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Tan W, Thiruppathi J, Hong SH, Puth S, Pheng S, Mun BR, Choi WS, Lee KH, Park HS, Nguyen DT, Lee MC, Jeong K, Zheng JH, Kim Y, Lee SE, Rhee JH. Development of an anti-tauopathy mucosal vaccine specifically targeting pathologic conformers. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:108. [PMID: 38879560 PMCID: PMC11180213 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00904-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related tauopathies are associated with pathological tau protein aggregation, which plays an important role in neurofibrillary degeneration and dementia. Targeted immunotherapy to eliminate pathological tau aggregates is known to improve cognitive deficits in AD animal models. The tau repeat domain (TauRD) plays a pivotal role in tau-microtubule interactions and is critically involved in the aggregation of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins. Because TauRD forms the structural core of tau aggregates, the development of immunotherapies that selectively target TauRD-induced pathological aggregates holds great promise for the modulation of tauopathies. In this study, we generated recombinant TauRD polypeptide that form neurofibrillary tangle-like structures and evaluated TauRD-specific immune responses following intranasal immunization in combination with the mucosal adjuvant FlaB. In BALB/C mice, repeated immunizations at one-week intervals induced robust TauRD-specific antibody responses in a TLR5-dependent manner. Notably, the resulting antiserum recognized only the aggregated form of TauRD, while ignoring monomeric TauRD. The antiserum effectively inhibited TauRD filament formation and promoted the phagocytic degradation of TauRD aggregate fragments by microglia. The antiserum also specifically recognized pathological tau conformers in the human AD brain. Based on these results, we engineered a built-in flagellin-adjuvanted TauRD (FlaB-TauRD) vaccine and tested its efficacy in a P301S transgenic mouse model. Mucosal immunization with FlaB-TauRD improved quality of life, as indicated by the amelioration of memory deficits, and alleviated tauopathy progression. Notably, the survival of the vaccinated mice was dramatically extended. In conclusion, we developed a mucosal vaccine that exclusively targets pathological tau conformers and prevents disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Tan
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, 58128, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, 58128, Republic of Korea
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Jayalakshmi Thiruppathi
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, 58128, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, 58128, Republic of Korea
- Combinatorial Tumor Immunotherapy MRC, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Seol Hee Hong
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, 58128, Republic of Korea
- National Immunotherapy Innovation Center, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, 58128, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Sao Puth
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, 58128, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, 58128, Republic of Korea
- Combinatorial Tumor Immunotherapy MRC, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Sophea Pheng
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, 58128, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, 58128, Republic of Korea
- Combinatorial Tumor Immunotherapy MRC, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Ram Mun
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Seok Choi
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwa Lee
- Combinatorial Tumor Immunotherapy MRC, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, 58128, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Sun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Duc Tien Nguyen
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, 58128, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, 58128, Republic of Korea
- Combinatorial Tumor Immunotherapy MRC, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Cheol Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, 58128, Republic of Korea
- Seegene Inc, Seoul, 05548, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangjoon Jeong
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, 58128, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hai Zheng
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, 58128, Republic of Korea
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Young Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Shee Eun Lee
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, 58128, Republic of Korea.
- National Immunotherapy Innovation Center, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, 58128, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
| | - Joon Haeng Rhee
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, 58128, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, 58128, Republic of Korea.
- Combinatorial Tumor Immunotherapy MRC, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, 58128, Republic of Korea.
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Li Y, Zhou H, Li B, Li J, Shen Y, Jiang Y, Cui W, Tang L. Immunoprotection of FliBc chimeric fiber2 fusion proteins targeting dendritic cells against Fowl adenovirus serotype 4 infection. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103474. [PMID: 38387285 PMCID: PMC10899072 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS) is a highly fatal disease in chickens caused by the highly pathogenic fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4), which has severe economic consequences. The fiber2 protein exhibits excellent potential as a candidate for a subunit vaccination against FAdV-4. Despite having a high safety profile, subunit vaccines have low immunogenicity due to their lack of infectivity, which leads to low levels of immune response. As a vaccine adjuvant, Salmonella flagellin possesses the potential to augment the immunological response to vaccinations. Additionally, a crucial strategy for enhancing vaccine efficacy is efficient presentation of immune antigens to dendritic cells (DC) for targeted vaccination. In this study, we designed FAdV-4-fiber2 protein, and a recombinant protein called FliBc-fiber2-SP which based on FAdV-4-fiber2 protein, was generated using the gene sequence FliBc, which retains only the conserved sequence at the amino and carboxyl termini of the flagellin B subunit, and a short peptide SPHLHTSSPWER (SP), which targets chicken bone marrow-derived DC. They were separately administered via intramuscular injection to 14-day-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens, and their immunogenicity was compared. At 21 d postvaccination (dpv), it was found that the FliBc-fiber2-SP recombinant protein elicited significantly higher levels of IgG antibodies and conferred a vaccine protection rate of up to 100% compared to its counterpart fiber2 protein. These results suggest that the DC-targeted peptide fusion strategy for flagellin chimeric antigen construction can effectively enhance the immune protective efficacy of antigen proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 1550030, China
| | - Han Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 1550030, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Bolong Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 1550030, China
| | - Jiaxuan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 1550030, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yuanmeng Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 1550030, China
| | - Yanping Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 1550030, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Wen Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 1550030, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Lijie Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 1550030, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin 150030, China.
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Muslimov A, Tereshchenko V, Shevyrev D, Rogova A, Lepik K, Reshetnikov V, Ivanov R. The Dual Role of the Innate Immune System in the Effectiveness of mRNA Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14820. [PMID: 37834268 PMCID: PMC10573212 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in molecular biology have revolutionized the use of messenger RNA (mRNA) as a therapeutic. The concept of nucleic acid therapy with mRNA originated in 1990 when Wolff et al. reported successful expression of proteins in target organs by direct injection of either plasmid DNA or mRNA. It took decades to bring the transfection efficiency of mRNA closer to that of DNA. The next few decades were dedicated to turning in vitro-transcribed (IVT) mRNA from a promising delivery tool for gene therapy into a full-blown therapeutic modality, which changed the biotech market rapidly. Hundreds of clinical trials are currently underway using mRNA for prophylaxis and therapy of infectious diseases and cancers, in regenerative medicine, and genome editing. The potential of IVT mRNA to induce an innate immune response favors its use for vaccination and immunotherapy. Nonetheless, in non-immunotherapy applications, the intrinsic immunostimulatory activity of mRNA directly hinders the desired therapeutic effect since it can seriously impair the target protein expression. Targeting the same innate immune factors can increase the effectiveness of mRNA therapeutics for some indications and decrease it for others, and vice versa. The review aims to present the innate immunity-related 'barriers' or 'springboards' that may affect the development of immunotherapies and non-immunotherapy applications of mRNA medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Muslimov
- Scientific Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Ave 1, 354340 Sirius, Russia; (V.T.); (D.S.); (V.R.); (R.I.)
- Laboratory of Nano- and Microencapsulation of Biologically Active Substances, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya 29, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- RM Gorbacheva Research Institute, Pavlov University, L’va Tolstogo 6-8, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Valeriy Tereshchenko
- Scientific Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Ave 1, 354340 Sirius, Russia; (V.T.); (D.S.); (V.R.); (R.I.)
| | - Daniil Shevyrev
- Scientific Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Ave 1, 354340 Sirius, Russia; (V.T.); (D.S.); (V.R.); (R.I.)
| | - Anna Rogova
- Laboratory of Nano- and Microencapsulation of Biologically Active Substances, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya 29, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- Saint-Petersburg Chemical-Pharmaceutical University, Professora Popova 14, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Lomonosova 9, 191002 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kirill Lepik
- RM Gorbacheva Research Institute, Pavlov University, L’va Tolstogo 6-8, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Vasiliy Reshetnikov
- Scientific Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Ave 1, 354340 Sirius, Russia; (V.T.); (D.S.); (V.R.); (R.I.)
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Akad. Lavrentyeva 10, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Roman Ivanov
- Scientific Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Ave 1, 354340 Sirius, Russia; (V.T.); (D.S.); (V.R.); (R.I.)
