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Jeon D, Hill E, McNeel DG. Toll-like receptor agonists as cancer vaccine adjuvants. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2297453. [PMID: 38155525 PMCID: PMC10760790 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2297453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy to treat cancer patients. Among the wide range of immunological approaches, cancer vaccines have been investigated to activate and expand tumor-reactive T cells. However, most cancer vaccines have not shown significant clinical benefit as monotherapies. This is likely due to the antigen targets of vaccines, "self" proteins to which there is tolerance, as well as to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. To help circumvent immune tolerance and generate effective immune responses, adjuvants for cancer vaccines are necessary. One representative adjuvant family is Toll-Like receptor (TLR) agonists, synthetic molecules that stimulate TLRs. TLRs are the largest family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that serve as the sensors of pathogens or cellular damage. They recognize conserved foreign molecules from pathogens or internal molecules from cellular damage and propel innate immune responses. When used with vaccines, activation of TLRs signals an innate damage response that can facilitate the development of a strong adaptive immune response against the target antigen. The ability of TLR agonists to modulate innate immune responses has positioned them to serve as adjuvants for vaccines targeting infectious diseases and cancers. This review provides a summary of various TLRs, including their expression patterns, their functions in the immune system, as well as their ligands and synthetic molecules developed as TLR agonists. In addition, it presents a comprehensive overview of recent strategies employing different TLR agonists as adjuvants in cancer vaccine development, both in pre-clinical models and ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghwan Jeon
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ethan Hill
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Douglas G. McNeel
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
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2
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Schorey JS, Vecchio J, McManus WR, Ongalo J, Webber K. Activation of host nucleic acid sensors by Mycobacterium: good for us or good for them? Crit Rev Microbiol 2024; 50:224-240. [PMID: 38153209 PMCID: PMC10985831 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2023.2294904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Although the importance of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) sensors in controlling viral infection is well established, their role in promoting an effective immune response to pathogens other than viruses is less clear. This is particularly true for infections with mycobacteria, as studies point to both protective and detrimental roles for activation of nucleic acid sensors in controlling a mycobacterial infection. Some of the contradiction likely stems from the use of different model systems and different mycobacterial species/strains as well as from which nucleic acid sensors were studied and what downstream effectors were evaluated. In this review, we will describe the different nucleic acid sensors that have been studied in the context of mycobacterial infections, and how the different studies compare. We conclude with a section on how nucleic acid sensor agonists have been used therapeutically and what further information is needed to enhance their potential as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery S. Schorey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Joseph Vecchio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - William R. McManus
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Joshua Ongalo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Kylie Webber
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
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3
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Parmaksız S, Pekcan M, Özkul A, Türkmen E, Rivero-Arredondo V, Ontiveros-Padilla L, Forbes N, Perrie Y, López-Macías C, Şenel S. In vivo evaluation of new adjuvant systems based on combination of Salmonella Typhi porins with particulate systems: Liposomes versus polymeric particles. Int J Pharm 2023; 648:123568. [PMID: 37925042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Subunit vaccines that have weak immunogenic activity require adjuvant systems for enhancedcellular and long-acting humoral immune responses. Both lipid-based and polymeric-based particulate adjuvants have been widely investigated to induce the desired immune responses against the subunit vaccines. The adjuvant efficacy of these particulate adjuvants depends upon their physicochemical properties such as particle size, surface charge, shape and their composition. Previously, we showed in vitro effect of adjuvant systems based on combination of chitosan and Salmonella Typhi porins in microparticle or nanoparticle form, which were spherical with positive surface charge. In the present study, we have further developed an adjuvant system based on combination of porins with liposomes (cationic and neutral) and investigated the adjuvant effect of both the liposomal and polymeric systems in BALB/c mice using a model antigen, ovalbumin. Humoral immune responses were determined following priming and booster dose at 15-day intervals. In overall, IgM and IgG levels were induced in the presence of both the liposomal and polymeric adjuvant systems indicating the positive impact of combination with porins. The highest IgM levels were obtained on Day 8, and liposomal adjuvant systems were found to elicit significantly higher IgM levels compared to polymeric systems. IgG levels were increased significantly after booster, particularly more profound with the micro-sized polymeric system when compared to cationic liposomal system with nano-size. Our results demonstrated that the developed particulate systems are promising both as an adjuvant and delivery system, providing enhanced immune responses against subunit antigens, and have the potential for long-term protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selin Parmaksız
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mert Pekcan
- Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, 06110 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aykut Özkul
- Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Ankara University, 06110 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ece Türkmen
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Vanessa Rivero-Arredondo
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Centre "Siglo XXI", Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Ontiveros-Padilla
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Centre "Siglo XXI", Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Neil Forbes
- University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne Perrie
- University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Constantino López-Macías
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Centre "Siglo XXI", Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sevda Şenel
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, 06100 Ankara, Turkey.
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4
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Matos AI, Peres C, Carreira B, Moura LIF, Acúrcio RC, Vogel T, Wegener E, Ribeiro F, Afonso MB, Santos FMF, Martínez‐Barriocanal Á, Arango D, Viana AS, Góis PMP, Silva LC, Rodrigues CMP, Graca L, Jordan R, Satchi‐Fainaro R, Florindo HF. Polyoxazoline-Based Nanovaccine Synergizes with Tumor-Associated Macrophage Targeting and Anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy against Solid Tumors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2300299. [PMID: 37434063 PMCID: PMC10477894 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade reaches remarkable clinical responses. However, even in the most favorable cases, half of these patients do not benefit from these therapies in the long term. It is hypothesized that the activation of host immunity by co-delivering peptide antigens, adjuvants, and regulators of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β expression using a polyoxazoline (POx)-poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanovaccine, while modulating the tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) function within the tumor microenvironment (TME) and blocking the anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) can constitute an alternative approach for cancer immunotherapy. POx-Mannose (Man) nanovaccines generate antigen-specific T-cell responses that control tumor growth to a higher extent than poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-Man nanovaccines. This anti-tumor effect induced by the POx-Man nanovaccines is mediated by a CD8+ -T cell-dependent mechanism, in contrast to the PEG-Man nanovaccines. POx-Man nanovaccine combines with pexidartinib, a modulator of the TAM function, restricts the MC38 tumor growth, and synergizes with PD-1 blockade, controlling MC38 and CT26 tumor growth and survival. This data is further validated in the highly aggressive and poorly immunogenic B16F10 melanoma mouse model. Therefore, the synergistic anti-tumor effect induced by the combination of nanovaccines with the inhibition of both TAM- and PD-1-inducing immunosuppression, holds great potential for improving immunotherapy outcomes in solid cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I. Matos
- Grouf of BioNanoSciences ‐ Drug Delivery and Immunoengineering, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Health TechnologiesFaculty of PharmacyUniversidade de LisboaLisbon1649‐003Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Lisbon Academic Medical CenterUniversidade de LisboaLisbon1649‐028Portugal
| | - Carina Peres
- Grouf of BioNanoSciences ‐ Drug Delivery and Immunoengineering, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Health TechnologiesFaculty of PharmacyUniversidade de LisboaLisbon1649‐003Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Lisbon Academic Medical CenterUniversidade de LisboaLisbon1649‐028Portugal
| | - Barbara Carreira
- Grouf of BioNanoSciences ‐ Drug Delivery and Immunoengineering, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Health TechnologiesFaculty of PharmacyUniversidade de LisboaLisbon1649‐003Portugal
| | - Liane I. F. Moura
- Grouf of BioNanoSciences ‐ Drug Delivery and Immunoengineering, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Health TechnologiesFaculty of PharmacyUniversidade de LisboaLisbon1649‐003Portugal
| | - Rita C. Acúrcio
- Grouf of BioNanoSciences ‐ Drug Delivery and Immunoengineering, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Health TechnologiesFaculty of PharmacyUniversidade de LisboaLisbon1649‐003Portugal
| | - Theresa Vogel
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of ScienceTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Erik Wegener
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of ScienceTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Filipa Ribeiro
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Lisbon Academic Medical CenterUniversidade de LisboaLisbon1649‐028Portugal
| | - Marta B. Afonso
- Grouf of BioNanoSciences ‐ Drug Delivery and Immunoengineering, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Health TechnologiesFaculty of PharmacyUniversidade de LisboaLisbon1649‐003Portugal
| | - Fábio M. F. Santos
- Grouf of BioNanoSciences ‐ Drug Delivery and Immunoengineering, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Health TechnologiesFaculty of PharmacyUniversidade de LisboaLisbon1649‐003Portugal
| | - Águeda Martínez‐Barriocanal
- Group of Biomedical Research in Digestive Tract TumorsCIBBIM‐NanomedicineVall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)Barcelona08035Spain
- Group of Molecular OncologyLleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida)Lleida25198Spain
| | - Diego Arango
- Group of Biomedical Research in Digestive Tract TumorsCIBBIM‐NanomedicineVall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)Barcelona08035Spain
- Group of Molecular OncologyLleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida)Lleida25198Spain
| | - Ana S. Viana
- Centro de Química EstruturalDepartamento de Química e BioquímicaInstitute of Molecular SciencesFaculty of SciencesUniversidade de LisboaLisbon1749‐016Portugal
| | - Pedro M. P. Góis
- Grouf of BioNanoSciences ‐ Drug Delivery and Immunoengineering, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Health TechnologiesFaculty of PharmacyUniversidade de LisboaLisbon1649‐003Portugal
| | - Liana C. Silva
- Grouf of BioNanoSciences ‐ Drug Delivery and Immunoengineering, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Health TechnologiesFaculty of PharmacyUniversidade de LisboaLisbon1649‐003Portugal
| | - Cecília M. P. Rodrigues
- Grouf of BioNanoSciences ‐ Drug Delivery and Immunoengineering, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Health TechnologiesFaculty of PharmacyUniversidade de LisboaLisbon1649‐003Portugal
| | - Luis Graca
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Lisbon Academic Medical CenterUniversidade de LisboaLisbon1649‐028Portugal
| | - Rainer Jordan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of ScienceTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Ronit Satchi‐Fainaro
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyFaculty of MedicineSagol School of NeuroscienceTel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv69978Israel
| | - Helena F. Florindo
- Grouf of BioNanoSciences ‐ Drug Delivery and Immunoengineering, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Health TechnologiesFaculty of PharmacyUniversidade de LisboaLisbon1649‐003Portugal
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Wang J, Xie T, Ullah I, Mi Y, Li X, Gong Y, He P, Liu Y, Li F, Li J, Lu Z, Zhu B. A VLP-Based Vaccine Displaying HBHA and MTP Antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Induces Protective Immune Responses in M. tuberculosis H37Ra Infected Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:941. [PMID: 37243045 PMCID: PMC10224509 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11050941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin-binding hemagglutinin (HBHA) and M. tuberculosis pili (MTP) are important antigens on the surface of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. To display these antigens effectively, the fusion protein HBHA-MTP with a molecular weight of 20 kD (L20) was inserted into the receptor-binding hemagglutinin (HA) fragment of influenza virus and was expressed along with matrix protein M1 in Sf9 insect cells to generate influenza virus-like particles (LV20 in short). The results showed that the insertion of L20 into the envelope of the influenza virus did not affect the self-assembly and morphology of LV20 VLPs. The expression of L20 was successfully verified by transmission electron microscopy. Importantly, it did not interfere with the immunogenicity reactivity of LV20 VLPs. We demonstrated that LV20 combined with the adjuvant composed of DDA and Poly I: C (DP) elicited significantly higher antigen-specific antibodies and CD4+/CD8+ T cell responses than PBS and BCG vaccination in mice. It suggests that the insect cell expression system is an excellent protein production system, and LV20 VLPs could be a novel tuberculosis vaccine candidate for further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.W.); (T.X.); (Y.M.); (Y.G.); (F.L.)
| | - Tao Xie
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.W.); (T.X.); (Y.M.); (Y.G.); (F.L.)
| | - Inayat Ullah
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.W.); (T.X.); (Y.M.); (Y.G.); (F.L.)
| | - Youjun Mi
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.W.); (T.X.); (Y.M.); (Y.G.); (F.L.)
