loss of IFN-regulatory factor-3 (IRF-3) nuclear translocation, interferon-α production, and viral containment. The sensor seems to have a similar function in other HSV clinically relevant sites such as the vaginal mucosa in which a loss of p204/IFI-16 results in significantly more HSV-2 shedding. Thus, we have identified an IRF-3-dependent, IRF-7- and TLR-independent innate sensor responsible for HSV containment at the site of acute infection.
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The C allele of rs5743836 polymorphism in the human TLR9 promoter links IL-6 and TLR9 up-regulation and confers increased B-cell proliferation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28256. [PMID: 22132241 PMCID: PMC3223238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, allelic variants in Toll-like receptors (TLRs) associate with several pathologies. However, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of this association remain largely unknown. Analysis of the human TLR9 promoter revealed that the C allele of the rs5743836 polymorphism generates several regulatory sites, including an IL-6-responding element. Here, we show that, in mononuclear cells carrying the TC genotype of rs5743836, IL-6 up-regulates TLR9 expression, leading to exacerbated cellular responses to CpG, including IL-6 production and B-cell proliferation. Our study uncovers a role for the rs5743836 polymorphism in B-cell biology with implications on TLR9-mediated diseases and on the therapeutic usage of TLR9 agonists/antagonists.
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34
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Niu Y, Mo D, Qin L, Wang C, Li A, Zhao X, Wang X, Xiao S, Wang Q, Xie Y, He Z, Cong P, Chen Y. Lipopolysaccharide-induced miR-1224 negatively regulates tumour necrosis factor-α gene expression by modulating Sp1. Immunology 2011; 133:8-20. [PMID: 21320120 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response provides the initial defence mechanism against infection by other organisms. However, an excessive immune response will cause damage to host tissues. In an attempt to identify microRNAs (miRNAs) that regulate the innate immune response in inflammation and homeostasis, we examined the differential expression of miRNAs using microarray analysis in the spleens of mice injected intraperitoneally with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and saline, respectively. Following challenge, we observed 19 miRNAs up-regulated (1.5-fold) in response to LPS. Among these miRNAs, miR-1224, whose expression level increased 5.7-fold 6 hr after LPS injection and 2.3-fold after 24 hr, was selected for further study. Tissue expression patterns showed that mouse miR-1224 is highly expressed in mouse spleen, kidney and lung. Transfection of miR-1224 mimics resulted in a decrease in basal tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) promoter reporter gene activity and a down-regulation of LPS-induced TNF-α mRNA in RAW264.7 cells. With public databases of miRNA target prediction, miR-1224 was shown to bind to the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of Sp1 mRNA, whose coding product controls TNF-α expression at the transcriptional level. Furthermore, we found that in HEK-293 cells, the activity of the luciferase reporter bearing Sp1 mRNA 3' UTR was down-regulated significantly when transfected with miR-1224 mimics. After transfection of miR-1224 in RAW264.7 cells, nucleus Sp1 protein level decreased, and when endogenous miR-1224 was blocked, the decrease was abolished. Therefore, we initially speculated that miR-1224 was a negative regulator of TNF-α in an Sp1-dependent manner, which was confirmed in vivo by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, and might be involved in regulating the LPS-mediated inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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35
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McKelvey KJ, Highton J, Hessian PA. Cell-specific expression of TLR9 isoforms in inflammation. J Autoimmun 2011; 36:76-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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36
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Jounai N, Kobiyama K, Shiina M, Ogata K, Ishii KJ, Takeshita F. NLRP4 negatively regulates autophagic processes through an association with beclin1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:1646-55. [PMID: 21209283 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although more than 20 putative members have been assigned to the nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR) family, their physiological and biological roles, with the exception of the inflammasome, are not fully understood. In this article, we show that NLR members, such as NLRC4, NLRP3, NLRP4, and NLRP10 interact with Beclin1, an important regulator of autophagy, through their neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein, MHC class II transcription activator, incompatibility locus protein from Podospora anserina, and telomerase-associated protein domain. Among such