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Liao C, Zhao M, Jiang X, Sun W, Zeng Q, Cai C, Yin X. Obovatol inhibits proliferation, invasion and immune escape of hepatocellular carcinoma cells through modulating the JAK/STST3/PD-L1 pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 141:112775. [PMID: 39146776 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common cancer that is fatal and has a dismal prognosis. Obovatol (Ob), a novel lignan derived from the leaf and stem bark of Magnolia obovata Thunb, has exhibited anti-tumor effect on diverse tumors. However, its effect and mechanisms on HCC remain to be further explored. METHODS Huh7 and Hep3B cells, as well as BALB/c nude mice were used to determine the function and mechanisms of Ob on growth, invasion and immune escape by cell counting kit-8, transwell, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blot experiments. RESULTS Ob reduced the cell viability of Huh7 and Hep3B cells, with a IC50 value of 57.41 µM and 62.86 µM, respectively. Ob declined the invasion ability, the protein expression of N-cadherin and the concentrations of IL-10 and TGF-β, whereas increased the E-cadherin expression and the contents of IFN-γ and IL-2 in Hep3B and Huh7 cells. Mechanically, Ob decreased the protein level of p-JAK/JAK, p-STAT3/STAT3 and PD-L1, which was partly restored with the treatment of RO8191, an activator of JAK/STAT3 axis. The effect of Ob on the cell viability, the invasion ability, the protein level of N-cadherin and E-cadherin, and the concentrations of IL-10, TGF-β, IFN-γ and IL-2 in both Hep3B and Huh7 cells was reversed with the management of RO8191. In vivo, Ob reduced tumor volume and weight, the level of N-cadherin, PD-L1, p-JAK/JAK, and p-STAT3/STAT3, with an elevated expression of E-cadherin and IFN-γ. CONCLUSION Ob downregulated the JAK/STST3/PD-L1 pathway to attenuate the growth, invasion and immune escape of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhong Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery Ward I Minimally Invasive Surgery& Bariatric Metabolic Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Human 410005, PR China
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery Ward I Minimally Invasive Surgery& Bariatric Metabolic Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Human 410005, PR China
| | - Xiao Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery Ward I Minimally Invasive Surgery& Bariatric Metabolic Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Human 410005, PR China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery Ward I Minimally Invasive Surgery& Bariatric Metabolic Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Human 410005, PR China
| | - Qihong Zeng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Changsha County People's Hospital, Human, PR China
| | - Chengzhi Cai
- Hunan Normal University, Human, 410005, PR China
| | - Xinmin Yin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery Ward I Minimally Invasive Surgery& Bariatric Metabolic Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Human 410005, PR China.
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Lee JY, Park S, Han AR, Hwang HS, Kim HJ. Therapeutic potential of FLT4-targeting peptide in acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2023; 72:2919-2925. [PMID: 36763100 PMCID: PMC10991567 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03385-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we found that dysfunctional natural killer (NK) cells with low interferon gamma (IFN-γ) were restored in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) by the FLT4 antagonist MAZ51. Here, we developed 12 peptides targeting FLT4 for clinical application and examined whether they restored the frequency of lymphocytes, especially T cells and NK cells, and high IFN-γ expression, as MAZ51 treatment did in our previous study. Although clinical data from using peptides are currently available, peptides targeting FLT4 to modulate immune cells have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we focus on novel peptide 4 (P4) from the intracellular domain of FLT4 because it had dominant negative activity. Similar to MAZ51, high IFN-γ levels were expressed in AML-mononuclear cells exposed to P4. Additionally, T and NK cell levels were restored, as were high IFN-γ levels, in a leukemic environment when P4 was treated. Interestingly, the regulatory T cells were significantly decreased by P4, implying the role of peptide in tumor niche. Overall, we demonstrated the therapeutic value of functionally modulating lymphocytes using a peptide targeting FLT4 and proposed the development of advanced therapeutic approaches against AML by using immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yoon Lee
- CHA Advanced Research Institute, Bundang CHA Hospital, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Soojin Park
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Catholic Hematology Hospital, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - A-Reum Han
- CHA Advanced Research Institute, Bundang CHA Hospital, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hee-Sun Hwang
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Catholic Hematology Hospital, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee-Je Kim
- Catholic Hematology Hospital, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
- Department of Hematology, College of Medicine, Leukemia Research Institute, Catholic Hematology Hospital, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-Daero, Seocho-Gu, Seoul, 06591, Korea.
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Yuan T, Qazi IH, Li J, Yang P, Yang H, Zhang X, Liu W, Liu J. Analysis of changes in bacterial diversity in healthy and bacterial wilt mulberry samples using metagenomic sequencing and culture-dependent approaches. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1206691. [PMID: 37680359 PMCID: PMC10481342 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1206691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Mulberry bacterial wilt is a serious destructive soil-borne disease caused by a complex and diverse group of pathogenic bacteria. Given that the bacterial wilt has been reported to cause a serious damage to the yield and quality of mulberry, therefore, elucidation of its main pathogenic groups is essential in improving our understanding of this disease and for the development of its potential control measures. Methods In this study, combined metagenomic sequencing and culture-dependent approaches were used to investigate the microbiome of healthy and bacterial wilt mulberry samples. Results The results showed that the healthy samples had higher bacterial diversity compared to the diseased samples. Meanwhile, the proportion of opportunistic pathogenic and drug-resistant bacterial flora represented by Acinetobacter in the diseased samples was increased, while the proportion of beneficial bacterial flora represented by Proteobacteria was decreased. Ralstonia solanacearum species complex (RSSC), Enterobacter cloacae complex (ECC), Klebsiella pneumoniae, K. quasipneumoniae, K. michiganensis, K. oxytoca, and P. ananatis emerged as the main pathogens of the mulberry bacterial wilt. Discussion In conclusion, this study provides a valuable reference for further focused research on the bacterial wilt of mulberry and other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jiping Liu
- South China Agriculture University, College of Animal Science, Regional Sericulture Training Center for Asia-Pacific, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Liu S, Li RG, Martin JF. The cell-autonomous and non–cell-autonomous roles of the Hippo pathway in heart regeneration. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2022; 168:98-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2022.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Fenton SE, Saleiro D, Platanias LC. Type I and II Interferons in the Anti-Tumor Immune Response. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1037. [PMID: 33801234 PMCID: PMC7957896 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferons (IFNs) are essential components of the immune response against infections and malignancies. IFNs are potent promoters of the anti-tumor response, but there is also evidence that feedback mechanisms regulated by IFNs negatively control immune responses to avoid hyper-activation and limit inflammation. This balance of responses plays an important role in cancer surveillance, immunoediting and response to anticancer therapeutic approaches. Here we review the roles of both type I and type II IFNs on the control of the immune response against malignancies in the context of effects on both malignant cells and cells of the immune system in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Fenton
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (S.E.F.); (D.S.)
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Diana Saleiro
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (S.E.F.); (D.S.)
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Leonidas C. Platanias
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (S.E.F.); (D.S.)
