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Mathew JKK, Gaikwad P, Pandian RMK, Rebekah G, Rabi S. Relation of Langerhans cell size to buccal carcinoma. Biotech Histochem 2024; 99:84-91. [PMID: 38293759 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2024.2305499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer decreases quality of life despite timely medical management. The carcinogens in tobacco products and their role in tumorigenesis are well documented. Langerhans cells (LCs) are a subset of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that monitor the tumor microenvironment and engulf carcinogens and foreign bodies. We investigated the distribution and size of LCs and their relation to the mode of tobacco consumption and clinical outcome in patients with buccal carcinoma. We recruited patients with oral cancer who were scheduled for tumor excision and men with urethral stricture undergoing substitution urethroplasty using buccal mucosa. Normal and tumor-adjacent tissues were stained with CD1a antibody. The distribution and mean diameter of 100 LCs/patient were determined. We found significantly smaller LCs in patients who chewed only tobacco compared to those who consumed tobacco by other means. The size of LCs decreased significantly with progressive stages of malignant disease. We found that patients with larger LCs survived longer than those with smaller LCs during an average follow-up of 24 months. We suggest a relation between the size of LCs and clinical outcomes in patients with buccal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pranay Gaikwad
- Department of General Surgery Unit I, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | - Grace Rebekah
- Department of Biostatistics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Suganthy Rabi
- Department of Anatomy, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
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2
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Wang L, Mao L, Xiao W, Chen P. Natural killer cells immunosenescence and the impact of lifestyle management. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 689:149216. [PMID: 37976836 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer cells (NKs) are lymphocytes of the innate immune system that quickly respond to viruses, infections, and tumors during their short cell life cycle. However, it was recently found that NKs undergo quantitative, distributional, structural, and functional phenotypic changes during aging that suppress immune responses, which is known as immunosenescence. The aging host environment, cytokine regulation, cytomegalovirus status, and hypothalamic‒pituitary‒adrenal axis have significant effects on NK function. Different lifestyle management interventions modulate the number and cytotoxic activity of NKs, which are essential for rebuilding the immune barrier against pathogens in elderly individuals. Based on recent studies, we review the phenotypic changes of and potential threats of NKs during aging and explore the underlying mechanisms. By summarizing the effects of lifestyle management on NKs and their application prospects, we aim to provide evidence for enhancing immune system function against immune diseases in elderly individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Wang
- The Key Lab of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China; Shanghai Key Lab of Human Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Liwei Mao
- The Key Lab of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China; Shanghai Key Lab of Human Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Weihua Xiao
- The Key Lab of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China; Shanghai Key Lab of Human Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Peijie Chen
- The Key Lab of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China; Shanghai Key Lab of Human Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China.
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3
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Chan N, Berger JI, Guo A, Inamdar N, Samarneh M. A Tale of Two Twins: Discordant Presentation of COVID-19 in Identical Twins. Cureus 2022; 14:e25610. [PMID: 35795506 PMCID: PMC9250442 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.25610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious viral illness caused by the RNA virus Coronaviridae subtype severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Rapid infection caused by this virus became overwhelming and resulted in millions of deaths worldwide. The effects of smoking have been heavily studied and lead to increased occurrence of COVID-19 viral infections and mortality. The phenomenon of cytokine storm has been shown as one of the leading factors of mortality. However, the question remains as to what factors, either genetic or environmental, ultimately lead to the increased incidence of cytokine storms compared to others. We present a case of two cohabitating, 57-year-old, male, identical twins (Twin A and Twin B) who contracted SARS-CoV-2 simultaneously. Both Twin A and Twin B had similar medical histories, except for Twin A being a former smoker while Twin B a current smoker. While both twins presented with cough and shortness of breath, Twin A also presented with hypoxia, leukocytosis, evidence of acute kidney injury, and transaminitis while Twin B presented normoxic with solely tachycardia. Due to his presentation and vital signs, Twin B received Bamlanivimab but developed hypoxia during the infusion. Both twins were subsequently initiated on Remdesivir, dexamethasone, and supplemental oxygen daily. After completion of treatment courses, both twins had improvement in their laboratory values and were subsequently discharged with supplemental oxygen to be further weaned in the outpatient setting. Due to the twins’ cohabitation, contracting SARS-CoV-2 simultaneously, and similar medical history, we highlight the potential mechanism of nicotine’s chemical ability to blunt the subsequent inflammatory process of COVID-19. Despite nicotine’s potential ability to dampen cytokine storms, smoking has well-documented adverse effects and we, like many experts, entirely discourage it. However, given the rare situation of identical twins contracting SARS-CoV-2, we can extrapolate information regarding the effects of the virus without obfuscation from genetic and environmental factors to identify areas of research for new therapies.
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Wahle BM, Zolkind P, Ramirez RJ, Skidmore ZL, Anderson SR, Mazul A, Hayes DN, Sandulache VC, Thorstad WL, Adkins D, Griffith OL, Griffith M, Zevallos JP. Integrative genomic analysis reveals low T-cell infiltration as the primary feature of tobacco use in HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer. iScience 2022; 25:104216. [PMID: 35494251 PMCID: PMC9044176 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although tobacco use is an independent adverse prognostic feature in HPV(+) oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), the biologic features associated with tobacco use have not been systematically investigated. We characterized genomic and immunologic features associated with tobacco use through whole exome sequencing, mRNA hybridization, and immunohistochemical staining in 47 HPV(+) OPSCC tumors. Low expression of transcripts in a T cell-inflamed gene expression profile (TGEP) was associated with tobacco use at diagnosis and lower overall and disease-free survival. Tobacco use was associated with an increased proportion of T > C substitutions and a lower proportion of expected mutational signatures, but not with increases in mutational burden or recurrent oncogenic mutations. Our findings suggest that rather than increased mutational burden, tobacco's primary and clinically relevant association in HPV(+) OPSCC is immunosuppression of the tumor immune microenvironment. Quantitative assays of T cell infiltration merit further study as prognostic markers in HPV(+) OPSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Wahle
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8115, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Paul Zolkind
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8115, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ricardo J. Ramirez
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8115, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Zachary L. Skidmore
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Sydney R. Anderson
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Angela Mazul
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8115, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - D. Neil Hayes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Vlad C. Sandulache
- Bobby R. Alford Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- ENT Section, Operative Care Line, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Wade L. Thorstad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Douglas Adkins
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Obi L. Griffith
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Malachi Griffith
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Jose P. Zevallos
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8115, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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5
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Heterogeneity of Synchronous Lung Metastasis Calls for Risk Stratification and Prognostic Classification: Evidence from a Population-Based Database. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071608. [PMID: 35406378 PMCID: PMC8996888 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidemiology and associated potential heterogeneity of synchronous lung metastasis (sLM) have not been reported at a population-based level. Cancer patients with valid information about sLM status in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database were enrolled. The prevalence of sLM, with a 95% confidential interval, and median survival of sLM, with interquartile range, were calculated and compared by Chi-square analyses and log-rank tests by primary cancer type and clinicopathological factors. Furthermore, the risk factors of sLM development were identified by multivariate logistic regression. Among 1,672,265 enrolled cases, 3.3% cases were identified with sLM, with a median survival of 7 months. Heterogeneity in prevalence and prognosis in sLM was observed among different primary cancers, with the highest prevalence in main bronchus cancer and best survival in testis cancer. Higher prevalence and poorer prognosis were observed in the older population, male population, African American, patients with lower socioeconomic status, and cases with advanced T stage, N stage, or more malignant pathological characteristics. Race, age, T stage, N stage, metastasis to other sites, insurance status and marital status were associated with sLM development (p < 0.001). The current study highlights the heterogeneity of the prevalence and prognosis in patients with sLM.
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Risk Factors for Occurrence and Relapse of Soft Tissue Sarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14051273. [PMID: 35267581 PMCID: PMC8909240 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis and prognostic outcome of STS pose a therapeutic challenge in an interdisciplinary setting. The treatment protocols are still discussed controversially. This systematic meta-analysis aimed to determine prognostic factors leading to the development and recurrence of STS. Eligible studies that investigated potential risk factors such as smoking, genetic dispositions, toxins, chronic inflammation as well as prognostic relapse factors including radiation, chemotherapy and margins of resection were identified. Data from 24 studies published between 1993 and 2019 that comprised 6452 patients were pooled. A statistically significant effect developing STS was found in overall studies stating a causality between risk factors and the development of STS (p < 0.01). Although subgroup analysis did not meet statistical significances, it revealed a greater magnitude with smoking (p = 0.23), genetic predisposition (p = 0.13) chronic inflammation, (p = 0.20), and toxins (p = 0.14). Secondly, pooled analyses demonstrated a higher risk of relapse for margin of resection (p = 0.78), chemotherapy (p = 0.20) and radiation (p = 0.16); after 3 years of follow-up. Therefore, we were able to identify risk and relapse prognostic factors for STS, helping to diagnose and treat this low incidental cancer properly.
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7
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Hu Y, Xu C, Ren J, Zeng Y, Cao F, Fang H, Jintao G, Zhou Y, Li Q. Exposure to Tobacco Smoking Induces a subset of Activated Tumor-resident Tregs in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Transl Oncol 2021; 15:101261. [PMID: 34768099 PMCID: PMC8591366 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-specific smoking-induced differentially expressed genes are different in male and female patients. A smoking-related tumor-specific Treg subset is defined, highly expressed ADAM12. ADAM12+ CTLA4+ Tregs actively communicated with exhausted T cells than other Tregs.
