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Mosmann TR, Rebhahn JA, De Rosa SC, Keefer MC, McElrath MJ, Rouphael NG, Pantaleo G, Gilbert PB, Corey L, Kobie JJ, Thakar J. SWIFT clustering analysis of intracellular cytokine staining flow cytometry data of the HVTN 105 vaccine trial reveals high frequencies of HIV-specific CD4+ T cell responses and associations with humoral responses. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1347926. [PMID: 38903517 PMCID: PMC11187089 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1347926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The HVTN 105 vaccine clinical trial tested four combinations of two immunogens - the DNA vaccine DNA-HIV-PT123, and the protein vaccine AIDSVAX B/E. All combinations induced substantial antibody and CD4+ T cell responses in many participants. We have now re-examined the intracellular cytokine staining flow cytometry data using the high-resolution SWIFT clustering algorithm, which is very effective for enumerating rare populations such as antigen-responsive T cells, and also determined correlations between the antibody and T cell responses. Methods Flow cytometry samples across all the analysis batches were registered using the swiftReg registration tool, which reduces batch variation without compromising biological variation. Registered data were clustered using the SWIFT algorithm, and cluster template competition was used to identify clusters of antigen-responsive T cells and to separate these from constitutive cytokine producing cell clusters. Results Registration strongly reduced batch variation among batches analyzed across several months. This in-depth clustering analysis identified a greater proportion of responders than the original analysis. A subset of antigen-responsive clusters producing IL-21 was identified. The cytokine patterns in each vaccine group were related to the type of vaccine - protein antigens tended to induce more cells producing IL-2 but not IFN-γ, whereas DNA vaccines tended to induce more IL-2+ IFN-γ+ CD4 T cells. Several significant correlations were identified between specific antibody responses and antigen-responsive T cell clusters. The best correlations were not necessarily observed with the strongest antibody or T cell responses. Conclusion In the complex HVTN105 dataset, alternative analysis methods increased sensitivity of the detection of antigen-specific T cells; increased the number of identified vaccine responders; identified a small IL-21-producing T cell population; and demonstrated significant correlations between specific T cell populations and serum antibody responses. Multiple analysis strategies may be valuable for extracting the most information from large, complex studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim R. Mosmann
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Jonathan A. Rebhahn
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Stephen C. De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Michael C. Keefer
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Nadine G. Rouphael
- Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Peter B. Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - James J. Kobie
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Juilee Thakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
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Klimosch SN, Weber M, Caballé-Serrano J, Knorpp T, Munar-Frau A, Schaefer BM, Schmolz M. A Human Whole Blood Culture System Reveals Detailed Cytokine Release Profiles of Implant Materials. MEDICAL DEVICES-EVIDENCE AND RESEARCH 2024; 17:23-36. [PMID: 38196508 PMCID: PMC10775699 DOI: 10.2147/mder.s441403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Common in vitro cell culture systems for testing implant material immune compatibility either rely on immortal human leukocyte cell lines or isolated primary cells. Compared to in vivo conditions, this generates an environment of substantially reduced complexity, often lacking important immune cell types, such as neutrophil granulocytes and others. The aim of this study was to establish a reliable test system for in vitro testing of implant materials under in vivo-like conditions. Methods Test materials were incubated in closed, CO2-independent, tube-based culture vessels containing a proprietary cell culture medium and human whole blood in either a static or occasionally rotating system. Multiplex cytokine analysis was used to analyze immune cell reactions. Results To demonstrate the applicability of the test system to implant materials, three commercially available barrier membranes (polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polycaprolactone (PCL) and collagen) used for dental, trauma and maxillofacial surgery, were investigated for their potential interactions with immune cells. The results showed characteristic differences between the static and rotated incubation methods and in the overall activity profiles with very low immune cell responses to PTFE, intermediate ones to collagen and strong reactions to PCL. Conclusion This in vitro human whole blood model, using a complex organotypic matrix, is an excellent, easily standardized tool for categorizing immune cell responses to implant materials. Compared to in vitro cell culture systems used for materials research, this new assay system provides a far more detailed picture of response patterns the immune system can develop when interacting with different types of materials and surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jordi Caballé-Serrano
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine - University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Antonio Munar-Frau
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
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Nguyen NX, Richens AW, Sircy LM, Allard DE, Kolawole EM, Evavold BD, Bettini M, Hale JS. Immunogen-Specific Strengths and Limitations of the Activation-Induced Marker Assay for Assessing Murine Antigen-Specific CD4+ T Cell Responses. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:916-925. [PMID: 36883856 PMCID: PMC10038905 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
The activation-induced marker (AIM) assay is a cytokine-independent technique to identify Ag-specific T cells based on the upregulated expression of activation markers after Ag restimulation. The method offers an alternative to intracellular cytokine staining in immunological studies, in which limited cytokine production makes the cell subsets of interest difficult to detect. Studies of lymphocytes in human and nonhuman primates have used the AIM assay to detect Ag-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. However, there is a lack of validation of the strengths and limitations of the assay in murine (Mus musculus) models of infection and vaccination. In this study, we analyzed immune responses of TCR-transgenic CD4+ T cells, including lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-specific SMARTA, OVA-specific OT-II, and diabetogenic BDC2.5-transgenic T cells, and measured the ability of the AIM assay to effectively identify these cells to upregulate AIM markers OX40 and CD25 following culture with cognate Ag. Our findings indicate that the AIM assay is effective for identifying the relative frequency of protein immunization-induced effector and memory CD4+ T cells, whereas the AIM assay had reduced ability to identify specific cells induced by viral infection, particularly during chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. Evaluation of polyclonal CD4+ T cell responses to acute viral infection demonstrated that the AIM assay can detect a proportion of both high- and low-affinity cells. Together, our findings indicate that the AIM assay can be an effective tool for relative quantification of murine Ag-specific CD4+ T cells to protein vaccination, while demonstrating its limitations during conditions of acute and chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen X Nguyen
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Andrew W Richens
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Linda M Sircy
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Denise E Allard
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Elizabeth M Kolawole
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Brian D Evavold
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Maria Bettini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - J Scott Hale
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
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Hendin HE, Lavoie PO, Gravett JM, Pillet S, Saxena P, Landry N, D’Aoust MA, Ward BJ. Elimination of receptor binding by influenza hemagglutinin improves vaccine-induced immunity. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:42. [PMID: 35410323 PMCID: PMC9001741 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00463-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The binding of influenza hemagglutinin (HA) to sialic acid (SA) receptors plays a well-defined role in shaping infection but the impact of such binding on vaccine responses has not yet been explored. We generated a virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine bearing the HA of H1N1 A/California/07/09 that is unable to bind to its α(2,6)-linked SA receptor (H1Y98F-VLP) and compared its immunogenicity and efficacy to a wild-type H1-VLP (H1WT-VLP) in mice. The H1Y98F-VLP elicited significantly stronger and more durable antibody responses (hemagglutination inhibition and microneutralization titers) and greater avidity maturation, likely attributable to improved germinal center formation. H1Y98F-VLP also resulted in a robust population of IL-2+TNFα+IFNγ− CD4+ T cells that correlated with antibody responses. Compared to H1WT-VLP vaccination, mice immunized with H1Y98F-VLP had 2.3-log lower lung viral loads and significantly lower pulmonary inflammatory cytokine levels 5 days post-challenge. These findings suggest that abrogation of HA-SA interactions may be a promising strategy to improve the quality and durability of influenza vaccine-induced humoral responses.
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5
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Dennehy KM, Löll E, Dhillon C, Classen JM, Warm TD, Schuierer L, Hyhlik-Dürr A, Römmele C, Gosslau Y, Kling E, Hoffmann R. Comparison of the Development of SARS-Coronavirus-2-Specific Cellular Immunity, and Central Memory CD4+ T-Cell Responses Following Infection versus Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1439. [PMID: 34960185 PMCID: PMC8707815 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory T-cell responses following infection with coronaviruses are reportedly long-lived and provide long-term protection against severe disease. Whether vaccination induces similar long-lived responses is not yet clear since, to date, there are limited data comparing memory CD4+ T-cell responses induced after SARS-CoV-2 infection versus following vaccination with BioNTech/Pfizer BNT162b2. We compared T-cell immune responses over time after infection or vaccination using ELISpot, and memory CD4+ T-cell responses three months after infection/vaccination using activation-induced marker flow cytometric assays. Levels of cytokine-producing T-cells were remarkably stable between three and twelve months after infection, and were comparable to IFNγ+ and IFNγ+IL-2+ T-cell responses but lower than IL-2+ T-cell responses at three months after vaccination. Consistent with this finding, vaccination and infection elicited comparable levels of SARS-CoV-2 specific CD4+ T-cells after three months in addition to comparable proportions of specific central memory CD4+ T-cells. By contrast, the proportions of specific effector memory CD4+ T-cells were significantly lower, whereas specific effector CD4+ T-cells were higher after infection than after vaccination. Our results suggest that T-cell responses-as measured by cytokine expression-and the frequencies of SARS-CoV-2-specific central memory CD4+T-cells-indicative of the formation of the long-lived memory T-cell compartment-are comparably induced after infection and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Dennehy
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany; (E.L.); (L.S.); (E.K.); (R.H.)
| | - Eva Löll
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany; (E.L.); (L.S.); (E.K.); (R.H.)
| | - Christine Dhillon
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany;
| | - Johanna-Maria Classen
- Internal Medicine III-Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany; (J.-M.C.); (C.R.)
| | - Tobias D. Warm
- Clinic for Vascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany; (T.D.W.); (A.H.-D.); (Y.G.)
| | - Lukas Schuierer
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany; (E.L.); (L.S.); (E.K.); (R.H.)
| | - Alexander Hyhlik-Dürr
- Clinic for Vascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany; (T.D.W.); (A.H.-D.); (Y.G.)
| | - Christoph Römmele
- Internal Medicine III-Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany; (J.-M.C.); (C.R.)
| | - Yvonne Gosslau
- Clinic for Vascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany; (T.D.W.); (A.H.-D.); (Y.G.)
| | - Elisabeth Kling
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany; (E.L.); (L.S.); (E.K.); (R.H.)
| | - Reinhard Hoffmann
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany; (E.L.); (L.S.); (E.K.); (R.H.)