- Institute of Pathogenic Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaoping Li
- Respiratory Department of Lanzhou Pulmonary Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yang Gong
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.W.); (T.X.); (Y.M.); (Y.G.); (F.L.)
| | - Pu He
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.W.); (T.X.); (Y.M.); (Y.G.); (F.L.)
| | - Yuqi Liu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.W.); (T.X.); (Y.M.); (Y.G.); (F.L.)
| | - Fei Li
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.W.); (T.X.); (Y.M.); (Y.G.); (F.L.)
| | - Jixi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China;
| | - Zengjun Lu
- Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Bingdong Zhu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.W.); (T.X.); (Y.M.); (Y.G.); (F.L.)
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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6
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Chen W, Li C, Jiang X. Advanced Biomaterials with Intrinsic Immunomodulation Effects for Cancer Immunotherapy. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2201404. [PMID: 36811240 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, tumor immunotherapy has achieved significant success in tumor treatment based on immune checkpoint blockers and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy. However, about 70-80% of patients with solid tumors do not respond to immunotherapy due to immune evasion. Recent studies found that some biomaterials have intrinsic immunoregulatory effects, except serve as carriers for immunoregulatory drugs. Moreover, these biomaterials have additional advantages such as easy functionalization, modification, and customization. In this review, the recent advances of these immunoregulatory biomaterials in cancer immunotherapy and their interaction with cancer cells, immune cells, and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment are summarized. Finally, the opportunities and challenges of immunoregulatory biomaterials used in the clinic and the prospect of their future in cancer immunotherapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhi Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Xiqun Jiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
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7
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Wotman KL, Chow L, Martabano B, Pezzanite LM, Dow S. Novel ocular immunotherapy induces tumor regression in an equine model of ocular surface squamous neoplasia. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2023; 72:1185-1198. [PMID: 36367558 PMCID: PMC10992022 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-022-03321-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) is the major cause of corneal cancer in man and horses worldwide, and the prevalence of OSSN is increasing due to greater UVB exposure globally. Currently, there are no approved treatments for OSSN in either species, and most patients are managed with surgical excision or off-label treatment with locally injected interferon alpha, or topically applied cytotoxic drugs such as mitomycin C. A more broadly effective and readily applied immunotherapy could exert a significant impact on management of OSSN worldwide. We therefore evaluated the effectiveness of a liposomal TLR complex (LTC) immunotherapy, which previously demonstrated strong antiviral activity in multiple animal models following mucosal application, for ocular antitumor activity in a horse spontaneous OSSN model. In vitro studies demonstrated strong activation of interferon responses in horse leukocytes by LTC and suppression of OSSN cell growth and migration. In a trial of 8 horses (9 eyes), treatment with topical or perilesional LTC resulted in an overall tumor response rate of 67%, including durable regression of large OSSN tumors. Repeated treatment with LTC ocular immunotherapy was also very well tolerated clinically. We conclude therefore that ocular immunotherapy with LTC warrants further investigation as a novel approach to management of OSSN in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Wotman
- Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
| | - Lyndah Chow
- Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Brittany Martabano
- Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Lynn M Pezzanite
- Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Steven Dow
- Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
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Agallou M, Margaroni M, Tsanaktsidou E, Badounas F, Kammona O, Kiparissides C, Karagouni E. A liposomal vaccine promotes strong adaptive immune responses via dendritic cell activation in draining lymph nodes. J Control Release 2023; 356:386-401. [PMID: 36893900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Subunit proteins provide a safe source of antigens for vaccine development especially for intracellular infections which require the induction of strong cellular immune responses. However, those antigens are often limited by their low immunogenicity. In order to achieve effective immune responses, they should be encapsulated into a stable antigen delivery system combined with an appropriate adjuvant. As such cationic liposomes provide an efficient platform for antigen delivery. In the present study, we describe a liposomal vaccine platform for co-delivery of antigens and adjuvants able to elicit strong antigen-specific adaptive immune responses. Liposomes are composed of the cationic lipid dimethyl dioctadecylammonium bromide (DDAB), cholesterol (CHOL) and oleic acid (OA). Physicochemical characterization of the formulations showed that their size was in the range of ∼250 nm with a positive zeta potential which was affected in some cases by the enviromental pH facilitating endosomal escape of potential vaccine cargo. In vitro, liposomes were effectively taken up by bone marrow dendritic cells (BMDCs) and when encapsulated IMQ they promoted BMDCs maturation and activation. Upon in vivo intramuscular administration, liposomes' active drainage to lymph nodes was mediated by DCs, B cells and macrophages. Thus, mice immunization with liposomes having encapsulated LiChimera, a previously characterized anti-leishmanial antigen, and IMQ elicited infiltration of CD11blow DCs populations in draining LNs followed by increased antigen-specific IgG, IgG2a and IgG1 levels production as well as indcution of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Collectively, the present work provides a proof-of-concept that cationic liposomes composed of DDAB, CHOL and OA adjuvanted with IMQ provide an efficient delivery platform for protein antigens able to induce strong adaptive immune responses via DCs targeting and induction of maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Agallou
- Immunology of Infection Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens 125 21, Greece
| | - Maritsa Margaroni
- Immunology of Infection Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens 125 21, Greece
| | - Evgenia Tsanaktsidou
- Chemical Process & Energy Resources Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, P.O. Box 60361, Thessaloniki 57 001, Greece
| | - Fotis Badounas
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Transgenic Technology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens 125 21, Greece
| | - Olga Kammona
- Chemical Process & Energy Resources Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, P.O. Box 60361, Thessaloniki 57 001, Greece
| | - Costas Kiparissides
- Chemical Process & Energy Resources Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, P.O. Box 60361, Thessaloniki 57 001, Greece; Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 472, Thessaloniki 54 124, Greece
| | - Evdokia Karagouni
- Immunology of Infection Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens 125 21, Greece.
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Recombinant Protein Vaccines Formulated with Enantio-Specific Cationic Lipid R-DOTAP Induce Protective Cellular and Antibody-Mediated Immune Responses in Mice. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020432. [PMID: 36851646 PMCID: PMC9965888 DOI: 10.3390/v15020432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants are essential components of subunit vaccines added to enhance immune responses to antigens through immunomodulation. Very few adjuvants have been approved for human use by regulatory agencies due to safety concerns. Current subunit vaccine adjuvants approved for human use are very effective in promoting humoral immune responses but are less effective at promoting T-cell immunity. In this study, we evaluated a novel pure enantio-specific cationic lipid 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (R-DOTAP) as an immunomodulator for subunit vaccines capable of inducing both humoral- and cellular-mediated immunity. Using recombinant protein antigens derived from SARS-CoV2 spike or novel computationally optimized broadly reactive influenza antigen (COBRA) proteins, we demonstrated that R-DOTAP nanoparticles promoted strong cellular- and antibody-mediated immune responses in both monovalent and bivalent vaccines. R-DOTAP-based vaccines induced antigen-specific and polyfunctional CD8+ and CD4+ effector T cells and memory T cells, respectively. Antibody responses induced by R-DOTAP showed a balanced Th1/Th2 type immunity, neutralizing activity and protection of mice from challenge with live SARS-CoV2 or influenza viruses. R-DOTAP also facilitated significant dose sparing of the vaccine antigens. These studies demonstrate that R-DOTAP is an excellent immune stimulator for the production of next-generation subunit vaccines containing multiple recombinant proteins.