NLRs, NLRP4 had a strong affinity to the Beclin1 evolutionally conserved domain. Compromising NLRP4 via RNA interference resulted in upregulation of the autophagic process under physiological conditions and upon invasive bacterial infections, leading to enhancement of the autophagic bactericidal process of group A streptococcus. NLRP4 recruited to the subplasma membrane phagosomes containing group A streptococcus and transiently dissociated from Beclin1, suggesting that NLRP4 senses bacterial infection and permits the initiation of Beclin1-mediated autophagic responses. In addition to a role as a negative regulator of the autophagic process, NLRP4 physically associates with the class C vacuolar protein-sorting complex, thereby negatively regulating maturation of the autophagosome and endosome. Collectively, these results provide novel evidence that NLRP4, and possibly other members of the NLR family, plays a crucial role in biogenesis of the autophagosome and its maturation by the association with regulatory molecules, such as Beclin1 and the class C vacuolar protein-sorting complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Jounai
- Department of Molecular Biodefense Research, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
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37
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van Gent M, Griffin BD, Berkhoff EG, van Leeuwen D, Boer IGJ, Buisson M, Hartgers FC, Burmeister WP, Wiertz EJ, Ressing ME. EBV lytic-phase protein BGLF5 contributes to TLR9 downregulation during productive infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 186:1694-702. [PMID: 21191071 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Viruses use a wide range of strategies to modulate the host immune response. The human gammaherpesvirus EBV, causative agent of infectious mononucleosis and several malignant tumors, encodes proteins that subvert immune responses, notably those mediated by T cells. Less is known about EBV interference with innate immunity, more specifically at the level of TLR-mediated pathogen recognition. The viral dsDNA sensor TLR9 is expressed on B cells, a natural target of EBV infection. Here, we show that EBV particles trigger innate immune signaling pathways through TLR9. Furthermore, using an in vitro system for productive EBV infection, it has now been possible to compare the expression of TLRs by EBV(-) and EBV(+) human B cells during the latent and lytic phases of infection. Several TLRs were found to be differentially expressed either in latently EBV-infected cells or after induction of the lytic cycle. In particular, TLR9 expression was profoundly decreased at both the RNA and protein levels during productive EBV infection. We identified the EBV lytic-phase protein BGLF5 as a protein that contributes to downregulating TLR9 levels through RNA degradation. Reducing the levels of a pattern-recognition receptor capable of sensing the presence of EBV provides a mechanism by which the virus could obstruct host innate antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel van Gent
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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38
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Fathallah I, Parroche P, Gruffat H, Zannetti C, Johansson H, Yue J, Manet E, Tommasino M, Sylla BS, Hasan UA. EBV latent membrane protein 1 is a negative regulator of TLR9. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:6439-47. [PMID: 20980631 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
EBV infects most of the human population and is associated with a number of human diseases including cancers. Moreover, evasion of the immune system and chronic infection is an essential step for EBV-associated diseases. In this paper, we show that EBV can alter the regulation and expression of TLRs, the key effector molecules of the innate immune response. EBV infection of human primary B cells resulted in the inhibition of TLR9 functionality. Stimulation of TLR9 on primary B cells led to the production of IL-6, TNF-α, and IgG, which was inhibited in cells infected with EBV. The virus exerts its inhibitory function by decreasing TLR9 mRNA and protein levels. This event was observed at early time points after EBV infection of primary cells, as well as in an immortalized lymphoblastoid cell line. We determined that the EBV oncoprotein latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is a strong inhibitor of TLR9 transcription. Overexpression of LMP1 in B cells reduced TLR9 promoter activity, mRNA, and protein levels. LMP1 mutants altered in activating the NF-κB pathway prevented TLR9 promoter deregulation. Blocking the NF-κB pathway recovered TLR9 promoter activity. Mutating the NF-κB cis element on the TLR9 promoter restored luciferase transcription in the presence of LMP1. Finally, deletion of the LMP1 gene in the EBV genome abolished the ability of the virus to induce TLR9 downregulation. Our study describes a mechanism used by EBV to suppress the host immune response by deregulating the TLR9 transcript through LMP1-mediated NF-κB activation.