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Harrison N, Grabmeier-Pfistershammer K, Graf A, Trapin D, Tauber P, Aberle JH, Stiasny K, Schmidt R, Greinix H, Rabitsch W, Ramharter M, Burgmann H, Pickl WF, Bahrs C. Tick-Borne Encephalitis Specific Lymphocyte Response after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Predicts Humoral Immunity after Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9080908. [PMID: 34452033 PMCID: PMC8402406 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this prospective study was to assess lymphocyte proliferative and cytokine response prior to and following tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) immunization among patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Seventeen adult patients 11–13 months after HSCT and eight unvaccinated healthy adults received up to three TBE vaccinations. Following in vitro stimulation with TBE-antigen, lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine secretion (IL-2, IL-10, IL-13, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, GM-CSF) were analyzed by thymidine incorporation assay and the Luminex system. Ten patients (59%) showed significant baseline TBE-specific lymphocyte proliferation (stimulation index (SI) > 3) prior to vaccination, but none of the unvaccinated controls (p = 0.002). All patients with a TBE-specific antibody response after two vaccinations (at least 2-fold increase of neutralization test titers) exhibited a strong TBE-specific lymphocyte proliferative response at baseline (SI > 10). Patients with sibling donors had a significantly stronger baseline TBE-specific lymphocyte proliferative and IL-13 cytokine response than patients with unrelated donors (p < 0.05). In conclusion, a relevant proportion of patients showed TBE-specific lymphocyte proliferative and cytokine responses prior to vaccination after HSCT, which predicted the humoral response to the vaccine. Patients with vaccinated sibling donors were more likely to elicit a cellular immune response than patients with unrelated donors of unknown vaccination status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Harrison
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (N.H.); (H.B.)
| | - Katharina Grabmeier-Pfistershammer
- Division of Cellular Immunology and Immunohematology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (K.G.-P.); (D.T.); (P.T.); (W.F.P.)
| | - Alexandra Graf
- Section of Medical Statistics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Doris Trapin
- Division of Cellular Immunology and Immunohematology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (K.G.-P.); (D.T.); (P.T.); (W.F.P.)
| | - Peter Tauber
- Division of Cellular Immunology and Immunohematology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (K.G.-P.); (D.T.); (P.T.); (W.F.P.)
| | - Judith H. Aberle
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.H.A.); (K.S.)
| | - Karin Stiasny
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.H.A.); (K.S.)
| | - Ralf Schmidt
- Division of Virology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Hildegard Greinix
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria;
| | - Werner Rabitsch
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Michael Ramharter
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine & I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20359 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Heinz Burgmann
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (N.H.); (H.B.)
| | - Winfried F. Pickl
- Division of Cellular Immunology and Immunohematology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (K.G.-P.); (D.T.); (P.T.); (W.F.P.)
| | - Christina Bahrs
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (N.H.); (H.B.)
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital/Friedrich-Schiller University, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-14040044400; Fax: +43-14040044180
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7
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Sircy LM, Harrison-Chau M, Novis CL, Baessler A, Nguyen J, Hale JS. Protein Immunization Induces Memory CD4 + T Cells That Lack Th Lineage Commitment. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:1388-1400. [PMID: 34380649 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Acute viral infection generates lineage-committed Th1 and T follicular helper (Tfh) memory cells that recall their lineage-specific functions following secondary challenge with virus. However, the lineage commitment of effector and memory Th cells in vivo following protein vaccination is poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed effector and memory CD4+ T cell differentiation in mice (Mus musculus) following adjuvanted glycoprotein immunization compared with acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. Glycoprotein immunization induced CXCR5- non-Tfh effector and memory CD4+ T cells that surprisingly had not undergone polarization toward any particular Th cell lineage but had undergone memory differentiation. However, upon challenge with virus, these Th lineage-nonpolarized memory CD4+ T cells were able to generate Th1 secondary effector cells, demonstrating their lineage plasticity. In addition, Tfh and memory Tfh cells were generated in response to protein immunization, and these cells differed from infection-induced Tfh cells by their lack of the transcription factor Tbet. Rechallenge experiments demonstrated that viral infection, but not protein immunization, during either the primary or secondary immune response, restricts the recall of Bcl6 expression and the generation of germinal center Tfh cells. Together, these data demonstrate that protein immunization generates a combination of nonpolarized memory cells that are highly plastic and memory Tfh cells that can undergo further Th1-like modulation during a secondary response to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Sircy
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | | | - Andrew Baessler
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Jacklyn Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - J Scott Hale
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
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Boggiatto PM, Schaut RG, Olsen SC. Enhancing the Detection of Brucella-Specific CD4 + T Cell Responses in Cattle via in vitro Antigenic Expansion and Restimulation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1944. [PMID: 32983124 PMCID: PMC7492661 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine brucellosis, cause by infection with Brucella abortus, causes reproductive failure in cattle, has a major economic impact to producers, and as a zoonoses, it is a disease of public health concern. Characterization of the protective immune response against Brucella infection is important to our understanding of disease pathogenesis and for the development of diagnostic assays and vaccines. Most of the knowledge regarding protection against Brucella comes from studies in the murine model, but less is known about the immune responses in cattle. Assessment of antigen-specific T cell frequency and functional phenotype are critical to understand the immune status of the host, characterize mechanisms of protective immunity and immunopathology, and to predict immune protection. The frequency of circulating T cells specific for a particular pathogen is often very low, making analysis of such responses difficult. Our goal was to develop a flow-cytometry based approach to better track Brucella-specific T cell responses. Using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBC) from Brucella abortus strain RB51-vaccinated cattle, we optimized an in vitro stimulation protocol based on a combination of antigen and pan-T cell stimulation. We then assessed RB51-specific T cell responses by concurrently measuring proliferation and cytokine production using flow-cytometry. This methodology enhances the detection of peripheral, Brucella-specific responses in cattle following RB51 vaccination. This protocol is versatile in that it can be modified to fit other in vitro stimulation systems and additional functional or phenotypic parameters can be added for flow cytometric detection and characterization of antigen-specific T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola M Boggiatto
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Robert G Schaut
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), ARS Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Steven C Olsen
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
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Varnaitė R, Blom K, Lampen MH, Vene S, Thunberg S, Lindquist L, Ljunggren HG, Rombo L, Askling HH, Gredmark-Russ S. Magnitude and Functional Profile of the Human CD4 + T Cell Response throughout Primary Immunization with Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Vaccine. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:914-922. [PMID: 31924650 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral infection of the CNS caused by TBE virus. With no specific treatment available, the only protection is a formalin-inactivated whole virus vaccine. Primary immunization with European TBE vaccines, as recommended by the manufacturers, consists of three vaccine doses administered within a 1-y period. Protection from vaccination is believed to be mediated by Abs, yet T cells may also have a protective role. We set out to characterize the human CD4+ T cell response throughout primary TBE immunization. The responses were evaluated before vaccination and 1 mo after each vaccine dose. A heterogeneous magnitude of CD4+ T cell-mediated memory responses was observed in regard to lymphoblast expansion and cytokine production (IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF), with the highest median magnitude detected after the second dose of vaccine. Stimulation with an overlapping peptide library based on structural TBE virus proteins E and C revealed that CD4+ T cells concomitantly producing IL-2 and TNF dominated the responses from vaccinees after each vaccine dose, whereas a control cohort of TBE patients responded mainly with all three cytokines. CD107a expression was not upregulated upon peptide stimulation in the vaccinees. However, CD154 (CD40L) expression on cytokine-positive memory CD4+ T cells significantly increased after the second vaccine dose. Taken together, TBE vaccination induced CD4+ T cell responses dominated by IL-2 and TNF production together with CD154 upregulation and a lower IFN-γ response compared with TBE patients. This response pattern was consistent after all three doses of TBE vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Varnaitė
- Center for Infectious Medicine, ANA Futura, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kim Blom
- Center for Infectious Medicine, ANA Futura, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Margit H Lampen
- Center for Infectious Medicine, ANA Futura, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sirkka Vene
- The Public Health Agency of Sweden, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sarah Thunberg
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Lindquist
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Center for Infectious Medicine, ANA Futura, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Rombo
- Centre for Clinical Research, Sörmland Region, Uppsala University, 631 88 Eskilstuna, Sweden
| | - Helena H Askling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; and.,Department of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Sörmland County, 631 88 Eskilstuna, Sweden
| | - Sara Gredmark-Russ
- Center for Infectious Medicine, ANA Futura, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden; .,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Hepatitis B Vaccination Induced TNF- α- and IL-2-Producing T Cell Responses in HIV- Healthy Individuals Higher than in HIV+ Individuals Who Received the Same Vaccination Regimen. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:8350862. [PMID: 29682590 PMCID: PMC5848135 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8350862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated cytokine production and expression of degranulation marker CD107a after different strategies of hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals, which were three doses of 20 μg (standard dose group), four doses of 20 μg (four doses group), or four doses of 40 μg (four double doses group), compared to standard dose vaccination in healthy controls. PBMCs collected at different time points were stimulated in vitro with recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen and analyzed by flow cytometry. There was an increase in TNF-α production of total and memory CD4+ T cells at 7 months after vaccination in healthy controls compared to the HIV+ group, which received the same standard vaccination regimen. An increase in the IL-2-producing memory CD4+ T cells in the healthy control group was also observed at 7 months after vaccination. No differences were observed between the healthy controls and both groups of four doses at any time point of study. These results suggest that the standard HBV vaccination schedule might induce better production of TNF-α and IL-2 from CD4+ T cells in healthy individuals. Modification of HBV vaccination schedule by increasing the frequency and/or dosage may improve the CMI response in HIV-infected individuals. This trial is registered with NCT1289106.
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11
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Influenza and Memory T Cells: How to Awake the Force. Vaccines (Basel) 2016; 4:vaccines4040033. [PMID: 27754364 PMCID: PMC5192353 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines4040033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Annual influenza vaccination is an effective way to prevent human influenza. Current vaccines are mainly focused on eliciting a strain-matched humoral immune response, requiring yearly updates, and do not provide protection for all vaccinated individuals. The past few years, the importance of cellular immunity, and especially memory T cells, in long-lived protection against influenza virus has become clear. To overcome the shortcomings of current influenza vaccines, eliciting both humoral and cellular immunity is imperative. Today, several new vaccines such as infection-permissive and recombinant T cell inducing vaccines, are being developed and show promising results. These vaccines will allow us to stay several steps ahead of the constantly evolving influenza virus.