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Luo J, Zhang L, Shen F, Luo L, Chen L, Fan Z, Hou R, Yue B, Zhang X. Blood transcriptome analysis revealing aging gene expression profiles in red panda. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13743. [PMID: 35898935 PMCID: PMC9310792 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The red panda is an endangered forest species distributed on the edge of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau. The species has been conserved in ex-situ in many countries and its survival is threatened by many diseases. Its immune system is vulnerable to age-associated alterations, which accumulate and result in a progressive deterioration that leads to an increased incidence of diseases. We identified 2,219 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between geriatric (11-16 years) and adult individuals (4-8 years), and 1690 DEGs between adults and juveniles (1 year). The gene expression and functional annotation results showed that the innate immunity of red pandas increases significantly in geriatric individuals, whereas its change remains unclear when comparing adults and juveniles. We found that the adaptive immunity of red pandas first increased and then decreased with age. We identified CXCR3, BLNK, and CCR4 as the hub genes in the age-related protein-protein interaction network, which showed their central role in age-related immune changes. Many DNA repair genes were down-regulated in geriatric red pandas, suggesting that the DNA repair ability of the blood tissue in geriatric red pandas is significantly reduced. The significantly up-regulated TLR5 in geriatric individuals also suggests the possibility of enhancing the vaccination immune response by incorporating flagellin, which could be used to address decreased vaccine responses caused by age-related declines in immune system function. This work provides an insight into gene expression changes associated with aging and paves the way for effective disease prevention and treatment strategies for red pandas in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Sichuan Key Laboratory for Conservation Biology of Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan, China
| | - Fujun Shen
- Sichuan Key Laboratory for Conservation Biology of Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Luo
- Sichuan Key Laboratory for Conservation Biology of Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenxin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Hou
- Sichuan Key Laboratory for Conservation Biology of Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan, China
| | - Bisong Yue
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiuyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Choe Y, Lee D, Seong M, Yoon JB, Yang JH, Yang JY, Moon KH, Kang HY. Characterization of Edwardsiella piscicida CK108 flagellin genes and evaluation of their potential as vaccine targets in the zebrafish model. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:249-259. [PMID: 34843109 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The control of bacterial pathogens, including Edwardsiella piscicida, in the aquaculture industry has high economic importance. This study aimed to identify a potential live vaccine candidate against E. piscicida infection to minimize the side effects and elicit immunity in the host. This study evaluated the virulence factors of E. piscicida CK108, with a special focus on the flagella. E. piscicida has two important homologous flagellin genes, namely flagellin-associated protein (fap) and flagellin domain-containing protein (fdp). CK226 (Δfap), CK247 (Δfdp) and CK248 (Δfap, fdp) mutant strains were constructed. Both CK226 and CK247 displayed decreased length and thickness of flagellar filaments, resulting in reduced bacterial swimming motility, while CK248 was non-motile as it lacked flagella. The loss of flagella and decreased motility was expected to decrease the pathogenicity of CK248. However, the median lethal dose (LD50 ) of CK248 against zebrafish was lower than those of the wild-type, CK226 and CK247 strains. The protective immunity and cytokine gene expression levels in the CK248-infected zebrafish were lower than those in the wild type-infected zebrafish. In conclusion, Fap and Fdp are essential for flagella formation and motility, and for stimulating fish immune response, which can be utilized as a potential adjuvants for E. piscicida vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjeong Choe
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
- Laboratory Animal Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, Korea
| | - Donghee Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Minji Seong
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
- Laboratory Animal Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, Korea
- Mucosal Immunology Lab., Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Ju Bin Yoon
- Department of Convergence Study on the Ocean Science and Technology, Korea Maritime & Ocean University, Busan, Korea
- Lab. of Marine Microbiology, Division of Convergence on Marine Science, Korea Maritime & Ocean University, Busan, Korea
| | - Jun Hyeok Yang
- Lab. of Marine Microbiology, Division of Convergence on Marine Science, Korea Maritime & Ocean University, Busan, Korea
- Department of Marine Bioscience and Environment, Korea Maritime & Ocean University, Busan, Korea
| | - Jin-Young Yang
- Mucosal Immunology Lab., Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Ki Hwan Moon
- Department of Convergence Study on the Ocean Science and Technology, Korea Maritime & Ocean University, Busan, Korea
- Lab. of Marine Microbiology, Division of Convergence on Marine Science, Korea Maritime & Ocean University, Busan, Korea
- Department of Marine Bioscience and Environment, Korea Maritime & Ocean University, Busan, Korea
| | - Ho Young Kang
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
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O'Neill CL, Shrimali PC, Clapacs ZE, Files MA, Rudra JS. Peptide-based supramolecular vaccine systems. Acta Biomater 2021; 133:153-167. [PMID: 34010691 PMCID: PMC8497425 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Currently approved replication-competent and inactivated vaccines are limited by excessive reactogenicity and poor safety profiles, while subunit vaccines are often insufficiently immunogenic without co-administering exogenous adjuvants. Self-assembling peptide-, peptidomimetic-, and protein-based biomaterials offer a means to overcome these challenges through their inherent modularity, multivalency, and biocompatibility. As these scaffolds are biologically derived and present antigenic arrays reminiscent of natural viruses, they are prone to immune recognition and are uniquely capable of functioning as self-adjuvanting vaccine delivery vehicles that improve humoral and cellular responses. Beyond this intrinsic immunological advantage, the wide range of available amino acids allows for facile de novo design or straightforward modifications to existing sequences. This has permitted the development of vaccines and immunotherapies tailored to specific disease models, as well as generalizable platforms that have been successfully applied to prevent or treat numerous infectious and non-infectious diseases. In this review, we briefly introduce the immune system, discuss the structural determinants of coiled coils, β-sheets, peptide amphiphiles, and protein subunit nanoparticles, and highlight the utility of these materials using notable examples of their innate and adaptive immunomodulatory capacity. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Subunit vaccines have recently gained considerable attention due to their favorable safety profiles relative to traditional whole-cell vaccines; however, their reduced efficacy requires co-administration of reactogenic adjuvants to boost immune responses. This has led to collaborative efforts between engineers and immunologists to develop nanomaterial-based vaccination platforms that can elicit protection without deleterious side effects. Self-assembling peptidic biomaterials are a particularly attractive approach to this problem, as their structure and function can be controlled through primary sequence design and their capacity for multivalent presentation of antigens grants them intrinsic self-adjuvanticity. This review introduces the various architectures adopted by self-assembling peptides and discusses their application as modulators of innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor L O'Neill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States.
| | - Paresh C Shrimali
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States.
| | - Zoe E Clapacs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States.
| | - Megan A Files
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States.
| | - Jai S Rudra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States.
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T Cell Immunity against Influenza: The Long Way from Animal Models Towards a Real-Life Universal Flu Vaccine. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020199. [PMID: 33525620 PMCID: PMC7911237 DOI: 10.3390/v13020199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Current flu vaccines rely on the induction of strain-specific neutralizing antibodies, which leaves the population vulnerable to drifted seasonal or newly emerged pandemic strains. Therefore, universal flu vaccine approaches that induce broad immunity against conserved parts of influenza have top priority in research. Cross-reactive T cell responses, especially tissue-resident memory T cells in the respiratory tract, provide efficient heterologous immunity, and must therefore be a key component of universal flu vaccines. Here, we review recent findings about T cell-based flu immunity, with an emphasis on tissue-resident memory T cells in the respiratory tract of humans and different animal models. Furthermore, we provide an update on preclinical and clinical studies evaluating T cell-evoking flu vaccines, and discuss the implementation of T cell immunity in real-life vaccine policies.
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Maraghi S, Ghadiri AA, Tavalla M, Shojaee S, Abdizadeh R. Evaluation of immunogenicity and protective effect of DNA vaccine encoding surface antigen1 (SAG1) of Toxoplasma gondii and TLR-5 ligand as a genetic adjuvant against acute toxoplasmosis in BALB/c mice. Biologicals 2019; 62:39-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Long-Lasting Mucosal and Systemic Immunity against Influenza A Virus Is Significantly Prolonged and Protective by Nasal Whole Influenza Immunization with Mucosal Adjuvant N3 and DNA-Plasmid Expressing Flagellin in Aging In- and Outbred Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7030064. [PMID: 31315253 PMCID: PMC6789645 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Vaccination is commonly used to prevent and control influenza infection in humans. However, improvements in the ease of delivery and strength of immunogenicity could markedly improve herd immunity. The aim of this pre-clinical study is to test the potential improvements to existing intranasal delivery of formalin-inactivated whole Influenza A vaccines (WIV) by formulation with a cationic lipid-based adjuvant (N3). Additionally, we combined WIV and N3 with a DNA-encoded TLR5 agonist secreted flagellin (pFliC(-gly)) as an adjuvant, as this adjuvant has previously been shown to improve the effectiveness of plasmid-encoded DNA antigens. Methods: Outbred and inbred mouse strains were intranasally immunized with unadjuvanted WIV A/H1N1/SI 2006 or WIV that was formulated with N3 alone. Additional groups were immunized with WIV and N3 adjuvant combined with pFliC(-gly). Homo and heterotypic humoral anti-WIV immune responses were assayed from serum and lung by ELISA and hemagglutination inhibition assay. Homo and heterotypic cellular immune responses to WIV and Influenza A NP were also determined. Results: WIV combined with N3 lipid adjuvant the pFliC(-gly) significantly increased homotypic influenza specific serum antibody responses (>200-fold), increased the IgG2 responses, indicating a mixed Th1/Th2-type immunity, and increased the HAI-titer (>100-fold). Enhanced cell-mediated IFNγ secreting influenza directed CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses (>40-fold) to homotypic and heterosubtypic influenza A virus and peptides. Long-term and protective immunity was obtained. Conclusions: These results indicate that inactivated influenza virus that was formulated with N3 cationic adjuvant significantly enhanced broad systemic and mucosal influenza specific immune responses. These responses were broadened and further increased by incorporating DNA plasmids encoding FliC from S. typhimurum as an adjuvant providing long lasting protection against heterologous Influenza A/H1N1/CA09pdm virus challenge.
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Shrestha AC, Wijesundara DK, Masavuli MG, Mekonnen ZA, Gowans EJ, Grubor-Bauk B. Cytolytic Perforin as an Adjuvant to Enhance the Immunogenicity of DNA Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7020038. [PMID: 31052178 PMCID: PMC6630607 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA vaccines present one of the most cost-effective platforms to develop global vaccines, which have been tested for nearly three decades in preclinical and clinical settings with some success in the clinic. However, one of the major challenges for the development of DNA vaccines is their poor immunogenicity in humans, which has led to refinements in DNA delivery, dosage in prime/boost regimens and the inclusion of adjuvants to enhance their immunogenicity. In this review, we focus on adjuvants that can enhance the immunogenicity of DNA encoded antigens and highlight the development of a novel cytolytic DNA platform encoding a truncated mouse perforin. The application of this innovative DNA technology has considerable potential in the development of effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish C Shrestha
- Virology Laboratory, Discipline of Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research and University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5011, Australia.
| | - Danushka K Wijesundara
- Virology Laboratory, Discipline of Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research and University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5011, Australia.
| | - Makutiro G Masavuli
- Virology Laboratory, Discipline of Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research and University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5011, Australia.
| | - Zelalem A Mekonnen
- Virology Laboratory, Discipline of Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research and University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5011, Australia.
| | - Eric J Gowans
- Virology Laboratory, Discipline of Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research and University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5011, Australia.
| | - Branka Grubor-Bauk
- Virology Laboratory, Discipline of Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research and University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5011, Australia.