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Garg M, Shanmugam MK, Bhardwaj V, Goel A, Gupta R, Sharma A, Baligar P, Kumar AP, Goh BC, Wang L, Sethi G. The pleiotropic role of transcription factor STAT3 in oncogenesis and its targeting through natural products for cancer prevention and therapy. Med Res Rev 2020; 41:1291-1336. [PMID: 33289118 DOI: 10.1002/med.21761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is one of the crucial transcription factors, responsible for regulating cellular proliferation, cellular differentiation, migration, programmed cell death, inflammatory response, angiogenesis, and immune activation. In this review, we have discussed the classical regulation of STAT3 via diverse growth factors, cytokines, G-protein-coupled receptors, as well as toll-like receptors. We have also highlighted the potential role of noncoding RNAs in regulating STAT3 signaling. However, the deregulation of STAT3 signaling has been found to be associated with the initiation and progression of both solid and hematological malignancies. Additionally, hyperactivation of STAT3 signaling can maintain the cancer stem cell phenotype by modulating the tumor microenvironment, cellular metabolism, and immune responses to favor drug resistance and metastasis. Finally, we have also discussed several plausible ways to target oncogenic STAT3 signaling using various small molecules derived from natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Garg
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Muthu K Shanmugam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vipul Bhardwaj
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Akul Goel
- La Canada High School, La Canada Flintridge, California, USA
| | - Rajat Gupta
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Arundhiti Sharma
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prakash Baligar
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Center for Translational Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boon Cher Goh
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Center for Translational Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Center for Translational Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Kim JH, Kim BS, Lee SK. Regulatory T Cells in Tumor Microenvironment and Approach for Anticancer Immunotherapy. Immune Netw 2020; 20:e4. [PMID: 32158592 PMCID: PMC7049587 DOI: 10.4110/in.2020.20.e4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tregs have a role in immunological tolerance and immune homeostasis by suppressing immune reactions, and its therapeutic potential is critical in autoimmune diseases and cancers. There have been multiple studies conducted on Tregs because of their roles in immune suppression and therapeutic potential. In tumor immunity, Tregs can promote the development and progression of tumors by preventing effective anti-tumor immune responses in tumor-bearing hosts. High infiltration of Tregs into tumor tissue results in poor survival in various types of cancer patients. Identifying factors specifically expressed in Tregs that affect the maintenance of stability and function of Tregs is important for understanding cancer pathogenesis and identifying therapeutic targets. Thus, manipulation of Tregs is a promising anticancer strategy, but finding markers for Treg-specific depletion and controlling these cells require fine-tuning and further research. Here, we discuss the role of Tregs in cancer and the development of Treg-targeted therapies to promote cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ho Kim
- Research Institute for Precision Immune-Medicine, Good T Cells, Inc., Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Beom Seok Kim
- Research Institute for Precision Immune-Medicine, Good T Cells, Inc., Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Sang-Kyou Lee
- Research Institute for Precision Immune-Medicine, Good T Cells, Inc., Seoul 03722, Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
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Kaul-Ghanekar R, Suryavanshi S, Shinde K, Raina P. Tumor retardation and immunomodulatory potential of polyherbal formulation HC9 in mouse melanoma model. Pharmacogn Mag 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_289_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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9
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Wu CJ, Sundararajan V, Sheu BC, Huang RYJ, Wei LH. Activation of STAT3 and STAT5 Signaling in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Progression: Mechanism and Therapeutic Opportunity. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 12:cancers12010024. [PMID: 31861720 PMCID: PMC7017004 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most lethal of all gynecologic malignancies. Despite advances in surgical and chemotherapeutic options, most patients with advanced EOC have a relapse within three years of diagnosis. Unfortunately, recurrent disease is generally not curable. Recent advances in maintenance therapy with anti-angiogenic agents or Poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors provided a substantial benefit concerning progression-free survival among certain women with advanced EOC. However, effective treatment options remain limited in most recurrent cases. Therefore, validated novel molecular therapeutic targets remain urgently needed in the management of EOC. Signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) and STAT5 are aberrantly activated through tyrosine phosphorylation in a wide variety of cancer types, including EOC. Extrinsic tumor microenvironmental factors in EOC, such as inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, hormones, and oxidative stress, can activate STAT3 and STAT5 through different mechanisms. Persistently activated STAT3 and, to some extent, STAT5 increase EOC tumor cell proliferation, survival, self-renewal, angiogenesis, metastasis, and chemoresistance while suppressing anti-tumor immunity. By doing so, the STAT3 and STAT5 activation in EOC controls properties of both tumor cells and their microenvironment, driving multiple distinct functions during EOC progression. Clinically, increasing evidence indicates that the activation of the STAT3/STAT5 pathway has significant correlation with reduced survival of recurrent EOC, suggesting the importance of STAT3/STAT5 as potential therapeutic targets for cancer therapy. This review summarizes the distinct role of STAT3 and STAT5 activities in the progression of EOC and discusses the emerging therapies specifically targeting STAT3 and STAT5 signaling in this disease setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Jui Wu
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; (C.-J.W.); (B.-C.S.)
| | - Vignesh Sundararajan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Center for Translational Medicine, Singapore 117599, Singapore;
| | - Bor-Ching Sheu
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; (C.-J.W.); (B.-C.S.)
| | - Ruby Yun-Ju Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore;
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Hung Wei
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; (C.-J.W.); (B.-C.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2312-3456 (ext. 71570); Fax: +886-2-2311-4965
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Regulatory T cells in cancer immunosuppression - implications for anticancer therapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2019; 16:356-371. [PMID: 30705439 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-019-0175-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 878] [Impact Index Per Article: 175.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells, an immunosuppressive subset of CD4+ T cells characterized by the expression of the master transcription factor forkhead box protein P3 (FOXP3), are a component of the immune system with essential roles in maintaining self-tolerance. In addition, Treg cells can suppress anticancer immunity, thereby hindering protective immunosurveillance of neoplasia and hampering effective antitumour immune responses in tumour-bearing hosts, thus promoting tumour development and progression. Identification of the factors that are specifically expressed in Treg cells and/or that influence Treg cell homeostasis and function is important to understanding cancer pathogenesis and to identifying therapeutic targets. Immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have provided a paradigm shift in the treatment of cancer. Most immune-checkpoint molecules are expressed in Treg cells, but the effects of ICIs on Treg cells, and thus the contributions of these cells to treatment responses, remain unclear. Notably, evidence indicates that ICIs targeting programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) might enhance the immunosuppressive function of Treg cells, whereas cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) inhibitors might deplete these cells. Thus, although manipulation of Treg cells is a promising anticancer therapeutic strategy, approaches to controlling these cells require further research. Herein, we discuss novel insights into the roles of Treg cells in cancer, which can hopefully be used to develop Treg cell-targeted therapies and facilitate immune precision medicine.
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11
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Hashash JG, Hartman DJ. Inflammatory cells implicated in neoplasia development in idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. Cell Immunol 2017; 343:103720. [PMID: 29221690 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory mechanisms that lead to the clinical symptoms that are grouped under the term inflammatory bowel disease have not been fully characterized. Although a specific mechanism has not been identified, inflammatory bowel disease is believed to be related to an inability by the immune system to shut active inflammation within the intestine. Many contributing factors have been implicated in the disease process. Based on population studies, patients with inflammatory bowel disease have an increased risk for neoplastic development. Although no specific immune cell has been implicated in neoplastic development within this patient population, several immune cells have been implicated as possible etiologies in inflammatory bowel disease. In this review, we will review the clinical evidence about the risk for neoplastic development in inflammatory bowel disease and the current clinical guidelines to survey this patient population. We will also review the pathologic assessment of inflammation within this patient population as well the underlying immune cells and cytokines that have been implicated in the etiology of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana G Hashash
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Douglas J Hartman
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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12
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The role of STAT3 in leading the crosstalk between human cancers and the immune system. Cancer Lett 2017; 415:117-128. [PMID: 29222039 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development and progression of human cancers are continuously and dynamically regulated by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. As a converging point of multiple oncogenic pathways, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is constitutively activated both in tumor cells and tumor-infiltrated immune cells. Activated STAT3 persistently triggers tumor progression through direct regulation of oncogenic gene expression. Apart from its oncogenic role in regulating gene expression in tumor cells, STAT3 also paves the way for human cancer growth through immunosuppression. Activated STAT3 in immune cells results in inhibition of immune mediators and promotion of immunosuppressive factors. Therefore, STAT3 modulates the interaction between tumor cells and host immunity. Accumulating evidence suggests that targeting STAT3 may enhance anti-cancer immune responses and rescue the suppressed immunologic microenvironment in tumors. Taken together, STAT3 has emerged as a promising target in cancer immunotherapy.
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Chang N, Ahn SH, Kong DS, Lee HW, Nam DH. The role of STAT3 in glioblastoma progression through dual influences on tumor cells and the immune microenvironment. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 451:53-65. [PMID: 28089821 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive form of cancer that begins within the brain; generally, the patient has a dismal prognosis and limited therapeutic options. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a critical mediator of tumorigenesis, tumor progression, and suppression of anti-tumor immunity in GBM. In a high percentage of GBM cells and tumor microenvironments, persistent activation of STAT3 induces cell proliferation, anti-apoptosis, glioma stem cell maintenance, tumor invasion, angiogenesis, and immune evasion. This makes STAT3 an attractive therapeutic target and a prognostic indicator in GBM. Targeting STAT3 affords an opportunity to disrupt multiple pro-oncogenic pathways at a single molecular hub. Unfortunately, there are no successful STAT3 inhibitors currently in clinical trials. However, strong clinical evidence implicating STAT3 as a major factor in GBM justifies the identification of safe and effective strategies for inhibiting STAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakho Chang
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, South Korea; Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, South Korea
| | - Sun Hee Ahn
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, South Korea; Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, South Korea
| | - Doo-Sik Kong
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, South Korea
| | - Hye Won Lee
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, South Korea; Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, South Korea.
| | - Do-Hyun Nam
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, South Korea; Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, South Korea; Departments of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, South Korea.