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12
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Friedrich P, Sattler A, Müller K, Nienen M, Reinke P, Babel N. Comparing Humoral and Cellular Immune Response Against HBV Vaccine in Kidney Transplant Patients. Am J Transplant 2015; 15:3157-65. [PMID: 26137874 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Host protection upon vaccination usually results from the complex interplay of humoral and cellular components of the immune system. Exploring hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-specific T cell responses and their correlation with humoral responses under immunosuppression, we analyzed 51 renal transplant recipients, differing in HBV vaccine-specific antibody titers (non [NRs]-, low [LRs]-, and high responders [HRs]) and in 22 healthy controls (HCs) in a cross-sectional study. HBsAg-specific T cells were analyzed by flow cytometry according to expression of activation markers CD40L and/or CD69, and the cytokines IFNγ, IL-2, TNFα, and IL-17. No significant differences in responder rate and magnitude of HBsAg-specific T cell responses were found between HCs and HRs. Interestingly, HBsAg-specific Th-cells were also observed in 50% of humoral NRs. Frequencies of HBsAg-specific CD40L+ Th-cells were significantly higher in HRs compared to LRs (p = 0.009) and in LRs in comparison to NRs (p = 0.043). All but NRs showed a predominance of multi-potent HBsAg-specific TNFα+IL-2+ Th-cells. As expected, HBsAg-specific CD8(+) T cells were rarely found. In conclusion, mounting of hepatitis B vaccine-specific T cell responses is possible in kidney transplant recipients despite immunosuppression. Detection of HBV-specific Th-cells in a significant proportion of humoral NRs contributes to the current discussion on conferring immune protection by cellular memory in such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Friedrich
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Sattler
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - K Müller
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Nienen
- Medical Clinic I, Marien Hospital Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - P Reinke
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Nephrology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Clinic, Berlin, Germany
| | - N Babel
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Medical Clinic I, Marien Hospital Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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13
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Mohn KGI, Cox RJ, Tunheim G, Berdal JE, Hauge AG, Jul-Larsen Å, Peters B, Oftung F, Jonassen CM, Mjaaland S. Immune Responses in Acute and Convalescent Patients with Mild, Moderate and Severe Disease during the 2009 Influenza Pandemic in Norway. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143281. [PMID: 26606759 PMCID: PMC4659565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased understanding of immune responses influencing clinical severity during pandemic influenza infection is important for improved treatment and vaccine development. In this study we recruited 46 adult patients during the 2009 influenza pandemic and characterized humoral and cellular immune responses. Those included were either acute hospitalized or convalescent patients with different disease severities (mild, moderate or severe). In general, protective antibody responses increased with enhanced disease severity. In the acute patients, we found higher levels of TNF-α single-producing CD4+T-cells in the severely ill as compared to patients with moderate disease. Stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from a subset of acute patients with peptide T-cell epitopes showed significantly lower frequencies of influenza specific CD8+ compared with CD4+ IFN-γ T-cells in acute patients. Both T-cell subsets were predominantly directed against the envelope antigens (HA and NA). However, in the convalescent patients we found high levels of both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells directed against conserved core antigens (NP, PA, PB, and M). The results indicate that the antigen targets recognized by the T-cell subsets may vary according to the phase of infection. The apparent low levels of cross-reactive CD8+ T-cells recognizing internal antigens in acute hospitalized patients suggest an important role for this T-cell subset in protective immunity against influenza.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunity, Humoral
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Influenza, Human/diagnosis
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neutralization Tests
- Norway/epidemiology
- Pandemics
- Prospective Studies
- Severity of Illness Index
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin G.-I. Mohn
- The Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, and The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail: (KGIM); (SM)
| | - Rebecca Jane Cox
- The Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Research & Development, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, and The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gro Tunheim
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, and The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Erik Berdal
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Akershus University Hospital, Nordbyhagen, Norway
| | - Anna Germundsson Hauge
- Section for Virology, Department of Laboratory Services, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Åsne Jul-Larsen
- The Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Bjoern Peters
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Fredrik Oftung
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, and The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christine Monceyron Jonassen
- Genetic Unit, Department of Multidisciplinary Laboratory Medicine and Medical Biochemistry, Akershus University Hospital, Nordbyhagen, Norway
- Genetic Unit, Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Østfold Hospital Trust, Fredrikstad, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Siri Mjaaland
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, and The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail: (KGIM); (SM)
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14
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Aberle JH, Schwaiger J, Aberle SW, Stiasny K, Scheinost O, Kundi M, Chmelik V, Heinz FX. Human CD4+ T Helper Cell Responses after Tick-Borne Encephalitis Vaccination and Infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140545. [PMID: 26465323 PMCID: PMC4605778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a human-pathogenic flavivirus that is endemic in large parts of Europe and Asia and causes severe neuroinvasive illness. A formalin-inactivated vaccine induces strong neutralizing antibody responses and confers protection from TBE disease. CD4+ T cell responses are essential for neutralizing antibody production, but data on the functionalities of TBEV-specific CD4+ T cells in response to vaccination or infection are lacking. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the cytokine patterns of CD4+ T cell responses in 20 humans after TBE vaccination in comparison to those in 18 patients with TBEV infection. Specifically, Th1-specific cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α), CD40 ligand and the Th1 lineage-specifying transcription factor Tbet were determined upon stimulation with peptides covering the TBEV structural proteins contained in the vaccine (C-capsid, prM/M-membrane and E-envelope). We show that TBEV-specific CD4+ T cell responses are polyfunctional, but the cytokine patterns after vaccination differed from those after infection. TBE vaccine responses were characterized by lower IFN-γ responses and high proportions of TNF-α+IL-2+ cells. In vaccine-induced responses—consistent with the reduced IFN-γ expression patterns—less than 50% of TBEV peptides were detected by IFN-γ+ cells as compared to 96% detected by IL-2+ cells, indicating that the single use of IFN-γ as a read-out strongly underestimates the magnitude and breadth of such responses. The results provide important insights into the functionalities of CD4+ T cells that coordinate vaccine responses and have direct implications for future studies that address epitope specificity and breadth of these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith H. Aberle
- Department of Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Julia Schwaiger
- Department of Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan W. Aberle
- Department of Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Stiasny
- Department of Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ondrej Scheinost
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hospital České Budĕjovice, České Budĕjovice, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Kundi
- Centre for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vaclav Chmelik
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital České Budĕjovice, České Budĕjovice, Czech Republic
| | - Franz X. Heinz
- Department of Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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15
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Geginat J, Nizzoli G, Paroni M, Maglie S, Larghi P, Pascolo S, Abrignani S. Immunity to Pathogens Taught by Specialized Human Dendritic Cell Subsets. Front Immunol 2015; 6:527. [PMID: 26528289 PMCID: PMC4603245 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that have a key role in immune responses because they bridge the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. They mature upon recognition of pathogens and upregulate MHC molecules and costimulatory receptors to activate antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. It is now well established that DCs are not a homogeneous population but are composed of different subsets with specialized functions in immune responses to specific pathogens. Upon viral infections, plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) rapidly produce large amounts of IFN-α, which has potent antiviral functions and activates several other immune cells. However, pDCs are not particularly potent APCs and induce the tolerogenic cytokine IL-10 in CD4+ T cells. In contrast, myeloid DCs (mDCs) are very potent APCs and possess the unique capacity to prime naive T cells and consequently to initiate a primary adaptive immune response. Different subsets of mDCs with specialized functions have been identified. In mice, CD8α+ mDCs capture antigenic material from necrotic cells, secrete high levels of IL-12, and prime Th1 and cytotoxic T-cell responses to control intracellular pathogens. Conversely, CD8α− mDCs preferentially prime CD4+ T cells and promote Th2 or Th17 differentiation. BDCA-3+ mDC2 are the human homologue of CD8α+ mDCs, since they share the expression of several key molecules, the capacity to cross-present antigens to CD8+ T-cells and to produce IFN-λ. However, although several features of the DC network are conserved between humans and mice, the expression of several toll-like receptors as well as the production of cytokines that regulate T-cell differentiation are different. Intriguingly, recent data suggest specific roles for human DC subsets in immune responses against individual pathogens. The biology of human DC subsets holds the promise to be exploitable in translational medicine, in particular for the development of vaccines against persistent infections or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Geginat
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" (INGM) , Milan , Italy
| | - Giulia Nizzoli
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" (INGM) , Milan , Italy
| | - Moira Paroni
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" (INGM) , Milan , Italy
| | - Stefano Maglie
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" (INGM) , Milan , Italy
| | - Paola Larghi
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" (INGM) , Milan , Italy
| | - Steve Pascolo
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Sergio Abrignani
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" (INGM) , Milan , Italy ; DISCCO, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milano , Milan , Italy
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16
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Lorin C, Vanloubbeeck Y, Baudart S, Ska M, Bayat B, Brauers G, Clarinval G, Donner MN, Marchand M, Koutsoukos M, Mettens P, Cohen J, Voss G. Heterologous prime-boost regimens with a recombinant chimpanzee adenoviral vector and adjuvanted F4 protein elicit polyfunctional HIV-1-specific T-Cell responses in macaques. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122835. [PMID: 25856308 PMCID: PMC4391709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes are important for HIV-1 replication control. F4/AS01 consists of F4 recombinant fusion protein (containing clade B Gag/p24, Pol/RT, Nef and Gag/p17) formulated in AS01 Adjuvant System, and was shown to induce F4-specific polyfunctional CD4+ T-cell responses in humans. While replication-incompetent recombinant HIV-1/SIV antigen-expressing human adenoviral vectors can elicit high-frequency antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses, their use is hampered by widespread pre-existing immunity to human serotypes. Non-human adenovirus serotypes associated with lower prevalence may offer an alternative strategy. We evaluated the immunogenicity of AdC7-GRN ('A'), a recombinant chimpanzee adenovirus type 7 vector expressing clade B Gag, RT and Nef, and F4/AS01 ('P'), when delivered intramuscularly in homologous (PP or AA) and heterologous (AAPP or PPAA) prime-boost regimens, in macaques and mice. Vaccine-induced HIV-1-antigen-specific T cells in peripheral blood (macaques), liver, spleen, and intestinal and genital mucosa (mice) were characterized by intracellular cytokine staining. Vaccine-specific IgG antibodies (macaques) were detected using ELISA. In macaques, only the heterologous prime-boost regimens induced polyfunctional, persistent and balanced CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses specific to each HIV-1 vaccine antigen. AdC7-GRN priming increased the polyfunctionality of F4/AS01-induced CD4+ T cells. Approximately 50% of AdC7-GRN-induced memory CD8+ T cells exhibited an effector-memory phenotype. HIV-1-specific antibodies were detected with each regimen. In mice, antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses were detected in the mucosal and systemic anatomical compartments assessed. When administered in heterologous prime-boost regimens, AdC7-GRN and F4/AS01 candidate vaccines acted complementarily in inducing potent and persistent peripheral blood HIV-1-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses and antibodies in macaques. Besides, adenoviral vector priming modulated the cytokine-expression profile of the protein-induced CD4+ T cells. Each regimen induced HIV-1-specific T-cell responses in systemic/local tissues in mice. This suggests that prime-boost regimens combining adjuvanted protein and low-seroprevalent chimpanzee adenoviral vectors represent an attractive vaccination strategy for clinical evaluation.