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11
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TLR-5 agonist Salmonella abortus equi flagellin FliC enhances FliC-gD-based DNA vaccination against equine herpesvirus 1 infection. Arch Virol 2019; 164:1371-1382. [PMID: 30888564 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04201-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) induces serious respiratory infections, viral abortion, neurological signs, and neonatal mortality in horses. Despite the use of vaccines, EHV-1 infection also causes a high annual economic burden to the equine industry. The poor immunogenicity of and protection conferred by EHV-1 vaccines are the major factors responsible for the spread of EHV-1 infection. The present study examined the immunogenicity of a novel DNA vaccine co-expressing FliC, a flagellin protein, in Salmonella abortus equi and the gD protein of EHV-1. Mice and horses were immunized intramuscularly with the vaccine, and mice were challenged with EHV-1. Immunofluorescence and western blotting revealed that FliC and gD can be efficiently expressed in cells. This novel vaccine significantly increased gD-specific antibody and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) levels in immunized mice and horses. Compared with controls, the viral load and morbidity were markedly reduced in FliC-gD-immunized mice after they were challenged with EHV-1. Furthermore, the immunogenicity of FliC-gD in a natural host was tested. Our results indicate that vaccinated mice and horses exhibit increased humoral and improved cellular immune responses.
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12
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Keshavarz M, Mirzaei H, Salemi M, Momeni F, Mousavi MJ, Sadeghalvad M, Arjeini Y, Solaymani-Mohammadi F, Sadri Nahand J, Namdari H, Mokhtari-Azad T, Rezaei F. Influenza vaccine: Where are we and where do we go? Rev Med Virol 2018; 29:e2014. [PMID: 30408280 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The alarming rise of morbidity and mortality caused by influenza pandemics and epidemics has drawn attention worldwide since the last few decades. This life-threatening problem necessitates the development of a safe and effective vaccine to protect against incoming pandemics. The currently available flu vaccines rely on inactivated viral particles, M2e-based vaccine, live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) and virus like particle (VLP). While inactivated vaccines can only induce systemic humoral responses, LAIV and VLP vaccines stimulate both humoral and cellular immune responses. Yet, these vaccines have limited protection against newly emerging viral strains. These strains, however, can be targeted by universal vaccines consisting of conserved viral proteins such as M2e and capable of inducing cross-reactive immune response. The lack of viral genome in VLP and M2e-based vaccines addresses safety concern associated with existing attenuated vaccines. With the emergence of new recombinant viral strains each year, additional effort towards developing improved universal vaccine is warranted. Besides various types of vaccines, microRNA and exosome-based vaccines have been emerged as new types of influenza vaccines which are associated with new and effective properties. Hence, development of a new generation of vaccines could contribute to better treatment of influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Keshavarz
- Department of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Maryam Salemi
- Department of Genomics and Genetic Engineering, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Momeni
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Mousavi
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Faculty of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.,Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Sadeghalvad
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yaser Arjeini
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farid Solaymani-Mohammadi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javid Sadri Nahand
- Department of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Haideh Namdari
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Talat Mokhtari-Azad
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Rezaei
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Transgenic Eimeria tenella Expressing Profilin of Eimeria maxima Elicits Enhanced Protective Immunity and Alters Gut Microbiome of Chickens. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00888-17. [PMID: 29967093 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00888-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Coccidiosis is one of the most serious diseases of livestock and birds in the world. Vaccination with live-parasite anticoccidial vaccines with genetic manipulation improving the immunogenicity of vaccine strains would be the best means for controlling coccidiosis in breeder and layer stocks, even in fast-growing broilers. Profilin from apicomplexan parasites is the first molecularly defined ligand for Toll-like receptor 11 (TLR11) and TLR12 in mice and is a potential molecular adjuvant. Here, we constructed a transgenic Eimeria tenella line (Et-EmPro) expressing the profilin of Eimeria maxima, the most immunogenic species of chicken coccidia, and evaluated the adjuvant effects of EmPro on the immunogenicity of E. tenella We found that immunization with the transgenic Eimeria parasites, compared with the wild type, elicited greater parasite antigen-specific cell-mediated immunity, characterized by increased numbers of interferon gamma (IFN-γ)-secreting lymphocytes. The transgenic parasite also induced better protective immunity against E. tenella challenge than the wild type. In addition, the diversity of the fecal microbiome of the birds immunized with the transgenic parasite differed from that of the microbiome of the wild-type-immunized birds, indicating interactions of Eimeria with the gut microbiome of chickens. Our results showing enhanced immunogenicity of E. tenella by use of EmPro as a molecular adjuvant derived from the most immunogenic affinis species represent a large step forward in the development of the next generation of coccidiosis vaccines using Eimeria as a vaccine platform expressing molecular adjuvants and potentially other pathogen antigens against not only coccidiosis but also other infectious diseases.
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14
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Sharma S, Hagbom M, Nordgren J, Frodlund J, Hinkula J, Ledin T, Svensson L. Detection of rotavirus- and norovirus-specific IgG memory B cells in tonsils. J Med Virol 2018; 91:326-329. [PMID: 29905954 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Because rotavirus (RV) and norovirus (NoV) are transmitted through the fecal-oral route, tonsils due to their location within the oropharynx may sample or become infected with these viruses. We investigated if RV and NoV RNA/antigen, or virus-specific memory/plasma B cells can be detected in the tonsils. While neither RV/NoV antigen, nor genomic RNA was detected, 90% (27/30) of tonsils tested had RV- and NoV-specific IgG memory B cells. However, the mechanism explaining how these cells get there (whether because of local induction or homing after induction at other sites) and the role these cells might play during active infection is not yet clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Sharma
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Marie Hagbom
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Johan Nordgren
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jonas Frodlund
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology, Västervik Hospital, Västervik, Sweden
| | - Jorma Hinkula
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Torbjörn Ledin
- Division of Neuro and Inflammation Science, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology in Linköping, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Region Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Lennart Svensson
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Makvandi M, Teimoori A, Parsa Nahad M, Khodadadi A, Cheshmeh MGD, Zandi M. Expression of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli flagellin protein and its functional characterization as an adjuvant. Microb Pathog 2018. [PMID: 29530809 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flagellin is the major structural protein monomer of bacterial flagella. Flagellin through binding to its receptor and activation of antigen presenting cells stimulates the innate and adaptive immune responses. Flagellin is used as an effective systemic or mucosal adjuvant to stimulate the immune system. Recently, the therapeutic and protective role of flagellin in some infectious diseases and cancers has been investigated. In this study, we cloned the fliC genes from Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli into pET-28a vector and investigated their expression in the prokaryotic system. METHODS The fliC genes of S. typhimurium and E. coli were amplified by PCR with a specific oligonucleotide primer set. thse were cloned into the pET-28a vector and the recombinant pET-28a-fliC plasmids were successfully transformed into the E. coli strain BL-21(DE3). The expression of flagellin proteins in the prokaryotic cells were evaluated. Finally, Transcription of TNF-α mRNA was confirmed using Real-time PCR. RESULTS The expression of proteins in the prokaryotic cells were approved by SDS-PAGE and western blotting method. Further, the functional characterization of flagellin proteins were evaluated using their ability to induce increased m-RNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine. CONCLUSIONS The flagellin proteins were expressed in the prokaryotic system. These proteins can be used to link target antigens as an effective adjuvant for future DNA vaccine studies. Purified recombinant proteins in this study can also be used for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoochehr Makvandi
- Virology Department, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Teimoori
- Virology Department, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Parsa Nahad
- Virology Department, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Ali Khodadadi
- Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Milad Zandi
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Wang D, Huang XF, Hong B, Song XT, Hu L, Jiang M, Zhang B, Ning H, Li Y, Xu C, Lou X, Li B, Yu Z, Hu J, Chen J, Yang F, Gao H, Ding G, Liao L, Rollins L, Jones L, Chen SY, Chen H. Efficacy of intracellular immune checkpoint-silenced DC vaccine. JCI Insight 2018; 3:98368. [PMID: 29415891 PMCID: PMC5821183 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.98368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DC-based tumor vaccines have had limited clinical success thus far. SOCS1, a key inhibitor of inflammatory cytokine signaling, is an immune checkpoint regulator that limits DC immunopotency. METHODS We generated a genetically modified DC (gmDC) vaccine to perform immunotherapy. The adenovirus (Ad-siSSF) delivers two tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), survivin and MUC1; secretory bacterial flagellin for DC maturation; and an RNA interference moiety to suppress SOCS1. A 2-stage phase I trial was performed for patients with relapsed acute leukemia after allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: in stage 1, we compared the safety and efficacy between gmDC treatment (23 patients) and standard donor lymphocyte infusion (25 patients); in stage 2, we tested the efficacy of the gmDC vaccine for 12 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients with early molecular relapse. RESULTS gmDCs elicited potent TAA-specific CTL responses in vitro, and the immunostimulatory activity of gmDC vaccination was demonstrated in rhesus monkeys. A stage 1 study established that this combinatory gmDC vaccine is safe in acute leukemia patients and yielded improved survival rate. In stage 2, we observed a complete remission rate of 83% in 12 relapsed AML patients. Overall, no grade 3 or grade 4 graft-versus-host disease incidence was detected in any of the 35 patients enrolled. CONCLUSIONS This study, with combinatory modifications in DCs, demonstrates the safety and efficacy of SOCS1-silenced DCs in treating relapsed acute leukemia. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01956630. FUNDING National Institute of Health (R01CA90427); the Key New Drug Development and Manufacturing Program of the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" of China (2011ZX09102-001-29); and Clinical Application Research of Beijing (Z131107002213148).