Tobacco smoking is the major cause of non-small-cell-lung cancer (NSCLC). However, it is barely known how smoking impact the tumor immune environment (TIME) of lung cancer. We integrated single-cell RNA-seq and bulk RNA-seq data from several studies to systematically study the impact of smoking on T cells in treatment naïve NSCLC patients. We defined a set of smoking-induced differentially expressed genes (SIDEGs) in different cells in TIME.. Specifically, we defined a smoking-related tumor-specific Treg subset, ADAM12+ CTLA4+ Tregs according to the trajectory analysis and highly express genes in cell adhesion pathways and lipid metabolism. Using independent datasets from treatment naïve patients, we found that the fraction of ADAM12+ CTLA4+ Tregs are significantly increased in patients with smoking history. Moreover, the fraction of ADAM12+ CTLA4+ Tregs are positively correlated with the fraction of exhausted T cells. Additionally, we reconstructed the spatial organization of the tumor immune microenvironment and found that ADAM12+ CTLA4+ Tregs more actively communicate with LAYN+CD8+ exhausted T cells compared with ADAM12−CTLA4+ Tregs. Our data demonstrate that smoking induced a unique subset of tumor-specific activated Tregs which interact with exhausted T cells in the TIME. Our findings not only explained how smoking impact the TIME but also provide new targets and biomarkers for precision immunotherapy of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudi Hu
- National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Department of hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Chaoqun Xu
- National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Department of hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Jun Ren
- School of Informatics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361105, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zeng
- National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Department of hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Fengyang Cao
- National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Department of hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Hongkun Fang
- National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Department of hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Guo Jintao
- National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Department of hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Department of hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - Qiyuan Li
- National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Department of hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
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Morales-Prieto DM, Fuentes-Zacarías P, Murrieta-Coxca JM, Gutierrez-Samudio RN, Favaro RR, Fitzgerald JS, Markert UR. Smoking for two- effects of tobacco consumption on placenta. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 87:101023. [PMID: 34521556 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.101023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is an important public health issue recognized by the world health organization as one of the most serious, preventable risk factors for developing a series of pregnancy pathologies. Maternal smoking is positively associated with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and gestational diabetes (GDM), but negatively associated with preeclampsia (PE). In this review, we examine epidemiological, clinical and laboratory studies of smoking effects on immunoregulation during pregnancy, trophoblast function, and placental vasculature development and metabolism. We aim to identify effects of tobacco smoke components on specific placental compartments or cells, which may contribute to the understanding of the influences of maternal smoking on placenta function in normal and pathological pregnancies. Data corroborates that in any trimester, smoking is unsafe for pregnancy and that its detrimental effects outweigh questionable benefits. The effects of maternal smoking on the maternal immune regulation throughout pregnancy and the impact of different tobacco products on fetal growth have not yet been fully understood. Smoking cessation rather than treatment with replacement therapies is recommended for future mothers because also single components of tobacco and its smoke may have detrimental effects on placental function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rodolfo R Favaro
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Justine S Fitzgerald
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany; Zentrum für ambulante Medizin, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Udo R Markert
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany.
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9
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Majewska J, Krizhanovsky V. Breathe it in - Spotlight on senescence and regeneration in the lung. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 199:111550. [PMID: 34352324 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence, a highly coordinated and programmed cellular state, has a functional role in both lung physiology and pathology. While the contribution of senescent cells is recognized in the context of ageing and age-related pulmonary diseases, relatively less is known how cellular senescence of functionally distinct cell types leads to the progression of these pathologies. Recent advances in tools to track and isolate senescent cells from tissues, shed a light on the identity, behavior and function of senescent cells in vivo. The transient presence of senescent cells has an indispensable role in limiting lung damage and contributes to organ regenerative capacity upon acute stress insults. In contrast, persistent accumulation of senescent cells is a driver of age-related decline in organ function. Here, we discuss lung physiology and pathology as an example of seemingly contradictory role of senescence in structural and functional integrity of the tissue upon damage, and in age-related pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Majewska
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Valery Krizhanovsky
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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10
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Hess JB, Sutherland KD, Best SA. Exploring natural killer cell immunology as a therapeutic strategy in lung cancer. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2021; 10:2788-2805. [PMID: 34295678 PMCID: PMC8264324 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-20-765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic immune cells are key in the control of tumor development and progression. Natural killer (NK) cells are the cytotoxic arm of the innate immune system with the capability to kill tumor cells and surveil tumor cell dissemination. As such, the interest in harnessing NK cells in tumor control is increasing in many solid tumor types, including lung cancer. Here, we review the pre-clinical models used to unveil the role of NK cells in immunosurveillance of solid tumors and highlight measures to enhance NK cell activity. Importantly, the development of NK immunotherapy is rapidly evolving. Enhancing the NK cell response can be achieved using two broad modalities: enhancing endogenous NK cell activity, or performing adoptive transfer of pre-activated NK cells to patients. Numerous clinical trials are evaluating the efficacy of NK cell immunotherapy in isolation or in combination with standard treatments, with encouraging initial results. Pre-clinical studies and early phase clinical trials suggest that patients with solid tumors, including lung cancer, have the potential to benefit from recent developments in NK cell immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas B Hess
- ACRF Cancer Biology and Stem Cell Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate D Sutherland
- ACRF Cancer Biology and Stem Cell Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah A Best
- ACRF Cancer Biology and Stem Cell Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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11
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Immunosurveillance of Cancer and Viral Infections with Regard to Alterations of Human NK Cells Originating from Lifestyle and Aging. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050557. [PMID: 34067700 PMCID: PMC8156987 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic immune cells with an innate capacity for eliminating cancer cells and virus- infected cells. NK cells are critical effector cells in the immunosurveillance of cancer and viral infections. Patients with low NK cell activity or NK cell deficiencies are predisposed to increased risks of cancer and severe viral infections. However, functional alterations of human NK cells are associated with lifestyles and aging. Personal lifestyles, such as cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, stress, obesity, and aging are correlated with NK cell dysfunction, whereas adequate sleep, moderate exercise, forest bathing, and listening to music are associated with functional healthy NK cells. Therefore, adherence to a healthy lifestyle is essential and will be favorable for immunosurveillance of cancer and viral infections with healthy NK cells.
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12
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Matsuoka M, Okamoto M, Soma T, Yokota I, Arai R, Onodera T, Kondo E, Iwasaki N, Hiraga H. Impact of Smoking History on Pulmonary Metastasis-free Survival in Patients With Soft-tissue Sarcoma. CANCER DIAGNOSIS & PROGNOSIS 2021; 1:89-94. [PMID: 35403129 DOI: 10.21873/cdp.10013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background/Aim Although smoking history is predictive of poor pulmonary metastasis-free survival (PMFS) in patients with epithelial tumors, the impact of smoking history on PMFS in those with soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) is not known. Patients and Methods Patients undergoing treatment for STS at our institutes between 2008 and 2017 were enrolled. Patients were excluded if they had metastatic lesion, or had a histopathological classification demonstrating small round-cell sarcoma. The impact of smoking history on PMFS and overall survival was examined with multivariate analysis using a Cox proportional hazards model. Results A total of 250 patients were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with smoking history had worse PMFS on multivariate analysis (hazard ratio=2.00, 95% confidence interval=1.12-3.60). On the other hand, smoking history did not significantly affect overall survival (hazard ratio=1.26, 95% confidence interval=0.61-2.58). Conclusion Patients with STS need to be followed-up by frequent clinical assessments if they have a smoking history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatake Matsuoka
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, National Hospital Organization Hokkaido Cancer Center, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masanori Okamoto
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, National Hospital Organization Hokkaido Cancer Center, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Soma
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, National Hospital Organization Hokkaido Cancer Center, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Isao Yokota
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryuta Arai
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, National Hospital Organization Hokkaido Cancer Center, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Onodera
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Eiji Kondo
- Centre for Sports Medicine, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Norimasa Iwasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hiraga
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, National Hospital Organization Hokkaido Cancer Center, Sapporo, Japan
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13
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Christiansen C, Castillo-Fernandez JE, Domingo-Relloso A, Zhao W, El-Sayed Moustafa JS, Tsai PC, Maddock J, Haack K, Cole SA, Kardia SLR, Molokhia M, Suderman M, Power C, Relton C, Wong A, Kuh D, Goodman A, Small KS, Smith JA, Tellez-Plaza M, Navas-Acien A, Ploubidis GB, Hardy R, Bell JT. Novel DNA methylation signatures of tobacco smoking with trans-ethnic effects. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:36. [PMID: 33593402 PMCID: PMC7888173 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01018-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking remains one of the leading preventable causes of death. Smoking leaves a strong signature on the blood methylome as shown in multiple studies using the Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip. Here, we explore novel blood methylation smoking signals on the Illumina MethylationEPIC BeadChip (EPIC) array, which also targets novel CpG-sites in enhancers. METHOD A smoking-methylation meta-analysis was carried out using EPIC DNA methylation profiles in 1407 blood samples from four UK population-based cohorts, including the MRC National Survey for Health and Development (NSHD) or 1946 British birth cohort, the National Child Development Study (NCDS) or 1958 birth cohort, the 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS70), and the TwinsUK cohort (TwinsUK). The overall discovery sample included 269 current, 497 former, and 643 never smokers. Replication was pursued in 3425 trans-ethnic samples, including 2325 American Indian individuals participating in the Strong Heart Study (SHS) in 1989-1991 and 1100 African-American participants in the Genetic Epidemiology Network of Arteriopathy Study (GENOA). RESULTS Altogether 952 CpG-sites in 500 genes were differentially methylated between smokers and never smokers after Bonferroni correction. There were 526 novel smoking-associated CpG-sites only profiled by the EPIC array, of which 486 (92%) replicated in a meta-analysis of the American Indian and African-American samples. Novel CpG sites mapped both to genes containing previously identified smoking-methylation signals and to 80 novel genes not previously linked to smoking, with the strongest novel signal in SLAMF7. Comparison of former versus never smokers identified that 37 of these sites were persistently differentially methylated after cessation, where 16 represented novel signals only profiled by the EPIC array. We observed a depletion of smoking-associated signals in CpG islands and an enrichment in enhancer regions, consistent with previous results. CONCLUSION This study identified novel smoking-associated signals as possible biomarkers of exposure to smoking and may help improve our understanding of smoking-related disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Christiansen
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - A Domingo-Relloso
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, USA
- Department of Chronic Diseases Epidemiology, National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Statistics and Operative Research, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - W Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - J S El-Sayed Moustafa
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - P-C Tsai
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Genomic Medicine Research Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - J Maddock
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - K Haack
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, USA
| | - S A Cole
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, USA
| | - S L R Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - M Molokhia
- School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M Suderman
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - C Power
- Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - C Relton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - A Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - D Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - A Goodman
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, UCL Social Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - K S Small
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - J A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - M Tellez-Plaza
- Department of Chronic Diseases Epidemiology, National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Navas-Acien
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, USA
| | - G B Ploubidis
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, UCL Social Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - R Hardy
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - J T Bell
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK.