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Concha-Benavente F, Ferris RL. Reversing EGFR Mediated Immunoescape by Targeted Monoclonal Antibody Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:332. [PMID: 28611673 PMCID: PMC5447743 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled growth is a signature of carcinogenesis, in part mediated by overexpression or overstimulation of growth factor receptors. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mediates activation of multiple oncogenic signaling pathways and escape from recognition by the host immune system. We discuss how EGFR signaling downregulates tumor antigen presentation, upregulates suppressive checkpoint receptor ligand programmed death ligand (PD-L1), induces secretion of inhibitory molecules such as transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) and reprograms the metabolic pathways in cancer cells to upregulate aerobic glycolysis and lactate secretion that ultimately lead to impaired cellular immunity mediated by natural killer (NK) cell and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Ultimately, our understanding of EGFR-mediated escape mechanisms has led us to design EGFR-specific monoclonal antibody therapies that not only inhibit tumor cell metabolic changes and intrinsic oncogenic signaling but also activates immune cells that mediate tumor clearance. Importantly, targeted immunotherapy may also benefit from combination with antibodies that target other immunosuppressive pathways such PD-L1 or TGFβ and ultimately enhance clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Concha-Benavente
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, United States.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer InstitutePittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Robert L Ferris
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, United States.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer InstitutePittsburgh, PA, United States
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15
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Ramjee V, Li D, Manderfield LJ, Liu F, Engleka KA, Aghajanian H, Rodell CB, Lu W, Ho V, Wang T, Li L, Singh A, Cibi DM, Burdick JA, Singh MK, Jain R, Epstein JA. Epicardial YAP/TAZ orchestrate an immunosuppressive response following myocardial infarction. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:899-911. [PMID: 28165342 DOI: 10.1172/jci88759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease resulting from myocardial infarction (MI) is the most prevalent form of heart disease in the United States. Post-MI cardiac remodeling is a multifaceted process that includes activation of fibroblasts and a complex immune response. T-regulatory cells (Tregs), a subset of CD4+ T cells, have been shown to suppress the innate and adaptive immune response and limit deleterious remodeling following myocardial injury. However, the mechanisms by which injured myocardium recruits suppressive immune cells remain largely unknown. Here, we have shown a role for Hippo signaling in the epicardium in suppressing the post-infarct inflammatory response through recruitment of Tregs. Mice deficient in epicardial YAP and TAZ, two core Hippo pathway effectors, developed profound post-MI pericardial inflammation and myocardial fibrosis, resulting in cardiomyopathy and death. Mutant mice exhibited fewer suppressive Tregs in the injured myocardium and decreased expression of the gene encoding IFN-γ, a known Treg inducer. Furthermore, controlled local delivery of IFN-γ following MI rescued Treg infiltration into the injured myocardium of YAP/TAZ mutants and decreased fibrosis. Collectively, these results suggest that epicardial Hippo signaling plays a key role in adaptive immune regulation during the post-MI recovery phase.
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16
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Terzieva VI, Popova DN, Elenkov II. IFN-γ Attenuates Spontaneous Lymphocyte Proliferation by Fuelling Regulatory T Cells in HIV-1-Infected Patients. Viral Immunol 2017; 30:157-166. [PMID: 28051930 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2016.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection is characterized by a high degree of immune activation. It has an impact on CD4 cell count and populations' distribution and function. T regulatory cells (Tregs) were found to play a controversial role in the course of infection because of their beneficial effect on the degree of immune activation and unfavorable influence on the antigen-specific responses. The goal of the present work was to study the relationship among interferon-γ (IFN-γ), spontaneous lymphocyte proliferation, and regulatory T cells in HIV patients receiving therapy. Three lymphocyte populations, isolated after a stepwise magnetic separation from 17 individuals, were investigated-peripheral blood lymphocytes, CD4+CD45RA- (CD4+TM), and CD4+CD45RA-CD25- (TMCD25depl.) cells. The spontaneous, phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and HIV-1p24Ag-stimulated IFN-γ production and the spontaneous lymphocyte proliferation were evaluated. The potential of Tregs to establish a productive infection was determined by measurement of free HIV-1p24 antigen. Two types of constellations among subsets were found. In the first one (in 11 subjects), the spontaneous INF-γ inversely correlated with the spontaneous proliferation in all fractions (r = -0.9, p < 0.001). Conversely, in the second group (six subjects), no associations between the selected parameters were observed. The overall increase in p24-stimulated IFN-γ from TMCD25depl. cells was weak. Four samples: one in Tregs and three in TMCD25depl. cells were positive for the free p24 antigen. No association with the CD4+ T cell count, percentage of Tregs, and stage of infection was determined. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that IFN-γ could impact the proliferative capacity of non-Treg cells by fuelling Tregs. Furthermore, Tregs may control the spontaneous lymphocyte proliferation, but are less powerful in the suppression of Ag-specific IFN-γ production from non-Treg lymphocytes. The direct viral influence on Treg functions should be also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ivaylo I Elenkov
- 3 Hospital for Infectious Diseases "Prof. I. Kirov ," Sofia, Bulgaria
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17
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Su X, Xu W, Guan R, Wang Y, Wu J, Zhai L, Chen G, Hu S. Adjuvant effect of docetaxel on HPV16 L2E6E7 fusion protein vaccine in a mouse model. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 38:16-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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18
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He K, You H, Li Y, Cui L, Zhang J, He W. TCRγ4δ1-engineered αβT cells exhibit effective antitumor activity. Mol Med 2016; 22:519-529. [PMID: 27463149 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2016.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell engineering with T cell receptors (TCRs) specific for tumors plays an important role in adoptive T-cell transfer (ATC) therapy for cancer. Here, we present a novel strategy to redirect peripheral blood-derived αβT cells against tumors via TCRγ4δ1 gene transduction. The broad-spectrum anti-tumor activity of TCRδ1 cells in innate immunity is dependent on CDR3δ1. TCRγ4δ1-engineered αβT cells were prepared by lentiviral transduction and characterized by analyzing in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity to tumors, ability of proliferation and cytokine production, and their potential role in autoimmunity. Results show TCRγ4δ1 genes were transduced to approximately 36% of polyclonal αβT cells. TCRγ4δ1-engineered αβT cells exhibited an effective in-vitro TCRγδ-dependent cytotoxicity against various tumor cells via the perforin-granzyme pathway. They also showed a strong proliferative capacity and robust cytokine production. TCRγ4δ1-engineered αβT cells neither expressed mixed TCR dimers nor bound/killed normal cells in vitro. More importantly, adoptive transfer of TCRγ4δ1-engineered αβT cells into nude mice bearing a human HepG2 cell line significantly suppressed tumor growth. Our results demonstrate a novel role for TCRγ4δ1 in gene therapy and ATC for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangxia He
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Hongqin You
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxia Li
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Lianxian Cui
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
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19
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Yang L, Li B, Dang E, Jin L, Fan X, Wang G. Impaired function of regulatory T cells in patients with psoriasis is mediated by phosphorylation of STAT3. J Dermatol Sci 2016; 81:85-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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20
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Zhao Z, Condomines M, van der Stegen SJC, Perna F, Kloss CC, Gunset G, Plotkin J, Sadelain M. Structural Design of Engineered Costimulation Determines Tumor Rejection Kinetics and Persistence of CAR T Cells. Cancer Cell 2015; 28:415-428. [PMID: 26461090 PMCID: PMC5003056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 603] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
T cell engineering is a powerful means to rapidly generate anti-tumor T cells. The costimulatory properties of second-generation chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) determine the overall potency of adoptively transferred T cells. Using an in vivo "stress test" to challenge CD19-targeted T cells, we studied the functionality and persistence imparted by seven different CAR structures providing CD28 and/or 4-1BB costimulation. One configuration, which uses two signaling domains (CD28 and CD3ζ) and the 4-1BB ligand, provided the highest therapeutic efficacy, showing balanced tumoricidal function and increased T cell persistence accompanied by an elevated CD8/CD4 ratio and decreased exhaustion. Remarkably, induction of the IRF7/IFNβ pathway was required for optimal anti-tumor activity. Thus, 1928z-41BBL T cells possess strikingly potent intrinsic and immunomodulatory qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeguo Zhao