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Cancer Vaccines/adverse effects
- Cancer Vaccines/genetics
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cell Engineering/methods
- Child
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/transplantation
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Graft vs Host Disease/epidemiology
- Graft vs Host Disease/immunology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation/adverse effects
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/mortality
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/therapy
- Lymphocyte Transfusion
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/immunology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/mortality
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/therapy
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/immunology
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/mortality
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/therapy
- Survival Analysis
- Transplantation, Autologous
- Treatment Outcome
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Danhong Wang
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue F. Huang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Bangxing Hong
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiao-Tong Song
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Liangding Hu
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Ning
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhang Li
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Lou
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Botao Li
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Yu
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangwei Hu
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianlin Chen
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyan Gao
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guoliang Ding
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lianming Liao
- Department of Oncology, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lisa Rollins
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lindsey Jones
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Si-Yi Chen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hu Chen
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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17
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Arciola CR, Speziale P, Montanaro L. Perspectives on DNA Vaccines. Targeting Staphylococcal Adhesins to Prevent Implant Infections. Int J Artif Organs 2018; 32:635-41. [DOI: 10.1177/039139880903200913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccines consist of a plasmid DNA genetically engineered to produce one or more proteins able to elicit protective immune responses against virulence factors of infectious pathogens. Once introduced into the cells of the host, a DNA vaccine induces a high production of antigens by the endogenous presence of the peptide codifying gene; improves antigen processing and presentation; may be able to simultaneously co-express multiple antigenic molecules; and, lastly, switches on both humoral and cellular immune responses. In this mini-review, we underscore the advantageous characteristics of DNA vaccines compared with traditional ones and provide summaries of some of the more recent studies on them, mainly focusing the possibility of their use in targeting the staphylococcal adhesins that play a key role in the first adhesive phase of implant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Renata Arciola
- Research Unit on Implant Infections, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna - Italy
- Experimental Pathology Department, University of Bologna, Bologna - Italy
| | - Pietro Speziale
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia - Italy
| | - Lucio Montanaro
- Research Unit on Implant Infections, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna - Italy
- Experimental Pathology Department, University of Bologna, Bologna - Italy
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18
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Abstract
Developing new vaccines against emerging pathogens or pathogens where variability of antigenic sites presents a challenge, the inclusion of stimulators of the innate immune system is critical to mature the immune response in a way that allows high avidity recognition while preserving the ability to react to drifted serovars. The innate immune system is an ancient mechanism for recognition of nonself and the first line of defense against pathogen insult. By triggering innate receptors, adjuvants can boost responses to vaccines and enhance the quality and magnitude of the resulting immune response. This chapter: (1) describes the innate immune system, (2) provides examples of how adjuvants are formulated to optimize their effectiveness, and (3) presents examples of how adjuvants can improve outcomes of immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrick Carter
- PAI Life Sciences Inc., 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 550, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA.
- Adjuvant Technologies, IDRI, 1616 Eastlake Avenue E., Suite 400, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA.
- Global Health, University of Washington, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA.
| | - Malcolm S Duthie
- Adjuvant Technologies, IDRI, 1616 Eastlake Avenue E., Suite 400, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA
- Global Health, University of Washington, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA
| | - Steven G Reed
- Adjuvant Technologies, IDRI, 1616 Eastlake Avenue E., Suite 400, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA
- Global Health, University of Washington, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA
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19
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Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of severe liver disease worldwide. It is estimated that around 130-170 million individuals are chronic carriers of the infection and they are over time at an increased risk of developing severe liver disease. HCV is often referred to as a silent epidemic because the majority of infected individuals do not develop any symptoms. Hence, many individuals are diagnosed at a late stage and thus in need of immediate treatment. Today we have very effective direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), which cure more than 90-95 % of all treated patients. However, this treatment is associated with high-costs and the use is limited to the patients with most advanced liver disease in high-income countries. Notably, a majority of the chronic HCV carriers live in resource-poor countries and do not have access to the new effective DAAs. We therefore need to develop alternative treatments for chronic HCV infection such as therapeutic vaccines. The idea with therapeutic vaccines is to reactivate the infected patient's own immune system. It is well known that patients with chronic HCV infection have dysfunctional immune responses to the virus. Hence, the vaccine should activate HCV-specific T cells that will home to the liver and eradicate the HCV infected hepatocytes. Importantly, one should also consider the combination of a therapeutic vaccine and DAAs as a treatment strategy to equip the resolving patients with post-cure HCV-specific immune responses. This would provide patients with a better protection against reinfection. Numerous genetic vaccine candidates for HCV have been developed and tested in clinical trials with limited effects on viral load and in general inefficient activation of HCV-specific immune responses. In this chapter we describe the rational of developing highly immunogenic vaccines for HCV. Different strategies to improve vaccine immunogenicity and methods to evaluate vaccine efficacy are described. Detailed description of vaccine delivery by intramuscular immunization in combination with in vivo electroporation/electrotransfer (EP/ET) is covered, as well as immunological analysis of primed immune responses by determination of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production by ELISpot assay and direct ex vivo quantification of HCV NS3/4A-specific CD8+ T cells by pentamer staining. To analyze the in vivo functionality of primed NS3/4A-specific T cells we utilized the in vivo bioluminescence imaging technology. In conclusion, this chapter describes a method to design HCV vaccines and also a protocol to assess their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustaf Ahlén
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, F68, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, S-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Frelin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, F68, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, S-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.
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20
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Chen YL, Chen YS, Hung YC, Liu PJ, Tasi HY, Ni WF, Hseuh PT, Lin HH. Improvement in T helper 1-related immune responses in BALB/c mice immunized with an HIV-1 gag plasmid combined with a chimeric plasmid encoding interleukin-18 and flagellin. Microbiol Immunol 2016; 59:483-94. [PMID: 26094825 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Both flagellin (fliC) and IL-18 (INF-γ-inducing factor) have been developed as adjuvants for improving immunogenicity in DNA-vaccinated hosts. An HIV-1 gag plasmid encodes a protein harboring broad epitopes for cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. In this study, the immunogenicity of BALB/c mice immunized with an HIV-1 gag plasmid (pVAX/gag) combined with a chimeric plasmid encoding IL-18 fused to flagellin (pcDNA3/IL-18_fliC) or a single plasmid encoding IL-18 (pcDNA3/IL-18) and/or flagellin (pcDNA3/fliC) was assessed. Through in vitro transcription and translation, it was demonstrated that both mRNA and protein were appropriately expressed by each construct. The IL-18 and flagellin fusion protein, which could be detected in supernatants from transfected cells, was effective in inducing IFN-γ by lymphocytes. Following i.m. immunization, expressions of flagellin or IL-18 were detected in muscle cells by immunohistochemistry analysis from 72 hr. At 12 weeks post-immunization, both gag-specific IgG in sera and spleen cell proliferation were high in all murine groups. However, the IgG2a/IgG1 ratio, Th1 cytokine (IL-2 and IFN-γ) production and proportion of gag-specific CD3(+) CD8(+) IFN-γ-secreting cells were significantly higher in the murine group co-immunized with pVAX/gag plasmid and pcDNA3/IL-18_fliC than in the mice immunized with pVAX/gag plasmid combined with either pcDNA3/fliC or pcDNA3/IL-18 plasmid or both. These findings suggest that a chimeric plasmid encoding IL-18 fused to flagellin can be used as an adjuvant-like plasmid to improve the Th1 immune response, particularly for induction of CD3(+) CD8(+) IFN-γ-secreting cells in gag plasmid-vaccinated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Lei Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Shen Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung/National Yang-Ming University, Taipei
| | - Yi-Chien Hung
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Disease, E-Da Hospital/I-Shou University, Kaohsiung
| | - Pei-Ju Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Ying Tasi
- Department of Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Feng Ni
- Department of Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Tan Hseuh
- Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Hsun Lin
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Disease, E-Da Hospital/I-Shou University, Kaohsiung
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21