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10
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Ko KH, Cha SB, Lee SH, Bae HS, Ham CS, Lee MG, Kim DH, Han SH. A novel defined TLR3 agonist as an effective vaccine adjuvant. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1075291. [PMID: 36761735 PMCID: PMC9902914 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1075291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic double-stranded RNA analogs recognized by Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) are an attractive adjuvant candidate for vaccines, especially against intracellular pathogens or tumors, because of their ability to enhance T cell and antibody responses. Although poly(I:C) is a representative dsRNA with potent adjuvanticity, its clinical application has been limited due to heterogeneous molecular size, inconsistent activity, poor stability, and toxicity. To overcome these limitations, we developed a novel dsRNA-based TLR3 agonist named NexaVant (NVT) by using PCR-coupled bidirectional in vitro transcription. Agarose gel electrophoresis and reverse phase-HPLC analysis demonstrated that NVT is a single 275-kDa homogeneous molecule. NVT appears to be stable since its appearance, concentration, and molecular size were unaffected under 6 months of accelerated storage conditions. Moreover, preclinical evaluation of toxicity under good laboratory practices showed that NVT is a safe substance without any signs of serious toxicity. NVT stimulated TLR3 and increased the expression of viral nucleic acid sensors TLR3, MDA-5, and RIG-1. When intramuscularly injected into C57BL/6 mice, ovalbumin (OVA) plus NVT highly increased the migration of dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, and neutrophils into inguinal lymph node (iLN) compared with OVA alone. In addition, NVT substantially induced the phenotypic markers of DC maturation and activation including MHC-II, CD40, CD80, and CD86 together with IFN-β production. Furthermore, NVT exhibited an appropriate adjuvanticity because it elevated OVA-specific IgG, in particular, higher levels of IgG2c (Th1-type) but lower IgG1 (Th2-type). Concomitantly, NVT increased the levels of Th1-type T cells such as IFN-γ+CD4+ and IFN-γ+CD8+ cells in response to OVA stimulation. Collectively, we suggest that NVT with appropriate safety and effectiveness is a novel and promising adjuvant for vaccines, especially those requiring T cell mediated immunity such as viral and cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Hyun Ko
- Research and Development Center, NA Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Bin Cha
- Research and Development Center, NA Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Research and Development Center, NA Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Shik Bae
- Research and Development Center, NA Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Soo Ham
- Research and Development Center, NA Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Gyu Lee
- Research and Development Center, NA Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ho Kim
- Research and Development Center, NA Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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11
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Ammons DT, Guth A, Rozental AJ, Kurihara J, Marolf AJ, Chow L, Griffin JF, Makii R, MacQuiddy B, Boss MK, Regan DP, Frank C, McGrath S, Packer RA, Dow S. Reprogramming the Canine Glioma Microenvironment with Tumor Vaccination plus Oral Losartan and Propranolol Induces Objective Responses. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 2:1657-1667. [PMID: 36644324 PMCID: PMC9835010 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-22-0388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Malignant gliomas have a highly immune suppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) which renders them largely unresponsive to conventional therapeutics. Therefore, the present study evaluated a therapeutic protocol designed overcome the immune barrier by combining myeloid cell targeted immunotherapy with tumor vaccination. Experimental Design We utilized a spontaneously occurring canine glioma model to investigate an oral TME modifying immunotherapy in conjunction with cancer stem cell (CSC) vaccination. Dogs were treated daily with losartan (monocyte migration inhibitor) and propranolol (myeloid-derived suppressor cell depleting agent) plus anti-CSC vaccination on a bi-weekly then monthly schedule. Tumor volume was monitored by MRI and correlated with patient immune responses. Results Ten dogs with histologically confirmed gliomas were enrolled into a prospective, open-label clinical trial to evaluate the immunotherapy protocol. Partial tumor regression was observed in 2 dogs, while 6 dogs experienced stable disease, for an overall clinical benefit rate of 80%. Overall survival times (median = 351 days) and progression-free intervals (median = 163 days) were comparable to prior studies evaluating surgical debulking followed by immunotherapy. Dogs with detectable anti-CSC antibody responses had an increased overall survival time relative to dogs that did not generate antibody responses (vaccine responder MST = 500 days; vaccine non-responder MST = 218 days; p = 0.02). Conclusions These findings suggest that combining myeloid cell targeted oral immunotherapy with tumor vaccination can generate objective tumor responses, even in the absence of conventional therapy. Overall, this approach has promise as a readily implemented therapeutic strategy for use in brain cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan T. Ammons
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Amanda Guth
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Aaron J. Rozental
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Jade Kurihara
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Angela J. Marolf
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Lyndah Chow
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - John F. Griffin
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Rebecca Makii
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Brittany MacQuiddy
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Mary-Keara Boss
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Daniel P. Regan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Chad Frank
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Stephanie McGrath
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Rebecca A. Packer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Steven Dow
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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12
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Bhatt P, Sharma M, Prakash Sharma P, Rathi B, Sharma S. Mycobacterium tuberculosis dormancy regulon proteins Rv2627c and Rv2628 as Toll like receptor agonist and as potential adjuvant. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 112:109238. [PMID: 36116151 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During latency, DosR proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) get activated and help the bacterium to remain dormant. We have shown earlier that 2 such proteins Rv2627c and Rv2628 are immunogenic and induce a TH1 kind of immune response. In this study, through in-vitro experiments we have confirmed that Rv2627c and Rv2628 proteins act as protein Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) agonist-adjuvant. Rv2627c and Rv2628 stimulated THP-1 macrophages showed an increased expression of TLR2, TLR4 and co-stimulatory molecules CD40, CD80, CD86 and antigen presenting molecule HLA-DR. Further studies also found enhanced expression of downstream signaling molecules of TLR activation like MyD88, NF-κB-p65 and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Inhibition studies using TLR blocking antibodies decreased the expression of co-stimulatory molecules, MyD88, NF-κB-p65, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Rv2627c and Rv2628 stimulation of HEK-TLR2 reporter cell line confirmed the interaction of these proteins with TLR2. Moreover, molecular docking and simulations of Rv2627c and Rv2628 proteins with TLR2 and TLR4 showed stable interactions. The adjuvant activity of Rv2628 was further validated by a protein adjuvanted with pre-clinically validated peptides as multi-epitope vaccine construct which showed good binding with TLR2 and TLR4 and activate dendritic cells and induce sustained pro-inflammatory cytokine response by C-ImmSim analysis. We propose that our vaccine construct will produce a better immune response than BCG and can be taken up as a post-exposure therapeutic subunit vaccine along with standard TB therapy. We also anticipate that our construct can be taken up as a protein adjuvant with other vaccine candidates as these can activate macrophages through TLR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Bhatt
- DSKC BioDiscovery Lab, Department of Zoology, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
| | - Monika Sharma
- DSKC BioDiscovery Lab, Department of Zoology, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Prem Prakash Sharma
- Laboratory for Translational Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Brijesh Rathi
- Laboratory for Translational Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Sadhna Sharma
- DSKC BioDiscovery Lab, Department of Zoology, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
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13
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Recombinant MUC1-MBP fusion protein vaccine combined with CpG2006 induces antigen-specific CTL responses through cDC1-mediated cross-priming mainly regulated by type I IFN signaling in mice. Immunol Lett 2022; 245:38-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Tretiakova DS, Vodovozova EL. Liposomes as Adjuvants and Vaccine Delivery Systems. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) SUPPLEMENT. SERIES A, MEMBRANE AND CELL BIOLOGY 2022; 16:1-20. [PMID: 35194485 PMCID: PMC8853224 DOI: 10.1134/s1990747822020076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The review considers liposomes as systems of substantial interest as adjuvant carriers in vaccinology due to their versatility and maximal biocompatibility. Research and development on the use of liposomes and lipid nanoparticles to create subunit vaccines for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases has been going on for several decades. In recent years, the area has seen serious progress due to the improvement of the technology of industrial production of various high-grade lipids suitable for parenteral administration and the emergence of new technologies and equipment for the production of liposomal preparations. When developing vaccines, it is necessary to take into account how the body’s immune system (innate and adaptive immunity) functions. The review briefly describes some of the fundamental mechanisms underlying the mobilization of immunity when encountering an antigen, as well as the influence of liposome carriers on the processes of internalization of antigens by immunocompetent cells and ways of immune response induction. The results of the studies on the interactions of liposomes with antigen-presenting cells in function of the liposome size, charge, and phase state of the bilayer, which depends on the lipid composition, are often contradictory and should be verified in each specific case. The introduction of immunostimulant components into the composition of liposomal vaccine complexes—ligands of the pathogen-associated molecular pattern receptors—permits modulation of the strength and type of the immune response. The review briefly discusses liposome-based vaccines approved for use in the clinic for the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases, including mRNA-loaded lipid nanoparticles. Examples of liposomal vaccines that undergo various stages of clinical trials are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Tretiakova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - E L Vodovozova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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15
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Abstract
A favorable outcome of the COVID-19 crisis might be achieved with massive vaccination. The proposed vaccines contain several different vaccine active principles (VAP), such as inactivated virus, antigen, mRNA, and DNA, which are associated with either standard adjuvants or nanomaterials (NM) such as liposomes in Moderna's and BioNTech/Pfizer's vaccines. COVID-19 vaccine adjuvants may be chosen among liposomes or other types of NM composed for example of graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, micelles, exosomes, membrane vesicles, polymers, or metallic NM, taking inspiration from cancer nano-vaccines, whose adjuvants may share some of their properties with those of viral vaccines. The mechanisms of action of nano-adjuvants are based on the facilitation by NM of targeting certain regions of immune interest such as the mucus, lymph nodes, and zones of infection or blood irrigation, the possible modulation of the type of attachment of the VAP to NM, in particular VAP positioning on the NM external surface to favor VAP presentation to antigen presenting cells (APC) or VAP encapsulation within NM to prevent VAP degradation, and the possibility to adjust the nature of the immune response by tuning the physico-chemical properties of NM such as their size, surface charge, or composition. The use of NM as adjuvants or the presence of nano-dimensions in COVID-19 vaccines does not only have the potential to improve the vaccine benefit/risk ratio, but also to reduce the dose of vaccine necessary to reach full efficacy. It could therefore ease the overall spread of COVID-19 vaccines within a sufficiently large portion of the world population to exit the current crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Alphandéry
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 7590, IRD, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, IMPMC, 75005 Paris, France. .,Nanobacterie SARL, 36 Boulevard Flandrin, 75116, Paris, France.,Institute of Anatomy, UZH University of Zurich, Instiute of Anatomy, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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16
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Brennan K, Craven S, Cheung M, Kane D, Noone E, O'Callaghan J, Molloy EJ, Walsh PT, McAuliffe FM, Doyle SL. Cytosolic dsRNA improves neonatal innate immune responses to adjuvants in use in pediatric vaccines. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:523-537. [PMID: 35098572 PMCID: PMC9542317 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5a0521-242r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of the innate immune system represent the critical front‐line defense against pathogens, and new vaccine formulations target these PRR pathways to boost vaccine responses, through activation of cellular/Th1 immunity. The majority of pediatric vaccines contain aluminum (ALUM) or monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) as adjuvants to encourage immune activation. Evidence suggests that elements of the innate immune system, currently being targeted for vaccine adjuvanticity do not fully develop until puberty and it is likely that effective adjuvants for the neonatal and pediatric populations are being overlooked due to modeling of responses in adult systems. We recently reported that the activity of the cytosolic nucleic acid (CNA) sensing family of PRRs is strong in cord blood and peripheral blood of young children. This study investigates the function of CNA sensors in subsets of neonatal innate immune cells and shows that myeloid cells from cord blood can be activated to express T cell costimulatory markers, and also to produce Th1 promoting cytokines. CD80 and CD86 were consistently up‐regulated in response to cytosolic Poly(I:C) stimulation in all cell types examined and CNA activation also induced robust Type I IFN and low levels of TNFα in monocytes, monocyte‐derived macrophages, and monocyte‐derived dendritic cells. We have compared CNA activation to adjuvants currently in use (MPLA or ALUM), either alone or in combination and found that cytosolic Poly(I:C) in combination with MPLA or ALUM can improve expression of activation marker levels above those observed with either adjuvant alone. This may prove particularly promising in the context of improving the efficacy of existing ALUM‐ or MPLA‐containing vaccines, through activation of T cell‐mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiva Brennan
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Crumlin Dublin Ireland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Simon Craven
- UCD Perinatal Research Centre, Obstetrics & Gynaecology School of Medicine, University College Dublin, National Maternity Hospital Dublin Ireland
| | - Maria Cheung
- UCD Perinatal Research Centre, Obstetrics & Gynaecology School of Medicine, University College Dublin, National Maternity Hospital Dublin Ireland
| | - Daniel Kane
- UCD Perinatal Research Centre, Obstetrics & Gynaecology School of Medicine, University College Dublin, National Maternity Hospital Dublin Ireland
| | - Eleanor Noone
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Joseph O'Callaghan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Eleanor J Molloy
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Crumlin Dublin Ireland
- Department of Paediatrics School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital Dublin Ireland
| | - Patrick T Walsh
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Crumlin Dublin Ireland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Fionnuala M McAuliffe
- UCD Perinatal Research Centre, Obstetrics & Gynaecology School of Medicine, University College Dublin, National Maternity Hospital Dublin Ireland
| | - Sarah L Doyle
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Crumlin Dublin Ireland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
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17
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Huang ZN, Callmann CE, Cole LE, Wang S, Mirkin CA. Synergistic Immunostimulation through the Dual Activation of Toll-like Receptor 3/9 with Spherical Nucleic Acids. ACS NANO 2021; 15:13329-13338. [PMID: 34278782 PMCID: PMC8766625 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c03093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of proteins that modulate the innate immune system and control the initiation of downstream immune responses. Spherical nucleic acids (SNAs) designed to stimulate single members of the TLR family (e.g., TLR7 or TLR9) have shown utility in cancer immunotherapy. We hypothesized that SNAs synthesized with multiple TLR agonists would enable the simultaneous activation of multiple TLR pathways for maximally synergistic immune activation. Here, we describe the synthesis of SNAs that incorporate both a TLR3 agonist (polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid, poly(I:C)) and TLR9 agonist (CpG oligonucleotide) on the same liposomal scaffold. In this design, CpG comprises the SNA oligonucleotide shell, and poly(I:C) is encapsulated in the liposome core. These dual-TLR activating SNAs efficiently codeliver high quantities of both agonists to the same target cell, yielding enhanced immunostimulation in various murine and human antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Moreover, codelivery of TLR agonists using the SNA both synchronizes and prolongs the duration of costimulatory molecule and major histocompatibility complex class II expression in APCs, which has been shown to be important for efficient downstream immune responses. Taken together, this SNA design provides a strategy for potently activating immune cells and increasing the efficiency of their activation, which likely will inform the preparation of nanomaterials for highly potent immunotherapies.