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14
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Li J, Li H, Zhang C, Zhang C, Wang H. Integrative analysis of genomic alteration, immune cells infiltration and prognosis of lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) to identify smoking-related biomarkers. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 89:107053. [PMID: 33045568 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) is the most common histologic type of smoking-related non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, there are no identified potential biomarkers for smoking-related LUSC diagnosis and prognosis. Especially, the characteristics of genetic alteration and tumor microenvironment induced by cigarette smoking remain unknown. Here, we performed integrative analysis of 463 LUSC with smoking history information from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Non-smokers had the best prognosis, and current reformed smokers had better overall survival (OS) than current smokers in all and stage I-II cohort. Then, pathway enrichment analysis might suggest that smoking may play a role in regulating tumor metabolism and invasion and metastasis via those pathways. We constructed an eight-gene signature and identified WNT7A, Solute carrier-7A5 (SLC7A5) and Brain‑type glycogen phosphorylase (PYGB), which may be served as biomarkers related to the smoking. Notably, the single copy deletion of WNT7A and SLC17A5 and the low-level amplification of PYGB may be related to the epigenetic mechanism of smoking on tumorigenesis. We also estimated the relative proportion of 24 immune cell subtypes within tumor microenvironment in different smoking status. Interestingly, we found NK cells activated, NK cells resting and endothelial cells might play an important role in immunologic dysfunction and harmful tumor microenvironment induced by cigarette smoking. Our research has identified potential biomarkers for smoking-related LUSC diagnosis and prognosis, which would help to further understand the pathogenesis of LUSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, China
| | - Huahua Li
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, China
| | - Chenyue Zhang
- Department of Integrated Therapy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chenxing Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Haiyong Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine-Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, China.
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15
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Jung YS, Park JH, Park DI, Sohn CI, Lee JM, Kim TI. Impact of Smoking on Human Natural Killer Cell Activity: A Large Cohort Study. J Cancer Prev 2020; 25:13-20. [PMID: 32266175 PMCID: PMC7113411 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2020.25.1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Some studies have reported a decrease in the natural killer (NK) cell activity in smokers. However, large-scale data on the relationship between NK cell activity and smoking are unavailable. A cross-sectional study was performed on 12,249 asymptomatic examinees who underwent an NK cell activity test, between January 2016 and May 2017. The test quantitated the amount of interferon-γ secreted into the plasma by NK cells, using a patented stimulatory cytokine. The mean age of the study population was 39.1 years, and the proportions of “never”, “former”, and “current” smokers were 65.5%, 20.9%, and 13.6%, respectively. Current smokers (1,422 pg/mL) had a lower median level of NK cell activity than never smokers (1,504 pg/mL, P = 0.039) and former smokers (1,791 pg/mL, P < 0.001). Among current smokers, NK cell activity decreased with increase in the number of cigarettes smoked among current smokers (median, 1,537, 1,429, and 1,175 pg/mL at <10, 10-19, and ≥ 20 pack-years, respectively; P < 0.001). Additionally, it decreased linearly with increasing quartiles of cotinine levels (median, 1,707, 1,636, 1,348, and 1,292 pg/mL at cotinine levels < 292, 292-879, 880-1,509, and ≥ 1,510 ng/mL, respectively; r = –0.122, P < 0.001). NK cell activity was lower in current smokers. It also decreased with an increase in the number of cigarettes smoked, and it was negatively correlated with cotinine levels among current smokers. Our findings indicate a clear relationship between smoking and decreased NK cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Suk Jung
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Ho Park
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Il Park
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chong Il Sohn
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Myun Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases and Brain Korea 1 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Il Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei Cancer Prevention Center, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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16
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Khowal S, Wajid S. Role of Smoking-Mediated molecular events in the genesis of oral cancers. Toxicol Mech Methods 2019; 29:665-685. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2019.1646372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Khowal
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Saima Wajid
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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17
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Tejera-Vaquerizo A, Descalzo-Gallego MA, Traves V, Requena C, Bolumar I, Pla A, Nagore E. No association between smoking and sentinel lymph node metastasis and survival in cutaneous melanoma. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2019; 33:2283-2290. [PMID: 31283036 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.15789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is little evidence that smoking is associated with metastasis in patients with cutaneous melanoma. OBJECTIVE Using a propensity score matching analysis, we assessed whether smoking was associated with a higher rate of sentinel lymph node (SLN) metastasis and worse survival in these patients. METHODS Retrospective cohort study at a referral hospital for melanoma. We studied 762 patients with known smoking status from the melanoma database of the Instituto Valenciano de Oncología who underwent SLN biopsy between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2016. The patients were matched by smoking status. The matching procedure was implemented using three logistic regression models featuring never vs. former smokers, never vs. current smokers and former vs. current smokers. The study outcomes were disease-free survival (DFS), melanoma-specific survival (MSS), overall survival (OS) and SLN status. RESULTS The following groups were formed based on the propensity matching scores: 114 pairs of smokers vs. never smokers, 113 pairs of smokers vs. former smokers and 174 pairs of never smokers vs. former smokers. Smoking status was not associated with SLN metastasis or with DFS, MSS or OS in any of the three groups. CONCLUSION Smoking does not influence SLN metastasis or survival in patients with cutaneous melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tejera-Vaquerizo
- Servicio de Dermatología, Instituto Dermatológico GlobalDerm, Palma del Río (Córdoba), Spain
| | | | - V Traves
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
| | - C Requena
- Servicio de Dermatología, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
| | - I Bolumar
- Servicio de Cirugía, Instituto Valencia de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
| | - A Pla
- Servicio de Otorrinolaringología, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
| | - E Nagore
- Servicio de Dermatología, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
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18
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Choi SI, Lee SH, Park JY, Kim KA, Lee EJ, Lee SY, In KH. Clinical utility of a novel natural killer cell activity assay for diagnosing non-small cell lung cancer: a prospective pilot study. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:1661-1669. [PMID: 30881021 PMCID: PMC6398406 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s194473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Although decreased natural killer cell activity (NKA) has been observed in many solid cancers, clinical implication of NKA has been scarcely investigated in lung cancer. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of using NKA to support diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Materials and methods We prospectively evaluated and compared peripheral blood NKA using a novel interferon-gamma releasing assay in healthy population (n=40), patients with benign lung disease (n=40), and those with NSCLC (n=71). We explored the correlation between NKA and clinical parameters and assessed diagnostic performance of NKA for NSCLC using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Results Median NKA values in healthy population, patients with benign lung disease, and those with NSCLC were 1,364.2, 1,438.2, and 406.3 pg/mL, respectively. NKA in NSCLC patients was significantly lower than that in the other two control groups (both P<0.001). At a cutoff value of NKA at 391.0 pg/mL, the area under the curve was 0.762 (95% CI: 0.685–0.838, P<0.001), with a sensitivity of 52.3%, a specificity of 91.0%, a positive predictive value of 85.3%, and a negative predictive value of 65.4% for the diagnosis of NSCLC. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that diagnosis of NSCLC is the only clinical parameter that was significantly associated with NKA (P<0.001). Conclusion This pilot study showed that patients with low NKA were more likely to have lung cancer. Further studies are warranted in order to establish the clinical utility of NKA test for diagnosing lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue In Choi
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea,
| | - Seung Hyeun Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Young Park
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ah Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Joo Lee
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea,
| | - Sang Yeub Lee
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea,
| | - Kwang Ho In
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea,
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19
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Hamada T, Nowak JA, Masugi Y, Drew DA, Song M, Cao Y, Kosumi K, Mima K, Twombly TS, Liu L, Shi Y, da Silva A, Gu M, Li W, Nosho K, Keum N, Giannakis M, Meyerhardt JA, Wu K, Wang M, Chan AT, Giovannucci EL, Fuchs CS, Nishihara R, Zhang X, Ogino S. Smoking and Risk of Colorectal Cancer Sub-Classified by Tumor-Infiltrating T Cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 2019; 111:42-51. [PMID: 30312431 PMCID: PMC6335108 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djy137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence indicates not only carcinogenic effect of cigarette smoking but also its immunosuppressive effect. We hypothesized that the association of smoking with colorectal cancer risk might be stronger for tumors with lower anti-tumor adaptive immune response. Methods During follow-up of 134 981 participants (3 490 851 person-years) in the Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study, we documented 729 rectal and colon cancer cases with available data on T-cell densities in tumor microenvironment. Using the duplication-method Cox regression model, we examined a differential association of smoking status with risk of colorectal carcinoma subclassified by densities of CD3+ cells, CD8+ cells, CD45RO (PTPRC)+ cells, or FOXP3+ cells. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results The association of smoking status with colorectal cancer risk differed by CD3+ cell density (Pheterogeneity = .007). Compared with never smokers, multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios for CD3+ cell-low colorectal cancer were 1.38 (95% confidence interval = 1.09 to 1.75) in former smokers and 1.59 (95% confidence interval = 1.14 to 2.23) in current smokers (Ptrend = .002, across smoking status categories). In contrast, smoking status was not associated with CD3+ cell-high cancer risk (Ptrend = .52). This differential association appeared consistent in strata of microsatellite instability, CpG island methylator phenotype, or BRAF mutation status. There was no statistically significant differential association according to densities of CD8+ cells, CD45RO+ cells, or FOXP3+ cells (Pheterogeneity > .04, with adjusted α of 0.01). Conclusions Colorectal cancer risk increased by smoking was stronger for tumors with lower T-lymphocyte response, suggesting an interplay of smoking and immunity in colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan A Nowak
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Program in Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology
| | | | - David A Drew
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, and Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mingyang Song
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, and Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Nutrition
| | - Yin Cao
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, and Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Nutrition
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - Kosuke Mima
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Li Liu
- Department of Oncologic Pathology
- Department of Nutrition
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Oncologic Pathology
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | | | - Mancang Gu
- Department of Oncologic Pathology
- College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | | | - Katsuhiko Nosho
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology, and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - NaNa Keum
- Department of Nutrition
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Goyang, the Republic of Korea
| | - Marios Giannakis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, and Channing Division of Network Medicine
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Kana Wu
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Nutrition
- Department of Epidemiology
| | - Molin Wang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Epidemiology