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Li W, Ge C, Yang L, Wang R, Lu Y, Gao Y, Li Z, Wu Y, Zheng X, Wang Z, Zhang C. CBLB502, an agonist of Toll-like receptor 5, has antioxidant and scavenging free radicals activities in vitro. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 82:97-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Xiong D, Song L, Zhai X, Geng S, Pan Z, Jiao X. A porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccine candidate based on the fusion protein of PRRSV glycoprotein 5 and the Toll-like Receptor-5 agonist Salmonella Typhimurium FljB. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:121. [PMID: 26001608 PMCID: PMC4489122 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0439-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is characterized by severe reproductive failure and severe pneumonia in neonatal pigs and is caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV). Glycoprotein 5 (GP5) from PRRSV is a key inducer of neutralizing antibodies. Flagellin, a toll-like receptor 5 (TLR-5) agonist, is an effective inducer of innate immune responses. This study presents a novel PRRSV vaccine candidate based on the adjuvant effect of Salmonella Typhimurium FljB fused with PRRSV GP5. RESULTS A truncated rGP5 gene lacking the signal peptide and transmembrane sequences was amplified and inserted into prokaryotic expression vectors, pColdI or pGEX-6p-1. Salmonella Typhimurium flagellin fljB was amplified and inserted into the plasmid pCold-rGP5, generating recombinant plasmid pCold-rGP5-fljB. Histidine (His)-tagged rGP5 and fusion protein rGP5-FljB were induced with isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactoside, verified by SDS-PAGE and western blotting, and purified via Ni-NTA affinity columns. The TLR-5-specific bioactivity of fusion protein rGP5-FljB was determined by detecting the expression levels of the cytokine IL-8 in HEK293-mTLR5 cells by sandwich ELISA. The purified endotoxin-free proteins were administered intraperitoneally in a C3H/HeJ mouse model. The results show that immunization with the fusion protein rGP5-FljB induced a significantly enhanced GP5-specific and PRRSV-specific IgG response that persisted for almost 5 weeks. Co-administration of the rGP5 with R848 or Alum also yielded a higher IgG response than administration of rGP5 alone. The IgG1/IgG2a ratio in the rGP5-FljB immunization group was significantly higher (9-fold) than that in the rGP5 alone group and was equivalent to the response in the rGP5 + Alum immunization group, suggesting a strong Th2 immune response was induced by the fusion protein. CONCLUSIONS Purified fusion protein rGP5-FljB is capable of activating the innate immune response, as demonstrated by the results of our TLR-5-specific bioactivity assay, and FljB has adjuvant activity, as shown by the results from our administration of rGP5-FljB in a mouse model. Our findings confirm that FljB could serve as an excellent adjuvant for the production of GP5-specific and PRRSV-specific IgG antibodies as part of an induction of a robust humoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
| | - Li Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
| | - Xianyue Zhai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
| | - Shizhong Geng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
| | - Zhiming Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
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Geng D, Kaczanowska S, Tsai A, Younger K, Ochoa A, Rapoport AP, Ostrand-Rosenberg S, Davila E. TLR5 Ligand-Secreting T Cells Reshape the Tumor Microenvironment and Enhance Antitumor Activity. Cancer Res 2015; 75:1959-1971. [PMID: 25795705 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-2467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment counters antitumor T-cell responses, in part, by blunting their activation and infiltration. Ligands that engage Toll-like receptors (TLR) on T cells and antigen-presenting cells can act as potent immune adjuvants. In this study, we show how tumor-reactive T cells engineered to secrete bacterial flagellin, a TLR5 ligand (TLR5L), can engender a costimulatory signal that augments antitumor activity. Human T cells engineered to express TLR5L along with DMF5, a T-cell receptor that recognizes the melanoma antigen MART-127-35 (DMF5(TLR5L) T cells), displayed increased proliferation, cytokine production, and cytolytic activity against melanoma cells. In a xenogenetic model, adoptive transfer of DMF5(TLR5L) T cells reduced tumor growth kinetics and prolonged mouse survival. In a syngeneic model, similarly engineered melanoma-reactive T cells (pmel(TLR5L)) displayed a relative increase in antitumor activity against established tumors, compared with unmodified T cells. In this model, we documented increased T-cell infiltration associated with increased levels of CCR1 and CXCR3 levels on T cells, a reduction in PD-1(+)Lag3(+) T cells and CD11(+)Gr1(+) myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and changes in the chemokine/cytokine profile of tumors. Our findings show how T cell-mediated delivery of a TLR agonist to the tumor site can contribute to antitumor efficacy, in the context of adoptive T-cell immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Degui Geng
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
| | - Sabina Kaczanowska
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
| | - Alexander Tsai
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
| | - Kenisha Younger
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
| | - Augusto Ochoa
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70112
| | - Aaron P Rapoport
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
| | - Sue Ostrand-Rosenberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250
| | - Eduardo Davila
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
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Girard A, Roques E, Massie B, Archambault D. Flagellin in fusion with human rotavirus structural proteins exerts an adjuvant effect when delivered with replicating but non-disseminating adenovectors through the intrarectal route. Mol Biotechnol 2014; 56:394-407. [PMID: 24271565 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-013-9723-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human rotavirus (HRV) is the worldwide leading cause of gastroenteritis in young children. Two live attenuated HRV vaccines have been approved since 2006. However, these live vaccines still have potential risks including reversion of virulence. Adenoviruses are suitable vectors for mucosal administration of subunit vaccines. In addition to the adjuvant effect of certain adenovirus components, the use of an adjuvant like flagellin is also another means to increase the immune response to the immunogen. The aim of this study was to determine whether flagellin in fusion with HRV structural proteins stimulates the innate immune response and enhances the HRV-specific immune response when delivered through the intrarectal route with replicating but non-disseminating adenovector (R-AdV). Salmonella typhimurium flagellin B (FljB) in fusion with HRV VP4Δ::VP7 protein induced IL-1β production in J774A.1 macrophages exposed to the R-AdV. Intrarectal administration of R-AdVs expressing either VP4Δ::VP7 or VP4Δ::VP7::FljB in BALB/c mice resulted in HRV-specific mixed Th1/Th2 immune responses. The HRV-specific antibody response elicited with the use of R-AdV expressing VP4Δ::VP7::FljB was higher than that with R-AdV expressing VP4Δ::VP7. The results also show that the replication capability of R-AdVs contributed to enhance the HRV-specific immune response as compared with that obtained with non-replicative AdVs. This work lays the foundation for using the R-AdV system and FljB-adjuvanted formulation to elicit a mucosal immune response specific to HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Girard
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Québec at Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada
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25
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Taherkhani R, Farshadpour F, Makvandi M, Samarbafzadeh AR. Cloning of fliC Gene From Salmonella typhimurium in the Expression Vector pVAX1 and Evaluation of its Expression in Eukaryotic Cells. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2014; 7:e12351. [PMID: 25774273 PMCID: PMC4332235 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Flagellin is the main structural protein of the flagella of many pathogens including Salmonella typhimurium. It is a potent trigger of innate immune responses that enhance adaptive immune responses to a variety of protein antigens. Flagellin has intrinsic adjuvant activity mediated through toll-like receptor (TLR) 5 and is an attractive candidate for highly effective vaccine adjuvant conferring enhanced antibody and cellular immune responses to proteins or peptides. In the present study, we cloned the fliC gene from S. entericatyphimurium in eukaryote vector pVAX1 and evaluated its expression in eukaryotic cells. Objectives: The main aim of the present study was to construct a DNA vaccine expressing fliC as an adjuvant. Materials and Methods: The fliC gene of S. typhimurium (ATCC 14028) was amplified by PCR with specific primers and cloned into the pPrime cloning vector and successfully subcloned into expression vector pVAX1. The recombinant plasmid pVAX-fliC was finally expressed in eukaryotic cells. Results: Cloning and subcloning of the fliC gene were confirmed by colony PCR, restriction enzymes digestion and DNA sequencing of the recombinant plasmids pPrime-fliC and pVAX-fliC. The expression of flagellin protein in eukaryotic cells was approved by immunofluorescence assay (IFA), western blotting analysis and the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrated that the fliC gene in recombinant plasmid pVAX-fliC was successfully expressed in eukaryotic cells and produced flagellin protein, which could be used as an effective adjuvant for DNA vaccine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Taherkhani
- Health Research Institute, Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science, Ahvaz, IR Iran
| | - Fatemeh Farshadpour
- Health Research Institute, Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science, Ahvaz, IR Iran
| | - Manoochehr Makvandi
- Health Research Institute, Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science, Ahvaz, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Manoochehr Makvandi, Health Research Institute, Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9166181683, Fax: +98-6113738313, E-mail:
| | - Ali Reza Samarbafzadeh
- Health Research Institute, Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science, Ahvaz, IR Iran
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26
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Ondondo BO. The influence of delivery vectors on HIV vaccine efficacy. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:439. [PMID: 25202303 PMCID: PMC4141443 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of an effective HIV/AIDS vaccine remains a big challenge, largely due to the enormous HIV diversity which propels immune escape. Thus novel vaccine strategies are targeting multiple variants of conserved antibody and T cell epitopic regions which would incur a huge fitness cost to the virus in the event of mutational escape. Besides immunogen design, the delivery modality is critical for vaccine potency and efficacy, and should be carefully selected in order to not only maximize transgene expression, but to also enhance the immuno-stimulatory potential to activate innate and adaptive immune systems. To date, five HIV vaccine candidates have been evaluated for efficacy and protection from acquisition was only achieved in a small proportion of vaccinees in the RV144 study which used a canarypox vector for delivery. Conversely, in the STEP study (HVTN 502) where human adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) was used, strong immune responses were induced but vaccination was more associated with increased risk of HIV acquisition than protection in vaccinees with pre-existing Ad5 immunity. The possibility that pre-existing immunity to a highly promising delivery vector may alter the natural course of HIV to increase acquisition risk is quite worrisome and a huge setback for HIV vaccine development. Thus, HIV vaccine development efforts are now geared toward delivery platforms which attain superior immunogenicity while concurrently limiting potential catastrophic effects likely to arise from pre-existing immunity or vector-related immuno-modulation. However, it still remains unclear whether it is poor immunogenicity of HIV antigens or substandard immunological potency of the safer delivery vectors that has limited the success of HIV vaccines. This article discusses some of the promising delivery vectors to be harnessed for improved HIV vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice O Ondondo
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
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27
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Olguín Y, Carrascosa LG, Lechuga LM, Young M. The effects of lipids and surfactants on TLR5-proteoliposome functionality for flagellin detection using surface plasmon resonance biosensing. Talanta 2014; 126:136-44. [PMID: 24881544 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The use of proteoliposomes as affinity elements in conjunction with a surface plasmon resonance sensor is a high-sensitivity alternative for the detection of multiple analytes. However, one of the most important aspects of these conformations is maintaining the functionality of the immobilized protein, which is determined by the choice of lipids and surfactants employed in the reconstitutions. Previously, we demonstrated the functionality of TLR5-proteoliposomes as screening affinity elements of bacterial flagellin. In this new study we change the conditions of immobilization of TLR5 and evaluate how the fluidity of the membrane and the final size of the liposomes affect the functionality of the construct and thus increase their utility as an affinity element for design of new biosensors. In particular, we used reconstructions into preformed liposomes composed of the lipids POPC, POPC-DMPC and POPC-POPE mediated by the use of surfactants OG, Triton X100, and DDM, respectively. The affinity results were evaluated by SPR technology proteoliposomes and were correlated with the anisotropic change in the membrane status; the final sizes of the proteoliposomes were estimated. Our results clearly show the dependence of fluidity and final size of the proteoliposomes with surface plasmon resonance affinity measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Olguín