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18
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Chatzikleanthous D, O'Hagan DT, Adamo R. Lipid-Based Nanoparticles for Delivery of Vaccine Adjuvants and Antigens: Toward Multicomponent Vaccines. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:2867-2888. [PMID: 34264684 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite the many advances that have occurred in the field of vaccine adjuvants, there are still unmet needs that may enable the development of vaccines suitable for more challenging pathogens (e.g., HIV and tuberculosis) and for cancer vaccines. Liposomes have already been shown to be highly effective as adjuvant/delivery systems due to their versatility and likely will find further uses in this space. The broad potential of lipid-based delivery systems is highlighted by the recent approval of COVID-19 vaccines comprising lipid nanoparticles with encapsulated mRNA. This review provides an overview of the different approaches that can be evaluated for the design of lipid-based vaccine adjuvant/delivery systems for protein, carbohydrate, and nucleic acid-based antigens and how these strategies might be combined to develop multicomponent vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despo Chatzikleanthous
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, G4 0RE Glasgow, U.K.,GSK, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
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19
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Immune Responses to Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus Infection in Pigs Vaccinated with a Conserved Hemagglutinin HA1 Peptide Adjuvanted with CAF ®01 or CDA/αGalCerMPEG. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9070751. [PMID: 34358167 PMCID: PMC8310093 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the immune response and protection correlates against influenza virus (IV) infection in pigs vaccinated with the novel NG34 HA1 vaccine candidate adjuvanted with either CAF®01 or CDA/αGalCerMPEG (αGCM). Two groups of six pigs each were vaccinated intramuscularly twice with either NG34 + CAF®01 or NG34 + CDA/αGCM. As controls, groups of animals (n = 6 or 4) either non-vaccinated or vaccinated with human seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine or NG34 + Freund’s adjuvant were included in the study. All animal groups were challenged with the 2009 pandemic (pdm09) strain of H1N1 (total amount of 7 × 106 TCID50/mL) via intranasal and endotracheal routes 21 days after second vaccination. Reduced consolidated lung lesions were observed both on days three and seven post-challenge in the animals vaccinated with NG34 + CAF®01, whereas higher variability with relatively more severe lesions in pigs of the NG34 + CDA/αGCM group on day three post-infection. Among groups, animals vaccinated with NG34 + CDA/αGCM showed higher viral loads in the lung at seven days post infection whereas animals from NG34 + CAF®01 completely abolished virus from the lower respiratory tract. Similarly, higher IFNγ secretion and stronger IgG responses against the NG34 peptide in sera was observed in animals from the NG34 + CAF®01 group as compared to the NG34 + CDA/αGCM. NG34-vaccinated pigs with adjuvanted CAF®01 or CDA/αGCM combinations resulted in different immune responses as well as outcomes in pathology and viral shedding.
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20
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Pressnall MM, Huang A, Groer CE, Huayamares SG, Laird Forrest M, Berkland CJ. Glatiramer acetate enhances tumor retention and innate activation of immunostimulants. Int J Pharm 2021; 605:120812. [PMID: 34144136 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy aims to stimulate immune cells to recognize and attack tumor tissue. The immunostimulatory polyanions polyI:C and CpG induce potent pro-inflammatory immune responses as TLR3 and TLR9 agonists, respectively. Clinical trials of TLR agonists, however, have been fraught with immune-related adverse events, even when injecting intratumorally in an effort to minimize systemic exposure. We identified Glatiramer Acetate (GA), a positively-charged polypeptide approved for multiple sclerosis, as a delivery agent capable of complexing with polyI:C or CpG and reducing the mobility of these actives. Small nanoparticles termed polyplexes form when mixing positively-charged GA and negatively-charged immunostimulant (polyI:C or CpG). The ratio of GA to immunostimulant directly affected the potency of TLR activation and the mobility of these actives in simulated tumor tissue. Polyplexes of GA and CpG were injected intratumorally in a tumor model of head and neck cancer (HNC) and significantly mitigated tumor growth as compared to the vehicle controls. Intratumoral injections of CpG showed the slowest tumor growth but exhibited dramatically higher systemic proinflammatory cytokine levels compared to polyplexes of GA with CpG. Sequencing of RNA from resected tumors revealed a similar pattern of upregulated proinflammatory cytokines for CpG and polyplexes, a finding supported by histological tumor staining showing similar infiltration of immune cells induced by these treatments. Intratumoral administration of polyplexes of GA with immunostimulant represents a translational approach to enhance local immune responses while mitigating systemic immune-related adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Pressnall
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Aric Huang
- Bioengineering Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Chad E Groer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States; HylaPharm, LLC, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | | | - M Laird Forrest
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States; HylaPharm, LLC, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Cory J Berkland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States; Bioengineering Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States.
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Cationic Nanoparticle-Based Cancer Vaccines. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050596. [PMID: 33919378 PMCID: PMC8143365 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic nanoparticles have been shown to be surprisingly effective as cancer vaccine vehicles in preclinical and clinical studies. Cationic nanoparticles deliver tumor-associated antigens to dendritic cells and induce immune activation, resulting in strong antigen-specific cellular immune responses, as shown for a wide variety of vaccine candidates. In this review, we discuss the relation between the cationic nature of nanoparticles and the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Multiple types of lipid- and polymer-based cationic nanoparticulate cancer vaccines with various antigen types (e.g., mRNA, DNA, peptides and proteins) and adjuvants are described. Furthermore, we focus on the types of cationic nanoparticles used for T-cell induction, especially in the context of therapeutic cancer vaccination. We discuss different cationic nanoparticulate vaccines, molecular mechanisms of adjuvanticity and biodistribution profiles upon administration via different routes. Finally, we discuss the perspectives of cationic nanoparticulate vaccines for improving immunotherapy of cancer.