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Maud Condomines
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sjoukje J C van der Stegen
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Fabiana Perna
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Christopher C Kloss
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gertrude Gunset
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jason Plotkin
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michel Sadelain
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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21
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Hall BM, Tran GT, Robinson CM, Hodgkinson SJ. Induction of antigen specific CD4+CD25+Foxp3+T regulatory cells from naïve natural thymic derived T regulatory cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 28:875-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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22
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Chowdhury BP, Das S, Majumder S, Halder K, Ghosh S, Biswas S, Bandyopadhyay S, Majumdar S. Immunomodulation of host-protective immune response by regulating Foxp3 expression and Treg function in Leishmania-infected BALB/c mice: critical role of IRF1. Pathog Dis 2015; 73:ftv063. [PMID: 26297915 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), caused by a protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani, is still a threat to mankind due to treatment failure, drug resistance and coinfection with HIV. The limitations of first-line drugs have led to the development of new strategies to combat this dreaded disease. Recently, we have shown the immunomodulatory property of Ara-LAM, a TLR2 ligand, against leishmanial pathogenesis. In this study, we have extended our study to the effect of Ara-LAM on regulatory T cells in a murine model of VL. We observed that Ara-LAM-treated infected BALB/c mice showed a strong host-protective Th1 immune response due to reduced IL-10 and TGF-β production, along with marked decrease in CD4(+) CD25(+) Foxp3(+) GITR(+) CTLA4(+) regulatory T cell (Treg) generation and activation. The reduction in Foxp3 expression was due to effective modulation of TGF-β-induced SMAD signaling in Treg cells by Ara-LAM. Moreover, we demonstrated that Ara-LAM-induced IRF1 expression in the Treg cells, which negatively regulated foxp3 gene transcription, resulting in the reduced immunosuppressive activity of Treg cells. Interestingly, irf1 gene knockdown completely abrogated the effect of Ara-LAM on Treg cells. Thus, these findings provide detailed mechanistic insight into Ara-LAM-mediated modulation of Treg cells, which might be helpful in combating VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidisha Paul Chowdhury
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata-700054, India
| | - Shibali Das
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata-700054, India
| | - Saikat Majumder
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata-700054, India
| | - Kuntal Halder
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata-700054, India
| | - Sweta Ghosh
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata-700054, India
| | - Satabdi Biswas
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata-700054, India
| | - Syamdas Bandyopadhyay
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata-700054, India
| | - Subrata Majumdar
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata-700054, India
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23
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Trivedi S, Concha-Benavente F, Srivastava RM, Jie HB, Gibson SP, Schmitt NC, Ferris RL. Immune biomarkers of anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody therapy. Ann Oncol 2015; 26:40-47. [PMID: 24997207 PMCID: PMC4269339 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdu156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor antigen (TA)-targeted monoclonal antibodies (mAb) cetuximab and panitumumab target the human epidermal growth factor receptor and have been integrated into treatment regimens for advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). The therapeutic efficacy of these mAbs has been found to be enhanced when combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. However, clinical trials indicate that these findings are limited to fewer than 20% of treated patients. Therefore, identifying patients who are likely to benefit from these agents is crucial to improving therapeutic strategies. Interestingly, it has been noted that TA-targeted mAbs mediate their effects by contributing to cell-mediated cytotoxicity in addition to inhibition of downstream signaling pathways. Here, we describe the potential immunogenic mechanisms underlying these clinical findings, their role in the varied clinical response and identify the putative biomarkers of antitumor activity. We review potential immunological biomarkers that affect mAb therapy in SCCHN patients, the implications of these findings and how they translate to the clinical scenario, which are critical to improving patient selection and ultimately outcomes for patients undergoing therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Trivedi
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | | | - R M Srivastava
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - H B Jie
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - S P Gibson
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - N C Schmitt
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - R L Ferris
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh; Cancer Immunology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, USA.
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24
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Guan X, Guan X, Nishikawa M, Nishikawa M, Li H, Li H, Rei T, Rei T, Takahashi Y, Takahashi Y, Takakura Y, Takakura Y. Comparison of antigen expression from plasmid DNA in tumor-free and antigen-expressing tumor-bearing mice. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 8:194-200. [DOI: 10.4161/hv.18370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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25
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Zhao Q, Tong L, He N, Feng G, Leng L, Sun W, Xu Y, Wang Y, Xiang R, Li Z. IFN-γ mediates graft-versus-breast cancer effects via enhancing cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:347-354. [PMID: 25009582 PMCID: PMC4079438 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated the beneficial effect of graft-versus-tumor (GVT) following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) on the incidence of leukemia relapse and the overall survival rate of patients with leukemia; however, detailed mechanisms underlying the effects GVT exhibits on solid tumors following allogeneic HSCT are yet to be elucidated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the immune mechanism underlying the effect of interferon (IFN)-γ on GVT following allogeneic HSCT in breast cancer therapy. An in situ breast cancer mouse model was established by injecting 5×104 4T1 cells into the mammary fat pads of BALB/c mice. The 4T1 cells were transfected with the firefly luciferase reporter gene in order to monitor the tumor progression in real time. An allogeneic HSCT model was then established by transplanting bone marrow mononuclear cells from C57BL/6 mice to the BALB/c mice. To investigate the influence of T lymphocyte proliferation following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, the levels of CD3+CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells were determined. In addition, IFN-γ and granzyme B expression levels in splenic lymphocytes were analyzed using flow cytometry. Allogeneic HSCT was found to significantly promote the proliferation and cytotoxicity of CTLs and suppress the growth of breast cancer. Furthermore, the secretory levels of IFN-γ and granzyme B by T cells were elevated following allogeneic HSCT. These results indicated that alloreactive T cells increased the secretion of IFN-γ, which promoted the alloresponse of donor CTLs. In addition, the CTLs produced granzyme B, which exerted a tumor suppressive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianjie Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China ; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Lingling Tong
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Ningning He
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Guowei Feng
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Liang Leng
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Weijun Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Yuebing Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Rong Xiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Zongjin Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China ; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
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26
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STAT3 Activation in Glioblastoma: Biochemical and Therapeutic Implications. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:376-95. [PMID: 24518612 PMCID: PMC3980601 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6010376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a potent regulator of gliomagenesis through its induction of angiogenesis, host immunosuppression, and tumor invasion. Gain of function mutations result in constitutive activation of STAT3 in glioma cells, making STAT3 an attractive target for inhibition in cancer therapy. Nevertheless, some studies show that STAT3 also participates in terminal differentiation and apoptosis of various cell lines and in glioma with phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)-deficient genetic backgrounds. In light of these findings, the utility of STAT3 as a prognostic indicator and as a target of drug therapies will be contingent on a more nuanced understanding of its pro- and anti-tumorigenic effects.