- Biotechnology Center, Federico Santa Maria Technical University, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - L G Carrascosa
- Nanobiosensor and Bioanalytical Applications Group, Institut Catàla de Nanociencia i Nanotecnología (ICN2), CSIC and CIBER-BBN, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - L M Lechuga
- Nanobiosensor and Bioanalytical Applications Group, Institut Catàla de Nanociencia i Nanotecnología (ICN2), CSIC and CIBER-BBN, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Young
- Biotechnology Center, Federico Santa Maria Technical University, Valparaíso, Chile
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28
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Uchtenhagen H, Schiffner T, Bowles E, Heyndrickx L, LaBranche C, Applequist SE, Jansson M, De Silva T, Back JW, Achour A, Scarlatti G, Fomsgaard A, Montefiori D, Stewart-Jones G, Spetz AL. Boosting of HIV-1 neutralizing antibody responses by a distally related retroviral envelope protein. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:5802-12. [PMID: 24829409 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Our knowledge of the binding sites for neutralizing Abs (NAb) that recognize a broad range of HIV-1 strains (bNAb) has substantially increased in recent years. However, gaps remain in our understanding of how to focus B cell responses to vulnerable conserved sites within the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env). In this article, we report an immunization strategy composed of a trivalent HIV-1 (clade B envs) DNA prime, followed by a SIVmac239 gp140 Env protein boost that aimed to focus the immune response to structurally conserved parts of the HIV-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Envs. Heterologous NAb titers, primarily to tier 1 HIV-1 isolates, elicited during the trivalent HIV-1 env prime, were significantly increased by the SIVmac239 gp140 protein boost in rabbits. Epitope mapping of Ab-binding reactivity revealed preferential recognition of the C1, C2, V2, V3, and V5 regions. These results provide a proof of concept that a distally related retroviral SIV Env protein boost can increase pre-existing NAb responses against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Uchtenhagen
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, S-14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Torben Schiffner
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Bowles
- Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Leo Heyndrickx
- Virology Unit, Biomedical Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Steven E Applequist
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, S-14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marianne Jansson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, S-22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Thushan De Silva
- Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | | | - Adnane Achour
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, S-14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gabriella Scarlatti
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplant and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Anders Fomsgaard
- Department of Virology, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; and Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - David Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Guillaume Stewart-Jones
- Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Anna-Lena Spetz
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, S-14186 Stockholm, Sweden;
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Kalnin K, Tibbitts T, Yan Y, Stegalkina S, Shen L, Costa V, Sabharwal R, Anderson SF, Day PM, Christensen N, Schiller JT, Jagu S, Roden RBS, Almond J, Kleanthous H. Low doses of flagellin-L2 multimer vaccines protect against challenge with diverse papillomavirus genotypes. Vaccine 2014; 32:3540-7. [PMID: 24780250 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Genetically modified bacterial flagellin (Fla), a Toll-like receptor-5 (TLR5) ligand, was evaluated as a fusion partner for human papillomavirus (HPV) L2-based immunogens in two animal challenge models; either cutaneous inoculation of rabbits with HPV 'quasivirions' containing cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) genomes that induce warts, or intra-vaginal inoculation of mice with HPV 'pseudovirions' encapsidating a luciferase reporter plasmid and measurement of bioluminescence to determine infectivity. An Escherichia coli production system was developed for flagellin-L2 (Fla-L2) fusions containing either monomeric HPV-16 L2 a.a. 11(×11-200) or oligomeric L2 comprising a fusion of the a.a. 11-88 peptides of five (Fla∼5×11-88) or eight (Fla∼8×11-88) genital HPV types. Immunogenicity and bioactivity of Fla-L2 constructs were assessed using an in vitro neutralization and cell-based TLR-5 binding assay, respectively. Efficacy was evaluated following active immunization of rabbits or mice administered 3 intramuscular doses of Fla-L2 recombinants without exogenous adjuvant, followed by challenge. In addition, passive immunization studies of naïve rabbits with serial dilutions of pooled immune sera were used to determine End-Point Protection Titers (EPPT) for each formulation against a broader spectrum of HPV quasivirions. Efficacy was assessed for up to 10 weeks on the basis of wart volume induced following challenge and results compared to licensed L1-VLP vaccines (Gardasil and Cervarix). Following active immunization at doses as low as 1 μg, Fla-L2 fusions afforded complete protection against infection (mice) and disease (rabbits) following either homologous or heterologous HPV challenge. Passive immunization with anti-L2 immune sera discriminated between the different vaccine candidates under evaluation, demonstrated the protective role of antibody and suggested the superiority of this oligomeric L2-TLR5 agonist fusion approach compared to L1-based vaccines in its ability to cross-protect against non-vaccine HPV types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Kalnin
- Discovery, Sanofi Pasteur, 38 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | | | - Yanhua Yan
- Discovery, Sanofi Pasteur, 38 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Lihua Shen
- Discovery, Sanofi Pasteur, 38 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Victor Costa
- Discovery, Sanofi Pasteur, 38 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Patricia M Day
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Neil Christensen
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - John T Schiller
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Subhashini Jagu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard B S Roden
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey Almond
- Discovery, Sanofi Pasteur, 38 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
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30
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Flagellin a toll-like receptor 5 agonist as an adjuvant in chicken vaccines. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:261-70. [PMID: 24451328 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00669-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chicken raised under commercial conditions are vulnerable to environmental exposure to a number of pathogens. Therefore, regular vaccination of the flock is an absolute requirement to prevent the occurrence of infectious diseases. To combat infectious diseases, vaccines require inclusion of effective adjuvants that promote enhanced protection and do not cause any undesired adverse reaction when administered to birds along with the vaccine. With this perspective in mind, there is an increased need for effective better vaccine adjuvants. Efforts are being made to enhance vaccine efficacy by the use of suitable adjuvants, particularly Toll-like receptor (TLR)-based adjuvants. TLRs are among the types of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize conserved pathogen molecules. A number of studies have documented the effectiveness of flagellin as an adjuvant as well as its ability to promote cytokine production by a range of innate immune cells. This minireview summarizes our current understanding of flagellin action, its role in inducing cytokine response in chicken cells, and the potential use of flagellin as well as its combination with other TLR ligands as an adjuvant in chicken vaccines.
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32
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Yin G, Qin M, Liu X, Suo J, Tang X, Tao G, Han Q, Suo X, Wu W. An Eimeria vaccine candidate based on Eimeria tenella immune mapped protein 1 and the TLR-5 agonist Salmonella typhimurium FliC flagellin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 440:437-42. [PMID: 24076159 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.09.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Immune mapped protein-1 (IMP1) is a new protective protein in apicomplexan parasites, and exits in Eimeria tenella. But its structure and immunogenicity in E. tenella are still unknown. In this study, IMPI in E. tenella was predicted to be a membrane protein. To evaluate immunogenicity of IMPI in E. tenella, a chimeric subunit vaccine consisting of E. tenella IMP1 (EtIMP1) and a molecular adjuvant (a truncated flagellin, FliC) was constructed and over-expressed in Escherichia coli and its efficacy against E. tenella infection was evaluated. Three-week-old AA broiler chickens were vaccinated with the recombinant EtIMP1-truncated FliC without adjuvant or EtIMP1 with Freund's Complete Adjuvant. Immunization of chickens with the recombinant EtIMP1-truncated FliC fusion protein resulted in stronger cellular immune responses than immunization with only recombinant EtIMP1 with adjuvant. The clinical effect of the EtIMP1-truncated FliC without adjuvant was also greater than that of the EtIMP1 with adjuvant, which was evidenced by the differences between the two groups in body weight gain, oocyst output and caecal lesions of E. tenella-challenged chickens. The results suggested that the EtIMP1-flagellin fusion protein can be used as an effective immunogen in the development of subunit vaccines against Eimeria infection. This is the first demonstration of antigen-specific protective immunity against avian coccidiosis using a recombinant flagellin as an apicomplexan parasite vaccine adjuvant in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwen Yin
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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33
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DNA-Encoded Flagellin Activates Toll-Like Receptor 5 (TLR5), Nod-like Receptor Family CARD Domain-Containing Protein 4 (NRLC4), and Acts as an Epidermal, Systemic, and Mucosal-Adjuvant. Vaccines (Basel) 2013; 1:415-43. [PMID: 26344341 PMCID: PMC4494208 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines1040415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Eliciting effective immune responses using non-living/replicating DNA vaccines is a significant challenge. We have previously shown that ballistic dermal plasmid DNA-encoded flagellin (FliC) promotes humoral as well as cellular immunity to co-delivered antigens. Here, we observe that a plasmid encoding secreted FliC (pFliC(-gly)) produces flagellin capable of activating two innate immune receptors known to detect flagellin; Toll-like Receptor 5 (TLR5) and Nod-like Receptor family CARD domain-containing protein 4 (NRLC4). To test the ability of pFliC(-gly) to act as an adjuvant we immunized mice with plasmid encoding secreted FliC (pFliC(-gly)) and plasmid encoding a model antigen (ovalbumin) by three different immunization routes representative of dermal, systemic, and mucosal tissues. By all three routes we observed increases in antigen-specific antibodies in serum as well as MHC Class I-dependent cellular immune responses when pFliC(-gly) adjuvant was added. Additionally, we were able to induce mucosal antibody responses and Class II-dependent cellular immune responses after mucosal vaccination with pFliC(-gly). Humoral immune responses elicited by heterologus prime-boost immunization with a plasmid encoding HIV-1 from gp160 followed by protein boosting could be enhanced by use of pFliC(-gly). We also observed enhancement of cross-clade reactive IgA as well as a broadening of B cell epitope reactivity. These observations indicate that plasmid-encoded secreted flagellin can activate multiple innate immune responses and function as an adjuvant to non-living/replicating DNA immunizations. Moreover, the capacity to elicit mucosal immune responses, in addition to dermal and systemic properties, demonstrates the potential of flagellin to be used with vaccines designed to be delivered by various routes.