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Aoyagi Y, Nagata S, Kudo T, Fujii T, Wada M, Chiba Y, Ohtsuka Y, Yamashiro Y, Shimizu T, Ohkusa T. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ 2 mutation may cause a subset of ulcerative colitis. Pediatr Int 2010; 52:729-34. [PMID: 20591056 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-200x.2010.03195.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM Previous studies suggest the homeostasis between acquisition of tolerance to the indigenous microflora and protective immune responses appears to be disrupted in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Some experimental studies indicate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) has been implicated as a regulator of intestinal inflammatory responses. In addition, the toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 can regulate expression of PPARγ in colonic epithelial cells. We attempted to demonstrate whether the functional imbalance between TLRs and PPARγ could lead to the onset and some polymorphisms of those genes could contribute to susceptibility to IBD. METHODS RT-PCR analysis were performed to detect TLR4 and PPARγ mRNA associated with those of P65 of NFκB, TNFα, MyD88, NOD2/CARD15, TLR-2,5,9, in the diseased colonic mucosa in ulcerative colitis (UC; n = 13) and Crohn's disease (CD; n = 7) compared with normal controls (n = 18). Consequently, we genotyped UC (n = 29) and CD (n = 10) compared with normal controls (n = 134) for the prevalence of suspicious mutations. RESULTS In a subset of UC patients who were revealed to carry PPARγ Pro12Ala mutation later, impaired expression of normal PPARγ mRNA was noted in the diseased mucosa accompanied with upregulations of MyD88 TLR-4, 5, 9, P65 and TNFα in mRNA levels. The prevalence of PPARγ Pro12Ala mutation was more frequently found in UC patients compared with CD patients and normal controls (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggested that imbalances between TLRs and PPARγ in response to luminal bacteria could lead to colonic inflammation in some UC patients. Alternative explanations will be needed for the onset of the rest of UC and CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Aoyagi
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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40
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Hirsch I, Caux C, Hasan U, Bendriss-Vermare N, Olive D. Impaired Toll-like receptor 7 and 9 signaling: from chronic viral infections to cancer. Trends Immunol 2010; 31:391-7. [PMID: 20832362 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human papillomavirus type 16 cause persistent infections that frequently precede cancer development. Virions of these viruses are weak inducers of interferon-α and impair Toll-like receptor (TLR)9 function. Loss of TLR9 responsiveness also occurs in tumors without viral etiology such as breast, ovary, and head and neck carcinomas. Recent reports have suggested that viruses and components of the tumor microenviroment interact with regulatory receptors on plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) to impair TLR7 and TLR9 signaling, and to downregulate TLR9 gene expression. The limited responsiveness of pDCs might contribute to reduced innate immune responses during chronic viral infections and oncogenesis, and represent a target for new therapeutic approaches based on TLR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Hirsch
- INSERM UMR891, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Université Méditerranée, 27 Boulevard Leï Roure, 13273 Marseille, France.
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41
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Zannetti C, Bonnay F, Takeshita F, Parroche P, Ménétrier-Caux C, Tommasino M, Hasan UA. C/EBP{delta} and STAT-1 are required for TLR8 transcriptional activity. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:34773-80. [PMID: 20829351 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.133884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8), which is expressed primarily in myeloid cells, plays a central role in initiating immune responses to viral single-stranded RNA. Despite the great interest in the field of TLR8 research, very little is known in terms of TLR8 biology and its transcriptional regulation. Here, we describe the isolation of the hTLR8 promoter and the characterization of the molecular mechanisms involved in its regulation. Reporter gene analysis and ChIP assays demonstrated that the hTLR8 regulation of the basal transcription is regulated via three C/EBP cis-acting elements that required C/EBPδ and C/EBPβ activity. In addition, we observed that R848 stimulation increases TLR8 transcriptional activity via an enhanced binding of C/EBPδ, and not C/EBPβ, to its responsive sites within the TLR8 promoter. Moreover, we showed that IFN-γ also increased TLR8 transcription activity via the binding of STAT1 transcription factor to IFN-γ activated sequence elements on the TLR8 promoter and enhanced TLR8 functionality. These results shed new light on the mechanisms involved during TLR8-mediated innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Zannetti
- Infection and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon 69008, France.