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Waqas M, Haider A, Rehman A, Qasim M, Umar A, Sufyan M, Akram HN, Mir A, Razzaq R, Rasool D, Tahir RA, Sehgal SA. Immunoinformatics and Molecular Docking Studies Predicted Potential Multiepitope-Based Peptide Vaccine and Novel Compounds against Novel SARS-CoV-2 through Virtual Screening. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:1596834. [PMID: 33728324 PMCID: PMC7910514 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1596834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronaviruses (CoVs) are enveloped positive-strand RNA viruses which have club-like spikes at the surface with a unique replication process. Coronaviruses are categorized as major pathogenic viruses causing a variety of diseases in birds and mammals including humans (lethal respiratory dysfunctions). Nowadays, a new strain of coronaviruses is identified and named as SARS-CoV-2. Multiple cases of SARS-CoV-2 attacks are being reported all over the world. SARS-CoV-2 showed high death rate; however, no specific treatment is available against SARS-CoV-2. METHODS In the current study, immunoinformatics approaches were employed to predict the antigenic epitopes against SARS-CoV-2 for the development of the coronavirus vaccine. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte and B-cell epitopes were predicted for SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus protein. Multiple sequence alignment of three genomes (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2) was used to conserved binding domain analysis. RESULTS The docking complexes of 4 CTL epitopes with antigenic sites were analyzed followed by binding affinity and binding interaction analyses of top-ranked predicted peptides with MHC-I HLA molecule. The molecular docking (Food and Drug Regulatory Authority library) was performed, and four compounds exhibiting least binding energy were identified. The designed epitopes lead to the molecular docking against MHC-I, and interactional analyses of the selected docked complexes were investigated. In conclusion, four CTL epitopes (GTDLEGNFY, TVNVLAWLY, GSVGFNIDY, and QTFSVLACY) and four FDA-scrutinized compounds exhibited potential targets as peptide vaccines and potential biomolecules against deadly SARS-CoV-2, respectively. A multiepitope vaccine was also designed from different epitopes of coronavirus proteins joined by linkers and led by an adjuvant. CONCLUSION Our investigations predicted epitopes and the reported molecules that may have the potential to inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 virus. These findings can be a step towards the development of a peptide-based vaccine or natural compound drug target against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Waqas
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ali Haider
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdur Rehman
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ahitsham Umar
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sufyan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Hafiza Nisha Akram
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Asif Mir
- Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Roha Razzaq
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Danish Rasool
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rana Adnan Tahir
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Sahiwal Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sheikh Arslan Sehgal
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan
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23
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Peeler DJ, Yen A, Luera N, Stayton PS, Pun SH. Lytic Polyplex Vaccines Enhance Antigen‐Specific Cytotoxic T Cell Response through Induction of Local Cell Death. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Peeler
- Department of Bioengineering University of Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Albert Yen
- Department of Bioengineering University of Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Nicholas Luera
- Department of Bioengineering University of Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Patrick S. Stayton
- Department of Bioengineering University of Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Suzie H. Pun
- Department of Bioengineering University of Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA
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24
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Guth AM, Hafeman SD, Dow SW. Depletion of phagocytic myeloid cells triggers spontaneous T cell- and NK cell-dependent antitumor activity. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:1248-1257. [PMID: 23243588 PMCID: PMC3518497 DOI: 10.4161/onci.21317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Depletion of tumor associated macrophages and inhibition of tumor angiogenesis have been invoked as the principle mechanisms underlying the antitumor activity of liposomal clodronate (LC). However, previous studies have not examined the effects of LC on systemic antitumor immunity. Here, we used mouse tumor models to elucidate the role of T and NK cells in the antitumor activity elicited by the systemic administration of LC. Strikingly, we found that the antitumor activity of LC is completely abolished in immunodeficient Rag1−/− mice. Moreover, both Cd4−/− and Cd8−/− mice as well as mice depleted of NK cells manifested a significant impaired ability to control tumor growth following LC administration. Treatment with LC did not result in an overall increase in T- or NK-cell numbers in tumors or lymphoid organs, nor was tumor infiltration with T or NK cells altered. However, T and NK cells isolated from the spleen of LC-treated mice exhibited significant increased tumor-specific secretion of interferon γ and interleukin 17 and greater cytolytic activity. We concluded that the antitumor effects of LC are largely dependent on the generation of systemic T-cell and NK- cell activity, most likely owing to the depletion of immune suppressive myeloid cell populations in lymphoid tissues. These findings suggest that the systemic administration of LC may constitute an effective means for non-specifically augmenting the antitumor activity of T and NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Guth
- Animal Cancer Center; Dept of Clinical Sciences; Colorado State University; Ft. Collins, CO USA
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25
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Stevens AD, Bullock TNJ. Therapeutic vaccination targeting CD40 and TLR3 controls melanoma growth through existing intratumoral CD8 T cells without new T cell infiltration. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:2139-2150. [PMID: 33452626 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02841-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells are potently activated by the synergistic action of CD40 stimulation in conjunction with signaling through toll like receptors, subsequently priming T cells. Cancer vaccines targeting the activation of dendritic cells in this manner show promise in murine models and are being developed for human patients. While the efficacy of vaccines based on CD40 and toll like receptor stimulation has been established, further investigation is needed to understand the mechanism of tumor control and how vaccination alters tumor infiltrating immune cells. In this study we vaccinated mice bearing established murine melanoma tumors with agonistic anti-CD40, polyI:C, and tumor antigen. Vaccination led to increased intratumoral T cell numbers and delayed tumor growth, yet did not require trafficking of T cells from the periphery. Pre-existing intratumoral T cells exhibited an acute burst in proliferation but became less functional in response to vaccination. However, the increased intratumoral T cell numbers yielded increased numbers of effector T cells per tumor. Together, our data indicate that the existing T cell response and intratumoral dendritic cells are critical for vaccination efficacy. It also suggests that circulating T cells responding to vaccination may not be an appropriate biomarker for vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D Stevens
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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26
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Laborde RJ, Ishimura ME, Abreu-Butin L, Nogueira CV, Grubaugh D, Cruz-Leal Y, Luzardo MC, Fernández A, Mesa C, Pazos F, Álvarez C, Alonso ME, Starnbach MN, Higgins DE, Fernández LE, Longo-Maugéri IM, Lanio ME. Sticholysins, pore-forming proteins from a marine anemone can induce maturation of dendritic cells through a TLR4 dependent-pathway. Mol Immunol 2021; 131:144-154. [PMID: 33422341 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sticholysins (Sts) I and II (StI and StII) are pore-forming proteins (PFPs), purified from the Caribbean Sea anemone Stichodactyla helianthus. StII encapsulated into liposomes induces a robust antigen-specific cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes (CTL) response and in its free form the maturation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BM-DCs). It is probable that the latter is partially supporting in part the immunomodulatory effect on the CTL response induced by StII-containing liposomes. In the present work, we demonstrate that the StII's ability of inducing maturation of BM-DCs is also shared by StI, an isoform of StII. Using heat-denatured Sts we observed a significant reduction in the up-regulation of maturation markers indicating that both PFP's ability to promote maturation of BM-DCs is dependent on their conformational characteristics. StII-mediated DC maturation was abrogated in BM-DCs from toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88)-knockout mice but not in cells from TLR2-knockout mice. Furthermore, the antigen-specific CTL response induced by StII-containing liposomes was reduced in TLR4-knockout mice. These results indicate that StII, and probably by extension StI, has the ability to induce maturation of DCs through a TLR4/MyD88-dependent pathway, and that this activation contributes to the CTL response generated by StII-containing liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rady J Laborde
- Laboratory of Toxins and Liposomes, Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana (UH), Lab UH-CIM, Havana, 10400, Cuba.
| | - Mayari E Ishimura
- Discipline of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), 04023-062, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Lianne Abreu-Butin
- Discipline of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), 04023-062, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Catarina V Nogueira
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology of Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, MA, USA.
| | - Daniel Grubaugh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology of Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, MA, USA.
| | - Yoelys Cruz-Leal
- Laboratory of Toxins and Liposomes, Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana (UH), Lab UH-CIM, Havana, 10400, Cuba.
| | - María C Luzardo
- Laboratory of Toxins and Liposomes, Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana (UH), Lab UH-CIM, Havana, 10400, Cuba.
| | - Audry Fernández
- Immunobiology Division, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), Havana, 11600, Cuba.
| | - Circe Mesa
- Immunobiology Division, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), Havana, 11600, Cuba.
| | - Fabiola Pazos
- Laboratory of Toxins and Liposomes, Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana (UH), Lab UH-CIM, Havana, 10400, Cuba.
| | - Carlos Álvarez
- Laboratory of Toxins and Liposomes, Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana (UH), Lab UH-CIM, Havana, 10400, Cuba.
| | - María E Alonso
- Laboratory of Toxins and Liposomes, Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana (UH), Lab UH-CIM, Havana, 10400, Cuba
| | - Michael N Starnbach
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology of Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, MA, USA.
| | - Darren E Higgins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology of Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, MA, USA.
| | - Luis E Fernández
- Immunobiology Division, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), Havana, 11600, Cuba.
| | - Ieda M Longo-Maugéri
- Discipline of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), 04023-062, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - María E Lanio
- Laboratory of Toxins and Liposomes, Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana (UH), Lab UH-CIM, Havana, 10400, Cuba.
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27
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Nguyen H, Gazy N, Venketaraman V. A Role of Intracellular Toll-Like Receptors (3, 7, and 9) in Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Co-Infection with HIV. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6148. [PMID: 32858917 PMCID: PMC7503332 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a highly infectious acid-fast bacillus and is known to cause tuberculosis (TB) in humans. It is a leading cause of death from a sole infectious agent, with an estimated 1.5 million deaths yearly worldwide, and up to one third of the world's population has been infected with TB. The virulence and susceptibility of Mtb are further amplified in the presence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Coinfection with Mtb and HIV forms a lethal combination. Previous studies had demonstrated the synergistic effects of Mtb and HIV, with one disease accelerating the disease progression of the other through multiple mechanisms, including the modulation of the immune response to these two pathogens. The response of the endosomal pattern recognition receptors to these two pathogens, specifically toll-like receptors (TLR)-3, -7, and -9, has not been elucidated, with some studies producing mixed results. This article seeks to review the roles of TLR-3, -7, and -9 in response to Mtb infection, as well as Mtb-HIV-coinfection via Toll-interleukin 1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor inducing INF-β (TRIF)-dependent and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy Nguyen
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA
| | - Nicky Gazy
- Beaumont Health System, 5450 Fort St, Trenton, MI 48183, USA
| | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA
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28
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Van Herck S, De Geest BG. Nanomedicine-mediated alteration of the pharmacokinetic profile of small molecule cancer immunotherapeutics. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:881-894. [PMID: 32451411 PMCID: PMC7471422 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0425-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of immunotherapy is a game changer in cancer therapy with monoclonal antibody- and T cell-based therapeutics being the current flagships. Small molecule immunotherapeutics might offer advantages over the biological drugs in terms of complexity, tissue penetration, manufacturing cost, stability, and shelf life. However, small molecule drugs are prone to rapid systemic distribution, which might induce severe off-target side effects. Nanotechnology could aid in the formulation of the drug molecules to improve their delivery to specific immune cell subsets. In this review we summarize the current efforts in changing the pharmacokinetic profile of small molecule immunotherapeutics with a strong focus on Toll-like receptor agonists. In addition, we give our vision on limitations and future pathways in the route of nanomedicine to the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Van Herck
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruno G De Geest
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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29
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Wheat W, Chow L, Rozo V, Herman J, Still Brooks K, Colbath A, Hunter R, Dow S. Non-specific protection from respiratory tract infections in cattle generated by intranasal administration of an innate immune stimulant. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235422. [PMID: 32584899 PMCID: PMC7316291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternatives to antibiotics for prevention of respiratory tract infections in cattle are urgently needed given the increasing public and regulatory pressure to reduce overall antibiotic usage. Activation of local innate immune defenses in the upper respiratory tract is one strategy to induce non-specific protection against infection with the diverse array of viral and bacterial pathogens associated with bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC), while avoiding the use of antibiotics. Our prior studies in rodent models demonstrated that intranasal administration of liposome-TLR complexes (LTC) as a non-specific immune stimulant generated high levels of protection against lethal bacterial and viral pathogens. Therefore, we conducted studies to assess LTC induction of local immune responses and protective immunity to BRDC in cattle. In vitro, LTC were shown to activate peripheral blood mononuclear cells in cattle, which was associated with secretion of INFγ and IL-6. Macrophage activation with LTC triggered intracellular killing of Mannheimia hemolytica and several other bacterial pathogens. In studies in cattle, intranasal administration of LTC demonstrated dose-dependent activation of local innate immune responses in the nasopharynx, including recruitment of monocytes and prolonged upregulation (at least 2 weeks) of innate immune cytokine gene expression by nasopharyngeal mucosal cells. In a BRDC challenge study, intranasal administration of LTC prior to pathogen exposure resulted in significant reduction in both clinical signs of infection and disease-associated euthanasia rates. These findings indicate that intranasal administration of a non-specific innate immune stimulant can be an effective method of rapidly generating generalized protection from mixed viral and bacterial respiratory tract infections in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Wheat