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Falkeborn T, Bråve A, Larsson M, Åkerlind B, Schröder U, Hinkula J. Endocine™, N3OA and N3OASq; three mucosal adjuvants that enhance the immune response to nasal influenza vaccination. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70527. [PMID: 23950951 PMCID: PMC3738562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Annual outbreaks of seasonal influenza are controlled or prevented through vaccination in many countries. The seasonal vaccines used are either inactivated, currently administered parenterally, or live-attenuated given intranasally. In this study three mucosal adjuvants were examined for the influence on the humoral (mucosal and systemic) and cellular influenza A-specific immune responses induced by a nasally administered vaccine. We investigated in detail how the anionic Endocine™ and the cationic adjuvants N3OA and N3OASq mixed with a split inactivated influenza vaccine induced influenza A-specific immune responses as compared to the vaccine alone after intranasal immunization. The study showed that nasal administration of a split virus vaccine together with Endocine™ or N3OA induced significantly higher humoral and cell-mediated immune responses than the non-adjuvanted vaccine. N3OASq only significantly increased the cell-mediated immune response. Furthermore, nasal administration of the influenza vaccine in combination with any of the adjuvants; Endocine™, N3OA or N3OASq, significantly enhanced the mucosal immunity against influenza HA protein. Thus the addition of these mucosal adjuvants leads to enhanced immunity in the most relevant tissues, the upper respiratory tract and the systemic circulation. Nasal influenza vaccination with an inactivated split vaccine can therefore provide an important mucosal immune response, which is often low or absent after traditional parenteral vaccination.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/blood
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/blood
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Falkeborn
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Andreas Bråve
- Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control (SMI), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Britt Åkerlind
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ulf Schröder
- Eurocine Vaccines AB, Karolinska Science Park, Solna, Sweden
| | - Jorma Hinkula
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Eurocine Vaccines AB, Karolinska Science Park, Solna, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Innate Immune Signaling by, and Genetic Adjuvants for DNA Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2013; 1:278-92. [PMID: 26344113 PMCID: PMC4494227 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines1030278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA vaccines can induce both humoral and cellular immune responses. Although some DNA vaccines are already licensed for infectious diseases in animals, they are not licensed for human use because the risk and benefit of DNA vaccines is still controversial. Indeed, in humans, the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines is lower than that of other traditional vaccines. To develop the use of DNA vaccines in the clinic, various approaches are in progress to enhance or improve the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines. Recent studies have shown that immunogenicity of DNA vaccines are regulated by innate immune responses via plasmid DNA recognition through the STING-TBK1 signaling cascade. Similarly, molecules that act as dsDNA sensors that activate innate immune responses through STING-TBK1 have been identified and used as genetic adjuvants to enhance DNA vaccine immunogenicity in mouse models. However, the mechanisms that induce innate immune responses by DNA vaccines are still unclear. In this review, we will discuss innate immune signaling upon DNA vaccination and genetic adjuvants of innate immune signaling molecules.
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Knudsen ML, Johansson DX, Kostic L, Nordström EKL, Tegerstedt K, Pasetto A, Applequist SE, Ljungberg K, Sirard JC, Liljeström P. The adjuvant activity of alphavirus replicons is enhanced by incorporating the microbial molecule flagellin into the replicon. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65964. [PMID: 23785460 PMCID: PMC3681802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligands of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) stimulate innate and adaptive immune responses and are considered as potent adjuvants. Combinations of ligands might act in synergy to induce stronger and broader immune responses compared to stand-alone ligands. Alphaviruses stimulate endosomal TLRs 3, 7 and 8 as well as the cytoplasmic PRR MDA-5, resulting in induction of a strong type I interferon (IFN) response. Bacterial flagellin stimulates TLR5 and when delivered intracellularly the cytosolic PRR NLRC4, leading to secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Both alphaviruses and flagellin have independently been shown to act as adjuvants for antigen-specific antibody responses. Here, we hypothesized that alphavirus and flagellin would act in synergy when combined. We therefore cloned the Salmonella Typhimurium flagellin (FliC) gene into an alphavirus replicon and assessed its adjuvant activity on the antibody response against co-administered antigen. In mice immunized with recombinant alphavirus, antibody responses were greatly enhanced compared to soluble FliC or control alphavirus. Both IgG1 and IgG2a/c responses were increased, indicating an enhancement of both Th1 and Th2 type responses. The adjuvant activity of FliC-expressing alphavirus was diminished but not abolished in the absence of TLR5 or type I IFN signaling, suggesting the contribution of several signaling pathways and some synergistic and redundant activity of its components. Thus, we have created a recombinant adjuvant that stimulates multiple signaling pathways of innate immunity resulting in a strong and broad antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Knudsen
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Jia PP, Hu YH, Chi H, Sun BG, Yu WG, Sun L. Comparative study of four flagellins of Vibrio anguillarum: vaccine potential and adjuvanticity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 34:514-520. [PMID: 23253494 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio anguillarum is the etiological agent of vibriosis, an aquaculture disease that affects a wide range of farmed fish. The genome of V. anguillarum contains five flagellin genes, i.e. flaA, flaB, flaC, flaD, and flaE. In this study, we analyzed the vaccine potential and adjuvanticity of FlaA, FlaB, FlaD, and FlaE in a model of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). For this purpose, recombinant FlaA, FlaB, FlaD, and FlaE were expressed in and purified from Escherichia coli. In vivo immunogenicity analysis showed that antibodies against rFlaA, rFlaB, rFlaD, and rFlaE were detected in rat antiserum raised against live V. anguillarum, with the highest antibody level being that against rFlaB. When administered into flounder via intraperitoneal injection, rFlaA, rFlaD, and rFlaE induced comparable relative percent survival (RPS) rates, which were significantly lower than that induced by rFlaB. Specific serum antibodies were induced by all flagellins, however, the antibody level induced by rFlaB was significantly higher than those induced by other three flagellins. Compared to sera from fish vaccinated with rFlaA, rFlaD, and rFlaE, serum from fish vaccinated with rFlaB significantly reduced the infectivity of V. anguillarum against host cells. To examine the potential adjuvant effect of the flagellins, flounder were immunized with rEsa1, a D15-like surface antigen that induces protective immunity as a subunit vaccine, in the presence or absence of rFlaA, rFlaB, rFlaD, and rFlaE respectively. The results showed that rFlaE, but not other three flagellins, significantly increased the RPS of rEsa1. Compared to fish vaccinated with rEsa1, fish vaccinated with rEsa1 plus rFlaE exhibited a significantly higher level of serum antibodies and enhanced expression of the genes involved in innate and adaptive immunity. Taken together, these results indicate that FlaA, FlaB, FlaD, and FlaE have different immunological properties and, as a result, differ in vaccine and adjuvant potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan-pan Jia
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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38
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Detection of flagellin by interaction with human recombinant TLR5 immobilized in liposomes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6523-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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39
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Hong B, Lee SH, Song XT, Jones L, Machida K, Huang XF, Chen SY. A super TLR agonist to improve efficacy of dendritic cell vaccine in induction of anti-HCV immunity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48614. [PMID: 23144910 PMCID: PMC3492467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent infections caused by pathogens such as hepatitis C virus are major human diseases with limited or suboptimal prophylactic and therapeutic options. Given the critical role of dendritic cell (DC) in inducing immune responses, DC vaccination is an attractive means to prevent and control the occurrence and persistence of the infections. However, DCs are built-in with inherent negative regulation mechanisms which attenuate their immune stimulatory activity and lead to their ineffectiveness in clinical application. In this study, we developed a super DC stimulant that consists of a modified, secretory Toll-like Receptor (TLR)-5 ligand and an inhibitor of the negative regulator, suppressor of cytokine sinaling-1 (SOCS1). We found that expressing the super stimulant in DCs is drastically more potent and persistent than using the commonly used DC stimuli to enhance the level and duration of inflammatory cytokine production by both murine and human DCs. Moreover, the DCs expressing the super stimulant are more potent to provoke both cellular and humoral immune responses against hepatitis C virus (HCV) antigen in vivo. Thus, the strategy capable of triggering and sustaining proinflammatory status of DCs may be used to boost efficiency of DC vaccine in preventing and combating the persistent infection of HCV or other chronic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangxing Hong
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sung-Hyung Lee
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Xiao-Tong Song
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lindsey Jones
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Keigo Machida
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Xue F. Huang
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SYC); (XFH)
| | - Si-Yi Chen
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SYC); (XFH)
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40
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Duthie MS, Windish HP, Fox CB, Reed SG. Use of defined TLR ligands as adjuvants within human vaccines. Immunol Rev 2011; 239:178-96. [PMID: 21198672 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2010.00978.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Our improved understanding of how innate immune responses can be initiated and how they can shape adaptive B- and T-cell responses is having a significant impact on vaccine development by directing the development of defined adjuvants. Experience with first generation vaccines, as well as rapid advances in developing defined vaccines containing Toll-like receptor ligands (TLRLs), indicate that an expanded number of safe and effective vaccines containing such molecules will be available in the future. In this review, we outline current knowledge regarding TLRs, detailing the different cell types that express TLRs, the various signaling pathways TLRs utilize, and the currently known TLRLs. We then discuss the current status of TLRLs within vaccine development programs, including the importance of appropriate formulation, and how recent developments can be used to better define the mechanisms of action of vaccines. Finally, we introduce the possibility of using TLRLs, either in combination or with non-TLRLs, to synergistically potentiate vaccine-induced responses to provide not only prophylactic, but therapeutic protection against infectious diseases and cancer.