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27
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Kishimoto C, Takamatsu N, Ochiai H, Kuribayashi K. Nucleotide differences of coxsackievirus B3 and chronic myocarditis. Heart Vessels 2014; 30:126-35. [PMID: 24493328 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-014-0478-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The in vivo mechanisms in chronic myocarditis remain unclear. The aim of the current study was to clarify the genomic difference of amyocarditic (CB3O) and myocarditic (CB3M) coxsackievirus B3 (CB3) and the pathogenesis of in vivo mechanisms in chronic myocarditis. We examined the histopathology of CB3-inoculated wild-type (WT) and severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice with and without adoptive transfer of lymphocytes. There were no differences in viral growth between CB3O and CB3M. There were four to six nucleotide differences in the sequence of CB3O in comparison with the known CB3M. The difference in virus sequence between CB3O and CB3M was very minimal. The changes were located in 1A, 1C, and 1D regions, which encode the structural capsid proteins. Definite myocarditis developed in WT C3H (H-2(k)) inoculated with CB3M. On the contrary, trivial or mild myocarditis occurred in WT C3H mice inoculated with CB3O. In SCID C3H and SCID C57BL/6 (H-2(b)) mice, definite myocarditis developed by inoculation with both CB3O and CB3M. Myocardial lesion was less severe in the mice infected with CB3O than in those with CB3M. After anti-CD8 antibody treatment, myocarditis was easily induced in mice originally showing resistance to infection. In addition, chronic myocarditis developed in CB3O-infected SCID C3H mice reconstituted with CB3M-sensitized splenocytes of WT C3H mice. The development of chronic myocarditis primarily depends on the presence or absence of the virus genome, and secondarily on the complex interaction between virus virulence and immunological background of the host. CB3 infection may cause chronic myocarditis with ongoing inflammation with or without viral persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiharu Kishimoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan,
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28
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Hong S, Lee H, Jung K, Lee SM, Lee SJ, Jun HJ, Kim Y, Song H, Bogen B, Choi I. Tumor cells loaded with α-galactosylceramide promote therapeutic NKT-dependent anti-tumor immunity in multiple myeloma. Immunol Lett 2013; 156:132-9. [PMID: 24148970 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells have been used as the tumor antigen sources for developing cancer vaccines. Due to their low immunogenicity, tumor antigens are combined with various adjuvants to enhance immunogenicity of cancer vaccines. Among them, a natural killer T cell (NKT)-ligand, α-galactosylceramide (αGC) has been reported as a powerful adjuvant showing therapeutic effects in solid tumors as well as hematological malignancies including lymphoma. In this study, we applied αGC-based tumor cell vaccine in mouse multiple myeloma model. The αGC-loaded MOPC315BM myeloma cell vaccine efficiently retarded tumor growth, induced regression of established tumors, and protected surviving mice from tumor rechallenge. Therapeutic responses were associated with induction of strong humoral immune responses, including myeloma-specific antibodies, and cellular immune responses, including myeloma-specific CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes and memory T cells. In addition, regulatory T cells were significantly decreased in mice that received the αGC-loaded myeloma cell vaccine. Thus, our results demonstrated that αGC-loaded myeloma vaccine efficiently promoted NKT-dependent anti-tumor immunity in a mouse model. These findings are informative for improving the efficacy of tumor-cell-based immunotherapy for patients with MM and other CD1d-expressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungyoul Hong
- Advanced Research Center for Multiple Myeloma, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Bizama C, Benavente F, Salvatierra E, Gutiérrez-Moraga A, Espinoza JA, Fernández EA, Roa I, Mazzolini G, Sagredo EA, Gidekel M, Podhajcer OL. The low-abundance transcriptome reveals novel biomarkers, specific intracellular pathways and targetable genes associated with advanced gastric cancer. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:755-64. [PMID: 23907728 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Studies on the low-abundance transcriptome are of paramount importance for identifying the intimate mechanisms of tumor progression that can lead to novel therapies. The aim of the present study was to identify novel markers and targetable genes and pathways in advanced human gastric cancer through analyses of the low-abundance transcriptome. The procedure involved an initial subtractive hybridization step, followed by global gene expression analysis using microarrays. We observed profound differences, both at the single gene and gene ontology levels, between the low-abundance transcriptome and the whole transcriptome. Analysis of the low-abundance transcriptome led to the identification and validation by tissue microarrays of novel biomarkers, such as LAMA3 and TTN; moreover, we identified cancer type-specific intracellular pathways and targetable genes, such as IRS2, IL17, IFNγ, VEGF-C, WISP1, FZD5 and CTBP1 that were not detectable by whole transcriptome analyses. We also demonstrated that knocking down the expression of CTBP1 sensitized gastric cancer cells to mainstay chemotherapeutic drugs. We conclude that the analysis of the low-abundance transcriptome provides useful insights into the molecular basis and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Bizama
- Applied Cellular and Molecular Biology PhD Program, Agricultural and Forestry Sciences Faculty. Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, 4811230, Chile; Creative BioScience, Santiago, 8580702, Chile
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Hall BM, Tran GT, Verma ND, Plain KM, Robinson CM, Nomura M, Hodgkinson SJ. Do Natural T Regulatory Cells become Activated to Antigen Specific T Regulatory Cells in Transplantation and in Autoimmunity? Front Immunol 2013; 4:208. [PMID: 23935597 PMCID: PMC3731939 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen specific T regulatory cells (Treg) are often CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T cells, with a phenotype similar to natural Treg (nTreg). It is assumed that nTreg cannot develop into an antigen specific Treg as repeated culture with IL-2 and a specific antigen does not increase the capacity or potency of nTreg to promote immune tolerance or suppress in vitro. This has led to an assumption that antigen specific Treg mainly develop from CD4+CD25−FoxP3− T cells, by activation with antigen and TGF-β in the absence of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-1β. Our studies on antigen specific CD4+CD25+ T cells from animals with tolerance to an allograft, identified that the antigen specific and Treg are dividing, and need continuous stimulation with specific antigen T cell derived cytokines. We identified that a variety of cytokines, especially IL-5 and IFN-γ but not IL-2 or IL-4 promoted survival of antigen specific CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Treg. To examine if nTreg could be activated to antigen specific Treg, we activated nTreg in culture with either IL-2 or IL-4. Within 3 days, antigen specific Treg are activated and there is induction of new cytokine receptors on these cells. Specifically nTreg activated by IL-2 and antigen express the interferon-γ receptor (IFNGR) and IL-12p70 (IL-12Rβ2) receptor but not the IL-5 receptor (IL-5Rα). These cells were responsive to IFN-γ or IL-12p70. nTreg activated by IL-4 and alloantigen express IL-5Rα not IFNGR or IL-12p70Rβ2 and become responsive to IL-5. These early activated antigen specific Treg, were respectively named Ts1 and Ts2 cells, as they depend on Th1 or Th2 responses. Further culture of Ts1 cells with IL-12p70 induced Th1-like Treg, expressing IFN-γ, and T-bet as well as FoxP3. Our studies suggest that activation of nTreg with Th1 or Th2 responses induced separate lineages of antigen specific Treg, that are dependent on late Th1 and Th2 cytokines, not the early cytokines IL-2 and IL-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce M Hall
- Immune Tolerance Laboratory, Medicine, University of New South Wales , Sydney, NSW , Australia
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Dobrzanski MJ. Expanding roles for CD4 T cells and their subpopulations in tumor immunity and therapy. Front Oncol 2013; 3:63. [PMID: 23533029 PMCID: PMC3607796 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of CD4 T cells in orchestrating the immune system and their role in inducing effective T cell-mediated therapies for the treatment of patients with select established malignancies are undisputable. Through a complex and balanced array of direct and indirect mechanisms of cellular activation and regulation, this functionally diverse family of lymphocytes can potentially promote tumor eradication, long-term tumor immunity, and aid in establishing and/or rebalancing immune cell homeostasis through interaction with other immune cell populations within the highly dynamic tumor environment. However, recent studies have uncovered additional functions and roles for CD4 T cells, some of which are independent of other lymphocytes, that can not only influence and contribute to tumor immunity but paradoxically promote tumor growth and progression. Here, we review the recent advances in our understanding of the various CD4 T cell lineages and their signature cytokines in disease progression and/or regression. We discuss their direct and indirect mechanistic interplay among themselves and with other responding cells of the antitumor response, their potential roles and abilities for "plasticity" and memory cell generation within the hostile tumor environment, and their potentials in cancer treatment and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J. Dobrzanski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of MedicineAmarillo, TX, USA
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Shevchenko I, Karakhanova S, Soltek S, Link J, Bayry J, Werner J, Umansky V, Bazhin AV. Low-dose gemcitabine depletes regulatory T cells and improves survival in the orthotopic Panc02 model of pancreatic cancer. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:98-107. [PMID: 23233419 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most aggressive human neoplasms with extremely poor prognosis and a low survival rate. Immunosuppressive cell populations, e.g. regulatory T cells (Treg), appear to be important in PDAC, contributing to patient's poor prognosis. Therefore, we investigated the PDAC microenvironment with a focus on conventional and regulatory T cells in view of their potential therapeutic importance. We found that tumors from the murine Panc02 orthotopic model of PDAC were infiltrated with high numbers of Treg. Remarkably, these cells exhibited the effector/memory phenotype, suggesting their enhanced suppressive activity and higher proliferation capacity. Although we observed a steady increase in transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) levels in the tumors, treatment with a specific inhibitor of TGF-β receptor I kinase failed to abrogate Treg accumulation. A CCR4 antagonist did not affect Treg percentage in the tumor either. However, intense Treg cell division in the tumor microenvironment was demonstrated, suggesting local proliferation as a major mechanism of Treg accumulation in PDAC. Notably, this accumulation was reduced by low-dose gemcitabine administration, resulting in a modestly increased survival of PDAC mice. Our results provide an insight into mechanisms of immunosuppression in PDAC, suggesting an important role for proliferative expansion of effector/memory Treg. Low-dose gemcitabine therapy selectively depletes Treg, providing a basis for new modalities of PDAC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Shevchenko
- Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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CD134/CD137 dual costimulation-elicited IFN-γ maximizes effector T-cell function but limits Treg expansion. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 91:173-83. [PMID: 23295363 PMCID: PMC3570742 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2012.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
T cell tolerance to tumor antigens represents a major hurdle in generating tumor immunity. Combined administration of agonistic monoclonal antibodies to the costimulatory receptors CD134 plus CD137 can program T cells responding to tolerogenic antigen to undergo expansion and effector T cell differentiation, and also elicits tumor immunity. Nevertheless, CD134 and CD137 agonists can also engage inhibitory immune components. To understand how immune stimulatory versus inhibitory components are regulated during CD134 plus CD137 dual costimulation, the current study utilized a model where dual costimulation programs T cells encountering a highly tolerogenic self-antigen to undergo effector differentiation. IFN-γ was found to play a pivotal role in maximizing the function of effector T cells while simultaneously limiting the expansion of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs. In antigen-responding effector T cells, IFN-γ operates via a direct cell-intrinsic mechanism to cooperate with IL-2 to program maximal expression of granzyme B. Simultaneously, IFN-γ limits expression of the IL-2 receptor alpha chain (CD25) and IL-2 signaling through a mechanism that does not involve T-bet-mediated repression of IL-2. IFN-γ also limited CD25 and Foxp3 expression on bystanding CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs, and limited the potential of these Tregs to expand. These effects could not be explained by the ability of IFN-γ to limit IL-2 availability. Taken together, during dual costimulation IFN-γ interacts with IL-2 through distinct mechanisms to program maximal expression of effector molecules in antigen-responding T cells while simultaneously limiting Treg expansion.