- Department of Clinical Sciences, From the Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Lyndah Chow
- Department of Clinical Sciences, From the Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Vanessa Rozo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, From the Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Julia Herman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, From the Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kelly Still Brooks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, From the Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Aimee Colbath
- Department of Clinical Sciences, From the Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Randy Hunter
- Hunter Cattle Company, Wheatland, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - Steven Dow
- Department of Clinical Sciences, From the Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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30
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Troy A, Esparza-Gonzalez SC, Bartek A, Creissen E, Izzo L, Izzo AA. Pulmonary mucosal immunity mediated through CpG provides adequate protection against pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in the mouse model. A role for type I interferon. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2020; 123:101949. [PMID: 32741537 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2020.101949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) 9 stimulation is required for induction of potent immune responses against pathogen invasion. The use of unmethylated CpG as adjuvants in vaccines provides an excellent means of stimulating adaptive immunity. Our data demonstrate that CpG-C provided prolonged immune responses in the mouse model of tuberculosis when formulated with liposomes and the Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen ESAT-6. A reduction in the mycobacterial burden was best achieved when administered as an intranasal vaccine and was dependent on type I interferon (IFN). There was a significant difference between CpG-C inoculated wild type and IFN-αR1-/- mice, indicating that type I IFN plays a role in the immune response following CpG-C inoculation. Further analysis showed that early NK cell presence was not an absolute requirement, although elevated IFN-γ levels were detected in the lungs of mice within 48 h. The reduction in mycobacterial burden was MyD88-independent as CpG-C inoculated MyD88-/- mice showed comparable mycobacterial burdens to wild type mice with no detriment due to the lack of MyD88. Together our data show that pulmonary stimulation of TLR9 bearing antigen presenting cells resulted in the induction of protective immunity against M. tuberculosis infection that was dependent on type I IFN signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Troy
- Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Sandra C Esparza-Gonzalez
- Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Alicia Bartek
- Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Elizabeth Creissen
- Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Linda Izzo
- Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Angelo A Izzo
- Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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31
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Saung MT, Ke X, Howard GP, Zheng L, Mao HQ. Particulate carrier systems as adjuvants for cancer vaccines. Biomater Sci 2020; 7:4873-4887. [PMID: 31528923 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm00871c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To overcome the immunosuppressive milieu of malignancy and lack of well-defined antigens, potent adjuvants are needed for cancer immunotherapy. Numerous small molecular immunomodulators have the potential to fulfill this role. To enhance the immune response and decrease the toxicity, particulate systems including nanoparticles and macroparticles have been increasingly proposed as carriers for cancer antigen and adjuvant delivery. These systems have the potential to co-deliver the antigens and adjuvants simultaneously in the same particle. In addition, the particles can be engineered for localized and targeted delivery, whether it be to the cellular or sub-cellular level. These properties limit systemic side effects and improve delivery efficiency, and thus enhance the vaccine's immune response. In particular, the particles can be constructed to mimic the size and surface patterns of microbes, organisms to which we have evolved a strong immune response. The release characteristics of the particles can likewise be controlled to simulate the body's response to infections. Boosting the immune response of vaccines by virtue of their intrinsic immunostimulatory properties, these particles can be dosing-sparing and have the potential to reduce production cost of vaccines. As the interest in personalized cancer vaccines increases with their encouraging outcomes in clinical trials, particulate carrier systems have the potential to play an important role in optimizing cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Tun Saung
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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32
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Shen T, Zhang Y, Zhou S, Lin S, Zhang XB, Zhu G. Nucleic Acid Immunotherapeutics for Cancer. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:2838-2849. [PMID: 33681722 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed the blossom of two fields: nucleic acid therapeutics and cancer immunotherapy. Unlike traditional small molecule medicines or protein biologics, nucleic acid therapeutics have characteristic features such as storing genetic information, immunomodulation, and easy conformational recovery. Immunotherapy uses the patients' own immune system to treat cancer. A variety of strategies have been developed for cancer immunotherapy including immune checkpoint blockade, adoptive cell transfer therapy, therapeutic vaccines, and oncolytic virotherapy. Interestingly, nucleic acid therapeutics have emerged as a pivotal class of regimen for cancer immunotherapy. Examples of such nucleic acid immunotherapeutics include immunostimulatory DNA/RNA, mRNA/plasmids that can be translated into immunotherapeutic proteins/peptides, and genome-editing nucleic acids. Like many other therapeutic nucleic acids, nucleic acid immunotherapeutics often require chemical modifications to protect them from enzymatic degradation and need drug delivery systems for optimal delivery to target tissues and cells and subcellular locations. In this review, we attempted to summarize recent advancement in the interfacial field of nucleic acid immunotherapeutics for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Shen
- Molecular Sciences and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and College of Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Molecular Engineering and Theranostics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Sciences-School of Pharmacy; Massey Cancer Center; Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Sciences-School of Pharmacy; Massey Cancer Center; Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shurong Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Sciences-School of Pharmacy; Massey Cancer Center; Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Shuibin Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Zhang
- Molecular Sciences and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and College of Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Molecular Engineering and Theranostics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Guizhi Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Sciences-School of Pharmacy; Massey Cancer Center; Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
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33
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Lung P, Yang J, Li Q. Nanoparticle formulated vaccines: opportunities and challenges. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:5746-5763. [PMID: 32124894 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr08958f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines harness the inherent properties of the immune system to prevent diseases or treat existing ones. Continuous efforts have been devoted to both gaining a mechanistic understanding of how the immune system operates and designing vaccines with high efficacies and effectiveness. Advancements in nanotechnology in recent years have generated unique opportunities to meet the daunting challenges associated with immunology and vaccine development. Firstly, nanoparticle formulated systems provide ideal model systems for studying the operation of the immune system, making it possible to systematically identify key factors and understand their roles in specific immune responses. Also, the versatile compositions/architectures of nanoparticle systems enable new strategies/novel platforms for developing vaccines with high efficacies and effectiveness. In this review, we discuss the advantages of nanoparticles and the challenges faced during vaccine development, through the framework of the immunological mechanisms of vaccination, with the aim of bridging the gap between immunology and materials science, which are both involved in vaccine design. The knowledge obtained provides general guidelines for future vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingsai Lung
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
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34
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Askarizadeh A, Badiee A, Khamesipour A. Development of nano-carriers for Leishmania vaccine delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:167-187. [PMID: 31914821 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1713746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical infection caused by several species of intracellular protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. It is strongly believed that the development of vaccines is the most appropriate approach to control leishmaniasis. However, there is no vaccine available yet and the lack of an appropriate adjuvant delivery system is the main reason.Areas covered: Adjuvants are the utmost important part of a vaccine, to induce the immune response in the right direction. Limitations and drawbacks of conventional adjuvants have been necessitated the development of novel particulate delivery systems as adjuvants to obtain desirable protection against infectious diseases such as leishmaniasis. This review focused on particulate adjuvants especially nanoparticles that are in use to develop vaccines against leishmaniasis. The list of adjuvants includes generally lipids-, polymers-, or mineral-based delivery systems that target antigens specifically to the site of action within the host's body and enhance immune responses.Expert opinion: Over the past few years, there has been an increasing interest in developing particulate adjuvants as alternatives to immunostimulatory types. The composition of nano-carriers and particularly the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles have great potential to overcome challenges posed to leishmaniasis vaccine developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Askarizadeh
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Badiee
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Khamesipour
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Carroll TD, Jegaskanda S, Matzinger SR, Fritts L, McChesney MB, Kent SJ, Fairman J, Miller CJ. A Lipid/DNA Adjuvant-Inactivated Influenza Virus Vaccine Protects Rhesus Macaques From Uncontrolled Virus Replication After Heterosubtypic Influenza A Virus Challenge. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:856-867. [PMID: 29701840 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza A virus (IAV) vaccines offer little protection from mismatched viruses with antigenically distant hemagglutinin (HA) glycoproteins. We sought to determine if a cationic lipid/DNA complex (CLDC) adjuvant could induce heterosubtypic protection if added to a whole inactivated IAV vaccine (WIV). Methods Adult rhesus macaques (RMs) were vaccinated and at 2 weeks boosted with either an H1N1-WIV or an H3N2-WIV, with and without CLDC adjuvant. Four weeks postboost, animals were challenged with an H1N1 IAV matched to the H1N1-WIV vaccine. Results After challenge, viral RNA (vRNA) levels in the trachea of control RMs and RMs vaccinated with the unadjuvanted H1 or H3 WIV vaccines were similar. However, vRNA levels in the trachea of both the H1-WIV/CLDC- and the H3-WIV/CLDC-vaccinated RMs (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively) were significantly lower than in unvaccinated control RMs. Heterosubtypic protection in H3-WIV/CLDC RMs was associated with significantly higher levels of nucleoprotein (NP) and matrix-1-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies (P < 0.05) and NP-specific nonneutralizing antibody-dependent natural killer cell activation (P < 0.01) compared with unprotected H3-WIV RMs. Conclusions Addition of the CLDC adjuvant to a simple WIV elicited immunity to conserved virus structural proteins in RMs that correlate with protection from uncontrolled virus replication after heterosubtypic influenza virus challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Carroll
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis.,California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis
| | - Sinthujan Jegaskanda
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, Central Clinical School, Monash University
| | - Shannon R Matzinger
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis.,California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis
| | - Linda Fritts
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis.,California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis
| | - Michael B McChesney
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, Central Clinical School, Monash University.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Christopher J Miller
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis.,California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis
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Wheat W, Chow L, Kuzmik A, Soontararak S, Kurihara J, Lappin M, Dow S. Local immune and microbiological responses to mucosal administration of a Liposome-TLR agonist immunotherapeutic in dogs. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:330. [PMID: 31519215 PMCID: PMC6743184 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2073-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Non-specific immunotherapeutics have been evaluated previously in dogs, primarily for cancer treatment. However, there remains a need for a more broadly targeted, general purpose immunotherapeutic capable of activating innate immune defenses for non-specific protection or early treatment of viral and bacterial infections. To address need, our group has developed a liposomal immune stimulant (liposome-TLR complexes, LTC) containing TLR 3 and 9 agonists specifically designed to activate mucosal immune defenses in sites such as nasal cavity and oropharynx, following topical delivery. In this study, we evaluated the local immune stimulatory properties of LTC in vitro and in healthy purpose-bred dogs, including activation of cellular recruitment and cytokine production. The ability of LTC treatment to elicit effective antiviral immunity was assessed in dogs following a canine herpesvirus outbreak, and the impact of LTC treatment on the local microbiome of the oropharynx was also investigated. Results These studies revealed that LTC potently activated innate immune responses in vitro and triggered significant recruitment of inflammatory monocytes and T cells into the nasal cavity and oropharynx of healthy dogs. Administration of LTC to dogs shortly after an outbreak of canine herpesvirus infection resulted in significant reduction in clinical signs of infection. Interestingly, administration of LTC to healthy dogs did not disrupt the microbiome in the oropharynx, suggesting resiliency of the microflora to transient immune activation. Conclusions Taken together, these results indicate that LTC administration mucosally to dogs can trigger local innate immune activation and activation of antiviral immunity, without significantly disrupting the composition of the local microbiome. Thus, the LTC immune stimulant has potential for use as a non-specific immunotherapy for prevention or early treatment of viral and bacterial infections in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Wheat
- From the Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine and the Center for Companion Animal Studies, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 80523, Ft. Collins, Colorado, CO, USA.