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41
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Nguyen CT, Kim SY, Kim MS, Lee SE, Rhee JH. Intranasal immunization with recombinant PspA fused with a flagellin enhances cross-protective immunity against Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in mice. Vaccine 2011; 29:5731-9. [PMID: 21696869 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major respiratory pathogen that causes high levels of mortality and morbidity in infants and the elderly. Despite the use of antibiotics and vaccines, fatal pneumococcal disease remains prevalent. Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA), a highly immunogenic surface protein produced by all strains of S. pneumoniae, can elicit protective immunity against fatal pneumococcal infection. We have previously demonstrated that the Vibrio vulnificus FlaB, a bacterial flagellin protein and agonist of TLR5, has strong mucosal adjuvant activity and induces protective immunity upon co-administration with tetanus toxoid. In this study, we have tested whether intranasal immunization with recombinant fusion proteins consisted of PspA and FlaB (PspA-FlaB and FlaB-PspA) is able to elicit more efficient protective mucosal immune responses against pneumococcal infection than immunization with PspA alone or with a stoichiometric mixture of PspA and FlaB. When mice were intranasally immunized with fusion proteins, significantly higher levels of anti-PspA IgG and IgA were induced in serum and mucosal secretions. The mice immunized intranasally with the FlaB-PspA fusion protein were the most protected from a lethal challenge with live S. pneumoniae, as compared to the mice immunized with PspA only, a mixture of PspA and FlaB, or the PspA-FlaB fusion protein. FlaB-PspA also induced a cross protection against heterologous capsular types. These results suggest that a FlaB-PspA fusion protein alone could be used as an anti-pneumococcal mucosal vaccine or as an effective partner protein for multivalent capsular polysaccharide conjugate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Truong Nguyen
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, 160 Ilsimri, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam 519-809, South Korea
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42
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Jørgensen LVG, Buchmann K. Cysteine proteases as potential antigens in antiparasitic DNA vaccines. Vaccine 2011; 29:5575-83. [PMID: 21664399 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine proteases in parasites are potent inducers of vertebrate host immune responses and may under certain circumstances take part in the pathogen's immune evasion strategies. These capacities place these parasite molecules as interesting candidate antigens in antiparasitic vaccines for use in vertebrates. Parasite cysteine proteases are able to skew the Th1/Th2 profile in mammals towards a response which allows sustainable parasite burdens in the host. DNA vaccines are also able to skew the Th1/Th2 profile by different administration techniques and the use of cysteine proteases in these genetic immunizations open perspectives for manipulation of the host immune response towards higher protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise von Gersdorff Jørgensen
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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43
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Delaney KN, Phipps JP, Johnson JB, Mizel SB. A recombinant flagellin-poxvirus fusion protein vaccine elicits complement-dependent protection against respiratory challenge with vaccinia virus in mice. Viral Immunol 2010; 23:201-10. [PMID: 20374000 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2009.0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial flagellin is a potent adjuvant that enhances adaptive immune responses to a variety of protein antigens. The vaccinia virus antigens L1R and B5R are highly immunogenic in the context of the parent virus, but recombinant forms of the proteins are only weakly immunogenic. Therefore we evaluated the humoral response to these antigens in mice when flagellin was used as an adjuvant. Flagellin-L1R and flagellin-B5R fusion proteins were more potent than flagellin, L1R, and B5R as separate proteins. At least three immunizations with flagellin-L1R and flagellin-B5R fusion proteins were required to confer protection in mice against challenge with vaccinia virus. Immune mice exhibited only limited signs of disease following challenge. Additionally, virus neutralization titers correlated with protection. Depletion of complement using cobra venom factor resulted in a marked decrease in the survival of immunized mice after challenge with vaccinia virus. Our results are consistent with the conclusion that flagellin-L1R and flagellin-B5R fusion proteins are effective in eliciting protective immunity against vaccinia virus that is dependent, in large part, on complement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen N Delaney
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
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44
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Dissection and localization of the immunostimulating domain of Edwardsiella tarda FliC. Vaccine 2010; 28:5635-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2010] [Revised: 05/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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45
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Yoshida T, Yoshida R, Ma BY, Mikolajczak S, Kelvin DJ, Ochi A. A novel mitogen fusion protein against CD40+ cells with potent vaccine adjuvant properties. Vaccine 2010; 28:3688-95. [PMID: 20359561 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A large number of infectious diseases caused by viral or bacterial infections are treatable and/or preventable by vaccination. In addition, ongoing research is aimed at the development of vaccines against other types of diseases, including almost all forms of cancer. The efficacy of a vaccine relies on the antigen-specific response by the entire repertoire of immune competent cells. Here, we have generated a powerful mitogen fusion protein, CD40L-FasL-IgFc, which stimulates CD40(+) cells robustly. We found that this specific cell activation is accompanied by increased expression of PRDI-BF1 (Blim-1) RNA, an indicator of terminal B-cell differentiation, in cultures stimulated with CD40L-FasL-IgFc. The addition of specific inhibitors of NF-kappaB and MEK1/2 partially suppressed the observed proliferative effects of CD40L-FasL-IgFc. When tested in vivo, the immune response to influenza HA vaccine was significantly increased by co-administration of CD40L-FasL-IgFc. Moreover, the co-administration of the cDNA expression plasmid encoding CD40L-FasL-IgFc significantly boosted the vaccine response. We now have a unique opportunity to evaluate our novel fusion protein adjuvant, and other similarly constructed fusion proteins, in both protein-based and genetic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Yoshida
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
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46
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Krishnan J, Lee G, Choi S. Drugs targeting Toll-like receptors. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 32:1485-502. [PMID: 20091261 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-009-2100-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Animals and plants are exposed to myriads of potential microbial invaders. In case of animals, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) act as the primary defense against infection by pathogens. Arguably, less is known regarding the activation of TLRs that connect the innate and adaptive immune systems. Some TLR ligands have been used as adjuvants in various vaccines and have gained a great deal of attention due to their ability to elicit an effective immune response. Understanding the intricate relationships between various molecules involved in TLR signaling and their positive or negative regulation is a key focus for the development of effective therapeutics. In this review, recent developments in TLR signaling that will be very important in providing new drug target molecules and a better understanding of molecular regulation of innate immunity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayalakshmi Krishnan
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea
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47
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IgA and IgG antibody responses following systemic immunization of cattle with native H7 flagellin differ in epitope recognition and capacity to neutralise TLR5 signalling. Vaccine 2010; 28:1412-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.10.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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48
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Le Moigne V, Robreau G, Mahana W. Immune response to Chlamydophila abortus POMP91B protein in the context of different Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMP); role of antigen in the orientation of immune response. Toxins (Basel) 2009; 1:59-73. [PMID: 22069532 PMCID: PMC3202785 DOI: 10.3390/toxins1020059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, we used bacterial flagellin to deliver antigens such as p27 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to a host immune system and obtained a potent Th1 response compared to those obtained with Freund’s adjuvant and DNA immunization. In the current study, using a POMP91B antigen of Chlamydophila abortus, a human and animal pathogen, as a model, we found that this antigen is unable to promote Th1 response. However, this antigen, unlike others, was able to induce a good Th2 response and IL-4 production after immunization by recombinant protein in Freund’s adjuvant or in phosphate buffered saline. Our results suggest that immune response is not only dependent on the immunization adjuvant, but also dependent on the nature of antigen used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Le Moigne
- Unversité de Bretagne Occidentale (UBO), IUT de Quimper, 2, rue de l'Université, 29334 Quimper, France.
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49
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Jiao XD, Zhang M, Hu YH, Sun L. Construction and evaluation of DNA vaccines encoding Edwardsiella tarda antigens. Vaccine 2009; 27:5195-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.06.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Revised: 06/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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50
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Larsen KC, Spencer AJ, Goodman AL, Gilchrist A, Furze J, Rollier CS, Kiss-Toth E, Gilbert SC, Bregu M, Soilleux EJ, Hill AVS, Wyllie DH. Expression of tak1 and tram induces synergistic pro-inflammatory signalling and adjuvants DNA vaccines. Vaccine 2009; 27:5589-98. [PMID: 19646407 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Revised: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Improving vaccine immunogenicity remains a major challenge in the fight against developing country diseases like malaria and AIDS. We describe a novel strategy to identify new DNA vaccine adjuvants. We have screened components of the Toll-like receptor signalling pathways for their ability to activate pro-inflammatory target genes in transient transfection assays and assessed in vivo adjuvant activity by expressing the activators from the DNA backbone of vaccines. We find that a robust increase in the immune response necessitates co-expression of two activators. Accordingly, the combination of tak1 and tram elicits synergistic reporter activation in transient transfection assays. In a mouse model this combination, but not the individual molecules, induced approximately twofold increases in CD8+ T-cell immune responses. These results indicate that optimal immunogenicity may require activation of distinct innate immune signalling pathways. Thus this strategy offers a novel route to the discovery of a new generation of adjuvants.
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