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17
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McKinstry KK, Strutt TM, Bautista B, Zhang W, Kuang Y, Cooper AM, Swain SL. Effector CD4 T-cell transition to memory requires late cognate interactions that induce autocrine IL-2. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5377. [PMID: 25369785 PMCID: PMC4223689 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unclear how CD4 T cell memory formation is regulated following pathogen challenge, and when critical mechanisms act to determine effector T cell fate. Here, we report that following influenza infection most effectors require signals from major histocompatibility complex class II molecules and CD70 during a late window well after initial priming to become memory. During this timeframe, effector cells must produce IL-2 or be exposed to high levels of paracrine or exogenously added IL-2 to survive an otherwise rapid default contraction phase. Late IL-2 promotes survival through acute down regulation of apoptotic pathways in effector T cells and by permanently upregulating their IL-7 receptor expression, enabling IL-7 to sustain them as memory T cells. This new paradigm defines a late checkpoint during the effector phase at which cognate interactions direct CD4 T cell memory generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kai McKinstry
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
| | - Tara M Strutt
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
| | - Bianca Bautista
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
| | - Wenliang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
| | - Yi Kuang
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
| | - Andrea M Cooper
- Trudeau Institute, 154 Algonquin Avenue, Saranac Lake, New York 12983, USA
| | - Susan L Swain
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
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18
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Rebhahn JA, Deng N, Sharma G, Livingstone AM, Huang S, Mosmann TR. An animated landscape representation of CD4+ T-cell differentiation, variability, and plasticity: insights into the behavior of populations versus cells. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2216-29. [PMID: 24945794 PMCID: PMC4209377 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in understanding CD4(+) T-cell differentiation suggest that previous models of a few distinct, stable effector phenotypes were too simplistic. Although several well-characterized phenotypes are still recognized, some states display plasticity, and intermediate phenotypes exist. As a framework for reexamining these concepts, we use Waddington's landscape paradigm, augmented with explicit consideration of stochastic variations. Our animation program "LAVA" visualizes T-cell differentiation as cells moving across a landscape of hills and valleys, leading to attractor basins representing stable or semistable differentiation states. The model illustrates several principles, including: (i) cell populations may behave more predictably than individual cells; (ii) analogous to reticulate evolution, differentiation may proceed through a network of interconnected states, rather than a single well-defined pathway; (iii) relatively minor changes in the barriers between attractor basins can change the stability or plasticity of a population; (iv) intrapopulation variability of gene expression may be an important regulator of differentiation, rather than inconsequential noise; (v) the behavior of some populations may be defined mainly by the behavior of outlier cells. While not a quantitative representation of actual differentiation, our model is intended to provoke discussion of T-cell differentiation pathways, particularly highlighting a probabilistic view of transitions between states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Rebhahn
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical SchoolRochester, NY, USA
| | - Nan Deng
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical SchoolRochester, NY, USA
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of RochesterRochester, NY, USA
| | - Alexandra M Livingstone
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical SchoolRochester, NY, USA
| | - Sui Huang
- Institute for Systems BiologySeattle, WA, USA
| | - Tim R Mosmann
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical SchoolRochester, NY, USA
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19
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Deng N, Weaver JM, Mosmann TR. Cytokine diversity in the Th1-dominated human anti-influenza response caused by variable cytokine expression by Th1 cells, and a minor population of uncommitted IL-2+IFNγ- Thpp cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95986. [PMID: 24788814 PMCID: PMC4006810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Within overall Th1-like human memory T cell responses, individual T cells may express only some of the characteristic Th1 cytokines when reactivated. In the Th1-oriented memory response to influenza, we have tested the contributions of two potential mechanisms for this diversity: variable expression of cytokines by a uniform population during activation, or different stable subsets that consistently expressed subsets of the Th1 cytokine pattern. To test for short-term variability, in vitro-stimulated influenza-specific human memory CD4+ T cells were sorted according to IL-2 and IFNγ expression, cultured briefly in vitro, and cytokine patterns measured after restimulation. Cells that were initially IFNγ+ and either IL-2+ or IL-2- converged rapidly, containing similar proportions of IL-2-IFNγ+ and IL-2+IFNγ+ cells after culture and restimulation. Both phenotypes expressed Tbet, and similar patterns of mRNA. Thus variability of IL-2 expression in IFNγ+ cells appeared to be regulated more by short-term variability than by stable differentiated subsets. In contrast, heterogeneous expression of IFNγ in IL-2+ influenza-specific T cells appeared to be due partly to stable T cell subsets. After sorting, culture and restimulation, influenza-specific IL-2+IFNγ- and IL-2+IFNγ+ cells maintained significantly biased ratios of IFNγ+ and IFNγ- cells. IL-2+IFNγ- cells included both Tbetlo and Tbethi cells, and showed more mRNA expression differences with either of the IFNγ+ populations. To test whether IL-2+IFNγ-Tbetlo cells were Thpp cells (primed but uncommitted memory cells, predominant in responses to protein vaccines), influenza-specific IL-2+IFNγ- and IL-2+IFNγ+ T cells were sorted and cultured in Th1- or Th2-generating conditions. Both cell types yielded IFNγ-secreting cells in Th1 conditions, but only IL-2+IFNγ- cells were able to differentiate into IL-4-producing cells. Thus expression of IL-2 in the anti-influenza response may be regulated mainly by short term variability, whereas different T cell subsets, Th1 and Thpp, may contribute to variability in IFNγ expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Deng
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Jason M. Weaver
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Tim R. Mosmann
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Mosmann TR, Naim I, Rebhahn J, Datta S, Cavenaugh JS, Weaver JM, Sharma G. SWIFT-scalable clustering for automated identification of rare cell populations in large, high-dimensional flow cytometry datasets, part 2: biological evaluation. Cytometry A 2014; 85:422-33. [PMID: 24532172 PMCID: PMC4238823 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A multistage clustering and data processing method, SWIFT (detailed in a companion manuscript), has been developed to detect rare subpopulations in large, high-dimensional flow cytometry datasets. An iterative sampling procedure initially fits the data to multidimensional Gaussian distributions, then splitting and merging stages use a criterion of unimodality to optimize the detection of rare subpopulations, to converge on a consistent cluster number, and to describe non-Gaussian distributions. Probabilistic assignment of cells to clusters, visualization, and manipulation of clusters by their cluster medians, facilitate application of expert knowledge using standard flow cytometry programs. The dual problems of rigorously comparing similar complex samples, and enumerating absent or very rare cell subpopulations in negative controls, were solved by assigning cells in multiple samples to a cluster template derived from a single or combined sample. Comparison of antigen-stimulated and control human peripheral blood cell samples demonstrated that SWIFT could identify biologically significant subpopulations, such as rare cytokine-producing influenza-specific T cells. A sensitivity of better than one part per million was attained in very large samples. Results were highly consistent on biological replicates, yet the analysis was sensitive enough to show that multiple samples from the same subject were more similar than samples from different subjects. A companion manuscript (Part 1) details the algorithmic development of SWIFT. © 2014 The Authors. Published by Wiley Periodicals Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim R Mosmann
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
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21
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Scheerlinck JPY, Yen HH. Defining immune memory resilience: implications for vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 9:351-3. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Chauvat A, Benhamouda N, Gey A, Lemoine FM, Paulie S, Carrat F, Gougeon ML, Rozenberg F, Krivine A, Cherai M, Lehmann P, Quintin-Colonna F, Launay O, Tartour E. Clinical validation of IFNγ/IL-10 and IFNγ/IL-2 FluoroSpot assays for the detection of Tr1 T cells and influenza vaccine monitoring in humans. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 10:104-13. [PMID: 24084262 DOI: 10.4161/hv.26593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The type of T cell polarization and simultaneous production of multiple cytokines have been correlated with vaccine efficacy. ELISpot is a T cell detection technique optimized for the measurement of a secreted cytokine at the single cell level. The FluoroSpot assay differs from ELISpot by the use of multiple fluorescent-labeled anticytokine detection antibodies, allowing optimal measurement of multiple cytokines. In the present study, we show that an IFNγ/IL-10 FluoroSpot assay is more sensitive than flow cytometry to detect Tr1 regulatory T cells, an immunosuppressive T cell population characterized by the production of IL-10 and IFNγ. As many tolerogenic vaccines are designed to induce these Tr1 cells, this FluoroSpot test could represent a standard method for the detection of these cells in the future. The use of an IFNγ/IL-2 FluoroSpot assay during influenza vaccine monitoring showed that the influenza-specific IL-2-producing T-cell response was the dominant response both before and after vaccine administration. This study therefore questions the rationale of using the single-color IFNγ ELISpot as the standard technique to monitor vaccine-specific T-cell response. Using this same test, a trend was also observed between baseline levels of IFNγ T cell response and T cell vaccine response. In addition, a lower IFNγ+IL-2+ T-cell response after vaccine was observed in the group of patients treated with TNFα inhibitors (P=0.08). This study therefore supports the use of the FluoroSpot assay due to its robustness, versatility and the complementary information that it provides compared with ELISpot or flow cytometry to monitor vaccine-specific T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Chauvat
- INSERM U970 ; Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris-Cité; Paris, France; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; Service d'Immunologie Biologique; Paris, France; CTL-Europe GmbH; Bonn, Germany
| | - Nadine Benhamouda
- INSERM U970 ; Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris-Cité; Paris, France; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; Service d'Immunologie Biologique; Paris, France
| | - Alain Gey
- INSERM U970 ; Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris-Cité; Paris, France; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; Service d'Immunologie Biologique; Paris, France
| | - Francois M Lemoine
- Departement de Biothérapie; Centre d'Investigation Clinique de biothérapie 1001; Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière et Univ Pierre et Marie Curie Paris; Paris, France
| | | | - Fabrice Carrat
- Epidemiology, Information System, Modeling; UMR-S 707; University Paris 6-UPMC; Paris, France; Inserm U707; Paris, France; Public Health Unit; Saint-Antoine Hospital; Paris, France
| | - Marie-Lise Gougeon
- Antiviral Immunity; Biotherapy and Vaccine Unit; Infection and Epidemiology Department; Institut Pasteur; Paris, France
| | - Flore Rozenberg
- Laboratoire de virologie; Hôpital Cochin; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP); Paris, France
| | - Anne Krivine
- Laboratoire de virologie; Hôpital Cochin; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP); Paris, France
| | - Mustapha Cherai
- Departement de Biothérapie; Centre d'Investigation Clinique de biothérapie 1001; Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière et Univ Pierre et Marie Curie Paris; Paris, France
| | - Paul Lehmann
- Cellular Technology Limited; Shaker Heights, OH USA
| | | | - Odile Launay
- Université Paris Descartes; Paris, France; Inserm; CIC BT505; Paris, France; Hôpital Cochin; AP-HP CIC de Vaccinologie Cochin-Pasteur; Paris, France
| | - Eric Tartour
- INSERM U970 ; Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris-Cité; Paris, France; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; Service d'Immunologie Biologique; Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes; Paris, France; Inserm; CIC BT505; Paris, France
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23