| | - Lyndah Chow
- From the Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine and the Center for Companion Animal Studies, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 80523, Ft. Collins, Colorado, CO, USA
| | - Alana Kuzmik
- From the Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine and the Center for Companion Animal Studies, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 80523, Ft. Collins, Colorado, CO, USA
| | - Sirikul Soontararak
- From the Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine and the Center for Companion Animal Studies, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 80523, Ft. Collins, Colorado, CO, USA
| | - Jade Kurihara
- From the Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine and the Center for Companion Animal Studies, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 80523, Ft. Collins, Colorado, CO, USA
| | - Michael Lappin
- From the Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine and the Center for Companion Animal Studies, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 80523, Ft. Collins, Colorado, CO, USA
| | - Steven Dow
- From the Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine and the Center for Companion Animal Studies, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 80523, Ft. Collins, Colorado, CO, USA
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Shae D, Baljon JJ, Wehbe M, Becker KW, Sheehy TL, Wilson JT. At the bench: Engineering the next generation of cancer vaccines. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 108:1435-1453. [PMID: 31430398 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5bt0119-016r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer vaccines hold promise as an immunotherapeutic modality based on their potential to generate tumor antigen-specific T cell responses and long-lived antitumor responses capable of combating metastatic disease and recurrence. However, cancer vaccines have historically failed to deliver significant therapeutic benefit in the clinic, which we maintain is due in part to drug delivery challenges that have limited vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy. In this review, we examine some of the known and putative failure mechanisms of common first-generation clinical cancer vaccines, and describe how the rational design of materials engineered for vaccine delivery and immunomodulation can address these shortcomings. First, we outline vaccine design principles for augmenting cellular immunity to tumor antigens and describe how well-engineered materials can improve vaccine efficacy, highlighting recent innovations in vaccine delivery technology that are primed for integration into neoantigen vaccine development pipelines. We also discuss the importance of sequencing, timing, and kinetics in mounting effective immune responses to cancer vaccines, and highlight examples of materials that potentiate antitumor immunity through spatiotemporal control of immunomodulation. Furthermore, we describe several engineering strategies for improving outcomes of in situ cancer vaccines, which leverage local, intratumoral delivery to stimulate systemic immunity. Finally, we highlight recent innovations leveraging nanotechnology for increasing the immunogenicity of the tumor microenvironment (TME), which is critical to enhancing tumor infiltration and function of T cells elicited in response to cancer vaccines. These immunoengineering strategies and tools complement ongoing advances in cancer vaccines as they reemerge as an important component of the immunotherapeutic armamentarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Shae
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jessalyn J Baljon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mohamed Wehbe
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kyle W Becker
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Taylor L Sheehy
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - John Tanner Wilson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Nanotechnology is an important strategy for combinational innovative chemo-immunotherapies against colorectal cancer. J Control Release 2019; 307:108-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Schmidt ST, Olsen CL, Franzyk H, Wørzner K, Korsholm KS, Rades T, Andersen P, Foged C, Christensen D. Comparison of two different PEGylation strategies for the liposomal adjuvant CAF09: Towards induction of CTL responses upon subcutaneous vaccine administration. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 140:29-39. [PMID: 31055066 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Using subunit vaccines, e.g., based on peptide or protein antigens, to teach the immune system to kill abnormal host cells via induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) is a promising strategy against intracellular infections and cancer. However, customized adjuvants are required to potentiate antigen-specific cellular immunity. One strong CTL-inducing adjuvant is the liposomal cationic adjuvant formulation (CAF)09, which is composed of dimethyldioctadecylammonium (DDA) bromide, monomycoloyl glycerol (MMG) analogue 1 and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)]. However, this strong CTL induction requires intraperitoneal administration because the vaccine forms a depot at the site of injection (SOI) after subcutaneous (s.c.) or intramuscular (i.m.) injection, and depot formation impedes the crucial vaccine targeting to the cross-presenting dendritic cells (DCs) residing in the lymph nodes (LNs). The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG) grafting of CAF09 on the ability of the vaccine to induce antigen-specific CTL responses after s.c. administration. We hypothesized that steric stabilization and charge shielding of CAF09 by PEGylation may reduce depot formation at the SOI and enhance passive drainage to the LNs, eventually improving CTL induction. Hence, the vaccine (antigen/CAF09) was post-grafted with a novel type of anionic PEGylated peptides based on GDGDY repeats, which were end-conjugated with one or two PEG1000 moieties, resulting in mono- and bis-PEG-peptides of different lengths (10, 15 and 20 amino acid residues). For comparison, CAF09 was also grafted by inclusion of 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-methoxy(PEG)-2000 (DSPE-PEG2000) in the bilayer structure during preparation. Grafting of CAF09 with either type of PEG resulted in charge shielding, evident from a reduced surface charge. Upon s.c. immunization of mice with the model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) adjuvanted with PEGylated CAF09, stronger CTL responses were induced as compared to immunization of mice with unadjuvanted OVA. Biodistribution studies confirmed that grafting of CAF09 with DSPE-PEG2000 improved the passive drainage of the vaccine to LNs, because a higher dose fraction was recovered in DCs present in the draining LNs, as compared to the dose fraction detected for non-PEGylated CAF09. In conclusion, PEGylation of CAF09 may be a useful strategy for the design of an adjuvant, which induces CTL responses after s.c. and i.m. administration. In the present studies, CAF09 grafted with 10 mol% DSPE-PEG2000 is the most promising of the tested adjuvants, but additional studies are required to further elucidate the potential of the strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Tandrup Schmidt
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Camilla Line Olsen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Henrik Franzyk
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Katharina Wørzner
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Karen Smith Korsholm
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Peter Andersen
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Camilla Foged
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
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Wheat W, Chow L, Coy J, Contreras E, Lappin M, Dow S. Activation of upper respiratory tract mucosal innate immune responses in cats by liposomal toll-like receptor ligand complexes delivered topically. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:838-845. [PMID: 30770582 PMCID: PMC6430862 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonspecific induction of local innate immune responses by mucosally administered immunotherapy is a new approach to protection from upper respiratory tract infections. Therefore, a new liposome-toll-like receptor complex (LTC) immune stimulant was developed and investigated for its ability to activate innate immune responses in cats, both in vitro and in vivo, as part of an initial evaluation of LTC for use as an immunotherapeutic agent in cats. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that LTC could activate innate immune responses in cats after topical application to nasal and oropharyngeal mucosal surfaces. ANIMALS Mucosal immune responses to topical administration of LTC were assessed in 7 healthy, purpose-bred cats, and in vitro responses were assessed using blood samples from healthy cats. METHODS Cytokine and cellular immune responses to LTC were evaluated in blood samples, nasal lavage specimens, and pharyngeal swabs from cats, using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assays, ELISA assays, and flow cytometry. RESULTS Liposome-TLR complexes rapidly activated leukocytes in vitro, including upregulation of costimulatory molecule expression and cytokine production. Topical administration of LTC in healthy cats triggered rapid recruitment of monocytes to the nasal and oropharyngeal mucosa. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Liposome-TLR complexes were found to effectively activate innate immune responses in cats after mucosal administration. These findings suggest that LTC have potential for use as a new mucosally administered immunotherapy for nonspecific protection from viral and bacterial respiratory tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Wheat
- Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine and the Center for Companion Animal Studies, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Lyndah Chow
- Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine and the Center for Companion Animal Studies, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Jonathan Coy
- Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine and the Center for Companion Animal Studies, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Elena Contreras
- Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine and the Center for Companion Animal Studies, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Michael Lappin
- Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine and the Center for Companion Animal Studies, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Steven Dow
- Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine and the Center for Companion Animal Studies, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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AlMatar M, Makky EA, AlMandeal H, Eker E, Kayar B, Var I, Köksal F. Does the Development of Vaccines Advance Solutions for Tuberculosis? Curr Mol Pharmacol 2018; 12:83-104. [PMID: 30474542 DOI: 10.2174/1874467212666181126151948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is considered as one of the most efficacious human pathogens. The global mortality rate of TB stands at approximately 2 million, while about 8 to 10 million active new cases are documented yearly. It is, therefore, a priority to develop vaccines that will prevent active TB. The vaccines currently used for the management of TB can only proffer a certain level of protection against meningitis, TB, and other forms of disseminated TB in children; however, their effectiveness against pulmonary TB varies and cannot provide life-long protective immunity. Based on these reasons, more efforts are channeled towards the development of new TB vaccines. During the development of TB vaccines, a major challenge has always been the lack of diversity in both the antigens contained in TB vaccines and the immune responses of the TB sufferers. Current efforts are channeled on widening both the range of antigens selection and the range of immune response elicited by the vaccines. The past two decades witnessed a significant progress in the development of TB vaccines; some of the discovered TB vaccines have recently even completed the third phase (phase III) of a clinical trial. OBJECTIVE The objectives of this article are to discuss the recent progress in the development of new vaccines against TB; to provide an insight on the mechanism of vaccine-mediated specific immune response stimulation, and to debate on the interaction between vaccines and global interventions to end TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manaf AlMatar
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences (Fen Bilimleri Enstitusu) Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Essam A Makky
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP), Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Husam AlMandeal
- Freiburg Universität, Moltkestraße 90, 76133 karlsruhe Augenklinik, Germany
| | - Emel Eker
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Begüm Kayar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Işıl Var
- Department of Food Engineering, Agricultural Faculty, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Fatih Köksal
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
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Guo L, Xu XQ, Zhou L, Zhou RH, Wang X, Li JL, Liu JB, Liu H, Zhang B, Ho WZ. Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells Release Antiviral Factors That Inhibit HIV Infection of Macrophages. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29515574 PMCID: PMC5825896 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As a rich source of CD4+ T cells and macrophages, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a major target site for HIV infection. The interplay between GI-resident macrophages and intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) constitutes an important element of GI innate immunity against pathogens. In this study, we investigated whether human IECs have the ability to produce antiviral factors that can inhibit HIV infection of macrophages. We demonstrated that IECs possess functional toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), the activation of which resulted in induction of key interferon (IFN) regulatory factors (IRF3 and IRF7), IFN-β, IFN-λ, and CC chemokines (MIP-1α, MIP-1β, RANTES), the ligands of HIV entry co-receptor CCR5. In addition, TLR3-activated IECs release exosomes that contained the anti-HIV factors, including IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs: ISG15, ISG56, MxB, OAS-1, GBP5, and Viperin) and HIV restriction miRNAs (miRNA-17, miRNA-20, miRNA-28, miRNA-29 family members, and miRNA-125b). Importantly, treatment of macrophages with supernatant (SN) from the activated IEC cultures inhibited HIV replication. Further studies showed that IEC SN could also induce the expression of antiviral ISGs and cellular HIV restriction factors (Tetherin and APOBEC3G/3F) in HIV-infected macrophages. These findings indicated that IECs might act as an important element in GI innate immunity against HIV infection/replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Guo
- Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi-Qiu Xu
- Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Run-Hong Zhou
- Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jie-Liang Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jin-Biao Liu
- Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Hang Liu
- Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Zhe Ho
- Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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van der Maaden K, Heuts J, Camps M, Pontier M, Terwisscha van Scheltinga A, Jiskoot W, Ossendorp F, Bouwstra J. Hollow microneedle-mediated micro-injections of a liposomal HPV E743–63 synthetic long peptide vaccine for efficient induction of cytotoxic and T-helper responses. J Control Release 2018; 269:347-354. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Dacoba TG, Olivera A, Torres D, Crecente-Campo J, Alonso MJ. Modulating the immune system through nanotechnology. Semin Immunol 2017; 34:78-102. [PMID: 29032891 PMCID: PMC5774666 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, nanotechnology-based modulation of the immune system is presented as a cutting-edge strategy, which may lead to significant improvements in the treatment of severe diseases. In particular, efforts have been focused on the development of nanotechnology-based vaccines, which could be used for immunization or generation of tolerance. In this review, we highlight how different immune responses can be elicited by tuning nanosystems properties. In addition, we discuss specific formulation approaches designed for the development of anti-infectious and anti-autoimmune vaccines, as well as those intended to prevent the formation of antibodies against biologicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara G Dacoba
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Campus Vida, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Campus Vida, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Ana Olivera
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Campus Vida, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Campus Vida, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Dolores Torres
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Campus Vida, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - José Crecente-Campo
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Campus Vida, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Campus Vida, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
| | - María José Alonso
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Campus Vida, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Campus Vida, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
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Wheat WH, Arthun EN, Spencer JS, Regan DP, Titus RG, Dow SW. Immunization against full-length protein and peptides from the Lutzomyia longipalpis sand fly salivary component maxadilan protects against Leishmania major infection in a murine model. Vaccine 2017; 35:6611-6619. [PMID: 29079105 PMCID: PMC5710984 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is an arthropod vectored disease causing considerable human morbidity and mortality. Vaccination remains the most realistic and practical means to interrupt the growing number and diversity of sand fly vectors and reservoirs of Leishmania. Since transmission of Leishmania is achieved exclusively by sand fly vectors via immune-modulating salivary substances, conventional vaccination requiring an unmodified host immune response for success are potentially destined to fail unless immunomodulatory factors are somehow neutralized. Using cationic liposome DNA complexes (CLDC) as an adjuvant system along with Lu. longipalpis sand fly salivary component maxadilan (MAX) as antigen (Ag), we show that mice are protected from the MAX-induced exacerbation of infection with Leishmania major (Lm). The CLDC adjuvant and alum were comparable in terms of lesion induration and decreased parasite burden, however the alum adjuvant imposed more inflammation at the injection site. BALB/c, C3H and C57BL/6 mice vaccinated with MAX-CLDC containing either the full-length MAX or peptides spanning the N- and C-terminal regions of MAX are protected against footpad challenges with Lm co-injected with MAX. When compared to unvaccinated controls, all strains of mice immunized with CLDC containing either peptides encompassing the first 20 N-terminal AA or those spanning the last 15 AA of the C-terminal domain of MAX demonstrated decreased parasite burden after 9 or 18 weeks post challenge with Lm + MAX. MAX-CLDC immunized mice showed increased IFNγ-secreting and decreased IL-4-secreting CD4+ cells in footpad-draining lymph nodes. Antisera from C-terminal peptide (P11) MAX-CLDC-vaccinated animals was capable of recognizing FL-MAX and its C-terminal domain and also blocked MAX-mediated reprogramming of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BM-DC) in vitro. This peptide vaccine targeting sand fly MAX, improves host immunity against MAX-mediated immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Wheat
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States.
| | - Erik N Arthun
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - John S Spencer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Daniel P Regan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Richard G Titus
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Steven W Dow
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
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Grimaldi AM, Incoronato M, Salvatore M, Soricelli A. Nanoparticle-based strategies for cancer immunotherapy and immunodiagnostics. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017; 12:2349-2365. [PMID: 28868980 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although recent successes in clinical trials are strengthening research focused on cancer immunology, the poor immunogenicity and off-target side effects of immunotherapeutics remain major challenges in translating these promising approaches to clinically feasible therapies in the treatment of a large range of tumors. Nanotechnology offers target-based approaches, which have shown significant improvements in the rapidly advancing field of cancer immunotherapy. Here, we first discuss the chemical and physical features of nanoparticulate systems that can be tuned to address the anticancer immune response, and then review recent, key examples of the exploited strategies, ranging from nanovaccines to NPs revising the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment, up to immunotherapeutic multimodal NPs. Finally, the paper concludes by identifying the promising and outstanding challenges the field of emerging nanotechnologies is facing for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andrea Soricelli
- IRCCS SDN, Via Gianturco 113, 80143, Naples, Italy.,Department of Motor Sciences & Healthiness, University of Naples Parthenope, via Medina 40, 80133, Naples, Italy
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Inflammatory monocytes regulate Th1 oriented immunity to CpG adjuvanted protein vaccines through production of IL-12. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5986. [PMID: 28729715 PMCID: PMC5519561 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their capacity to skew T cell responses towards Th1 oriented immunity, oligonucleotides containing unmethylated CpG motifs (CpG) have emerged as interesting adjuvants for vaccination. Whereas the signalling pathways in response to CpG mediated TLR9 activation have been extensively documented at the level of the individual cell, little is however known on the precise identity of the innate immune cells that govern T cell priming and polarisation to CpG adjuvanted protein antigens in vivo. In this study, we demonstrate that optimal induction of Th1 oriented immunity to CpG adjuvanted protein vaccines requires the coordinated actions of conventional DCs and of monocytes. Whilst conventional DCs were required for antigen presentation and initial T cell priming, monocytes constitute the main source of the Th1 polarising cytokine IL-12.
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Abstract
Background Immunotherapy consists of activating the patient’s immune system to fight cancer and has the great potential of preventing future relapses thanks to immunological memory. A great variety of strategies have emerged to harness the immune system against tumors, from the administration of immunomodulatory agents that activate immune cells, to therapeutic vaccines or infusion of previously activated cancer-specific T cells. However, despite great recent progress many difficulties still remain, which prevent the widespread use of immunotherapy. Some of these limitations include: systemic toxicity, weak immune cellular responses or persistence over time and most ultimately costly and time-consuming procedures. Main body Synthetic and natural biomaterials hold great potential to address these hurdles providing biocompatible systems capable of targeted local delivery, co-delivery, and controlled and/or sustained release. In this review we discuss some of the bioengineered solutions and approaches developed so far and how biomaterials can be further implemented to help and shape the future of cancer immunotherapy. Conclusion The bioengineering strategies here presented constitute a powerful toolkit to develop safe and successful novel cancer immunotherapies.
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Qiu H, Min Y, Rodgers Z, Zhang L, Wang AZ. Nanomedicine approaches to improve cancer immunotherapy. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 9. [PMID: 28296286 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Significant advances have been made in the field of cancer immunotherapy by orchestrating the body's immune system to eradicate cancer cells. However, safety and efficacy concerns stemming from the systemic delivery of immunomodulatory compounds limits cancer immunotherapies expansion and application. In this context, nanotechnology presents a number of advantages, such as targeted delivery to immune cells, enhanced clinical outcomes, and reduced adverse events, which may aid in the delivery of cancer vaccines and immunomodulatory agents. With this in mind, a diverse range of nanomaterials with different physicochemical characteristics have been developed to stimulate the immune system and battle cancer. In this review, we will focus on some recent developments and the potential advantages of utilizing nanotechnology within the field of cancer immunotherapy. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2017, 9:e1456. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1456 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Qiu
- Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Carolina Institute of Nanomedicine; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yuanzeng Min
- Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Carolina Institute of Nanomedicine; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zach Rodgers
- Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Carolina Institute of Nanomedicine; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Longzhen Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Andrew Z Wang
- Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Carolina Institute of Nanomedicine; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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Gao J, Ochyl LJ, Yang E, Moon JJ. Cationic liposomes promote antigen cross-presentation in dendritic cells by alkalizing the lysosomal pH and limiting the degradation of antigens. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:1251-1264. [PMID: 28243087 PMCID: PMC5317250 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s125866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic liposomes (CLs) have been widely examined as vaccine delivery nanoparticles since they can form complexes with biomacromolecules, promote delivery of antigens and adjuvant molecules to antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and mediate cellular uptake of vaccine components. CLs are also known to trigger antigen cross-presentation - the process by which APCs internalize extracellular protein antigens, degrade them into minimal CD8+ T-cell epitopes, and present them in the context of major histocompatibility complex-I (MHC-I). However, the precise mechanisms behind CL-mediated induction of cross-presentation and cross-priming of CD8+ T-cells remain to be elucidated. In this study, we have developed two distinct CL systems and examined their impact on the lysosomal pH in dendritic cells (DCs), antigen degradation, and presentation of peptide:MHC-I complexes to antigen-specific CD8+ T-cells. To achieve this, we have used 3β-[N-(N',N'-dimethylaminoethane)-carbamoyl] cholesterol (DC-Chol) and 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP) as the prototypical components of CLs with tertiary amine groups and compared the effect of CLs and anionic liposomes on lysosomal pH, antigen degradation, and cross-presentation by DCs. Our results showed that CLs, but not anionic liposomes, elevated the lysosomal pH in DCs and reduced antigen degradation, thereby promoting cross-presentation and cross-priming of CD8+ T-cell responses. These studies shed new light on CL-mediated cross-presentation and suggest that intracellular fate of vaccine components and subsequent immunological responses can be controlled by rational design of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Biointerfaces Institute
| | - Lukasz J Ochyl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Biointerfaces Institute
| | | | - James J Moon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Biointerfaces Institute; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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