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, and Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Nutrition
- Department of Epidemiology
| | - Charles S Fuchs
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Smilow Cancer Hospital, New Haven, CT
| | - Reiko Nishihara
- Department of Oncologic Pathology
- Program in Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology
- Department of Nutrition
- Department of Epidemiology
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Department of Oncologic Pathology
- Program in Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology
- Department of Epidemiology
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
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20
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Comen EA, Bowman RL, Kleppe M. Underlying Causes and Therapeutic Targeting of the Inflammatory Tumor Microenvironment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:56. [PMID: 29946544 PMCID: PMC6005853 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, the link between chronic inflammation and cancer has long been speculated. Only more recently, pre-clinical and epidemiologic data as well as clinical evidence all point to the role of the tumor microenvironment as inextricably connected to the neoplastic process. The tumor microenvironment (TME), a complex mix of vasculature, inflammatory cells, and stromal cells is the essential "soil" helping to modulate tumor potential. Increasingly, evidence suggests that chronic inflammation modifies the tumor microenvironment, via a host of mechanisms, including the production of cytokines, pro-inflammatory mediators, angiogenesis, and tissue remodeling. Inflammation can be triggered by a variety of different pressures, such as carcinogen exposure, immune dysfunction, dietary habits, and obesity, as well as genetic alterations leading to oncogene activation or loss of tumor suppressors. In this review, we examine the concept of the tumor microenvironment as related to both extrinsic and intrinsic stimuli that promote chronic inflammation and in turn tumorigenesis. Understanding the common pathways inherent in an inflammatory response and the tumor microenvironment may shed light on new therapies for both primary and metastatic disease. The concept of personalized medicine has pushed the field of oncology to drill down on the genetic changes of a cancer, in the hopes of identifying individually targeted agents. Given the complexities of the tumor microenvironment, it is clear that effective oncologic therapies will necessitate targeting not only the cancer cells, but their dynamic relationship to the tumor microenvironment as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Comen
- Breast Cancer Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Robert L. Bowman
- Center for Hematopoietic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maria Kleppe
- Center for Hematopoietic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
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21
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Rajagopalan P, Patel K, Jain AP, Nanjappa V, Datta KK, Subbannayya T, Mangalaparthi KK, Kumari A, Manoharan M, Coral K, Murugan S, Nair B, Prasad TSK, Mathur PP, Gupta R, Gupta R, Khanna-Gupta A, Califano J, Sidransky D, Gowda H, Chatterjee A. Molecular alterations associated with chronic exposure to cigarette smoke and chewing tobacco in normal oral keratinocytes. Cancer Biol Ther 2018; 19:773-785. [PMID: 29723088 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2018.1470724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco usage is a known risk factor associated with development of oral cancer. It is mainly consumed in two different forms (smoking and chewing) that vary in their composition and methods of intake. Despite being the leading cause of oral cancer, molecular alterations induced by tobacco are poorly understood. We therefore sought to investigate the adverse effects of cigarette smoke/chewing tobacco exposure in oral keratinocytes (OKF6/TERT1). OKF6/TERT1 cells acquired oncogenic phenotype after treating with cigarette smoke/chewing tobacco for a period of 8 months. We employed whole exome sequencing (WES) and quantitative proteomics to investigate the molecular alterations in oral keratinocytes chronically exposed to smoke/ chewing tobacco. Exome sequencing revealed distinct mutational spectrum and copy number alterations in smoke/ chewing tobacco treated cells. We also observed differences in proteomic alterations. Proteins downstream of MAPK1 and EGFR were dysregulated in smoke and chewing tobacco exposed cells, respectively. This study can serve as a reference for fundamental damages on oral cells as a consequence of exposure to different forms of tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavithra Rajagopalan
- a Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park , Bangalor , India.,b School of Biotechnology , Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology , Bhubaneswar , India
| | - Krishna Patel
- a Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park , Bangalor , India.,c School of Biotechnology , Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham , Kollam , India
| | - Ankit P Jain
- a Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park , Bangalor , India.,b School of Biotechnology , Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology , Bhubaneswar , India
| | | | - Keshava K Datta
- a Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park , Bangalor , India
| | | | - Kiran K Mangalaparthi
- a Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park , Bangalor , India.,c School of Biotechnology , Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham , Kollam , India
| | | | | | | | | | - Bipin Nair
- c School of Biotechnology , Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham , Kollam , India
| | - T S Keshava Prasad
- a Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park , Bangalor , India.,e NIMHANS-IOB Bioinformatics and Proteomics Laboratory , Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences , Bangalore , India.,f Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine , Yenepoya , Mangalore , India
| | - Premendu P Mathur
- b School of Biotechnology , Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology , Bhubaneswar , India.,g Dept. of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology , School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University , Pondicherry , India
| | - Ravi Gupta
- d Medgenome Labs Pvt. Ltd. , Bangalore , India
| | - Rohit Gupta
- d Medgenome Labs Pvt. Ltd. , Bangalore , India
| | | | - Joseph Califano
- h Department of Surgery , UC San Diego, Moores Cancer Center , La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - David Sidransky
- i Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Harsha Gowda
- a Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park , Bangalor , India
| | - Aditi Chatterjee
- a Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park , Bangalor , India
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Gannon NP, King DM, Bedi M. Smoking is predictive of poorer distant metastasis-free and progression free-survival in soft tissue sarcoma patients treated with pre-operative radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. Clin Sarcoma Res 2018; 8:7. [PMID: 29686838 PMCID: PMC5901866 DOI: 10.1186/s13569-018-0088-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are often treated with pre-operative radiation (RT), with or without chemotherapy, followed by wide local excision. Prognosis for these patients involves an interplay of tumor and patient characteristics. Known prognostic determinants include tumor size, grade, response to therapy, and patient characteristics such as age. While smoking is negatively correlated with outcomes in various malignancies, the impact on STS is unknown. We aimed to assess if smoking impacts overall (OS), distant metastasis-free (DMFS), and progression-free (PFS) survival in patients with STS treated with pre-operative RT. Methods Between 2000 and 2015, 166 patients with STS were identified from our prospective database. Patient variables were retrospectively reviewed. Smoking was defined as a ≥ 10 pack year history of current and former smokers. Survival was evaluated using the fisher exact test for univariate (UVA) and logistic regression for multivariate (MVA) analysis. Results Fifty-seven (34.3%) patients had smoking histories of ≥ 10 pack years. On UVA, smoking was associated with decreased DMFS (p = 0.0009) and PFS (p = 0.0036), but not OS (p = 0.05). Smoking held significance on MVA for both DMFS and PFS. Current smokers and patients with ≥ 24-month follow-up demonstrated decreased DMFS and PFS on UVA and MVA. Conclusions Current smokers and patients with a significant smoking history demonstrated decreased DMFS and PFS in STS patients treated with pre-operative RT. Smoking may cause immunologic compromise and therefore lead to higher rates of progression and distant metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Gannon
- 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - David M King
- 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - Manpreet Bedi
- 2Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 West Wisconsin Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
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Aktaş ON, Öztürk AB, Erman B, Erus S, Tanju S, Dilege Ş. Role of natural killer cells in lung cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2018; 144:997-1003. [PMID: 29616326 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-018-2635-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE One of the key immune cells involved in the pathogenesis of lung cancer is natural killer (NK) cells and these cells are novel targets for therapeutic applications in lung cancer. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current literature on lung cancer pathogenesis with a focus on the interaction between NK cells and smoking, how these factors are related to the pathogenesis of lung cancer and how NK cell-based immunotherapy effect lung cancer survival. METHODS The relevant literature from PubMed and Medline databases is reviewed in this article. RESULTS The cytolytic potential of NK cells are reduced in lung cancer and increasing evidence suggests that improving NK cell functioning may induce tumor regression. Recent clinical trials on NK cell-based novel therapies such as cytokines including interleukin (IL)-15, IL-12 and IL-2, NK-92 cell lines and allogenic NK cell immunotherapy showed promising results with less adverse effects on the lung cancer survival. CONCLUSIONS The NK cell targeting strategy has not yet been approved for lung cancer treatment. More clinical studies focusing on the role of NK cells in lung cancer pathogenesis are warranted to develop novel NK cell-based therapeutic approaches for the treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Nur Aktaş
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Community Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ayşe Bilge Öztürk
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Koç University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Baran Erman
- Koç University, School of Medicine, Translational Medicine Research Center, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Suat Erus
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Koç University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serhan Tanju
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Koç University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Şükrü Dilege
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Koç University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Ren JT, Li MY, Wang XW, Xue WQ, Ren ZF, Jia WH. Potential factors associated with clinical stage of nasopharyngeal carcinoma at diagnosis: a case-control study. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2017; 36:71. [PMID: 28870229 PMCID: PMC5584009 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-017-0239-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background In China, most patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) are diagnosed at a late stage and consequently have a poor prognosis. This study aimed to investigate potential factors associated with the clinical stage of NPC at diagnosis. Methods Data were obtained from 118 patients with early-stage NPC and 274 with late-stage NPC who were treated at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center between August 2014 and July 2015. Patients were individually matched by age, sex, and residence, and a conditional logistic regression model was applied to assess the associations of clinical stage at diagnosis with socioeconomic status indicators, knowledge of NPC, physical examinations, patient interval, and risk factors for NPC. Results Although knowledge of early NPC symptoms, smoking cessation, and patient interval were important factors, the number of cigarettes smoked per day, motorbike ownership, and physical examination exhibited the strongest associations with the clinical stage of NPC at diagnosis. Compared with smoking fewer than ten cigarettes a day, smoking 10–30 cigarettes [odds ratio (OR) 4.03; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11–14.68] or more than 30 cigarettes (OR 11.46; 95% CI 1.26–103.91) was associated with an increased risk of late diagnosis. Compared with not owning a motorbike, owning a motorbike (OR 0.38; 95% CI 0.23–0.64) was associated with early diagnosis. Subjects who underwent physical examinations were less likely to receive a late diagnosis than those who did not undergo examinations (OR 0.50; 95% CI 0.28–0.89). However, indicators of wealth were not significant factors. Conclusions Initiatives to improve NPC patient prognosis should aim to promote knowledge about early symptoms and detection, health awareness, and accessibility to health facilities among all patients, regardless of socioeconomic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ting Ren
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Rd, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Meng-Yu Li
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Rd, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Wen Wang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Rd, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Qiong Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Rd, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Ze-Fang Ren
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Rd, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China.