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42
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Reuter S, Charlet J, Juncker T, Teiten MH, Dicato M, Diederich M. Effect of curcumin on nuclear factor kappaB signaling pathways in human chronic myelogenous K562 leukemia cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1171:436-47. [PMID: 19723087 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04731.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin, a natural product isolated from the plant Curcuma longa, has a diverse range of molecular targets that influence numerous biochemical and molecular cascades. Curcumin has been shown to inhibit nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation at several steps in the NF-kappaB signaling pathways and thereby controls numerous NF-kappaB-regulated genes involved in various diseases. In the present study, we investigated the effect of curcumin pretreatment on 84 tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-activated genes of NF-kappaB pathways in K562 cells, using a real-time PCR array. Our results show that transcription of 29 NF-kappaB-related mRNAs was significantly downregulated (CARD4, CCL2, CD40, CSF2, F2R, ICAM1, IKBKB, IKBKE, IL1A, IL1B, IL6, IL8, IRAK2, MALT1, MAP3K1, MYD88, NFKB1, NFKB2, NFKBIA, PPM1A, RAF1, RELB, STAT1, TLR3, TNF, TNFalphaIP3, TNFSF10, and TICAM1), whereas 10 mRNAs were induced (AGT, CASP1, CSF3, FOS, IFNG, IL10, TICAM2, TLR2, TLR9, and TNFRSF7). Western blot analysis of CD40, NFKB1 (p50), RELB, NFKBIA (IkappaBalpha), and IL10 as well as an IL8 secretion assay confirmed our results. Taken together, we show that curcumin regulates an impressive number of NF-kappaB genes within the different NF-kappaB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Reuter
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
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Polymorphisms and haplotypes in TLR9 and MYD88 are associated with the development of Hodgkin's lymphoma: a candidate-gene association study. J Hum Genet 2009; 54:655-9. [PMID: 19745833 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2009.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MYD88) gene polymorphisms may be involved in the pathogenesis of Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) through altered immunoregulatory and inflammatory responses. A candidate-gene association study was conducted to investigate the association between TLR9 -1237T>C, TLR9 2848A>G, MYD88 -938C>A and MYD88 1944C>G gene polymorphisms and the risk for HL. The impact of haplotypes was also examined. The study showed that carriership for -1237C and 2848A was associated with an increased risk for HL (odds ratio (OR)=2.53 (1.36-4.71) and OR=6.20 (1.3-28.8)). The MYD88 polymorphisms produced nonsignificant results. The estimated frequencies of the TLR9/1237C-2848A and MYD88/938C-1944G haplotypes were also significantly different between HL and controls (P<0.01). In addition, a significant difference between HL and controls was observed for the TLR9/1237C-TLR9/2848A-MYD88/938C-MYD88/1944C haplotypes (P<0.01). In conclusion, our study showed that TLR polymorphisms, and TLR9 and MYD88 haplotypes are related to the development of HL.
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Chang LC, Hua CC, Chu CM, Chiang BY, Chen HJ, Yu CC. Differential mRNA expression of Toll-like receptors and their adaptors in pleural effusions. Respirology 2009; 14:1194-9. [PMID: 19732390 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2009.01614.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Binding of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) to microbial or endogenous ligands activates and triggers the associated signalling pathway, which leads to the production of inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons. The extent of TLR pathway activation may vary with the ligands present in different pleural diseases. METHODS The relative mRNA expression levels of TLRs and their adaptors in pleural fluid were determined by PCR and gel electrophoresis in 36 transudative, 25 infectious and 39 malignant pleural effusions. RESULTS The relative mRNA expression levels of TLR8 and myeloid differentiation factor 88 were low in infectious effusions and that of ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 was low in malignant pleural effusions. Different cellular components correlated significantly with the relative mRNA expression of TLRs or their adaptors in pleural effusions with different aetiologies. CONCLUSIONS The relative mRNA expression profiles of TLRs and their adaptors in pleural fluid differ among transudative, infectious and malignant pleural effusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Che Chang