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Jackson C, Ruzevick J, Amin AG, Lim M. Potential role for STAT3 inhibitors in glioblastoma. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2012; 23:379-89. [PMID: 22748651 DOI: 10.1016/j.nec.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor. Signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a transcription factor that translocates to the nucleus to modulate the expression of a variety of genes associated with cell survival, differentiation, proliferation, angiogenesis, and immune function. Several cancers induce constitutive STAT3 activation. Most studies have reported that STAT3 inhibition has antineoplastic activity; however, emerging evidence suggests that the role of STAT3 activity in GBM may be more nuanced than initially appreciated. The authors review the roles of STAT3 in GBM and discuss potential strategies for targeting STAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Jackson
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Arevalo-Martin A, Molina-Holgado E, Guaza C. A CB₁/CB₂ receptor agonist, WIN 55,212-2, exerts its therapeutic effect in a viral autoimmune model of multiple sclerosis by restoring self-tolerance to myelin. Neuropharmacology 2012; 63:385-93. [PMID: 22561283 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Infection of mice with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) leads to the development of TMEV-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD), an autoimmune, demyelinating and neurodegenerative pathology that serves as a model of multiple sclerosis. Activation of endogenous CB₁/CB₂ cannabinoid receptors inhibits inflammation and improves the clinical status of TMEV-IDD animals. In the present study, mice with established TMEV-IDD were treated with the CB₁/CB₂ receptor agonist WIN 55,212-2 (WIN), which restored self-tolerance to a myelin self-antigen while ameliorating the disease in a long-term manner. Accordingly, disruption of self-tolerance with cyclophosphamide provoked chronic relapse. Furthermore, transfer of splenocytes from WIN-treated TMEV-IDD mice to TMEV-infected mice at disease onset prevented the autoimmune inflammatory response and motor impairment. The therapeutic effect of WIN correlated with a decrease in the activation of CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁻ T cells and an increase in regulatory CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺ T cells in the CNS, along with alterations in the cytokine and chemokine milieu. These findings demonstrate for the first time that the suppression of autoimmune responses to myelin antigens underlies the therapeutic effect of CB₁/CB₂ cannabinoid agonists in the treatment of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Arevalo-Martin
- Laboratorio de Neuroinflamación, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos, SESCAM, Finca la Peraleda s/n., Toledo 45071, Spain.
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Chen C, Guo L, Shi M, Hu M, Hu M, Yu M, Wang T, Song L, Shen B, Qian L, Guo N. Modulation of IFN-γ receptor 1 expression by AP-2α influences IFN-γ sensitivity of cancer cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 180:661-71. [PMID: 22182699 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-γ plays crucial roles in regulating both innate and adaptive immunity. The existence of IFN-γ receptor 1 (IFNGR1) molecules on the cell surface is a prerequisite to the initiation of IFN-γ signaling; low expression of IFNGR1 leads to a functional blockade of IFN-γ signaling. However, the molecular mechanisms by which IFNGR1 expression is controlled are unclear. In the present study, we demonstrated that IFNGR1 expression was reduced or lost in breast cancer. Heterogeneous IFNGR1 immunoreactivity appeared to be associated with the morphological heterogeneity of breast cancer, and loss of IFNGR1 expression was predominantly observed in poorly differentiated areas. We identified the functional activating protein (AP)-2 and specificity protein (SP)-1 sites within the IFNGR1 promoter. Ectopic expression of AP-2α drastically repressed the expression of IFNGR1 and hindered IFN-γ signaling, whereas AP-2α gene silencing elevated IFNGR1 levels. Overexpression of SP-1 effectively antagonized the repressive effects of AP-2α. Simultaneous recruitment of both transcription factors to the AP-2 and SP-1 motifs, respectively, in the IFNGR1 promoter was demonstrated, implying that AP-2α and SP-1 may synergistically modulate IFNGR1 transcription. Moreover, AP-2α overexpression in AP-2-deficient SW480 cells remarkably inhibited Stat1 phosphorylation and the anti-proliferative effects of IFN-γ, whereas knockdown of the AP-2α expression dramatically enhanced the sensitivities of HeLa cells highly expressing AP-2 to IFN-γ, indicating that dysregulation of AP-2α expression is associated with impaired IFN-γ actions in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changguo Chen
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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37
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Immunotherapy with IL-10- and IFN-γ-producing CD4 effector cells modulate "Natural" and "Inducible" CD4 TReg cell subpopulation levels: observations in four cases of patients with ovarian cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 61:839-54. [PMID: 22083345 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1128-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive T cell therapy for cancer patients optimally requires participation of CD4 T cells. In this phase I/II study, we assessed the therapeutic effects of adoptively transferred IL-10- and IFN-γ-producing CD4 effector cells in patients with recurrent ovarian cancer. Using MUC1 peptide and IL-2 for ex vivo CD4 effector cell generation, we show that three monthly treatment cycles of autologous T cell restimulation and local intraperitoneal re-infusion-modulated T cell-mediated immune responses that were associated with enhanced patient survival. One patient remains disease-free, another patient experienced prolonged survival for nearly 16 months with recurrent disease, and two patients expired within 3-5 months following final infusion. Prolonged survivors showed elevated levels of systemic CD3(+)CD4(+)CD25(+) and CD3(+)CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells when compared to that of pre-treatment levels and similarly treated short-term survivors. Such cell populations among these patients contained variable levels of "Inducible" Tr1 (CD4(+)CD25(-)FoxP3(-)IL-10(+)) and "Natural" (CD4(+)CD25(+)CD45RO(+)FoxP3(+)) TReg cell numbers and ratios that were associated with prolonged and/or disease-free survival. Moreover, peptide-restimulated T cells from these patients showed an elevation in both IFN-γ production, memory cell phenotype, and select TNF family ligands associated with enhanced T cell survival and apoptosis-inducing activities. This suggests that intraperitoneally administered Th1-like cells, producing elevated levels of IL-10, may require and/or induce differential levels of distinct systemic TReg subpopulations that influence, in part, long-term tumor immunity and enhanced memory/effector CD4-mediated therapeutic potentials. Furthermore, treatment efficacy and enhanced memory cell phenotype did not appear to be dependent on TReg cell numbers but upon ratios of "Inducible" and "Natural" TReg subpopulations.