| | - Wei-Hua Jia
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Rd, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China. .,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Rd, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China.
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Ferrini M, Carvalho S, Cho YH, Postma B, Miranda Marques L, Pinkerton K, Roberts K, Jaffar Z. Prenatal tobacco smoke exposure predisposes offspring mice to exacerbated allergic airway inflammation associated with altered innate effector function. Part Fibre Toxicol 2017; 14:30. [PMID: 28830530 PMCID: PMC5567899 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-017-0212-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemiological studies suggest that prenatal and early life environmental exposures have adverse effects on pulmonary function and are important contributors in the development of childhood asthma and allergic disease. The mechanism by which environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure in utero promotes the development of allergic asthma remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the immunological consequences of prenatal exposure to ETS in order to understand events responsible for the development or exacerbation of allergic asthma. Methods Pregnant C57BL/6 mice were exposed to either ETS or filtered air throughout gestation and the effect on pulmonary inflammation in the offspring were examined and compared. Specifically, the effects on eosinophilic inflammation, airway hyperreactivity, goblet cell hyperplasia, properties of pulmonary natural killer (NK) cells and type 2 cytokines elicited in response to inhaled house dust mite (HDM) allergen were investigated in the progeny. Results Exposure to ETS prenatally significantly exacerbated HDM-induced airway eosinophilic inflammation, hyperreactivity, mucus secretion, cysteinyl leukotriene biosynthesis and type 2 cytokine production in the offspring. Consistently, lung mononuclear cells from ETS-exposed offspring secreted higher levels of IL-13 when stimulated in vitro with anti-αβ TCR antibody or HDM allergen. Moreover, offspring from ETS-exposed dams exhibited a higher frequency of CD11b+ dendritic cells and CD3+CD4+ T lymphocytes in the lungs following allergen inhalation compared to air-exposed mice. Unexpectedly, the exacerbated allergic inflammation in the ETS-exposed offspring was associated with a reduction in CD3−CD19−NK1.1+CD94+ NK cell numbers and their IFN-γ production, highlighting a role for altered innate immunity in the enhanced allergic response. Conclusion Our results reveal that prenatal exposure to ETS predisposes offspring to an exacerbated allergic airway inflammation that is associated with a reduction in pulmonary NK cell function, suggesting that NK cells play a key role in controlling asthma severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ferrini
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions and Biomedical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, MT 59812, USA
| | - Sophia Carvalho
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions and Biomedical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, MT 59812, USA
| | - Yoon Hee Cho
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions and Biomedical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, MT 59812, USA
| | - Britten Postma
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions and Biomedical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, MT 59812, USA
| | - Lucas Miranda Marques
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions and Biomedical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, MT 59812, USA
| | - Kent Pinkerton
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kevan Roberts
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions and Biomedical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, MT 59812, USA.
| | - Zeina Jaffar
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions and Biomedical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, MT 59812, USA.
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Jones MS, Jones PC, Stern SL, Elashoff D, Hoon DSB, Thompson J, Mozzillo N, Nieweg OE, Noyes D, Hoekstra HJ, Zager JS, Roses DF, Testori A, Coventry BJ, Smithers MB, Andtbacka R, Agnese D, Schultz E, Hsueh EC, Kelley M, Schneebaum S, Jacobs L, Bowles T, Kashani-Sabet M, Johnson D, Faries MB. The Impact of Smoking on Sentinel Node Metastasis of Primary Cutaneous Melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2017; 24:2089-2094. [PMID: 28224364 PMCID: PMC5553293 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-017-5775-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although a well-established causative relationship exists between smoking and several epithelial cancers, the association of smoking with metastatic progression in melanoma is not well studied. We hypothesized that smokers would be at increased risk for melanoma metastasis as assessed by sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy. METHODS Data from the first international Multicenter Selective Lymphadenectomy Trial (MSLT-I) and the screening-phase of the second trial (MSLT-II) were analyzed to determine the association of smoking with clinicopathologic variables and SLN metastasis. RESULTS Current smoking was strongly associated with SLN metastasis (p = 0.004), even after adjusting for other predictors of metastasis. Among 4231 patients (1025 in MSLT-I and 3206 in MSLT-II), current or former smoking was also independently associated with ulceration (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). Compared with current smoking, never smoking was independently associated with decreased Breslow thickness in multivariate analysis (p = 0.002) and with a 0.25 mm predicted decrease in thickness. CONCLUSION The direct correlation between current smoking and SLN metastasis of primary cutaneous melanoma was independent of its correlation with tumor thickness and ulceration. Smoking cessation should be strongly encouraged among patients with or at risk for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maris S Jones
- Division of Surgical Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Peter C Jones
- Division of Surgical Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Stacey L Stern
- Department of Biostatistics, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | | | - Dave S B Hoon
- Department of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - John Thompson
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Omgo E Nieweg
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dirk Noyes
- IHC Cancer Services, Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Brendon J Coventry
- Royal Adelaide Hospital Discipline of Surgery, Royal Adelaide HospitalUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Mark B Smithers
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | - Erwin Schultz
- Nuremberg General Hospital - Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Lisa Jacobs
- Johns Hopkins Medical Institute, Baltimore, USA
| | - Tawnya Bowles
- IHC Cancer Services, Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | | | - Mark B Faries
- Department of Melanoma Research, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA.
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Cao W, Liu Z, Gokavarapu S, Chen Y, Yang R, Ji T. Reformed smokers have survival benefits after head and neck cancer. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2016; 54:818-25. [PMID: 27364312 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Smoking tobacco is the main risk factor for head and neck cancer, is proportional to the number of pack years (number of packs smoked/day x number of years of smoking), and is reduced when the patient stops smoking. Current molecular evidence has suggested that tobacco-related cancers could be clinically more aggressive than cancers in non-smokers, particularly in the head and neck. However, clinical studies have not uniformly reproduced the relation between survival and tobacco, possibly because they ignore the health benefit that reformed smokers obtain during the period between giving up smoking and the diagnosis of cancer, which is not shared by those who continue to smoke and develop cancer. We have investigated the survival of reformed smokers, non-smokers, and continuing smokers after a diagnosis of head and neck cancer. The data of patients with head and neck cancer from 1992 -2013 from the Cancer Genome Atlas database were analysed using a multivariate Cox's regression model for survival, and Kaplan-Meier curves were produced for smoking history. A total of 521 patients were treated for head and neck cancer, and there was a significant difference in survival between reformed and non-smokers on the one hand, and current smokers on the other (p=0.02). The significance increased when reformed smokers were grouped according to their duration of abstinence and time of diagnosis of cancer (>15 and ≤15 years, p<0.01). Smoking history was a significant prognostic factor in the multivariate Cox's regression model when analysed with age, stage, grade, and site. We conclude that reformed smokers have a survival benefit in head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial- Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Stomatology key laboratory, Ninth People's Hospital School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011 China.
| | - Zheqi Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial- Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Stomatology key laboratory, Ninth People's Hospital School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011 China.
| | - Sandhya Gokavarapu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial- Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Stomatology key laboratory, Ninth People's Hospital School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011 China.
| | - YiMing Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial- Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Stomatology key laboratory, Ninth People's Hospital School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011 China.
| | - Rong Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial- Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Stomatology key laboratory, Ninth People's Hospital School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011 China.
| | - Tong Ji
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial- Head and Neck Surgery.