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Sharma SK, Roumanes D, Almudevar A, Mosmann TR, Pichichero ME. CD4+ T-cell responses among adults and young children in response to Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae vaccine candidate protein antigens. Vaccine 2013; 31:3090-7. [PMID: 23632305 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We characterized cytokine profiles of CD4(+) T-helper (h) cells in adults and young children to ascertain if responses occur to next-generation candidate vaccine antigens PspA, PcpA, PhtD, PhtE, Ply, LytB of Streptococcus pneumonia (Spn) and protein D and OMP26 of non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi). Adults had vaccine antigen-specific Th1 and Th2 cells responsive to all antigens evaluated whereas young children had significant numbers of vaccine antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells producing IL-2, (p=0.004). Vaccine antigen-specific CD4(+) T-cell populations in adults were largely of effector (TEM) and/or central memory (TCM) phenotypes as defined by CD45RA(-)CCR7(+) or CD45RA(-)CCR7(-) respectively; however among young children antigen-specific IL-2 producing CD4(+) T cells demonstrated CD45RA(+) expression (non-memory cells). We conclude that adults have circulating memory CD4(+) T cells (CD45RA(-)) that can be stimulated by all the tested Spn and NTHi protein vaccine candidate antigens, whereas young children have a more limited response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharad K Sharma
- Center for Infectious Disease and Immunology, Research Institute, Rochester General Hospital, 1425 Portland Avenue, Rochester, NY 14621, USA
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Weaver JM, Yang H, Roumanes D, Lee FEH, Wu H, Treanor JJ, Mosmann TR. Increase in IFNγ(-)IL-2(+) cells in recent human CD4 T cell responses to 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57275. [PMID: 23526940 PMCID: PMC3603952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human CD4 T cell recall responses to influenza virus are strongly biased towards Type 1 cytokines, producing IFNγ, IL-2 and TNFα. We have now examined the effector phenotypes of CD4 T cells in more detail, particularly focusing on differences between recent versus long-term, multiply-boosted responses. Peptides spanning the proteome of temporally distinct influenza viruses were distributed into pools enriched for cross-reactivity to different influenza strains, and used to stimulate antigen-specific CD4 T cells representing recent or long-term memory. In the general population, peptides unique to the long-circulating influenza A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1) induced Th1-like responses biased toward the expression of IFNγ(+)TNFα(+) CD4 T cells. In contrast, peptide pools enriched for non-cross-reactive peptides of the pandemic influenza A/California/04/09 (H1N1) induced more IFNγ(-)IL-2(+)TNFα(+) T cells, similar to the IFNγ(-)IL-2(+) non-polarized, primed precursor T cells (Thpp) that are a predominant response to protein vaccination. These results were confirmed in a second study that compared samples taken before the 2009 pandemic to samples taken one month after PCR-confirmed A/California/04/09 infection. There were striking increases in influenza-specific TNFα(+), IFNγ(+), and IL-2(+) cells in the post-infection samples. Importantly, peptides enriched for non-cross-reactive A/California/04/09 specificities induced a higher proportion of Thpp-like IFNγ(-)IL-2(+)TNFα(+) CD4 T cells than peptide pools cross-reactive with previous influenza strains, which induced more Th1 (IFNγ(+)TNFα(+)) responses. These IFNγ(-)IL-2(+)TNFα(+) CD4 T cells may be an important target population for vaccination regimens, as these cells are induced upon infection, may have high proliferative potential, and may play a role in providing future effector cells during subsequent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Weaver
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Hongmei Yang
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - David Roumanes
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - F. Eun-Hyung Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Hulin Wu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - John J. Treanor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Tim R. Mosmann
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Flores-Langarica A, Marshall JL, Hitchcock J, Cook C, Jobanputra J, Bobat S, Ross EA, Coughlan RE, Henderson IR, Uematsu S, Akira S, Cunningham AF. Systemic flagellin immunization stimulates mucosal CD103+ dendritic cells and drives Foxp3+ regulatory T cell and IgA responses in the mesenteric lymph node. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2012; 189:5745-54. [PMID: 23152564 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal immunity is poorly activated after systemic immunization with protein Ags. Nevertheless, induction of mucosal immunity in such a manner would be an attractive and simple way to overcome the intrinsic difficulties in delivering Ag to such sites. Flagellin from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (FliC) can impact markedly on host immunity, in part via its recognition by TLR5. In this study, we show that systemic immunization with soluble FliC (sFliC) drives distinct immune responses concurrently in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and the spleen after i.p. and s.c. immunization. In the MLN, but not the spleen, sFliC drives a TLR5-dependent recruitment of CD103(+) dendritic cells (DCs), which correlates with a diminution in CD103(+) DC numbers in the lamina propria. In the MLN, CD103(+) DCs carry Ag and are the major primers of endogenous and transgenic T cell priming. A key consequence of these interactions with CD103(+) DCs in the MLN is an increase in local regulatory T cell differentiation. In parallel, systemic sFliC immunization results in a pronounced switching of FliC-specific B cells to IgA in the MLN but not elsewhere. Loss of TLR5 has more impact on MLN than splenic Ab responses, reflected in an ablation of IgA, but not IgG, serum Ab titers. Therefore, systemic sFliC immunization targets CD103(+) DCs and drives distinct mucosal T and B cell responses. This offers a potential "Trojan horse" approach to modulate mucosal immunity by systemically immunizing with sFliC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Flores-Langarica
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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26
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Guérin-El Khourouj V, Duchamp M, Krivine A, Pédron B, Ouachée-Chardin M, Yakouben K, Frémond ML, Baruchel A, Dalle JH, Sterkers G. Cellular and humoral immunity elicited by influenza vaccines in pediatric hematopoietic-stem cell transplantation. Hum Immunol 2012; 73:884-90. [PMID: 22820626 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Immunity induced by influenza vaccines following hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) is poorly understood. Here, 14 pediatric recipients (mean age: 6 years) received H1N1 (n=9) or H1N1/H3N2 (n=5) vaccines at a median of 5.7 months post-HSCT (HLA-identical related bone-marrow graft: 10/14). Fourteen clinically-matched non-vaccinated recipients were included as controls. Cellular response to vaccination was assessed by a T-cell proliferation assay. Humoral response was assessed by H1N1-specific antibody titration. IL2 and IFNγ responses to influenza were also evaluated by an intracellular cytokine accumulation method for some of the recipients. Higher proliferative responses to H1N1 (p=0.0001) and higher H1N1-specific antibody titers (p<0.02) were observed in vaccines opposed to non-vaccinated recipients. In some cases, proliferative responses to H1N1 developed while at the same time antibody titers did not reach protective (≥1:40) levels. Most recipients vaccinated with only the H1N1 strain had proliferative responses to both H1N1 and H3N2 (median stimulation index H1N1: 96, H3N2: 126 in responders). Finally, IL2 responses predominated over IFNγ responses (p<0.02) to influenza viruses in responders. In conclusion, H1N1 vaccination induced substantial cell-mediated immunity, and to a lesser extent, humoral immunity at early times post-HSCT. H1N1/H3N2 T-cell cross-reactivity and protective (IL2) rather than effector (IFNγ) cytokinic profiles were elicited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Guérin-El Khourouj
- Laboratory of Immunology, Robert Debré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris 7 Denis Diderot University, Paris, France
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27
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Li X, Miao H, Henn A, Topham DJ, Wu H, Zand MS, Mosmann TR. Ki-67 expression reveals strong, transient influenza specific CD4 T cell responses after adult vaccination. Vaccine 2012; 30:4581-4. [PMID: 22554464 PMCID: PMC3858959 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Although previous studies have found minimal changes in CD4 T cell responses after vaccination of adults with trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine, daily sampling and monitoring of the proliferation marker Ki-67 have now been used to reveal that a substantial fraction of influenza-specific CD4 T cells respond to vaccination. At 4-6 days after vaccination, there is a sharp rise in the numbers of Ki-67-expressing PBMC that produce IFNγ, IL-2 and/or TNFα in vitro in response to influenza vaccine or peptide. Ki-67(+) cell numbers then decline rapidly, and 10 days after vaccination, both Ki-67(+) and overall influenza-specific cell numbers are similar to pre-vaccination levels. These results provide a tool for assessing the quality and quantity of CD4 T cell responses to different influenza vaccines, and raise the possibility that the anti-influenza T cell memory response may be qualitatively altered by vaccination, even if the overall memory cell numbers do not change significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Li
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Hongyu Miao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Alicia Henn
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - David J. Topham
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Hulin Wu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Martin S. Zand
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Tim R. Mosmann
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
- Corresponding Author at: David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 609, Rochester, NY 14642 Tel.: +1 585 273 1400 Fax: +1 585 273 2452
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28
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Qi Y, Operario DJ, Georas SN, Mosmann TR. The acute environment, rather than T cell subset pre-commitment, regulates expression of the human T cell cytokine amphiregulin. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39072. [PMID: 22720031 PMCID: PMC3375254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine expression patterns of T cells can be regulated by pre-commitment to stable effector phenotypes, further modification of moderately stable phenotypes, and quantitative changes in cytokine production in response to acute signals. We showed previously that the epidermal growth factor family member Amphiregulin is expressed by T cell receptor-activated mouse CD4 T cells, particularly Th2 cells, and helps eliminate helminth infection. Here we report a detailed analysis of the regulation of Amphiregulin expression by human T cell subsets. Signaling through the T cell receptor induced Amphiregulin expression by most or all T cell subsets in human peripheral blood, including naive and memory CD4 and CD8 T cells, Th1 and Th2 in vitro T cell lines, and subsets of memory CD4 T cells expressing several different chemokine receptors and cytokines. In these different T cell types, Amphiregulin synthesis was inhibited by an antagonist of protein kinase A, a downstream component of the cAMP signaling pathway, and enhanced by ligands that increased cAMP or directly activated protein kinase A. Prostaglandin E2 and adenosine, natural ligands that stimulate adenylyl cyclase activity, also enhanced Amphiregulin synthesis while reducing synthesis of most other cytokines. Thus, in contrast to mouse T cells, Amphiregulin synthesis by human T cells is regulated more by acute signals than pre-commitment of T cells to a particular cytokine pattern. This may be appropriate for a cytokine more involved in repair than attack functions during most inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Qi
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Darwin J. Operario
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Steve N. Georas
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Tim R. Mosmann
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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29
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Dissecting the T Cell Response: Proliferation Assays vs. Cytokine Signatures by ELISPOT. Cells 2012; 1:127-40. [PMID: 24710419 PMCID: PMC3901088 DOI: 10.3390/cells1020127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic allograft rejection is in part mediated by host T cells that recognize allogeneic antigens on transplanted tissue. One factor that determines the outcome of a T cell response is clonal size, while another is the effector quality. Studies of alloimmune predictors of transplant graft survival have most commonly focused on only one measure of the alloimmune response. Because differing qualities and frequencies of the allospecific T cell response may provide distinctly different information we analyzed the relationship between frequency of soluble antigen and allo-antigen specific memory IFN-g secreting CD4 and CD8 T cells, their ability to secrete IL-2, and their proliferative capacity, while accounting for cognate and bystander proliferation. The results show proliferative responses primarily reflect on IL-2 production by antigen-specific T cells, and that proliferating cells in such assays entail a considerable fraction of bystander cells. On the other hand, proliferation (and IL-2 production) did not reflect on the frequency of IFN-γ producing memory cells, a finding particularly accentuated in the CD8 T cell compartment. These data provide rationale for considering both frequency and effector function of pre-transplant T cell reactivity when analyzing immune predictors of graft rejection.