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38
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Activation of natural killer T cells inhibits the development of induced regulatory T cells via IFNγ. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 411:599-606. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.06.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Liao D, Liu Z, Wrasidlo WJ, Luo Y, Nguyen G, Chen T, Xiang R, Reisfeld RA. Targeted therapeutic remodeling of the tumor microenvironment improves an HER-2 DNA vaccine and prevents recurrence in a murine breast cancer model. Cancer Res 2011; 71:5688-96. [PMID: 21784871 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-1264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) mediates immunosuppression resulting in tumor cell escape from immune surveillance and cancer vaccine failure. Immunosuppression is mediated by the STAT-3 transcription factor, which potentiates signaling in tumor and immune cells. Because immunosuppression continues to be a major inhibitor of cancer vaccine efficacy, we examined in this study whether therapeutically targeted delivery of a synthetic STAT-3 inhibitor to the TME, combined with an HER-2 DNA vaccine can improve immune surveillance against HER-2(+) breast cancer and prevent its recurrence. To this end, we developed a novel ligand-targeted nanoparticle (NP) encapsulating a CDDO-Im payload capable of specific delivery to the TME, which showed an effective therapeutic inhibition of STAT-3 activation in primary tumors. Furthermore, we showed that treatment with these NPs resulted in priming of the immune TME, characterized by increased IFN-γ, p-STAT-1, GM-CSF, IL-2, IL-15, and IL-12b and reduced TGF-β, IL-6, and IL-10 protein expression. In addition, we found significantly increased tumor infiltration by activated CD8(+) T cells, M1 macrophages, and dendritic cells. These changes correlated with delayed growth of orthotopic 4TO7 breast tumors and, when combined with an HER-2 DNA vaccine, prevented HER-2(+) primary tumor recurrence in immunocompetent mice. Furthermore, antitumor T-cell responses were enhanced in splenocytes isolated from mice treated with this combination therapy. Together, these data show effective protection from cancer recurrence through improved immune surveillance against a tumor-specific antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie Liao
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Pakravan N, Hassan ZM. Comparison of adjuvant activity of N- and C-terminal domain of gp96 in a Her2-positive breast cancer model. Cell Stress Chaperones 2011; 16:449-57. [PMID: 21359667 PMCID: PMC3118821 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-011-0258-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2010] [Revised: 01/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been frequently reported that gp96 acts as a strong biologic adjuvant. Some studies have even investigated adjuvant activity of the gp96 C- or N-terminal domain. The controversy surrounding adjuvant activity of gp96 terminal domains prompted us to compare adjuvant activity of gp96 C- or N-terminal domain toward Her2/neu, as DNA vaccine in a Her2/neu-positive breast cancer model. To do so, mice were immunized with DNA vaccine consisting of transmembrane and extracellular domain (TM + ECD) of rat Her2/neu alone or fused to N- or C-terminal domain of gp96. Treatment with Her2/neu fused to N-terminal domain of gp96 resulted in tumor progression, compared to the groups vaccinated with pCT/Her2 or pHer2. Immunological examination revealed that treatment with Her2/neu fused to N-terminal domain of gp96 led to significantly lower survival rates, higher interferon-γ secretion, and induced infiltration of CD4(+)/CD8(+) cells to the tumor site. However, it could not induce cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity, did not decrease regulatory T cell percentage at the tumor site, and eventually led to tumor progression. Our results reveal that gp96 N-terminal domain does not have adjuvant activity toward Her2/neu. It is also proposed that adjuvant activity and the resultant immune response of gp96 terminal domains may be directed by the antigen applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Pakravan
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Zuhair Mohammad Hassan
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Ale-Ahmad Avenue, P.O. Box 14115-331, Tehran, Iran
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Ishikawa T, Kokura S, Sakamoto N, Matsumoto T, Funaki J, Adachi S, Okayama T, Uchiyama K, Handa O, Takagi T, Yagi N, Ando T, Uno K, Naito Y, Yoshikawa T. Adoptive cellular therapy enhances the helper T cell response and reduces the number of regulatory T cells. Exp Ther Med 2011; 2:737-743. [PMID: 22977568 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2011.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
It remains to be clarified whether adoptive cellular therapy (ACT) in patients with advanced cancer, in whom strong immunosuppression and immune-escape mechanisms are established, has the potential to alter cytokine secretion from blood cells and affect the number of regulatory T cells (Tregs). In this study, the secretion of cytokines from peripheral blood cells and the number of peripheral blood Tregs were analyzed before and after ACT. Blood samples were collected from 109 consecutive cancer patients who received ACT, which consisted of anti-CD3 stimulated lymphokine-activated killer cells. For testing immune function, venous blood was obtained from patients before the start of therapy and after they had received 4 cycles of ACT. Of the 109 patients, 76 received ACT four times or more. All 109 blood samples at baseline and 76 follow-up samples were available. The secretion ability of various cytokines from peripheral blood cells was measured, as well as the number of peripheral blood Tregs. We found that the secretion ability of interferon (IFN)-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α was enhanced significantly after treatment, while the number of Tregs and the ratio of Treg to CD4 was significantly decreased. Overall survival in patients with increased IFN-γ and TNF-α secretion after ACT was significantly longer. These findings suggest a potential therapeutic role for ACT in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Ishikawa
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
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Agallou M, Margaroni M, Karagouni E. Cellular vaccination with bone marrow-derived dendritic cells pulsed with a peptide of Leishmania infantum KMP-11 and CpG oligonucleotides induces protection in a murine model of visceral leishmaniasis. Vaccine 2011; 29:5053-64. [PMID: 21569815 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.04.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with defined Leishmania antigens could be a potential immune intervention tool for the induction of protection against infection. In the present study, bone marrow-derived DCs (BM-DCs) pulsed ex vivo with the peptide 12-31aa portion of kinetoplastid membrane protein (KMP)-11 (KMP-11(12-31aa) peptide) acquired a semimature phenotype expressing IL-12 and IL-10, whereas pulsing with the combination of the peptide and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) resulted in their functional maturation expressing mainly IL-12. Vaccination of genetically susceptible to parasite BALB/c mice with both peptide-pulsed BM-DCs elicited a peptide-specific mixed Th1/Th2 immune response, characterized by the production of IFNγ, IL-10 and IgG1 and IgG2a isotype antibodies. However, only BM-DCs pulsed with the combination of KMP-11(12-31aa) peptide and CpG ODNs induced the differentiation of peptide-specific Th17 cells, indicating the adjuvanticity of CpG ODNs. When BALB/c mice were vaccinated with KMP-11(12-31aa) peptide-pulsed BM-DCs, they exhibited only partial protection against Leishmania infantum challenge, whereas (KMP-11(12-31aa) peptide+CpG ODNs)-pulsed BM-DCs reduced efficiently the parasite load in visceral organs. Protective immunity was correlated with restoration of lymphoproliferative responses and a modulation of parasite-specific cellular responses towards Th1 and Th17 profile, confirmed by the isotype switching towards IgG2a, the enhanced production of IFNγ against IL-10, the absence of TGF-β and the overproduction of IL-17. Thus, ex vivo antigen-pulsed BM-DCs represent a powerful tool for the study of protective immune responses against leishmanial infection. Moreover, these findings suggest the use of BM-DCs as effective tools in antigen and adjuvant screening in the design of a protective vaccine against leishmaniasis and other pathogen-related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Agallou
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vas. Sofias Ave., 115 21 Athens, Greece
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43
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Hulikova K, Svoboda J, Benson V, Grobarova V, Fiserova A. N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-coated polyamidoamine dendrimer promotes tumor-specific B cell responses via natural killer cell activation. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:955-61. [PMID: 21349367 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-coated polyamidoamine dendrimer (GN8P), exerting high binding affinity to rodent recombinant NKR-P1A and NKR-P1C activating proteins, was shown previously to delay the development of rat colorectal carcinoma as well as mouse B16F10 melanoma, and to potentiate antigen-specific antibody formation in healthy C57BL/6 mice via NK cell stimulation. In this study, we investigated whether GN8P also modulates tumor-specific B cell responses. Serum anti-B16F10 melanoma IgG levels, IgG2a mRNA expression, antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), and counts of plasma as well as antigen presenting B cells were evaluated in tumor-bearing C57BL/6 mice treated with GN8P and in respective controls. To reveal the mechanism of GN8P effects, the synthesis of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4), cytokines involved in regulation of immunoglobulin class switch, was determined. The GN8P treatment significantly elevated IgG, and particularly IgG2a, response against B16F10 melanoma, which led to augmented ADCC reaction. The significant increase in production of IFN-γ, which is known to support IgG2a secretion, was observed solely in NK1.1 expressing cell populations, predominantly in NK cells. Moreover, GN8P raised the number of plasma cells, and promoted antigen presenting capacity of I-A/I-E-positive B lymphocytes by up-regulation of their CD80 and CD86 co-stimulatory molecule expression. These results indicate that GN8P-induced enhancement of tumor-specific antibody formation is triggered by NK cell activation, and contributes to complexity of anticancer immune response involving lectin-saccharide interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Hulikova
- Laboratory of Natural Cell Immunity, Department of Immunology and Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
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Upfront immunization with autologous recombinant idiotype Fab fragment without prior cytoreduction in indolent B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2011; 117:1483-91. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-06-292342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Idiotype vaccination for follicular lymphoma is primarily being developed as remission consolidation after chemotherapy. We investigated idiotype vaccination as primary intervention for treatment-naive indolent B-cell lymphoma and in a separate cohort as remission consolidation after chemotherapy to assess immunization-induced immune responses in relation to progression-free survival (German Clinical Trials Register, DRKS00000227). Twenty-one patients in each cohort received 6 intradermal injections of adjuvanted recombinant idiotype Fab fragment (FabId); 76% of patients in both groups developed anti-idiotype antibodies and/or cellular immunity as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and interferon-γ ELISpot. In treatment-naive patients, only cellular responses correlated with superior progression-free survival (P < .002) and durable objective remissions (P = .04). Immunization-induced T cells recognized hypermutated or complementarity-determining region 3 epitopes. After remission consolidation immunization, induction of anti-idiotype antibodies correlated with progression-free survival. Low B-cell counts after rituximab therapy predicted for failure to develop anti-idiotype antibodies. These results are similar to published trials showing an association of humoral immunity with control of residual lymphoma. In contrast, effective immunity against untreated lymphoma appears to be dependent on idiotype-specific T cells. Sustained remissions in patients with vaccination-induced cellular immunity suggest clinical benefit and warrant a randomized comparison of this vaccine with expectant management for asymptomatic follicular lymphoma.