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Keelung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Cammarota M, De Rosa M, Stellavato A, Lamberti M, Marzaioli I, Giuliano M. In vitro evaluation of Lactobacillus plantarum DSMZ 12028 as a probiotic: emphasis on innate immunity. Int J Food Microbiol 2009; 135:90-8. [PMID: 19748696 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Revised: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed the probiotic potential of L. plantarum DSMZ 12028 in vitro using the pathogen E. coli K4 and a certified probiotic, L. paracasei F19, as controls. Adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells was evaluated using two cell lines, CaCo-2 and HT-29, through the plate dilution method. Moreover, the bacteria/epithelial dynamic interaction was continuously monitored using time-lapse microscopy. Expression of the innate immunity receptors, the TLRs, was evaluated by semi-quantitative PCR on an epithelial/bacteria co-culture. Real-time PCR was used to monitor expression of TLRs and cytokines in a monocytic cell line (THP-1) following bacterial exposure. The adherence of the strain to intestinal epithelial cells was comparable to that of the probiotic. Time-lapse experiments showed that E. coli K4 induced cell death while L. plantarum did not affect proliferation at a 10:1 bacteria/cell ratio. L. plantarum down-regulated TLR mRNAs with the exception of TLR2, while L. paracasei F19 and E. coli K4 caused a significant (p<0.05) up-regulation of TLR2 and 4, respectively. To simulate the activation of underlying immune cells in the lamina propria, we analyzed the immunomodulation of L. plantarum on a monocytic cell line, THP-1. Proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNFalpha, were increased by the presence of bacteria. The pathogen E. coli K4 also induced a strong up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL8, IL1beta and IL23. No differences were observed between experimental groups for IFNgamma, IL-10 and IL12p40. Overall, L. plantarum DSMZ 12028 demonstrated probiotic traits, inducing a proinflammatory response just above the "threshold level", which could prevent an inflammatory outcome, while inducing a higher state of alertness in the defense system of the host intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Cammarota
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Section, Medical School, Second University of Naples, Italy
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Di JM, Pang J, Pu XY, Zhang Y, Liu XP, Fang YQ, Ruan XX, Gao X. Toll-like receptor 9 agonists promote IL-8 and TGF-beta1 production via activation of nuclear factor kappaB in PC-3 cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 192:60-7. [PMID: 19596255 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Chronic infection and resulting inflammation promote tumor development and progression, and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) may play an important role in this process. The aim of this study was to determine whether CpG oligonucleotides (CpG-ODN), which are Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonists, can promote inflammatory cytokines release from the prostate cancer PC-3 cells through activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). Flow cytometry, semiquantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunofluorescence analysis were used to detect the transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) release and NF-kappaB activation in PC-3 cells after CpG-ODN stimulation. CpG-ODN promoted the expression and secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines TGF-beta1 and IL-8 from PC-3 cells. In addition, after CpG-ODN stimulation, NF-kappaB nuclear translocation was also observed in PC-3 cells, contributing to CpG-induced upregulation of IL-8 and TGF-beta1. Thus, TLR9 agonists may promote IL-8 and TGF-beta1 production in human prostate cancer cells through NF-kappaB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-ming Di
- Department of Urology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Number 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, China
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Nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation primes cells to a pro-inflammatory polarized response to a Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist. Biochem J 2009; 421:301-10. [PMID: 19426145 DOI: 10.1042/bj20090013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
TLR7 (Toll-like receptor 7) mediates anti-viral immunity by recognizing ssRNA (single-stranded RNA) viruses. Small-molecular-mass TLR7 agonists have been approved, or are being evaluated, for treatment of cancers or infectious diseases. Although TLR7 is predominantly expressed in a restricted set of immune cell types, including pDCs (plasmacytoid dendritic cells), it is also expressed in non-native expressing cells (e.g. hepatocytes) under certain circumstances. To elucidate the molecular basis of TLR7 induction by pro-inflammatory stimulation and the subsequent cellular responses in these non-native TLR7-expressing cell types, we first cloned and characterized the 5'-promoter region of TLR7. The proximal region of this promoter drives the transcription of the TLR7 gene. Pro-inflammatory stimuli activated TLR 7 transcription via a NF-kappaB (nuclear factor kappaB)-binding motif in this region, and this activation could be blocked by mutation of the NF-kappaB binding site or addition of NF-kappaB inhibitors. Further studies showed that pretreatment of the Hep3B hepatocytes with TNF-alpha (tumour necrosis factor-alpha) or IL-1 (interleukin-1) rendered them responsive to TLR7 activation by a TLR7 agonist. However, distinct from TLR7 activation in pDCs, which respond to stimulation with Th1 polarized cytokine production, TLR7 induction by pro-inflammatory signals in hepatocytes reconstitutes the NF-kappaB-dependent cascade but not the IRF7 (interferon regulatory factor 7)-dependent cascade, resulting in a pro-inflammatory polarized response rather than a Th1 polarized response. These results indicate that inflammatory stimulation is capable of priming cells to respond to TLR7 agonist with an immune response that differs from that in native TLR7-expressing cells.