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Sundararajan A, Huan L, Richards KA, Marcelin G, Alam S, Joo H, Yang H, Webby RJ, Topham DJ, Sant AJ, Sangster MY. Host differences in influenza-specific CD4 T cell and B cell responses are modulated by viral strain and route of immunization. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34377. [PMID: 22457834 PMCID: PMC3311631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The antibody response to influenza infection is largely dependent on CD4 T cell help for B cells. Cognate signals and secreted factors provided by CD4 T cells drive B cell activation and regulate antibody isotype switching for optimal antiviral activity. Recently, we analyzed HLA-DR1 transgenic (DR1) mice and C57BL/10 (B10) mice after infection with influenza virus A/New Caledonia/20/99 (NC) and defined epitopes recognized by virus-specific CD4 T cells. Using this information in the current study, we demonstrate that the pattern of secretion of IL-2, IFN-γ, and IL-4 by CD4 T cells activated by NC infection is largely independent of epitope specificity and the magnitude of the epitope-specific response. Interestingly, however, the characteristics of the virus-specific CD4 T cell and the B cell response to NC infection differed in DR1 and B10 mice. The response in B10 mice featured predominantly IFN-γ-secreting CD4 T cells and strong IgG2b/IgG2c production. In contrast, in DR1 mice most CD4 T cells secreted IL-2 and IgG production was IgG1-biased. Infection of DR1 mice with influenza PR8 generated a response that was comparable to that in B10 mice, with predominantly IFN-γ-secreting CD4 T cells and greater numbers of IgG2c than IgG1 antibody-secreting cells. The response to intramuscular vaccination with inactivated NC was similar in DR1 and B10 mice; the majority of CD4 T cells secreted IL-2 and most IgG antibody-secreting cells produced IgG2b or IgG2c. Our findings identify inherent host influences on characteristics of the virus-specific CD4 T cell and B cell responses that are restricted to the lung environment. Furthermore, we show that these host influences are substantially modulated by the type of infecting virus via the early induction of innate factors. Our findings emphasize the importance of immunization strategy for demonstrating inherent host differences in CD4 T cell and B cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarthi Sundararajan
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Lifang Huan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Katherine A. Richards
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Glendie Marcelin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Shabnam Alam
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - HyeMee Joo
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hongmei Yang
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - David J. Topham
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrea J. Sant
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Mark Y. Sangster
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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Abstract
Cytokine ELISPOT has become a powerful routine tool for the analysis of disease- as well as vaccine-induced T-cell responses. The method is limited, however, in that only one cytokine at a time is assessed. Fluorospot is based on the principle of ELISPOT, but facilitates the analysis of single cells secreting several cytokines, e.g., polyfunctional T cells, suggested to be of protective importance in various infectious diseases. By detecting each cytokine with a specific fluorophore and analyzing differentially colored spots by fluorophore--specific filter systems, cells producing single or multiple cytokines are identified. Fluorospot maintains the simplicity and sensitivity of the ELISPOT while taking the analysis a step forward toward multiplex analysis.
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32
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Lumsden JM, Schwenk RJ, Rein LE, Moris P, Janssens M, Ofori-Anyinam O, Cohen J, Kester KE, Heppner DG, Krzych U. Protective immunity induced with the RTS,S/AS vaccine is associated with IL-2 and TNF-α producing effector and central memory CD4 T cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20775. [PMID: 21779319 PMCID: PMC3136919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A phase 2a RTS,S/AS malaria vaccine trial, conducted previously at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, conferred sterile immunity against a primary challenge with infectious sporozoites in 40% of the 80 subjects enrolled in the study. The frequency of Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP)-specific CD4(+) T cells was significantly higher in protected subjects as compared to non-protected subjects. Intrigued by these unique vaccine-related correlates of protection, in the present study we asked whether RTS,S also induced effector/effector memory (T(E/EM)) and/or central memory (T(CM)) CD4(+) T cells and whether one or both of these sub-populations is the primary source of cytokine production. We showed for the first time that PBMC from malaria-non-exposed RTS,S-immunized subjects contain both T(E/EM) and T(CM) cells that generate strong IL-2 responses following re-stimulation in vitro with CSP peptides. Moreover, both the frequencies and the total numbers of IL-2-producing CD4(+) T(E/EM) cells and of CD4(+) T(CM) cells from protected subjects were significantly higher than those from non-protected subjects. We also demonstrated for the first time that there is a strong association between the frequency of CSP peptide-reactive CD4(+) T cells producing IL-2 and the titers of CSP-specific antibodies in the same individual, suggesting that IL-2 may be acting as a growth factor for follicular Th cells and/or B cells. The frequencies of CSP peptide-reactive, TNF-α-producing CD4(+) T(E/EM) cells and of CD4(+) T(E/EM) cells secreting both IL-2 and TNF-α were also shown to be higher in protected vs. non-protected individuals. We have, therefore, demonstrated that in addition to TNF-α, IL-2 is also a significant contributing factor to RTS,S/AS vaccine induced immunity and that both T(E/EM) and T(CM) cells are major producers of IL-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne M. Lumsden
- Division of Malaria Vaccine Development, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Schwenk
- Division of Malaria Vaccine Development, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lisa E. Rein
- Division of Malaria Vaccine Development, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Joe Cohen
- GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium
| | - Kent E. Kester
- Division of Malaria Vaccine Development, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - D. Gray Heppner
- Division of Malaria Vaccine Development, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Urszula Krzych
- Division of Malaria Vaccine Development, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Bobat S, Flores-Langarica A, Hitchcock J, Marshall JL, Kingsley RA, Goodall M, Gil-Cruz C, Serre K, Leyton DL, Letran SE, Gaspal F, Chester R, Chamberlain JL, Dougan G, López-Macías C, Henderson IR, Alexander J, MacLennan ICM, Cunningham AF. Soluble flagellin, FliC, induces an Ag-specific Th2 response, yet promotes T-bet-regulated Th1 clearance of Salmonella typhimurium infection. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:1606-18. [PMID: 21469112 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201041089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Clearance of disseminated Salmonella infection requires bacterial-specific Th1 cells and IFN-γ production, and Th1-promoting vaccines are likely to help control these infections. Consequently, vaccine design has focused on developing Th1-polarizing adjuvants or Ag that naturally induce Th1 responses. In this study, we show that, in mice, immunization with soluble, recombinant FliC protein flagellin (sFliC) induces Th2 responses as evidenced by Ag-specific GATA-3, IL-4 mRNA, and protein induction in CD62L(lo) CD4(+) T cells without associated IFN-γ production. Despite these Th2 features, sFliC immunization can enhance the development of protective Th1 immunity during subsequent Salmonella infection in an Ab-independent, T-cell-dependent manner. Salmonella infection in sFliC-immunized mice resulted in augmented Th1 responses, with greater bacterial clearance and increased numbers of IFN-γ-producing CD4(+) T cells, despite the early induction of Th2 features to sFliC. The augmented Th1 immunity after sFliC immunization was regulated by T-bet although T-bet is dispensable for primary responses to sFliC. These findings show that there can be flexibility in T-cell responses to some subunit vaccines. These vaccines may induce Th2-type immunity during primary immunization yet promote Th1-dependent responses during later infection. This suggests that designing Th1-inducing subunit vaccines may not always be necessary since this can occur naturally during subsequent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeeda Bobat
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Scheible K, Zhang G, Baer J, Azadniv M, Lambert K, Pryhuber G, Treanor JJ, Topham DJ. CD8+ T cell immunity to 2009 pandemic and seasonal H1N1 influenza viruses. Vaccine 2011; 29:2159-68. [PMID: 21211588 PMCID: PMC3061835 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel strain of H1N1 influenza A virus (pH1N1) emerged in 2009, causing a worldwide pandemic. Several studies suggest that this virus is antigenically more closely related to human influenza viruses that circulated prior to 1957 than viruses of more recent seasonal influenza varieties. The extent to which individuals who are naïve to the 2009 pH1N1 virus carry cross-reactive CD8+ T cells is not known, but a certain degree of reactivity would be expected since there is substantial conservation among the internal proteins of the virus. In the present study, we examined the production of multiple cytokines in response to virus from CD8+ T cells in healthy adult subjects, between 18 and 50 years of age (born post 1957), who had no evidence of exposure to the 2009 pH1N1 virus, and had blood collected prior to the emergence of the pandemic in April of 2009. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were stimulated in vitro with a panel of live viruses, and assayed by intracellular cytokine staining and flow cytometry. Although results were variable, most subjects exhibited cytokine positive CD8+ T cells in response to pH1N1. Cytokine producing cells were predominantly single positive (IL2, IFNγ, or TNFα); triple-cytokine producing cells were relatively rare. This result suggests that although many adults carry cross-reactive T cells against the emergent pandemic virus, these cells are in a functionally limited state, possibly because these subjects have not had recent exposure to either seasonal or pandemic influenza strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Scheible
- New York Influenza Center of Excellence, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Gang Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Jane Baer
- New York Influenza Center of Excellence, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Mitra Azadniv
- New York Influenza Center of Excellence, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Kris Lambert
- New York Influenza Center of Excellence, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Gloria Pryhuber
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - John J. Treanor
- New York Influenza Center of Excellence, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - David J. Topham
- New York Influenza Center of Excellence, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Moris P, van der Most R, Leroux-Roels I, Clement F, Dramé M, Hanon E, Leroux-Roels GG, Van Mechelen M. H5N1 influenza vaccine formulated with AS03 A induces strong cross-reactive and polyfunctional CD4 T-cell responses. J Clin Immunol 2010; 31:443-54. [PMID: 21174144 PMCID: PMC3132412 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-010-9490-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective Adjuvantation of an H5N1 split-virion influenza vaccine with AS03A substantially reduces the antigen dose required to produce a putatively protective humoral response and promotes cross-clade neutralizing responses. We determined the effect of adjuvantation on antibody persistence and B- and T-cell-mediated immune responses. Methods Two vaccinations with a split-virion A/Vietnam/1194/2004 (H5N1, clade 1) vaccine containing 3.75–30 μg hemagglutinin and formulated with or without adjuvant were administered to groups of 50 volunteers aged 18–60 years. Results Adjuvantation of the vaccine led to better persistence of neutralizing and hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies and higher frequencies of antigen-specific memory B cells. Cross-reactive and polyfunctional H5N1-specific CD4 T cells were detected at baseline and were amplified by vaccination. Expansion of CD4 T cells was enhanced by adjuvantation. Conclusion Formulation of the H5N1 vaccine with AS03A enhances antibody persistence and induces stronger T- and B-cell responses. The cross-clade T-cell immunity indicates that the adjuvanted vaccine primes individuals to respond to either infection and/or subsequent vaccination with strains drifted from the primary vaccine strain.