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28
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Hervier B, Perez M, Allenbach Y, Devilliers H, Cohen F, Uzunhan Y, Ouakrim H, Dorgham K, Méritet JF, Longchampt E, Stenzel W, Cremer I, Benveniste O, Vieillard V. Involvement of NK Cells and NKp30 Pathway in Antisynthetase Syndrome. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:1621-30. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Rettman P, Willem C, David G, Riou R, Legrand N, Esbelin J, Cesbron A, Senitzer D, Gagne K, Retière C. New insights on the natural killer cell repertoire from a thorough analysis of cord blood cells. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:471-9. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1hi0116-036r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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30
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Pang Q, Qu K, Zhang J, Xu X, Liu S, Song S, Wang R, Zhang L, Wang Z, Liu C. Cigarette smoking increases the risk of mortality from liver cancer: A clinical-based cohort and meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 30:1450-60. [PMID: 25967392 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Although the influence of cigarette smoking on the incident risk of liver cancer has been determined, the association between smoking and liver cancer mortality remains uncertain. METHODS We searched Pubmed, EmBase, and Web of Science databases to obtain eligible studies. Hazard ratio (HR) value and 95% confidential intervals (CI) were pooled by using a random-effects model, and dose-response analyses were conducted to quantify associations between smoking and mortality from liver cancer. RESULTS A total of 27 articles involving four million participants from seven countries by retrieval (published 1986-2014) were finally included. Pooled HR values for liver cancer mortality was 1.45 (95% CI: 1.33-1.59), 1.22 (95% CI: 1.11-1.34) and 1.16 (95% CI: 1.01-1.32) for current, former, and ever smokers, respectively, when compared with nonsmokers. The risk increased by 7.1% (95% CI: 1.4-13.2) for per additional 10 cigarettes per day and by 5.2% (95% CI: 0.02-11.2) for per additional 10 pack-years. In our population recruiting 597 patients with liver cancer, smoking status was further identified as a significant determinant factor of tumor size and serum level of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, but not a significant prognostic factor. CONCLUSIONS Cigarette smoking, especially current smoking, significantly increased mortality risk from liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Pang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Kai Qu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jingyao Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xinsen Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Sushun Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Sidong Song
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ruitao Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Lingqiang Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhixin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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Margaritopoulos GA, Vasarmidi E, Jacob J, Wells AU, Antoniou KM. Smoking and interstitial lung diseases. Eur Respir Rev 2015; 24:428-35. [PMID: 26324804 PMCID: PMC9487692 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0050-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
For many years has been well known that smoking could cause lung damage. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer have been the two most common smoking-related lung diseases. In the recent years, attention has also focused on the role of smoking in the development of interstitial lung diseases (ILDs). Indeed, there are three diseases, namely respiratory bronchiolitis-associated ILD, desquamative interstitial pneumonia and pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis, that are currently considered aetiologically linked to smoking and a few others which are more likely to develop in smokers. Here, we aim to focus on the most recent findings regarding the role of smoking in the pathogenesis and clinical behaviour of ILDs. Smoking is implicated in the pathogenesis and clinical behaviour of interstitial lung diseasehttp://ow.ly/PYLcT
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Extracts from presumed "reduced harm" cigarettes induce equivalent or greater toxicity in antigen-presenting cells. Toxicology 2015; 335:46-54. [PMID: 26169828 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The tobacco industry has promoted certain cigarette products with claims that their use may be less harmful to the smoker as they purportedly deliver lower amounts of toxic chemicals compared to conventional cigarettes. This study was designed to compare the relative antigen presenting cellular toxicity of Eclipse, a presumed reduced exposure product (PREP) cigarette, when compared with the reference research 3R4F cigarettes (Kentucky University). Utilizing a murine macrophage cell line, murine bone marrow derived dendritic cells (DCs) and human monocyte-derived DCs incubated with extracts generated from Eclipse and Kentucky reference 3R4F cigarettes, we determined the relative toxic effects of the different cigarette smoke extracts on cellular viability, oxidative stress, T-helper-1 (Th-1) polarizing cytokine production and general gene expression. Eclipse and 3R4F cigarette smoke extracts induced equivalent oxidatively-mediated cellular heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein levels in macrophages and DCs. Cellular viability determination demonstrated greater induction of cell death by apoptosis and necrosis by Eclipse extracts in DCs. The production of the key Th-1 polarizing cytokine interleukin-12 (IL-12) by activated DCs or macrophages was suppressed to an equivalent or greater extent by Eclipse extracts. Microarray studies performed on bone marrow derived murine DCs incubated with Eclispe or 3R4F cigarette extracts showed identical genotoxic profiles. These studies imply that presumed reduced harm Eclipse cigarettes induce equivalent or greater antigen presenting cell dysfunction relative to 3R4F cigarettes and illustrate the importance of independent validation and testing of similar products claimed to be associated with reduced toxicity relative to other cigarettes.
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Abstract
The respiratory tract is served by a variety of lymphoid tissues, including the tonsils, adenoids, nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT), and bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT), as well as the lymph nodes that drain the upper and lower respiratory tract. Each of these tissues uses unique mechanisms to acquire antigens and respond to pathogens in the local environment and supports immune responses that are tailored to protect those locations. This chapter will review the important features of NALT and BALT and define how these tissues contribute to immunity in the upper and lower respiratory tract, respectively.
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Cato A, Celada L, Kibakaya EC, Simmons N, Whalen MM. Brominated flame retardants, tetrabromobisphenol A and hexabromocyclododecane, activate mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in human natural killer cells. Cell Biol Toxicol 2014; 30:345-60. [PMID: 25341744 PMCID: PMC4246052 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-014-9289-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells provide a vital surveillance against virally infected cells, tumor cells, and antibody-coated cells through the release of cytolytic mediators and gamma interferon (IFN-γ). Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a brominated flame retardant used primarily in expanded (EPS) and extruded (XPS) polystyrene foams for thermal insulation in the building and construction industry. Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is used both as a reactive and an additive flame retardant in a variety of materials. HBCD and TBBPA contaminate the environment and are found in human blood samples. In previous studies, we have shown that other environmental contaminants, such as the dibutyltin (DBT) and tributyltin (TBT), decrease NK lytic function by activating mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in the NK cells. HBCD and TBBPA also interfere with NK cell(s) lytic function. The current study evaluates whether HBCD and/or TBBPA have the capacity to activate MAPKs and MAPK kinases (MAP2Ks). The effects of concentrations of HBCD and TBBPA that inhibited lytic function on the phosphorylation state and total levels of the MAPKs (p44/42, p38, and JNK) and the phosphorylation and total levels of the MAP2Ks (MEK1/2 and MKK3/6) were examined. Results indicate that exposure of human NK cells to 10-0.5 μM HBCD or TBBPA activate MAPKs and MAP2Ks. This HBCD and TBBPA-induced activation of MAPKs may leave them unavailable for activation by virally infected or tumor target cells and thus contributes to the observed decreases in lytic function seen in NK cells exposed to HBCD and TBBPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Cato
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209
| | - Lindsay Celada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209
| | | | - Nadia Simmons
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209
| | - Margaret M. Whalen
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209
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Schierl M, Patel D, Ding W, Kochhar A, Adhami K, Zhou XK, Dannenberg AJ, Granstein RD. Tobacco smoke-induced immunologic changes may contribute to oral carcinogenesis. J Investig Med 2014; 62:316-23. [PMID: 24322330 DOI: 10.2310/jim.0000000000000031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine if tobacco smoke (TS), a risk factor for cancers of the aerodigestive tract, may contribute to oral carcinogenesis, in part, by suppressing local immunity. METHODS Mice were placed in Plexiglas holders in which they breathed TS through the nose and mouth for 1 hour daily for 21 days. Control mice breathed room air in the same manner. One day after the last exposure, mice were immunized by application of oxazolone to each buccal mucosa. Control mice were mock immunized by application of vehicle alone. Five days later, all mice were challenged on the ears with oxazolone, and 24-hour ear swelling assessed as contact hypersensitivity. RESULTS Mice exposed to TS had a significantly smaller contact hypersensitivity response compared with controls. When subsequently reimmunized on the glabrous skin, mice originally primed through TS-exposed mucosa could not be fully immunized, indicating induction of immunologic tolerance by exposure to hapten through TS-perturbed mucosa. Immunocompetent mice exposed to TS in this manner and challenged by submucosal placement of a syngeneic malignant tumor had significantly increased tumor growth over time compared with controls. No difference in growth rate was observed when the experiment was performed with natural killer cell-deficient, SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency) mice. In addition, exposure of epidermal Langerhans cells in vitro to an aqueous extract of TS impaired their ability to undergo maturation and to present antigen to responsive T cells. CONCLUSIONS Immunologic changes induced in the oral cavity by exposure to TS may play a role in the development of oral cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schierl
- From the Departments of *Dermatology and †Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY ‡Department of Surgery (Head and Neck Service), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; §Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; and ∥Department of Public Health, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
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Abstract
Smoking is the second leading cause of preventable death in the United States. Cohort epidemiological studies have demonstrated that women are more vulnerable to cigarette-smoking induced diseases than their male counterparts, however, the molecular basis of these differences has remained unknown. In this study, we explored if there were differences in the gene expression patterns between male and female smokers, and how these patterns might reflect different sex-specific responses to the stress of smoking. Using whole genome microarray gene expression profiling, we found that a substantial number of oxidant related genes were expressed in both male and female smokers, however, smoking-responsive genes did indeed differ greatly between male and female smokers. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) against reference oncogenic signature gene sets identified a large number of oncogenic pathway gene-sets that were significantly altered in female smokers compared to male smokers. In addition, functional annotation with Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) identified smoking-correlated genes associated with biological functions in male and female smokers that are directly relevant to well-known smoking related pathologies. However, these relevant biological functions were strikingly overrepresented in female smokers compared to male smokers. IPA network analysis with the functional categories of immune and inflammatory response gene products suggested potential interactions between smoking response and female hormones. Our results demonstrate a striking dichotomy between male and female gene expression responses to smoking. This is the first genome-wide expression study to compare the sex-specific impacts of smoking at a molecular level and suggests a novel potential connection between sex hormone signaling and smoking-induced diseases in female smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunirmal Paul