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Tanigawa K, Suzuki K, Kimura H, Takeshita F, Wu H, Akama T, Kawashima A, Ishii N. Tryptophan aspartate-containing coat protein (CORO1A) suppresses Toll-like receptor signalling in Mycobacterium leprae infection. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 156:495-501. [PMID: 19438603 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.03930.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium leprae is an intracellular pathogen that survives within the phagosome of host macrophages. Several host factors are involved in producing tolerance, while others are responsible for killing the mycobacterium. Tryptophan aspartate-containing coat protein (TACO; also known as CORO1A or coronin-1) inhibits the phagosome maturation that allows intracellular parasitization. In addition, the Toll-like receptor (TLR) activates the innate immune response. Both CORO1A and TLR-2 co-localize on the phagosomal membrane in the dermal lesions of patients with lepromatous leprosy. Therefore, we hypothesized that CORO1A and TLR-2 might interact functionally. This hypothesis was tested by investigating the effect of CORO1A in TLR-2-mediated signalling and, inversely, the effect of TLR-2-mediated signalling on CORO1A expression. We found that CORO1A suppresses TLR-mediated signal activation in human macrophages, and that TLR2-mediated activation of the innate immune response resulted in suppression of CORO1A expression. However, M. leprae infection inhibited the TLR-2-mediated CORO1A suppression and nuclear factor-kappaB activation. These results suggest that the balance between TLR-2-mediated signalling and CORO1A expression will be key in determining the fate of M. leprae following infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tanigawa
- Department of Bioregulation, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Higashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
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Shi Z, Cai Z, Wen S, Chen C, Gendron C, Sanchez A, Patterson K, Fu S, Yang J, Wildman D, Finnell RH, Zhang D. Transcriptional regulation of the novel Toll-like receptor Tlr13. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:20540-7. [PMID: 19487701 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.022541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Little has been known about Tlr13 (Toll-like receptor 13), a novel member of the Toll-like receptor family. To elucidate the molecular basis of murine Tlr13 gene expression, the activity of the Tlr13 gene promoter was characterized. Reporter gene analysis and electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated that Tlr13 gene transcription was regulated through three cis-acting elements that interacted with the Ets2, Sp1, and PU.1 transcription factors. Furthermore, our work suggests that these transcription factors may cooperate, culminating in maximal transcription of the Tlr13 gene. In contrast, NF-kappaB appeared to act as an inhibitor of Tlr13 transcription. Overexpression of Ets2 caused a strong increase in the transcriptional activity of the Tlr13 promoter; however, overexpression of NF-kappaB p65 dramatically inhibited it. Additionally, interferon-beta is capable of acting Tlr13 transcription, but the activated signaling of lipopolysaccharide/TLR4 and peptidoglycan/TLR2 strongly inhibited the Tlr13 gene promoter. Thus, these findings reveal the mechanism of Tlr13 gene regulation, thereby providing insight into the function of Tlr13 in the immune response to pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongcheng Shi
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Disease, Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Kobiyama K, Takeshita F, Ishii KJ, Koyama S, Aoshi T, Akira S, Sakaue-Sawano A, Miyawaki A, Yamanaka Y, Hirano H, Suzuki K, Okuda K. A signaling polypeptide derived from an innate immune adaptor molecule can be harnessed as a new class of vaccine adjuvant. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:1593-601. [PMID: 19155508 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.3.1593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of intracellular signaling using cell-permeable polypeptides is a promising technology for future clinical applications. To develop a novel approach to activate innate immune signaling by synthetic polypeptides, we characterized several different polypeptides derived from the caspase recruitment domain (CARD) of IFN-beta promoter stimulator 1, each of which localizes to a different subcellular compartment. Of particular interest was, N'-CARD, which consisted of the nuclear localization signal of histone H2B and the IFN-beta promoter stimulator 1CARD and which localized to the nucleus. This polypeptide led to a strong production of type I IFNs and molecular and genetic analyses showed that nuclear DNA helicase II is critically involved in this response. N'-CARD polypeptide fused to a protein transduction domain (N'-CARD-PTD) readily transmigrated from the outside to the inside of the cell and triggered innate immune signaling. Administration of N'-CARD-PTD polypeptide elicited production of type I IFNs, maturation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells, and promotion of vaccine immunogenicity by enhancing Ag-specific Th1-type immune responses, thereby protecting mice from lethal influenza infection and from outgrowth of transplanted tumors in vivo. Thus, our results indicate that the N'-CARD-PTD polypeptide belongs to a new class of vaccine adjuvant that directly triggers intracellular signal transduction by a distinct mechanism from those engaged by conventional vaccine adjuvants, such as TLR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouji Kobiyama
- Department of Molecular Biodefense Research, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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