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Cationic lipid/DNA complex-adjuvanted influenza A virus vaccination induces robust cross-protective immunity. J Virol 2010; 84:12691-702. [PMID: 20943978 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00769-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus is a negative-strand segmented RNA virus in which antigenically distinct viral subtypes are defined by the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) major viral surface proteins. An ideal inactivated vaccine for influenza A virus would induce not only highly robust strain-specific humoral and T-cell immune responses but also cross-protective immunity in which an immune response to antigens from a particular viral subtype (e.g., H3N2) would protect against other viral subtypes (e.g., H1N1). Cross-protective immunity would help limit outbreaks from newly emerging antigenically novel strains. Here, we show in mice that the addition of cationic lipid/noncoding DNA complexes (CLDC) as adjuvant to whole inactivated influenza A virus vaccine induces significantly more robust adaptive immune responses both in quantity and quality than aluminum hydroxide (alum), which is currently the most widely used adjuvant in clinical human vaccination. CLDC-adjuvanted vaccine induced higher total influenza virus-specific IgG, particularly for the IgG2a/c subclass. Higher levels of multicytokine-producing influenza virus-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells were induced by CLDC-adjuvanted vaccine than with alum-adjuvanted vaccine. Importantly, CLDC-adjuvanted vaccine provided significant cross-protection from either a sublethal or lethal influenza A viral challenge with a different subtype than that used for vaccination. This superior cross-protection afforded by the CLDC adjuvant required CD8 T-cell recognition of viral peptides presented by classical major histocompatibility complex class I proteins. Together, these results suggest that CLDC has particular promise for vaccine strategies in which T cells play an important role and may offer new opportunities for more effective control of human influenza epidemics and pandemics by inactivated influenza virus vaccine.
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37
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Abstract
Although T cell effector subsets, defined by cytokine patterns, have been recognized for more than 20 years, the functional cytokine expression patterns in vivo are still in considerable doubt, particularly for human T cells. At least three new subsets have been recently identified, but the committed cytokine pattern of a T cell (e.g., Th1 cells produce IL-2, interferon-gamma, and lymphotoxin) may differ from the expression pattern of one cell on one occasion, which may be a subset of its full potential. Recent advances in flow cytometry allowed detailed cytokine patterns of antigen-stimulated cells to be identified directly ex vivo. These patterns are clearly more diverse than the major subsets identified as committed phenotypes. Additional contributions to diversity may include new committed subsets, random expression of only part of the committed pattern, and modification of the expression patterns by cytokines and other mediators.
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38
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Rebhahn JA, Bishop C, Divekar AA, Jiminez-Garcia K, Kobie JJ, Lee FEH, Maupin GM, Snyder-Cappione JE, Zaiss DM, Mosmann TR. Automated analysis of two- and three-color fluorescent Elispot (Fluorospot) assays for cytokine secretion. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2008; 92:54-65. [PMID: 18644656 PMCID: PMC4440339 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Revised: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 06/02/2008] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The Elispot effectively measures the frequencies of cells secreting particular molecules, especially low-frequency cells such as antigen-specific T cells. The Fluorospot assay adapted this analysis to two products per cell, and this has now been extended to three-color measurement of both mouse and human cytokine-secreting cells. Due to the increased data complexity, and particularly the need to define single-, double- and triple-producing cells, it is critical to objectively quantify spot number, size, intensity, and coincidence with other spots. An automated counting program, Exploraspot, was therefore developed to detect and quantify Fluorospots in automated fluorescence microscope images. Morphological parameters, including size, intensity, location, circularity and others are calculated for each spot, exported in FCS format, and further analyzed by gating and graphical display in popular flow cytometry analysis programs. The utility of Exploraspot is demonstrated by identification of single-, double- and triple-secreting T cells; tolerance of variable background fluorescence; and estimation of the numbers of genuine versus random multiple events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A. Rebhahn
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Courtney Bishop
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Anagha A. Divekar
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Katty Jiminez-Garcia
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - James J. Kobie
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - F. Eun-Hyung Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Genny M. Maupin
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Jennifer E. Snyder-Cappione
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 3, Room 611, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Dietmar M. Zaiss
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim R. Mosmann
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Litjens NHR, Huisman M, Hijdra D, Lambrecht BMN, Stittelaar KJ, Betjes MGH. IL-2 producing memory CD4+ T lymphocytes are closely associated with the generation of IgG-secreting plasma cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:3665-73. [PMID: 18714042 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.5.3665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The role of specific CD4(+) T cell subsets in the induction of humoral immune responses in humans is largely unknown. In this study, the generation of hepatitis B surface Ag-specific CD4(+) T lymphocytes following vaccination was closely monitored and characterized at the single-cell level. The appearance and absolute numbers of hepatitis B surface Ag-specific IL-2 producing effector memory CD4(+) T lymphocytes was solely and tightly related to Ab titers reached. This relation remained present many years after vaccination. Subsequently, a relation was found between Ab titers and number of IL-2 producing memory CD4(+) T lymphocytes for various other Ags. These observations matched the findings of an in vitro assay, using different T cell subsets to induce B cell differentiation into IgG-producing plasma cells. By depleting for IL-2 producing memory T cells, we demonstrated that these cells are important for B cell differentiation into IgG-producing plasma cells. Finally, blocking the action of IL-2 with an IL-2R-alpha Ab inhibited the differentiation of B lymphocytes into IgG-producing plasma cells. Based on these findings, we conclude that the development of Ag-specific IL-2-producing memory T cells appears to be essential for the development of IgG-secreting plasma cells in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolle H R Litjens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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40
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Flexibility accompanies commitment of memory CD4 lymphocytes derived from IL-4 locus-activated precursors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:9307-12. [PMID: 18591677 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0704807105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of T helper (Th) subset 2 effector lymphocytes is thought to foreclose on IFN-gamma gene expression. Using an IL-4 locus modified to detect transcriptional induction of this effector cytokine gene in developing Th2 cells, we show here that these cells contributed effectively to a long-term memory population. A memory CD4 subset formed efficiently from an activated population after transcriptional induction of the IL-4 locus and differentiation into an IL-4-producing subset with Th2 characteristics. Memory lymphocytes derived from Th2 cells with IL-4 locus activation remained committed to transcriptional competence of Th2 cytokine genes when reactivated and cultured under strong Th1-polarizing conditions. This commitment to transcriptional competence at Th2 cytokine gene loci upon recall activation indicates that linear differentiation is a substantial component of type 2 memory. Strikingly, however, descendants of the Th2 population could turn on IFN-gamma expression when reactivated after a quiescent period, revealing an unexpected flexibility allowing activation of the forbidden IFN-gamma gene after reactivation and growth.
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Shaw CA, Starnbach MN. Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells respond to antigens fused to anthrax lethal toxin. Infect Immun 2008; 76:2603-11. [PMID: 18347032 PMCID: PMC2423103 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01718-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 02/21/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The lethal toxin produced by Bacillus anthracis is a bipartite toxin in which the first protein, protective antigen (PA), transports the second protein, lethal factor, across the host cell membrane. We have previously shown that CD8(+) T-cell epitopes fused to a nontoxic derivative of lethal factor (LFn) are delivered into the host cell cytosol in a PA-dependent manner. Delivery of these antigens targets them to the intracellular major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I processing and presentation pathway and leads to the stimulation of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells in vivo. In this report, we describe the generation and characterization of LFn fusion proteins that include not only a CD8(+) T-cell epitope but also a CD4(+) T-cell epitope. We first show that these fusion proteins induce antigen-specific CD4(+) T-cell responses following incubation with dendritic cells in vitro or injection into mice. Stimulation of CD4(+) T cells by LFn fusion proteins does not require PA but is enhanced by PA in vitro. We also show that a single LFn fusion protein and PA can deliver antigen to both the MHC class II and the MHC class I pathways, resulting in the simultaneous induction of antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells and antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells in the same mouse. These results suggest that this toxin delivery system is capable of stimulating protective immune responses where effective immunization requires stimulation of both classes of T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Shaw
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Multifunctional T-cell characteristics induced by a polyvalent DNA prime/protein boost human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vaccine regimen given to healthy adults are dependent on the route and dose of administration. J Virol 2008; 82:6458-69. [PMID: 18448544 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00068-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A phase I clinical vaccine study of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine regimen comprising a DNA prime formulation (5-valent env and monovalent gag) followed by a 5-valent Env protein boost for seronegative adults was previously shown to induce HIV-1-specific T cells and anti-Env antibodies capable of neutralizing cross-clade viral isolates. In light of these initial findings, we sought to more fully characterize the HIV-1-specific T cells by using polychromatic flow cytometry. Three groups of participants were vaccinated three times with 1.2 mg of DNA administered intradermally (i.d.; group A), 1.2 mg of DNA administered intramuscularly (i.m.; group B), or 7.2 mg of DNA administered i.m. (high-dose group C) each time. Each group subsequently received one or two doses of 0.375 mg each of the gp120 protein boost vaccine (i.m.). Env-specific CD4 T-cell responses were seen in the majority of participants; however, the kinetics of responses differed depending on the route of DNA administration. The high i.m. dose induced the responses of the greatest magnitude after the DNA vaccinations, while the i.d. group exhibited the responses of the least magnitude. Nevertheless, after the second protein boost, the magnitude of CD4 T-cell responses in the i.d. group was indistinguishable from those in the other two groups. After the DNA vaccinations and the first protein boost, a greater number of polyfunctional Env-specific CD4 T cells (those with > or = 2 functions) were seen in the high-dose group than in the other groups. Gag-specific CD4 T cells and Env-specific CD8 T cells were seen only in the high-dose group. These findings demonstrate that the route and dose of DNA vaccines significantly impact the quality of immune responses, yielding important information for future vaccine design.