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY ; Department of Radiology, New Jersey Medical School, Cancer Center RUTGERS, Newark, NJ
| | - Sally A Amundson
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
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Besingi W, Johansson A. Smoke-related DNA methylation changes in the etiology of human disease. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:2290-7. [PMID: 24334605 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to environmental and lifestyle factors, such as cigarette smoking, affect the epigenome and might mediate risk for diseases and cancers. We have performed a genome-wide DNA methylation study to determine the effect of smoke and snuff (smokeless tobacco) on DNA methylation. A total of 95 sites were differentially methylated [false discovery rate (FDR) q-values < 0.05] in smokers and a subset of the differentially methylated loci were also differentially expressed in smokers. We found no sites, neither any biological functions nor molecular processes enriched for smoke-less tobacco-related differential DNA methylation. This suggests that methylation changes are not caused by the basic components of the tobacco but from its burnt products. Instead, we see a clear enrichment (FDR q-value < 0.05) for genes, including CPOX, CDKN1A and PTK2, involved in response to arsenic-containing substance, which agrees with smoke containing small amounts of arsenic. A large number of biological functions and molecular processes with links to disease conditions are also enriched (FDR q-value < 0.05) for smoke-related DNA methylation changes. These include 'insulin receptor binding', and 'negative regulation of glucose import' which are associated with diabetes, 'positive regulation of interleukin-6-mediated signaling pathway', 'regulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation', 'positive regulation of interleukin-13 production' which are associated with the immune system and 'sertoli cell fate commitment' which is important for male fertility. Since type 2 diabetes, repressed immune system and infertility have previously been associated with smoking, our results suggest that this might be mediated by DNA methylation changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Welisane Besingi
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory
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Chen C, Shen LJ, Li BF, Gao J, Xia YF. Smoking is a poor prognostic factor for male nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol 2013; 110:409-15. [PMID: 24021341 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of smoking on prognosis of male nasopharyngeal carcinoma by comparing the treatment outcomes between smokers and non-smokers. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 2450 nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients were enrolled, including 1865 male patients. Matching was performed between smokers and non-smokers in male patients according to age, UICC clinical stage, T stage, N stage and treatment. Survival outcomes were compared using Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox regression. Smoking index was calculated by multiplying cigarette packs per day and smoked time (year). RESULTS In male patients, smokers had significantly lower 5-year overall survival (70.1% vs. 77.5%, P<0.001) and locoregional recurrent free survival (76.8% vs.82.4%, P = 0.002) compared with non-smokers. Matched-pair analysis showed that smokers kept a high risk of death compared with non-smokers (HR = 2.316, P<0.001). High degree of smoking index (>15 pack-years) had a poor effect on overall survival (HR = 1.225, P = 0.016). When smoking index was more than 45 and 60 pack-years, the risk for death increased to 1.498 and 1.899 fold compared with non-smokers (P = 0.040, 0.001), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Smoking was a poor prognostic factor for male nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The heavier the patients smoked, the poorer prognosis they suffered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Zhongshan School of Medcine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu-Jun Shen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Zhongshan School of Medcine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo-Fei Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Zhongshan School of Medcine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Gao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Cancer Center, , Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Fei Xia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Cancer Center, , Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Unsworth JD, Baldwin A, Byrd L. Systemic lupus erythematosus, pregnancy and carcinoma of the tongue. BMJ Case Rep 2013; 2013:bcr2013008864. [PMID: 23729701 PMCID: PMC3669793 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2013-008864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a case which describes a 29-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus who was treated aggressively with cytotoxic immunosuppression. Five years later and approximately 12 weeks pregnant, she is confirmed as having carcinoma of the tongue. Not wishing to consider termination of her pregnancy, she underwent surgical resection, which included partial glossectomy with microvascular reconstruction. Good oral function (speech and swallowing) was restored within 2 weeks. The pregnancy proceeded relatively uneventfully to 37 weeks gestation when proteinuric hypertension necessitated induction of labour. She remains well with no evidence of recurrence. This case highlights the options available in the treatment of carcinoma of the tongue during pregnancy together with the ethical considerations required, balanced against optimising maternal outcomes.
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Effects of long-term oral administration of arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on the immune functions of young rats. Nutrients 2013; 5:1949-61. [PMID: 23760060 PMCID: PMC3725485 DOI: 10.3390/nu5061949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have many functional activities, including cytotoxicity and the capacity to produce cytokines and chemokines. NK cell activity is regulated partly by eicosanoids, which are produced from arachidonic acid (ARA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) acid. In this study, we investigated the effects of long-term therapy with ARA or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on the cytotoxic effects of the NK cells of young rats, which were fed on a nonfish oil diet for two generations. Control oil, ARA (240 mg/kg BW/day) or DHA (240 mg/kg BW/day) were orally administrated to the rats for 13 weeks before determining the cytotoxic activity of NK cells from the spleen against YAC-1 mouse lymphoma cell line, as well as the plasma levels of docosanoids or eicosanoids and inflammatory cytokines. Long-term ARA administration significantly suppressed the cytotoxic activity of NK cells. Moreover, ARA administration significantly increased the plasma levels of ARA, prostaglandin (PG) E2, and PGD2. However, DHA administration did not produce any different effects compared with those in the control rats. Furthermore, the inflammatory cytokine levels were not affected by the administration of ARA or DHA. These results suggest that long-term ARA administration has an inhibitory effect on the tumor cytotoxicity of NK cells in rat spleen lymphocytes owing to the enhanced synthesis of PGE2 and PGD2 from ARA because of the elevated plasma ARA levels in young rats.
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Feldman C, Anderson R. Cigarette smoking and mechanisms of susceptibility to infections of the respiratory tract and other organ systems. J Infect 2013; 67:169-84. [PMID: 23707875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The predisposition of cigarette smokers for development of oral and respiratory infections caused by microbial pathogens is well recognised, with those infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) at particularly high risk. Smoking cigarettes has a suppressive effect on the protective functions of airway epithelium, alveolar macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer (NK) cells and adaptive immune mechanisms, in the setting of chronic systemic activation of neutrophils. Cigarette smoke also has a direct effect on microbial pathogens to promote the likelihood of infective disease, specifically promotion of microbial virulence and antibiotic resistance. In addition to interactions between smoking and HIV infection, a number of specific infections/clinical syndromes have been associated epidemiologically with cigarette smoking, including those of the upper and lower respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, central nervous and other organ systems. Smoking cessation benefits patients in many ways, including reduction of the risk of infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Feldman
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, South Africa.
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Sahu RP, Petrache I, Van Demark MJ, Rashid BM, Ocana JA, Tang Y, Yi Q, Turner MJ, Konger RL, Travers JB. Cigarette smoke exposure inhibits contact hypersensitivity via the generation of platelet-activating factor agonists. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 190:2447-54. [PMID: 23355733 PMCID: PMC3577966 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have established that pro-oxidative stressors suppress host immunity because of their ability to generate oxidized lipids with platelet-activating factor receptor (PAF-R) agonist activity. Although exposure to the pro-oxidative stressor cigarette smoke (CS) is known to exert immunomodulatory effects, little is known regarding the role of PAF in these events. The current studies sought to determine the role of PAF-R signaling in CS-mediated immunomodulatory effects. We demonstrate that CS exposure induces the generation of a transient PAF-R agonistic activity in the blood of mice. CS exposure inhibits contact hypersensitivity in a PAF-R-dependent manner as PAF-R-deficient mice were resistant to these effects. Blocking PAF-R agonist production either by systemic antioxidants or treatment with serum PAF-acetyl hydrolase enzyme blocked both the CS-mediated generation of PAF-R agonists and PAF-R-dependent inhibition of contact hypersensitivity (CHS) reactions, indicating a role for oxidized glycerophosphocholines with PAF-R agonistic activity in this process. In addition, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition did not block PAF-R agonist production but prevented CS-induced inhibition of CHS. This suggests that cyclooxygenase-2 acts downstream of the PAF-R in mediating CS-induced systemic immunosuppression. Moreover, CS exposure induced a significant increase in the expression of the regulatory T cell reporter gene in Foxp3(EGFP) mice but not in Foxp3(EGFP) mice on a PAF-R-deficient background. Finally, regulatory T cell depletion via anti-CD25 Abs blocked CS-mediated inhibition of CHS, indicating the potential involvement of regulatory T cells in CS-mediated systemic immunosuppression. These studies provide the first evidence, to our knowledge, that the pro-oxidative stressor CS can modulate cutaneous immunity via the generation of PAF-R agonists produced through lipid oxidation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antioxidants/metabolism
- Cyclooxygenase 2/genetics
- Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism
- Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Dermatitis, Contact/immunology
- Dermatitis, Contact/metabolism
- Dermatitis, Contact/pathology
- Dinitrofluorobenzene
- Female
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Glycerylphosphorylcholine/immunology
- Glycerylphosphorylcholine/metabolism
- Hydrolases/metabolism
- Immunosuppression Therapy
- Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Platelet Activating Factor/genetics
- Platelet Activating Factor/metabolism
- Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins/agonists
- Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/agonists
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Smoke/adverse effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
- Nicotiana/adverse effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi P Sahu
- Department of Dermatology, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Nicotinic receptor β2 determines NK cell-dependent metastasis in a murine model of metastatic lung cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57495. [PMID: 23469004 PMCID: PMC3585320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke exposure markedly compromises the ability of the immune system to protect against invading pathogens and tumorigenesis. Nicotine is a psychoactive component of tobacco products that acts as does the natural neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, on nicotinic receptors (nAChRs). Here we demonstrate that natural killer (NK) cells strongly express nAChR β2. Nicotine exposure impairs the ability of NK cells to kill target cells and release cytokines, a process that is largely abrogated by nAChR β2 deficiency. Further, nicotinic suppression of NF-κB-induced transcriptional activity in NK cells is dependent on nAChR β2. This nAChR subtype also plays a large role in the NK cell-mediated control of melanoma lung metastasis, in a murine lung metastasis model exposed to nicotine. Our findings suggest nAChR β2 as a prominent pathway for nicotine induced impairment of NK cell functions which contributes to the occurrence of smoking-related pathologies.