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45
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How do tumors actively escape from host immunosurveillance? Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2010; 58:435-48. [PMID: 20922572 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-010-0102-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The immunological background for the process of tumor growth is still obscure. However, our understanding of what happens could have important consequences, namely in the context of cancer immunotherapy. A tumor is able to grow in the host environment either because it is recognizable as normal tissue and tolerated by host immune cells, or because it can "escape" from host immunosurveillance. According to the second option the mechanisms of tumor recognition and consequent destruction are actively disturbed by such processes as: change of tumor immunogenicity, production of tumor-derived regulatory molecules, and interaction of cancer cells with tumor-infiltrating immune cells. The results of studies devoted to the problem of immunoregulation in the tumor environment seem to support the "escape" hypothesis.
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Mitsui J, Nishikawa H, Muraoka D, Wang L, Noguchi T, Sato E, Kondo S, Allison JP, Sakaguchi S, Old LJ, Kato T, Shiku H. Two distinct mechanisms of augmented antitumor activity by modulation of immunostimulatory/inhibitory signals. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:2781-91. [PMID: 20460483 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-3243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Blockade of CTL-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), an inhibitory immunomodulatory molecule on T cells, has been shown to enhance T-cell responses and induce tumor rejection, and a number of clinical trials with anti-CTLA-4 blocking monoclonal antibody (mAb) are under way. However, accumulating evidence indicates that anti-CTLA-4 mAb increases the number of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) and that anti-CTLA4 mAb alone is often insufficient to reject established tumors in mice and humans. Thus, finding maneuvers to control Tregs and other immunosuppressive mechanisms remains a critical challenge. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The potential to enhance antitumor immune responses by combining anti-CTLA-4 mAb with anti-glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family related gene (GITR) mAb, a costimulatory molecule that abrogates directly/indirectly Treg-mediated immune suppression or anti-CD25 mAb that depletes Tregs was analyzed with two tumor models, CT26 (a murine colon carcinoma cell line) and CMS5a (a murine fibrosarcoma cell line). RESULTS Anti-CTLA-4/anti-GITR mAb combination treatment exhibited far stronger antitumor effects compared with either antibody alone. This strong antitumor effect was attributed to (a) increased numbers of CD8+ T cells infiltrating tumor sites in anti-CTLA-4 mAb-treated mice and (b) increased cytokine secretion and Treg resistance of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells with strongly upregulated CD25 expression in anti-GITR mAb-treated mice, indicating distinct quantitative/qualitative changes induced by modulating CTLA-4 and GITR signaling. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that combined treatment with different immune modulators can augment antitumor immune responses and provides justification for exploring anti-CTLA-4/anti-GITR mAb combination treatment in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Mitsui
- Department of Cancer Vaccine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
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Goetzl EJ, Huang MC, Kon J, Patel K, Schwartz JB, Fast K, Ferrucci L, Madara K, Taub DD, Longo DL. Gender specificity of altered human immune cytokine profiles in aging. FASEB J 2010; 24:3580-9. [PMID: 20453111 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-160911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cytokine generation by T cells and monocytes was determined for 50 subjects aged 65 yr or older and concurrently studied young subjects individually matched to each old subject for sex, race, and national origin. Highly significant differences between cytokine levels of old and young subjects all were gender specific. For T cells stimulated with anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28 antibodies, mean ratios of IFN-gamma generation for healthy old to young subjects were 0.22 for men (P<0.001; n=15) and 3.35 for women (P<0.001; n=13), and those of IL-17 were 0.30 for men (P<0.001) and no difference for women. CD8 T cells were the source of high IFN-gamma in healthy old women. For old men with an inflammatory or immune disease (n=10), mean old to young ratios of T-cell-generated IFN-gamma and IL-17 increased with disease severity up to 5.78 and 2.97 (both P<0.01), respectively, without changes for old women with similar diseases (n=12). For differentiated LPS-stimulated monocytes, old to young ratios of TNF-alpha and IL-6 generation were high only in women with immune or inflammatory disease (2.38, P<0.05 and 1.62, P<0.01, respectively), whereas ratios of IFN-gamma-evoked IP-10 chemokine were low in all groups. Alterations in immune cytokine profiles with aging show significant gender specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Goetzl
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0711, USA.
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Caretto D, Katzman SD, Villarino AV, Gallo E, Abbas AK. Cutting edge: the Th1 response inhibits the generation of peripheral regulatory T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 184:30-4. [PMID: 19949064 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The possibility that effector T cells can be converted into forkhead box P3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) has potential therapeutic implications. To analyze the relationship between Th1 effectors and Tregs, we have used a model of systemic autoimmunity in which both effector and Tregs arise from a single population specific for a transgene-encoded systemic protein. In vitro, the presence of IFN-gamma inhibits Treg generation during activation. Using IFN-gamma reporter mice, we demonstrate that IFN-gamma-producing cells tend not to develop into Tregs, and Th1 priming of T cells prior to cell transfer limits the number of forkhead box P3(+) T cells generated in vivo. Moreover, transfer of IFN-gamma(-/-) or STAT1(-/-) T cells resulted in an increase in the number of Tregs. These data support a role for Th1 effector molecules and transcription factors in the control of peripheral Treg generation and demonstrates the limited plasticity of Th1 populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Caretto
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0511, USA
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Xia J, Liu W, Hu B, Tian Z, Yang Y. IL-15 promotes regulatory T cell function and protects against diabetes development in NK-depleted NOD mice. Clin Immunol 2009; 134:130-9. [PMID: 19875339 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2009.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
IL-15, an anti-apoptotic cytokine, has been reported to promote the survival and function of NK cells and T cells, including regulatory T cells (Tregs). Here we examined the effect of repeated injections of IL-15 on the development of diabetes in NOD mice. Injection of recombinant murine IL-15, once a day for 2 weeks, neither inhibited nor accelerated diabetes development in untreated NOD mice. However, treatment with IL-15 significantly reduced the incidence and delayed the onset of diabetes in NOD mice that were depleted of NK cells, while NK cell depletion alone had no protection against the disease development. The protective effect in IL-15-treated, NK cell-depleted NOD mice was associated with an increase in immunosuppressive activity of CD4(+)CD25(+) Tregs. IL-15 also enhanced Foxp3 expression in CD4(+)CD25(+) cells in an in vitro culture system, and such an effect of IL-15 was abrogated by IL-15-activated NK cells. Inhibition of IL-15-induced Foxp3 expression by IL-15-activated NK cells likely resulted from their IFN-gamma production, as recombinant IFN-gamma, or the culture supernatant of IL-15-activated wild-type mouse NK cells but not of IL-15-activated IFN-gamma-deficient NK cells, mediated a similar inhibition. IFN-gamma also diminished the stimulatory effect of IL-15 on Treg function in vitro. These results indicate that IL-15 has the potential to promote Treg function and protect against diabetes development in NOD mice, but such an activity can be eliminated by simultaneous activation of NK cells in IL-15-treated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxing Xia
- Institute of Immunology, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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Cao X, Leonard K, Collins LI, Cai SF, Mayer JC, Payton JE, Walter MJ, Piwnica-Worms D, Schreiber RD, Ley TJ. Interleukin 12 stimulates IFN-gamma-mediated inhibition of tumor-induced regulatory T-cell proliferation and enhances tumor clearance. Cancer Res 2009; 69:8700-9. [PMID: 19843867 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-1145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To define the factors that modulate regulatory T (Treg) cells in the tumor setting, we cocultured various tumor cells with either purified Treg cells, or with unfractionated splenocytes. We found that Treg expansion occurred only with unfractionated splenocytes, suggesting that accessory cells and/or factors produced by them play an essential role in tumor-induced Treg expansion. We performed gene expression profiling on tumor-associated Treg cells to identify candidate signaling molecules and studied their effects on tumor-induced Treg expansion. We inadvertently discovered that interleukin (IL)-12 treatment blocked Treg expansion in an IL-12 receptor-dependent fashion. Additional studies showed that IL-12 acts by stimulating IFN-gamma mediated inhibition of Treg cell proliferation, which may partially account for the antitumor effects of IL-12. Furthermore, IL-12 treatment was found to decrease IL-2 production, which may lead to IFN-gamma-independent inhibition of Treg cells, as IL-2 is required for their survival and expansion. Mechanistic studies revealed that IFN-gamma signaling directly causes cell cycle arrest in Treg cells. This study shows that an IL-12-IFN-gamma axis can suppress tumor-induced Treg proliferation. This mechanism may counteract the ability of Treg cells to promote tumor growth in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefang Cao
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA.
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