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Stubbe M, Vanderheyde N, Pircher H, Goldman M, Marchant A. Characterization of a subset of antigen-specific human central memory CD4+ T lymphocytes producing effector cytokines. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:273-82. [PMID: 18081039 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CCR7(+ )central memory (T(CM)) CD4(+) T cells play a central role in long-term immunological memory. Recent reports indicate that a proportion of CD4(+) T(CM) is able to produce effector cytokines. The phenotype and the role of this subset remain unknown. We characterized cytokine-producing human CD4(+) T(CM) specific for cleared protein and persistent viral Ag. Our results demonstrate that the type of Ag stimulation is a major determinant of CD4(+) T(CM) differentiation. CMV-specific T(CM) were significantly more differentiated than protein Ag-specific T(CM) and included higher proportions of IFN-gamma-producing cells. The expression of killer cell lectin-like receptor G1 (KLRG1) by protein Ag- and CMV-specific T(CM) was associated with increased production of effector cytokines. KLRG1(+) T(CM) expressed high levels of CD127, suggesting that they can survive long term under the influence of IL-7. The induction of KLRG1(+) T(CM) may therefore represent an important target of vaccination against pathogens controlled by cellular immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Stubbe
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
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Lozza L, Rivino L, Guarda G, Jarrossay D, Rinaldi A, Bertoni F, Sallusto F, Lanzavecchia A, Geginat J. The strength of T cell stimulation determines IL-7 responsiveness, secondary expansion, and lineage commitment of primed human CD4+IL-7Rhi T cells. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:30-9. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Ramos HJ, Davis AM, George TC, Farrar JD. IFN-alpha is not sufficient to drive Th1 development due to lack of stable T-bet expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:3792-803. [PMID: 17785816 PMCID: PMC2927332 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.6.3792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During inflammatory immune responses, the innate cytokine IL-12 promotes CD4+ Th-1 development through the activation of the second messenger STAT4 and the subsequent expression of T-bet. In addition, type I IFN (IFN-alphabeta), secreted primarily during viral and intracellular bacterial infections, can promote STAT4 activation in human CD4+ T cells. However, the role of IFN-alphabeta in regulating Th1 development is controversial, and previous studies have suggested a species-specific pathway leading to Th1 development in human but not mouse CD4+ T cells. In this study, we found that although both IFN-alpha and IL-12 can promote STAT4 activation, IFN-alpha failed to promote Th1 commitment in human CD4+ T cells. The difference between these innate signaling pathways lies with the ability of IL-12 to promote sustained STAT4 tyrosine phosphorylation, which correlated with stable T-bet expression in committed Th1 cells. IFN-alpha did not promote Th1 development in human CD4+ T cells because of attenuated STAT4 phosphorylation, which was insufficient to induce stable expression of T-bet. Further, the defect in IFN-alpha-driven Th1 development was corrected by ectopic expression of T-bet within primary naive human CD4+ T cells. These results indicate that IL-12 remains unique in its ability to drive Th1 development in human CD4+ T cells and that IFN-alpha lacks this activity due to its inability to promote sustained T-bet expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilario J. Ramos
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Ann M. Davis
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | | | - J. David Farrar
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Department of Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. J. David Farrar, Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9093. Ph: (214) 648-7315, Fax: (214) 648-7331.
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46
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Looney RJ, Diamond B, Holers VM, Levesque MC, Moreland L, Nahm MH, St Clair EW. Guidelines for assessing immunocompetency in clinical trials for autoimmune diseases. Clin Immunol 2007; 123:235-43. [PMID: 17329169 PMCID: PMC4564725 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2007.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2006] [Revised: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Clinical trials testing the safety and efficacy of immunosuppressive agents for the treatment of autoimmune diseases should also be designed to evaluate immunocompetency. The most clinically relevant outcome for assessing immunocompetency is the infection rate. Therefore, a systematic approach to screening, monitoring, and reporting infections, modeled after the recommendations of the American Society of Transplantation, is presented. However, because the baseline infection rate in most autoimmune diseases is low, additional tests for immunocompetency should be considered. Evaluation of vaccine responses, an alternative clinically relevant approach, may be particularly useful. Other adjunctive approaches to evaluation of immunocompetency are discussed including immunization with non-vaccine neoantigens, surveillance of chronic viral infections, in vivo or in vitro assessment of cellular immunity, and analysis of innate immunity. Banking genetic material to allow genotyping should be considered particularly if a central repository for samples from different trials can be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- R John Looney
- Autoimmunity Centers of Excellence (ACE) Immunocompetency Committee, Rochester, USA.
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47
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Stubbe M, Vanderheyde N, Goldman M, Marchant A. Antigen-specific central memory CD4+ T lymphocytes produce multiple cytokines and proliferate in vivo in humans. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 177:8185-90. [PMID: 17114495 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.11.8185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The function of Ag-specific central (T(CM)) and effector (T(EM)) memory CD4+ T lymphocytes remains poorly characterized in vivo in humans. Using CD154 as a marker of Ag-specific CD4+T cells, we studied the differentiation of memory subsets following anti-hepatitis B immunization. Hepatitis B surface Ag (HBs)-specific memory CD4+T cells were heterogeneous and included T(CM) (CCR7+CD27+) and T(EM) (CCR7(-)CD27(+/-)). HBs-specific T(CM) and T(EM) shared the capacity to produce multiple cytokines, including IL-2 and IFN-gamma. Several years postimmunization, approximately 10% of HBs-specific memory CD4+ T cells were in cycle (Ki67+) and the proliferating cells were CCR7+. These results suggest that the model of functional specialization of T(CM) and T(EM) cannot be applied to protein vaccine Ags and support the concept that T(CM) are capable of self-renewal and contribute to maintain the pool of memory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Stubbe
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue Adrienne Bolland 8, 6041 Charleroi, Belgium
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48
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Kobie JJ, Shah PR, Yang L, Rebhahn JA, Fowell DJ, Mosmann TR. T regulatory and primed uncommitted CD4 T cells express CD73, which suppresses effector CD4 T cells by converting 5'-adenosine monophosphate to adenosine. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 177:6780-6. [PMID: 17082591 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.10.6780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD73 (5'-ectonucleotidase) is expressed by two distinct mouse CD4 T cell populations: CD25+ (FoxP3+) T regulatory (Treg) cells that suppress T cell proliferation but do not secrete IL-2, and CD25- uncommitted primed precursor Th (Thpp) cells that secrete IL-2 but do not suppress in standard Treg suppressor assays. CD73 on both Treg and Thpp cells converted extracellular 5'-AMP to adenosine. Adenosine suppressed proliferation and cytokine secretion of Th1 and Th2 effector cells, even when target cells were activated by anti-CD3 and anti-CD28. This represents an additional suppressive mechanism of Treg cells and a previously unrecognized suppressive activity of Thpp cells. Infiltration of either Treg or Thpp cells at inflammatory sites could potentially convert 5'-AMP generated by neutrophils or dying cells into the anti-inflammatory mediator adenosine, thus dampening excessive immune reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Kobie
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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49
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Tilton JC, Luskin MR, Johnson AJ, Manion M, Hallahan CW, Metcalf JA, McLaughlin M, Davey RT, Connors M. Changes in paracrine interleukin-2 requirement, CCR7 expression, frequency, and cytokine secretion of human immunodeficiency virus-specific CD4+ T cells are a consequence of antigen load. J Virol 2006; 81:2713-25. [PMID: 17182676 PMCID: PMC1865970 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01830-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-specific CD4+ T-cell responses are thought to be required for the induction and maintenance of many effective CD8+ T-cell and B-cell immune responses in experimental animals and humans. Although the presence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific CD4+ T cells has been documented in patients at all stages of HIV infection, many fundamental questions regarding their frequency and function remain. A 10-color, 12-parameter flow cytometric panel was utilized to examine the frequency, memory phenotype (CD27, CCR7, and CD45RA), and cytokine production (interleukin-2 [IL-2], gamma interferon, and tumor necrosis factor alpha) of CD4+ T cells specific for HIV antigens as well as for adenovirus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), influenza H1N1 virus, influenza H3N2 virus, cytomegalovirus, varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and tetanus toxoid in normal controls, long-term nonprogressors (LTNP), and HIV-infected patients with progressive disease on or off therapy. The HIV-specific CD4+ T-cell responses in LTNP and patients on therapy were similar in frequency, phenotype, and cytokine production to responses directed against adenovirus, EBV, influenza virus, and VZV. HIV-specific CD4+ T cells from patients off antiretroviral therapy demonstrated a shift towards a CCR7(-) CD45RA(-) phenotype and a reduced percentage of IL-2-producing cells. The alterations in cytokine production during HIV viremia were found to be intrinsic to the HIV-specific CD4+ T cells and caused a requirement for IL-2 supplied exogenously for proliferation to occur. These observations suggest that many previously described changes in HIV-specific CD4+ T-cell function and phenotype are a consequence of high levels of antigen in viremic patients. In addition, defects in function and phenotype of HIV-specific CD4+ T cells are not readily discernible in the context of antiretroviral therapy but rather are similar to responses to other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Tilton
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1876, Bethesda, MD 20892-1876, USA
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50
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Diaz GA, Koelle DM. Human CD4+ CD25 high cells suppress proliferative memory lymphocyte responses to herpes simplex virus type 2. J Virol 2006; 80:8271-3. [PMID: 16873284 PMCID: PMC1563823 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00656-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytes with the regulatory CD4+ CD25+ phenotype frequently suppress memory T-cell responses. Murine herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) models have shown that CD4+ CD25+ cells can limit immunity-mediated corneal damage but slow viral clearance. We investigated the effect of CD4+ CD25+ cells from healthy HSV-2-infected humans on recall proliferative (CD4) responses to HSV-2. Depletion and reconstitution experiments were consistent with a suppressive effect of autologous blood-derived CD4+ CD25+ cells for whole HSV-2 antigen. Regulatory T cells may modulate human CD4 memory responses to HSV-2 and influence their antiviral and inflammatory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Diaz
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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