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Jubri Z, Latif AA, Top AGM, Ngah WZW. Perturbation of cellular immune functions in cigarette smokers and protection by palm oil vitamin E supplementation. Nutr J 2013; 12:2. [PMID: 23286246 PMCID: PMC3546023 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-12-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cigarette smoke contains free radicals and an have adverse effect to the immune system. Supplementation of palm oil vitamin E (palmvitee), is known has antioxidant properties is thought to be beneficial for system immune protection against free radicals activity. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of palmvitee supplementation on immune response in smokers. Methods This study involved a group of smokers and nonsmokers who received 200 mg/day palmvitee and placebo for the control group. Blood samples were taken at 0, 12 and 24 weeks of supplementation. Plasma tocopherol and tocotrienol were determined by HPLC, lymphocyte proliferation by lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) and enumeration of lymphocytes T and B cells by flow cytometry. Statistical analysis was performed by Mann–Whitney U-test for non-parametric data distribution and correlation among the variables was examined by Spearman. Results Plasma tocopherol and tocotrienol were increased in vitamin E supplemented group as compared to placebo group. Urine cotinine levels and serum α1-antitrypsin were significantly higher in smokers compared to nonsmokers. Lymphocyte proliferation induced by PHA showed an increasing trend with palmvitee supplementation in both smokers and nonsmokers. Natural killer cells were decreased; CD4+ cells and B cells were increased in smokers compared to nonsmokers but were unaffected with vitamin E supplementation except in the percentage of B cells which were increased in nonsmokers supplemented palmvitee compared to placebo. CD4+/CD8+ ratio was increased in smokers compared to nonsmokers. The high TWBC count observed in smokers correlated with the increased CD4+ and B cells. Conclusions Smoking caused alterations in certain immune parameters and palmvitee supplementation tended to cause an increase in lymphocytes transformation test but had no effect on CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, NK cells and B cells except B cells percentage in nonsmokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakiah Jubri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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45
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Accomando WP, Wiencke JK, Houseman EA, Butler RA, Zheng S, Nelson HH, Kelsey KT. Decreased NK cells in patients with head and neck cancer determined in archival DNA. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:6147-54. [PMID: 23014525 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Natural killer (NK) cells are a key element of the innate immune system implicated in human cancer. To examine NK cell levels in archived bloods from a study of human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), a new DNA-based quantification method was developed. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN NK cell-specific DNA methylation was identified by analyzing DNA methylation and mRNA array data from purified blood leukocyte subtypes (NK, T, B, monocytes, granulocytes), and confirmed via pyrosequencing and quantitative methylation specific PCR (qMSP). NK cell levels in archived whole blood DNA from 122 HNSCC patients and 122 controls were assessed by qMSP. RESULTS Pyrosequencing and qMSP confirmed that a demethylated DNA region in NKp46 distinguishes NK cells from other leukocytes, and serves as a quantitative NK cell marker. Demethylation of NKp46 was significantly lower in HNSCC patient bloods compared with controls (P < 0.001). Individuals in the lowest NK tertile had over 5-fold risk of being a HNSCC case, controlling for age, gender, HPV16 status, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and BMI (OR = 5.6, 95% CI, 2.0 to 17.4). Cases did not show differences in NKp46 demethylation based on tumor site or stage. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate a significant depression in NK cells in HNSCC patients that is unrelated to exposures associated with the disease. DNA methylation biomarkers of NK cells represent an alternative to conventional flow cytometry that can be applied in a wide variety of clinical and epidemiologic settings including archival blood specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Accomando
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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46
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Wortham BW, Eppert BL, Motz GT, Flury JL, Orozco-Levi M, Hoebe K, Panos RJ, Maxfield M, Glasser SW, Senft AP, Raulet DH, Borchers MT. NKG2D mediates NK cell hyperresponsiveness and influenza-induced pathologies in a mouse model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:4468-75. [PMID: 22467655 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by peribronchial and perivascular inflammation and largely irreversible airflow obstruction. Acute disease exacerbations, due frequently to viral infections, lead to enhanced disease symptoms and contribute to long-term progression of COPD pathology. Previously, we demonstrated that NK cells from cigarette smoke (CS)-exposed mice exhibit enhanced effector functions in response to stimulating cytokines or TLR ligands. In this article, we show that the activating receptor NKG2D is a key mediator for CS-stimulated NK cell hyperresponsiveness, because CS-exposed NKG2D-deficient mice (Klrk1(-/-)) did not exhibit enhanced effector functions as assessed by cytokine responsiveness. NK cell cytotoxicity against MHC class I-deficient targets was not affected in a COPD model. However, NK cells from CS-exposed mice exhibit greater cytotoxic activity toward cells that express the NKG2D ligand RAET1ε. We also demonstrate that NKG2D-deficient mice exhibit diminished airway damage and reduced inflammation in a model of viral COPD exacerbation, which do not affect viral clearance. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of NKG2D(+) NK cells into CS-exposed, influenza-infected NKG2D-deficient mice recapitulated the phenotypes observed in CS-exposed, influenza-infected wild-type mice. Our findings indicate that NKG2D stimulation during long-term CS exposure is a central pathway in the development of NK cell hyperresponsiveness and influenza-mediated exacerbations of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W Wortham
- Division of Environmental Genetics and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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Smyth EC, Capanu M, Janjigian YY, Kelsen DK, Coit D, Strong VE, Shah MA. Tobacco use is associated with increased recurrence and death from gastric cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2012; 19:2088-94. [PMID: 22395977 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-012-2230-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco use increases the risk of developing gastric cancer. We examined the hypothesis that gastric cancer developing in patients with a history of tobacco use may be associated with increased risk of cancer-specific death after curative surgical resection. METHODS From the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Gastric Cancer prospective surgical database, we collected baseline demographic data and tumor characteristics from all patients who had undergone curative resection for gastric cancer between 1995 and 2009 and who had not received pre- or postoperative chemo- or radiotherapy. A smoking history was defined as >100 cigarettes' lifetime use. The primary end point was gastric cancer disease-specific survival (DSS); secondary end points were 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Gastric cancer-specific hazard was modeled by Cox regression. RESULTS A total of 699 eligible patients were identified with a median age of 70 years (range 25-96 years); 410 (59%) were current or previous smokers. Smoking was associated with gastroesophageal junction/cardia tumors and white non-Hispanic ethnicity. Multivariate analysis included the following variables: tumor stage, age, performance status, diabetes mellitus, gender, and tumor location. In this analysis, the hazard ratio for gastric cancer DSS in smokers was 1.43 (95% confidence interval 1.08-1.91, P=0.01). Smoking was also an independent significant risk factor for worse 5-year DFS (hazard ratio 1.46, P=0.007) and OS (hazard ratio 1.48, P=0.003). Among 516 patients for whom tobacco pack-year usage was available, both heavy (≥20 pack-years) and light (<20 pack-years) tobacco use was significantly associated with DSS, DFS, and OS. CONCLUSIONS Smoking history appears to be an independent risk factor for death from gastric cancer in patients who have undergone curative surgical resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Smyth
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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Pai PC, Chuang CC, Tseng CK, Tsang NM, Chang KP, Yen TC, Liao CT, Hong JH, Chang JTC. Impact of pretreatment body mass index on patients with head-and-neck cancer treated with radiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012; 83:e93-e100. [PMID: 22342298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.11.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the association of pretreatment body mass index (preT BMI) with outcomes of head-and-neck cancer in patients treated with radiotherapy (RT). METHODS AND MATERIALS All 1,562 patients diagnosed with head-and-neck cancer and treated with curative-intent RT to a dose of 60 Gy or higher were retrospectively studied. Body weight was measured both at entry and at the end of RT. Cancer-specific survival (CSS), overall survival (OS), locoregional control (LRC), and distant metastasis (DM) were analyzed by preT BMI (<25 kg/m(2) vs. ≥25 kg/m(2)). The median follow-up was 8.6 years. RESULTS Patients with lower preT BMI were statistically significantly associated with poorer CSS and OS than those with higher preT BMI. There was no significant difference between preT BMI groups in terms of LRC and DM. Body weight loss (BWL) during radiation did not influence survival outcomes. However, in the group with higher preT BMI, CSS, OS, and DM-free survival of patients with less BWL during radiation were statistically longer when compared with greater BWL. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that higher preT BMI positively influenced survival outcomes for patients with head-and-neck cancer. Patients with higher preT BMI who were able to maintain their weight during radiation had significantly better survival than patients with greater BWL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Ching Pai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and University at Lin-Kou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Abstract
Cigarette smoke, a toxic collection of thousands of chemicals generated from combustion of tobacco, is recognized as the primary causative agent of certain diffuse interstitial and bronchiolar lung diseases. Most patients afflicted with these disorders are cigarette smokers, and smoking cessation has been shown to be capable of inducing disease remission and should occupy a pivotal role in the management of all smokers with these diffuse lung diseases. The role of pharmacotherapy with corticosteroids or other immunomodulating agents is not well established but may be considered in patients with progressive forms of smoking-related interstitial lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Vassallo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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50
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Daily intake of Lactobacillus casei Shirota increases natural killer cell activity in smokers. Br J Nutr 2011; 108:308-14. [PMID: 22142891 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511005630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Dietary probiotics supplementation exerts beneficial health effects. Since cigarette smoking reduces natural killer (NK) activity, we evaluated the effect of Lactobacillus casei Shirota (LcS) intake on NK cytotoxic activity in male smokers. The double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised study was conducted on seventy-two healthy Italian blue-collar male smokers randomly divided for daily intake of LcS powder or placebo. Before and after 3 weeks of intake, peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and NK activity and CD16⁺ cells' number were assessed. Daily LcS intake for 3 weeks significantly increased NK activity (P < 0.001). The increase in NK activity was paralleled by an increase in CD16⁺ cells (P < 0.001). Before intake, NK cytotoxic activity inversely correlated with the number of cigarettes smoked (R - 0.064). LcS intake prevented the smoke-dependent expected NK activity reduction. The analysis of the distribution of changes in smoke-adjusted NK activity demonstrated that the positive variations were significantly associated with LcS intake, while the negative variations were associated with placebo intake (median value of distributions of differences, 20.98 lytic unit (LU)/10⁷ cells for LcS v. - 4.38 LU/10⁷ cells for placebo, P = 0.039). In conclusion, 3 weeks of daily LcS intake in Italian male smokers was associated with a higher increase in cytotoxic activity and CD16⁺ cells' number in comparison to the placebo intake group.
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